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Transcript of FASTNET. Regional Haze Rule: Nomenclature and Time Scale Schematics Goal is to attain natural...
FASTNET
Regional Haze Rule: Nomenclature and Time Scale Schematics
Goal is to attain natural conditions by 2064;
Baseline is established during 2000-2004
First SIP & Natural Cond. estimate in 2008;
SIP & Natural Cond. Revisions every 10 yrs
Haze Components
Natural haze is due to natural windblown dust, biomass smoke and other natural processes
Man-made haze is due industrial activities AND man-perturbed smoke and dust emissions
A fraction of the man-perturbed smoke and dust is assigned to natural by policy decisions
SOx Emission Trend 1800-2100
Summary of EPA Haze Rule on Natural Conditions
• The goal of the EPA visibility program is reaching the natural visibility conditions.
• Estimating the overall visibility conditions and the natural conditions establishes how ‘‘close’’ a Class I area is to the goal, i.e. the magnitude of the human-induced ‘exceedance’ over the natural.
• The default annual natural visibility is 11-12 deciview for the East, 8 dv for the West.
• The regional natural visibility is to be derived from sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and crustal material estimates using IMPROVE methodology.
• EPA along with States, tribes, and FLMs to develop and refine the technical guidance on estimating natural conditions (e.g. natural fire and dust)
• States, in turn, will work with the FLMs, tribes and EPA in estimating their natural conditions using these guidelines at each Class I area.
• The Regional Haze Rule provides initial default values for the Natural Haze Conditions
• The default haze for the West is 8 deciviews while for the East is 11 deciviews
• Obtained by estimating the natural concentration of SO4, EC, OC, NO3, Fine, Coarse Soil
• Weighing each aerosol component by corresponding extinction efficiencies. (Trijonis, 1990)
The Haze Rules require States to establish and update
Baseline, Natural and Current Visibility Conditions
• Baseline conditions represent visibility at the time the regional haze program is established, 2000-2004
• Natural conditions represent the visibility conditions that would be experienced in the absence of human-caused impairment.
• Current condition is the most recent multiyear average, to be revised for each SIP revision. It includes showing progress from the baseline period.
Significant Natural Contributions to Haze by RPO Judged qualitatively based on current surface and satellite data
• Natural forest fires and windblown dust are judged to be the key contributors to regional haze• The dominant natural sources include locally produced and long-range transported smoke and dust• This project will quantify the absolute and relative contribution of natural sources for each RPO
WRAP
Local Smoke
Local Dust
Asian Dust
VISTAS
Local Smoke
Sahara Dust
MRPO
Local Smoke
Canada Smoke
Local Dust
CENRAP
Local Smoke
Mexico/Canada Smoke
Local Dust
Sahara Dust
MANE-VU
Canada Smoke
Natural Aerosol/Haze Analysis Tools
Analysis Tools
• Chemical composition analysis (speciation, traces)
• Physical property analysis (satellite, ASOS, PM2.5)
• Transport pattern (trajectory)
• Combined chemical/transport (trajectory + chemistry)
• Dynamic modeling (forward simulation, inversion)
Near Source Far from Source
Source Oriented
Receptor Oriented
Each tool can be applied in the following modes of operation
In the actual proposal, these tools will be explained and illustrated
Observational Tools Establishing Source-Receptor Relationship
List of Methods by Egen, 1835. See paper and PPT
Composition (smell) Temporal Pattern
Spatial Pattern Wind Direction
Direct Evidence
Trajectory
FASTNET: The ProcessData Sources, Analysis and Collaboration Tools and Products, Decision Support
• sagfsdh
Real-TimeSame day
Short-TermNext days-weeks
Longer-TermMonths-years
Data Sources & Types
EPA PM2.5Mass
NWS ASOS Visibility, WEBCAMs
NASA MODIS DB Img & AOT
NASA GOES 8/10 Image, anim.
NOAA WEATHER & Wind
NAAPS MODEL Forecast
NASA AERONET AOT
MODIS L3 aerosol size, type
NASA TOMS, SeaWiFS
NASA MPLNet Lidar
USDA UVB Solrad, AOT
NPS IMPROVE Aer. Chem.
EPA Speciation
EPA PM10/PM2.5
EPA CMAQ Full Chem. Model
Data Analysis Tools & Methods
Spatio-temporal overlays (DVOY)
Early multi-sensory data integration
Back & forward trajectories
Forecast models
Full chemical model simulation
Diagnostic & inverse modeling
Chemical source apportionment
Multiple event statistics
Communication Collaboration Coordination Tools & Methods
Open, inclusive communication tools
Methods for diverse data assimilation
Community support: Data and idea sharing
Analyst website, Managers console
Peer reviewed scientific papers
Tech Reports for regulatory support
Science-AQ management interaction
Reconciliation of multiple perspectives
Analysis
Products
Current Aerosol Pattern
Evolving Event Summary
Tentative Cause (dust, smoke, other)
Quantitative natural aerosol concentr.
Natural source attribution
Comparison to manmade aer.
Decision Support Triggers for monitoring and actions
Public information & alerts
Jurisdiction nat./manmade
State Impl. Plans, SIPs
Natural Aerosol Policy, Regs
FASTNET: The Web systemData integration, delivery and decision support
Analysts Dashboards (a la Westphal website, CAPITA, DVoy)
An array of web-pages for one-stop access to current PM monitoring data including surface PM monitoring, satellite monitoring, weather and forecast models etc.
Taps into the on-line data services of EPA and RPOs, NASA, and NOAA and provides the most comprehensive picture available of the current and recent multidimensional aerosol pattern.
The emphasis is on timeliness and inclusiveness. The degree of integration for some data may be limited.
Interactive Virtual Workgroup Website (a la CAPITA interactive event sites)
This is an open facility to allow active participation of a diverse virtual community in the acquisition, interpretation and discussion of the on-line PM monitoring data.
Participants can contribute information sources relevant to the current events (e.g. special data, web cam images, news reports), insights on data quality and interpretation and collectively prepare summaries.
It is the ‘organizational memory’ of the community through via links to other analyses, external resources, etc
Air Quality Managers Console (a la AirNOW but for manager types)
The console helps PM managers make decisions during major aerosol events.
Delivers a subset of the PM data relevant to the AQ managers, which includes the event summary reports prepared by the Virtual workgroups.
The console manages the ‘watch’ assignments of human observers at the Analysts Dashboard and issues alerts to AQ managers and other interested parties.
Project Goal and Objective
The goal of the project is to provide technical support to EPA & RPOs on:
Estimation of Natural Haze as Part of Total Haze over the US
Tasks and Approach:
1. Conceptual Evaluation of Natural PM and Visibility Conditions• Establish Virtual Workgroup with representatives from EPA, RPOs, scientific community
2. Quantitative Estimation of Natural Contribution to Total Haze • Conduct Data Analysis for estimating natural contributions (1995+, surf. and satellite obs.)
3. Real-Time Estimation of Natural Aerosols and Visibility (?)• Routine estimation of natural aerosols/visibility during episodes by a virtual workgroup
Task 1: Conceptual Evaluation of Natural PM and Visibility Conditions
Technical Issues• Establish the main natural source types and their properties
– Windblown dust (local and distant)
– Biomass smoke (forest, grass and other uncontrolled fires, local and distant)
– Biogenic emissions (trees, marshes, oceans)
– Sea salt, pollen
• Evaluate suitable metrics for statistically describing natural conditions– Relevant aerosol components (e.g. SO4, NO3, OC, EC, Dust)
– Spatio-temporal scales, resolution and pattern of natural events/conditions
Project Management Approach
• Establish a steering group for project guidance (EPA, RPO, Science reps)
• Maintain a project website for open virtual workgroup interaction and data sharing
• Follow and interact with policy developments at RPOs and EPA
• Collaborate with VIEWS, RPO data analysts and RPO modelers
Task 3. Real-Time Estimation of Natural Aerosols and Visibility
Real-time Aerosol Watch System (RAW)
Real-Time Virtual PM Monitoring Dashboard. A web-page for one-stop access to views of current PM/Visibility monitoring data (aerosol, weather) and model output for nowcasting and forecasting.
Virtual Workgroup Website. An interactive website which facilitates the active participation of diverse members in the interpretation, discussion, summary and assessment of the aerosol events.
Air Quality Managers Console. Delivers a packaged PM data and summary reports prepared by the Virtual
workgroups. Helps PM managers make decisions during major aerosol events.
Rationale
• The dominant natural aerosol sources are from windblown dust and biomass smoke.
• Both are ‘episodic’, i.e. short-term extreme concentrations that require AQ management actions.
• Dust and smoke events can be monitored real-time by numerous surface and satellite sensors.
The development and implementation of RAW is already being supported at CAPITA by grants from NSF, NOAA, EPA/EMAP, NASA(pending). Incremental funding from this project would support estimating ‘Natural PM/Visibility Contributions’ during such events.
Idaho Fires and Sahara DustAug 4, 2000
RGB Reflectance
Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval
Sahara Dust Approaching
Idaho Smoke
Task 2: Spatial Analysis of ‘Natural’ Aerosols: Biomass Smoke
Satellite data show numerous small fires in the Southeast
The type of these fires is not known. Prescribed/agricultural burning? Wild fires?
Issue: How does one space-time aggregate such a highly variable emission?
PM2.5 conc., smoke pattern and SeaWiFS image of plumes originating from Kentucky, Nov 15, 1999.
More details here here
Nov 15, 1999
Oct 5, 1998 Oct 5, 1998
Smoke Plumes Smoke Plumes
Regional Smoke?
Right. SeaWiFS satellite and METAR surface haze shown near-real time in the Voyager distributed data browser
Below. SeaWiFS, METAR and TOMS Absorbing Aerosol Index superimposed
Satellite data are fetched from NASA GSFC; surface data from NWS/CAPITA servers
Task 3: Illustration of RAW for Quebec Smoke, July 6, 2002See http://capita.wustl.edu/aerosolevents
Proposed Project:
Application of NASA ESE Data and Tools toParticulate Air Quality Management
• REASoN applications projects must identify a user organization that will ultimately benefit from the project and partner with them. Projects are encouraged to establish partnerships with federal, regional and state agencies. (This is one of the reasons we’ve contacted you)
• We expect the proposed REASoN project to be useful for three levels of PM air quality management:
PM Policy decisionsIs intercontinental long range transport (LRT) of PM significant?
PM Regulator decisions What are the PM concentrations; role of LRT; how to control?
PM Implementation and Operation decisions Specific local and distant source attribution; State Implementation Plan (SIP) for PM; PM forecasting; health alerts
Implementation & Operation
Regulatory
Policy
Highly reduced, filtered, aggregated ‘knowledge’
Analyzed quantitative data on PM pattern, exceedances
Considerable raw data, model input, verification
Long decision time frame
Intermediate to long decision time frame
Intermediate and short decision
time frame
Federated Information Architecture• Data producers maintain their own workspace and resources (data, reports, comments).
• However, part of the resources are shared through a Federated Information System.
• Web-based integration of the shared resources can be across several dimensions:Spatial scale: Local – global data sharing
Data content: Combination of data generated internally and externally
• The main benefits of sharing are data re-use, data complementing and synergy.
• The goal of the system is to have the benefits of sharing outweigh the costs.
User
User
User
LocalLocal
GlobalGlobal
Federated Information System
Data, KnowledgeTools, Methods
User
User
SharedPrivate
Federated Data Warehouse Architecture• Three-tier architecture consisting of
– Provider Tier: Back-end servers containing heterogeneous data, maintained by the federation members – Proxy Tier: Retrieves Provider data and homogenizes it into common, uniform schema and format– User Tier: Accesses the Proxy Server and uses the uniform data for presentation, integration or further processing
• The Provider servers interact only with the Proxy Server in accordance with the Federation Contract– The contract sets the rules of interaction (accessible data subsets; types of queries submitted by the Proxy)– The Proxy layer allows strong security measures, e.g. through Secure Socket layer
• The data User interacts only with the generic Proxy Server using flexible Web Services interface– Generic data queries, applicable to all data in the Federation (e.g. space, time, parameter data sub-cube)– The data query is addressed to a Web Service provided by the Proxy Server of the Federation – Uniform self-describing SOAP-wrapped XML data packages are passed to the user for presentation or further machine processing
SQLDataAdapter1
CustomDataAdapter
ImageDataAdapter2
SQLServer1
ImageServer2
LegacyServer
Presentation
Data Access & Use
Provider Tier Heterogeneous Data
Proxy Tier
Data Homogenization, etc.
Member ServersProxy Server
User Tier
Data Consumption
Processing
Integration
Federated Data System
Fire Wall, Federation ContractWeb Service, Uniform Query & Data
Integration with EPA and other surface data• ESE data will be processed and combined with EPA particulate matter data to generate data products useful
for PM management. For surface data, relevant EPA metadata and XML standards will be used.
• Web-based access, visualization and analysis tools will be developed and available for PM community use. An example is a spatio-temporal data explorer that provides interactive and dynamic access and browsing capabilities to distributed data sets.
SeaWiFS Reflectance, PM2.5 in Idaho (Aug 2000)
Derived Aerosol Optical Depth, Fire Locations in Idaho (Aug 2000)
Quebec Fires, July 6, 2002
• SeaWiFS, METAR and TOMS Index superimposed
SeaWiFS satellite and
METAR surface haze shown in the Voyager distributed data
browser
Satellite data are fetched from NASA GSFC; surface data
from NWS/CAPITA servers
Aerosol Event Watch System:Data integration, delivery and decision support
Virtual PM Monitoring DashboardThis is a web-site for one-stop access to current PM monitoring data including surface PM monitoring, satellite monitoring, weather and forecast models. It
taps into the on-line data services of EPA and RPOs, NASA, and NOAA and provides a comprehensive picture of the current and recent multidimensional aerosol pattern. The emphasis is on timeliness and inclusiveness. The degree of data integration is limited. The new technologies for the real time aerosol dashboard will include the creation of group viewing and annotation layers. The dashboard will be crafted from the components in Voyager web services. A rudimentary global aerosol dashboard is maintained by Westhal (1999) at the Naval Research Laboratory.
Virtual Workgroup WebsiteThis is an interactive website which facilitates the active participation of diverse members in the interpretation and discussion of the on-line PM monitoring
data. Virtual workgroup members can identify and contribute information sources relevant to the current events (e.g. special data, web cam images, news reports), contribute insights on data quality and interpretation and prepare summary reports on aerosol events during the events. CAPITA has spearheaded the development of such virtual community websites. The technologies used for the interactive virtual workgroup websites will be based largely on the groupware IT technologies developed through the CAPITA NSF grant, Collaboration through Virtual Workgroups. The challenging new technologies to be developed under this project will consist of seamlessly linking the structured data in the Federated Information System with the unstructured content contributed by virtual workgroups.
Air Quality Managers ConsoleThe console helps PM managers make decisions during major aerosol events. The console delivers a subset of the PM data relevant to the AQ managers,
which includes the event summary reports prepared by the Virtual workgroups. The console manages the ‘watch’ assignments of human observers on the Virtual PM Monitoring Console and issues alerts to AQ managers and other interested parties. The new technologies to be developed for this component will consist of novel rendering tools for multidimensional data. The contents of each console would be extensively cross-linked for tractability and documentation.