Fast Track.pdf

5/26/2018 Fast Track.pdf

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Fast Track: 100 Grammar Points

Watered-down, understandable, bite-sized

grammar lessons. Perhaps by knowing these basic

Japanese grammar points, you will be able to

communicate in Japanese limited only by

vocabulary and guts! Of course this list is a

simplified grammar, and is meant to be only an

introduction to the grammar points presented.

Table of ContentsChapter One

1. Basic word order

2., the Copula

3. "and" -

4. 2 Basic verb forms

5. Making questions -6. Question words

7. Possessive "'s" -

8. "but" -

9. Pronouns

10. Fillers -

11. Particles intro

12. "if" -
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Chapter Two

13. Using

14. Easy adjectives

15. Past tense16. "very" -

17. "to want"

18. "want to do~" -

19.

20. There is / There are

21. "to like..." - 22. "why/because" -23. "I think" -

24. "become" - 25. "also" -

Chapter Three

26. Making theform

27. "to do, play" -

28. "more, ~er" -

29. "can" -

30. "~ing" -

31. "for example" -

32. "this" -

33. "that" -34. "that over there" -

35. "must do" -

36. "better do..." -

37. "better/worse than" -

Chapter Four

38. "how..." -

39. "isn't it?" -
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40. "said" -

41. Negative verbs

42. Negative adjectives

43. "plan to" -

44. Punctuation

45. "should/must" -

46. "because" part 2 -

47. "although" -

48. Using

49. "easy to..." -

50. "hard to..." -

Chapter Five

51. "looks like" -

52. "I've heard" -

53. "like, as..." -

54. "like, as if" -

55. "let's..." -

56. "won't you...?" -

57. Power ender ""

58. "when, that time" -

59. Using

60. "situation, case" -

61. "etc... and..." -

62. "about" -

Chapter Six

63. "how about ...?" -

64.

65. "please do..." -

66. "please give me..." - 67. on, in, above, behind...
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otohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/tokihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/ender_nehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/masenkahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/mashouhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/rashiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/younihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/like_younihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_five/looks_like_mitaihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/hard_nikuihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/easy_yasuihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/nanhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/nonihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/nodehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/hazuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/punctuationhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/yotei_tsumorihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/negative_verbshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/negative_adjectiveshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_four/iimashita


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68. "why don't we...?" -

69. Closer look at

70. Closer look at

71. Closer look at

72. Closer look at

73. "if" II -

74. "soft ender" II -

75. The power ender ""

Chapter Seven

76. The non-but "even if" -77. "the best, ~est" -

78. "about..." -

79. "can't, not allowed" -

80. Easy kanji prefixes

81. Easy counters

82. The Explanatory

83. as a pronoun

84. "how to..." -

85. "please don't" -

86. "have done..." -

87. "to decide to have..." -

Chapter Eight

88. "about" - ~

89. "even if" -

90. "and, and, etc" -

91. "while" -

92. "may I...?" -

93. "not much" -

94. The power95. Polite Japanese -
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96. Polite II -

97. Giving/receiving -

98. Level/degree of something -

99. "just did..." -

100. "can" II -

Chapter 11. Basic word order2., the Copula

3. "and" -

4. 2 Basic verb forms

5. Making questions -

6. Question words

7. Possessive "'s" -

8. "but" -

9. Pronouns

10. Fillers -

11. Particles intro

12. "if" -

1. Basic Word OrderThe sentence order is very different from English. In English we use Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), but in Japanese it is usually (but not always!) Subject-Object-Verb (SOV).English

S V O

I eat bread.

JapaneseS O V

watashi wa pan o tabemasu.
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Notice the "extra" words wa & o. These are called particles (or grammatical

markers) and tell us a lot about the function of the word it follows. Don't worry!

We will get to particles soon enough.

You canread more on Japanese Word Order here.

2., the Copulais a copula (a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate).

It shows that something is or isn't something else. It is one of the very few

irregular forms in Japanese.can act like the English "to be" (you know; is,

am, are...) in the sense that is used to explain who or what something or

someone is. It is also used when equating one thing with another.

Let's take a look.

Romaji: zou wa ookii desu.

Literal: elephants (topic particle) big are

Natural: Elephants are large.

Romaji: kore wa neko desu.

Literal: this (topic particle) cat is

Natural: This is a cat.

Most of the time you want to use the "to be" verb you will use . Later we will

learn other forms to show existence.

Main Points

is, are, am

always at the end it doesn't change like its English cousin (is, are, am) in the present tense
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usually pronounced like "dess"

3. and - There are several ways to say "and" (connecting words and phrases). Let's look

at two of them:

(to) - connecting nouns

watashi wa nihongo to eigo to furansugo ga hanasemasu.

I can speak Japanese and English and French.

(soshite) - connecting phrases

atarashii hon o kaimashita. soshite kyou kara yomimasu.

I bought a new book. And I today I will start to read it. (lit. And from

today, I'll read.)

4. 2 Basic verb forms -dictionaryThere are many ways to conjugate verbs, but here we will focus on two present

tense forms: "dictionary form" (also known as "plain form") and " ~masuform"

(also known as "polite form")

Note

Switching between these two verb forms does not change the meaning of the

verb but the dictionary form is more casual.

The dictionary formgets its name because it is what is found in the

dictionary. The dictionary form verbs ends in -uand many end in -ru.


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The masuform verbs are so called because they always end in -masuin

the present tense.

Examples

Dictionary Form -Masu Form Meaning

tabe ru

tabe masu Both mean "to eat"

nom u

nomi masu to drink

hashi ru

hashiri masu to run

su ru

shi masu to do (this is one of the 2 irregular verbs)

You will notice some other changes between the two forms. I would recommend

learning about thethree verb groups here,but for our purposes right now, just

memorize a few examples and try to find patterns with other verbs. And

remember: Mistake making is memory making! (As long as you correct yourself,

of course.)

5. Making Questions - Making questions in Japanese is easy! -- REALLY! Usually you can change a

statement into a question by just adding a k to the end!

amerikajin desu. I am an American.

Now add a

amerikajin desu ka. Are you an American?

Main points

kais added to the end of statements Word order is not changed as in English.
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In Japanese (see the example on the right side) the ? (question mark) is

not required (optional).

Just like in English, the last syllable goes up in intonation.

In spoken Japanese sometimesthe kacan be dropped if you raise yourvoice at the end as we do with "You want to eat?". But for now, let's stick

to using the ka.

See"Questions and Question Words - 10 minute lesson"for more on this.

6. Question WordsBy mastering these question words, your conversational skills will be much

stronger!

(itsu) - when

itsu kimashita ka?

When did you come? [literally "when came?" Notice the "you" is

understood.]

(doko) - where

doko kara kimashita ka?

Where did you come from? [literally "where from came?"]

(doushite) - why

doushite kimashita ka?

Why did you come? [literally "why came?"]

(naze) - why
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naze?

Why? [used in the same way as doushite]

(dare) - who

dare ga kimashita ka?

Who came?

(nani) - what

nani o kaimashita ka.

What did you buy?

You can do a lot more with,see here.

Main points

Even with the question word a kais used. (Except in casual spoken

Japanese.)

The question word is at the beginning, but after thewaif there is one.

anata wa dare desu ka? Who are you? (the question word dareis after the wa)

For more on this please see our"Questions and Question Words"guide.

7. Possessive s - This is another nice thing about Japanese.
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To show relationship or possession between two things just put a (no)

between them. The trick is knowing (erm...ing) which goes to the left of

the noand which goes to the right...

Think of as a 's (apostrophe S)

watashi no neko

My cat [I's cat]

nihon no kuruma

Japanese car [Japan's car]

neko no omocha

Cat's toy

Also think of...

watashinoas "my"

anatanoas "your"

8. but - But, a small word, but... There are other "buts" but demois the most common.

Learn this first and you can pick the others up later.

(demo) - but

nihongo ga suki demo furansugo wa kirai desu. I like Japanese, but I hate French.


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9. PronounsPronouns are not used nearly as much in Japanese as they are in English. Often

the pronoun is used once and then after (until the topic shifts to someone else)

the pronoun is dropped. Still they are very important!

Notes

Learn watashi and anata well

tachiand raare endings that indicate plurality! Easy! :)

Singular Plural I -watashi WE -watashi tachi

YOU -anata YOU -anata tachi

HE -kare THEY -kare ra

SHE -kanojo

IT - IT isn't used but in ITs place sore(that) is often used -- Don't worry!

Remember to breath!

Notes

Another meaning of kare(he) is actually "boyfriend" and kanojois

"girlfriend"!

When the meaning is obvious, the pronoun is usually dropped. Both of the

following is clear in meaning:

watashi wa amerika kara kimashita.

I came from America.


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amerika kara kimashita.

(I) came from America.

See the"I, Me, You, Thou..." guidefor more on pronouns.

10. Fillers - In English, we have our "ah" and "um." In Japanese, they have their "eeto." This

is the sound you make when you can't think of what to say, but want to say

something!

nan no doubutsu ga suki desu ka?

What animal do you like?

eeto... neko ga suki.

Um... I like cats.

11. Introduction to ParticlesParticles may seem a little foreign to you at first, but for the most part, they

aren't too difficult to grasp.

These particles are placed after a word (or phrase) and show its relationship(grammatical function) to the rest of the sentence.

In other words, the particle itself isn't really translatable, but it tells you a lot

about the function of the word it follows.

The best way to learn to use them is to memorize useful examples and try them

out for size!

wa- overall topic particle
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shows the main topic of the conversation. It may be helpful to think of it as "As

for..."

It is a hiragana habut pronounced as "wa"

anata wa yasashii.

You are nice.

Makes "you" the main topic: "As for YOU, you are nice."

ga- the subject particle

sometimes the difference between waand gais hard to tell. Sometimes they can

be used interchangeably with only a slight change in meaning. See next entry for

more on this.

neko ga hen.

The cat is strange.

Makes the "cat" the subject

Comparingand(by Paul_b)The topic particlecan easily be confused with the subject particle. That is

because

overrides

, in other words, in a sentence something can very easilybe both the topic and the subjectof that sentence. In such cases the "disappears" and it looks like the is acting as a subject marker.

Take this simple sentence.

watashi wa kurei desu.

I am Clay.


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"I" (that is the speaker, Clay) is the topic and now this is known, it won't be

repeated unless the topic changes.

What is the subject of the sentence? That's right - "I" watashiis. But because "I"

is alsothe topic only the topic marker is used. Now we'll let Clay continue andsay another sentence ...

neko ga suki desu.

(I) like cats.

"cats" is the subject here. "I" is still the topic. He could have said "watashi waneko ga suki desu." but that is unnecessary because he has already said "watashi

wa" establishing the topic in the previous sentence.

if both are in a sentence, the wa is first.

o- The Direct Object particle

hon o yomimashita.

(I) read a book.

it makes "book" the object. If we were to say "I" it would be watashi waat the

beginning.

ni- usually shows movement (to)

nihon ni ikimashou!

Let's go to Japan!

There is movement going to Japanor shows time (at)

roku ji ni ikimashou!


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Let's go at 6.

de- Shows location (at, in)

nihon de asobimashou!

Let's play (have fun) in Japan!

Notice there is no movement

See the"Particles and Conjunctions" guidefor more on this.

Do you have an iPhone/iPod Touch?

You may be interested in this iPhone App for masteringJapanese Particles. It is produced by TJP's good friendsover atJapanNewbie.com.It covers the basic particles

plus those found on the JLPT N5 and N4 tests. Use theStudy Mode and Quiz to test yourself. Click here tojump to theiTunes Japanese 101: Particlespage

12. if -

We will look at a few examples that actually contain fairly advanced grammar. In

other words, to say "if..." you must start withmoshi--and this is easy.

However, you must also change the verb at the end with a ba,tara, or

naraor some other conditional.

That being said, you should become familiar with moshisince it is extremely

useful. Try to memorize one or two example sentences and then listen or look for

other examples online or with friends.

English Japanese

If you come.

moshi anata ga kitara.
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If it's sunny. moshi hare tara.

Special useful phrases

moshi yokereba...

If it is ok with you... [let's do this...]

moshi hoshikattara,

If you want (it), (when offering something to someone)

Chapter 213. Using

14. Easy adjectives

15. Past tense

16. "very" -

17. "to want"

18. "want to do~" -

19.

20. There is / There are

21. "to like..." - 22. "why/because" -

23. "I think" -

24. "become" - 25. "also" -

13. Using The equivalent to Mr. or Mrs. or Miss. is
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/sanhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/sanhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/sanhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/easy_adjectiveshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/easy_adjectiveshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/past_tensehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/past_tensehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/very_totemohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/very_totemohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/very_totemohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_hoshiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_hoshiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_hoshiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_to_do_taihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_to_do_taihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_to_do_taihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/wa_gahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/wa_gahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/there_ishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/there_ishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/like_sukihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/like_sukihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/like_sukihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/like_sukihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/like_sukihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/whyhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/whyhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/whyhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/think_to_omoimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/think_to_omoimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/think_to_omoimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/become_ni_narimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/become_ni_narimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/become_ni_narimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/become_ni_narimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/become_ni_narimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/also_mohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/also_mohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/also_mohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/also_mohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/become_ni_narimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/think_to_omoimasuhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/whyhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/like_sukihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/there_ishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/wa_gahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_to_do_taihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/want_hoshiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/very_totemohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/past_tensehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/easy_adjectiveshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_two/san


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Usage

Right afterthe name. It is used even with friends. (Even when in English wewouldn't use "Mr.")

(kurei san) - Mr. Clay

(yamada san) - Mr. (or Mrs...) Yamada

Other name titles (used the same way)

(sama) - very polite - reserved for royalty, important people, and

customers of stores

(chan) - used for girls and very young boys (kiti-chan= HelloKitty)

(kun) - used for young boys

(sensei) - used for teachers [kurei sensei], doctors, and

professionals

For now just use san. As you know from watching all the Karate Kidmovies, it is

the most common.

For more on this see our article on keishou,"Name Titles".

14. Easy AdjectivesThere are 2 types of adjectives:

-i adjectives - adjectives that end in -i-na adjectives - adjectives that add -nawhen placed before nouns

The -i adjectives change:

atsui- (It's) hot || +iatsukunai- not hot || -i+ kunai

atsukatta- was hot || -i + katta

atsukunakatta- wasn't hot || -i + kunakatta

Learn this and you can use all -i adjectives!
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/name_titleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/name_titleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/name_titleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/name_titleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/name_titleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/name_titles


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The -na adjectives don't change! But when placed before nouns they add a -na

genki (healthy, active, fine) genki na ko(healthy child)

Past TenseFor now let's stick with the -masuform of verbs

PAST = MASU MASHITA

tabemasu(to eat) tabemashita (ate)

nomimasu (to drink) nomimashita(drank)

PAST NEGATIVE = MASU MASEN DESHITA

tabemasu(to eat) tabemasen deshita (didn'teat)

nomimasu (to drink) nomimasendeshita(didn't drink)

The "-masen" is the negative part

VerySometimes mom'scooking isn't just oishii(delicious) it is VERY OISHII!

Addtotemobefore adjectives to say "very"

totemo oishii desu.It's very delicious!

totemo ookina ki.

A very big tree.

OTHER VERY WORDS: You can ignore this if you like...

hijou nichou(kind of slang - chou means "super-")


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To WantSaying "I want (something)" is pretty easy. Just say the thing you want andadd ga hoshiito it.

nomimono ga hoshii desu.(I) want a drink.

NOTE: The desuis optional and is usually dropped. nomimono ga hoshii.isperfectly fine in spoken Japanese.

Next, let's ask a question. Can you figure out how to do it? That's right adda kaREVIEW HERE

ke-ki ga hoshii desu ka?Do you want cake?

Want to do~First get themasuform of the verb you want to do. Then drop themasuand addtai.

tabemasu (toeat)

tabe tabetai(want toeat)

nomimasu (todrink)

nomi nomitai(want todrink)

shimasu (to do) shi shitai(want to do)

Of course if you want to say "do you want to..." Just add ka

ke-ki o tabetai desu ka?

Do you want to eat cake?
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_one/making_questions_kahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_one/making_questions_kahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_one/making_questions_kahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_one/making_questions_ka


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These 2 particleswa&gaboth do what in English is the subject, butwais greater in scope thanga

wa- the main topic particle of the conversation

ga- the subject particle of the sentence

watashi wa kurei desu.I am Clay.

[Clay is the topic and now this is known, it won't be repeated unless the topicchanges]

neko ga suki desu.(I) like cats.["cats" are actually the 'subject' here. Maybe this is easier to see "Cats are liked(by me). Note you could say "watashi wa neko gasuki desu." but it isunnecessary because we have already said "watashi wa" (The overall topic isalready known)]

if both are in a sentence, the wa is first

the wa is written with a hiragana habut pronounced as wa

FOR MORE ON THIS ...

There is / There are

For inanimate objects(objects, plants...), end the sentence with ga arimasu

ki desu.It's a tree. [lit. tree is.]

ki ga arimasu.There is a tree(s).
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/particleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/particleshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/particles


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For living things(people and animals) use ga imasu. neko ga imasu.There is a cat(s).

To show the negative just add -sento the end

arimasu arimasenAnother more casual form of arimasuthat you don't have to learn now is...

aru nai

imasu

imasenAnother more casual form of imasuthat you don't have to learn now is...

iru inaiMaybe you know these useful phrases:

onegai ga arimasu.I have a favor to ask.mondai nai.No problem! [this is the casual form of arimasen]

To like... It is easy to like something and to say it! Just add ga sukiafter the object thatyou like:

neko ga suki desu.I like cats.

[note: Nouns don't change in number (no s) so it could mean "a cat". Also notethe desuif dropped makes the sentence more casual - "neko ga suki."]

Why/Because 2ways to say "why" are:

1.naze- why2.doushite- why


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They are basically interchangeable and start at the beginning of the sentence andare followed by the question

naze (doushite) watashi no ke-ki o tabemashita ka?

Why did you eat my cake?[There isn't a "you" but obviously you wouldn't be asking yourself this question.]

+ reason or excuse + kara nazenara hara ga hetta kara.

Because, (I'm) starving![lit. because stomach is diminished]

I think This goes at the end to show that you believe what you say, but are not 100%sure. It is also used to show one's opinion. If there is a desuchange itto dawhich is the more casual form and add to omoimasu

1. The speaker is not totally sure of the accuracy of his info...

kuma no pu-san wa kuma da to omoimasu.Winnie the Pooh is a bear, I think...

Next is an example of showing one's opinion. It is true for the speaker, but maynot be so for the listener.

nattou wa oishii to omoimasu.I thinkNattois delicious.

Basically you can say any sentence and if you want to soften it or show you arenot sure, or show your opinion add to omoimasu

24. "become" -
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To show the state of becoming... something, use ni narimasu.The niis placed after what something is becoming (or became, or mightbecome... depending on the conjugation used, as the examples illustrate below).

The narimasumeans to become. Nouns and -na adjectives use ni narimasu. -iadjectives are different, but for now there are enough useful nouns to look at:

Examples

yoru ni narimashita.* It has become night.

* ~mashitashows past

tomodachi ni narimashou.* Let's become friends.

* the ~mashoumeans "let's"

genki ni narimashita. (I) have become fine / healthy.

Also momeans "also" or "too" and like other particles, it is placed after the word itmodifies. Let's see some examples:

PERSON A: watashi wa neko ga suki.

I like cats.

PERSON B: watashi wa neko ga suki, soshite inu mo suki.

I like cats, and I also like dogs.[to reviewsoshite;the mo after inureplaces ga. You can't say "ga mo"]

PERSON C: watashi mo neko to inu ga suki.

I also like cats and dogs.
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NOTE:watashi moby itself means "Me too."

Chapter 3

26. Making theform

27. "to do, play" -

28. "more, ~er" -

29. "can" -

30. "~ing" -

31. "for example" -

32. "this" -

33. "that" -

34. "that over there" -

35. "must do" -36. "better do..." -

37. "better/worse than" -

Making theformIf you know how to make this form, you can do a lot! Later we will look at othergrammar points that are based on the teform. By itself the teform makes a verb

a request (or demand)

1.nomu(to drink) nonde(drink)2.taberu(to eat) tabete(eat)3.suru(to do) shite(do)These are the ways to make the teform for each of the3 types of verbs. If you

are new to the "types of verbs" thing, don't worry.

Now I know there are many grammarians out there that would argue against whatI am about to say, but here's my advice. Don't worry about learning all theconfusing rules about how to make this verb do that (just yet). Just say it as youfeel it should be. Of course you will make many mistakes, but if you keep yourears open and learn from your mistakes you willget a feel for how the verbswork.

Take the teform for an example. If you memorize the 3 examples at the top youshould be able to guesswhat other verbs may change to. Or even if you guesswrong, the correct form should be at least familiar to you.

To do, play
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/te_formhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/te_formhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/te_formhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/te_formhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/mottohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/mottohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/mottohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/dekimasu_canhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/dekimasu_canhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/dekimasu_canhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/teiruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/teiruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/teiruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/tatoebahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/tatoebahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/tatoebahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thathttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thathttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thathttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/that_over_therehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/that_over_therehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/that_over_therehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/nakerebanarimasenhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/nakerebanarimasenhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/nakerebanarimasenhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/hougaiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/hougaiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/hougaiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/yorihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/yorihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/yorihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/verb_groupshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/verb_groupshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/verb_groupshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/verb_groupshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/yorihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/hougaiihttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/nakerebanarimasenhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/that_over_therehttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thathttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/thishttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/tatoebahttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/teiruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/dekimasu_canhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/mottohttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/te_form


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Suru is a very useful verb thingy. It is used where no other verb dares to go!(Foreign words, nouns, and other scary things...) Think of it as "to do..."

jogingu suru- to (do) jogging shoppingu suru- to (do) shopping sain suru- to sign (autograph)

USEFUL JAPANESE + SURU

benkyou suru- to study mainichi, nihongo o benkyou shimasu.

Everyday, (I) am studying Japanese.

Theois the direct object marker. Youwill notice it moves around

sometimes. Don't worry about this now,

just concentrate onsuru.

Another usage of -or-is " to play" as in sports or games yakyuu o suru.To play baseball.sumou o suru.To play (do) Sumo.

basuketto ba-ru o suru.To play basketball. shougi o suru.To play shogi (Japanese chess)more, ~er One easy way to say "MORE" or "-er" is to add amottobefore the thingyou want to emphasis. This is one of the rare times that the word order is thesame with English - or at least with the morepart! Relish the moment (while youcan)

{ motto ~= more ~ }

motto pi-man otabenasai.Eat more green peppers.[~nasaiis like the teform in that it gives commands, but it is stronger. ]

AND FOR THE:

{ motto ~= ~er }


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motto hayaku itte kudasai.(Nexttime) please say (it) a little earlier.[Useful when someone tells you NOTto cut the yellow wire of the bomb afteryou havedone that...]

CanThere are a couple of ways to say "I can..." in Japanese. The easiest isdekimasu. Let's look at how to form some sentences.

CAN + NOUN []

1 nihongo ga dekimasu.I can (speak) Japanese. [I can do Japanese.]2 kanji ga dekimasu.

I can (read/write) kanji. [I can do kanji.]

3 sukaidaibingu ga dekimasu.I can skydive.

CAN + VERB [ ]Actually, the above are all shortened versions without the verb. Let's add theverb. kotomeans thing, but here it is used to make a verb a noun so it will workwithdekimasu.

1 nihongo o hanasukoto ga dekimasu.I can speak Japanese.

2 kanji o yomu kotogadekimasu.I can read kanji.

Be creative and come up with things you can do!

FOR MORE ON THIS ...

30. "~ing" -This is a very important grammar point. It corresponds to the English "~ing" form
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/canhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/canhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/can


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Construction

form +or

eat eating (now)

Use this to describe things happening now.

ima anata ni hanashite imasu. I am talking to you now.

ima gohan o tabete imasu. I am eating rice (food) now.

ima sukaidaibingu o shite imasu. I am skydiving now.

To make a question just add to the end. (Seeherefor more on usingforasking questions.)

anata wa benkyou shite imasu ka? Are you studying?

For example Anytime you want to make an illustration or give an example this is the phraseto use.

watashi wa washoku ga suki desu.I like Japanese style food.

tatoeba, gohan to misoshiru .For example, rice and miso soup .

You can also ask someone this to get more concrete information.
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/questionshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/questionshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/questionshttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/questions


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tatoeba, nani?For example, what?

FOR MORE POWER WORDS...

This This and that. Actually Japanese also has one more. They also have "that overthere" - but we will get at that later.

There are 2 words in Japanese that are translated as "this" in English:

kore- When "this" is not connected to a noun - hang on you will get it in aminute

kore wa nan desu ka?What is this?

kore wa neko desu.This is a cat.

HINTTo say "This is" or

"is this"the korewillprobably be

followed by

awa

kono- When you put "this" before a noun, it changes to kono

kono neko wa pochi desu ka?Is this cat, Pochi?.

iie kono inu wa pochi desu.No. This dog is Pochi.

HINTIt may seem

strange at first,but after a whileThis and That

become secondnature!

That
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This and that. Now we are on the THAT part. So this THAT refers to objectsnear the listener (not the speaker)

sore- when " that"is not connected to a noun sore wa nan desu ka?

What is that?

sore wa neko desu.That is a cat.

HINT

Begin to think of the

words starting with

K's as "this" and the

S's as "that" words

sono- When you put "that" before a noun, it changes tosono sono neko wa pochi desu ka?

Is that cat, Pochi?.

iie sono tako wa pochi desu.

No. That octopus is Pochi.

HINT

This isused in the

same way

askono

That over there This and that. Now we are on the THAT OVER THERE part. So this THAT refersto objects not near the listener or the speaker.ar - when that is not connected to a noun

are wa nan desu ka?

What is that over there?

HINTAnd now

recognize A's


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are wa neko desu.

That over there is a cat.

mean That over

there

ano- When you put "that" before a noun, it changes toano ano neko wa pochi desu ka?

Is that cat over there, Pochi?.

iie ano kujira wa pochi desu.

No. That whale over there is Pochi.

HINT

Again they

ALL are

used in the

same way.

Must doThis is a mouthful! But it is so useful. Learn it well

TO MAKE IT: plain negative form - i + kereba narimasen [Would befor the plain negative form ]pi-man o tabenakereba narimasen.(I) must eat green peppers. (Many Japanese children don't like green peppers)

Say that 5 times fast with your mouth full!

Perhaps the most useful usage is:

Theshiis fromsuru(to do)

benkyou shinakereba narimasen.

(I) must (have to) study.
http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suruhttp://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/chapter_three/suru


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shinakereba narimasen.(I) must (have to) do (it).

When giving advice this is useful.CONSTRUCTION:taform (#3)+ hou ga ii

yasunda hou ga ii.

It would be better to rest.

kiita hou ga ii.It would be better to ask (someone).

NOTE: The taform is the same as the past tense. (But obviously it is not pasthere)

better / worse than This has the same hou ga ii asthe previous entry. But here we using it to

compare things. Also we will introduce yori(less than).

~no hou ga ii(more than)~yori(less than)

This is a little confusing if you think too much on this! But I suggest memorizing one ortwo examples and then you should be able to keep it straight.

watashi wa inu yori, neko no hou ga suki.I like dogs less than cats. (I like cats more than dogs.)

You should spend some time studying the above example to understand how the

ordering works.
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Notice in English we use either "less than" or "more than" and the meaning isunderstood by the order of "dogs" and "cats" BUT in Japanese this is also ok:

watashi wa neko no hou ga inu, yori suki.

Chapter 4

38. "how..." -

39. "isn't it?" -

40. "said" -41. Negative verbs

42. Negative adjectives

43. "plan to" -

44. Punctuation

45. "should/must" -

46. "because" part 2 -

47. "although" -

48. Using

49. "easy to..." -

50. "hard to..." -

How...Here is a very useful question word -- dou-- Let's look at ways ofusing dou.

dou desu ka? How is (it)? [Use this for asking about food, oranything that is being done now]

dou deshita ka?How was (it)? [Use this to find out aboutpast experiences - movie, last night's date, molded pizza you just ate...]

OTHER WAYS!

dou yatte? How do you do it? [Ask this when you are not sure howto do something]

dou shimashita ka? What happened? [Ask this if
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someone looks sad or something has happened]

dou shiyouWhat shall (I or we) do? [This is often used when you can'tmake a decision and want help... doushiyou, ne!]

dou suru no?What will you do? [When you want to encouragesomeone to make a decision -- Well, what will you do?]

Isn't it? If you want to state your opinion and then encourage someone to agree,use deshou.

?firipin wa atsui deshou?The Philippines is hot, isn't it?[You are expecting a 'yes' answer]

itai deshou?It hurts, doesn't it?[You see someone who has just slammed their head in the low doorway]

But usuallyis used to mean 'probably':

Ame ga furu deshou ne.

It will probably rain, don't you think?

And another common usage ismeaning 'how about...' or 'whatdo you think about'

udon wa dou deshou?How about some Udon?

said


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Meet the wonderful 'to.' Mr.can act as a quotation marker ("). Don'tconfuse this with thethat means 'and.' Very often if you are quoting someoneor some source. This is best shown with examples:

ore wa su-paman toiimashita.He said, "I am Superman."

ano e wa juu seiki ni tsukutta to kaite arimasu.The book says (it is written) that this painting was made in the 10th century.

It can also be used to mark sound effects of things or animals:

ano inu wa 'wan' to iimashita.That dog barked, "bark"

There are many other usages for 'to.' Paying attention to each usage will help youget a good grasp.

Negative adjectiveswesay `not red` to show an absence of that color in English. In Japanese aswith the verbs, the adjective`s ending is modified with a negative ending. You

will notice a great similarity with the verbal endings.

With `i` adjectives the `i` changes to a `ku` before adding the `nai`... sono ringo wa akakunai. That apple isn`t red.`na` adjectives simply drop the `na` (which is really only used before nouns) and add `janai` or `ja arimasen` (or dewa nai & dewa arimasen)... watashi wa kirei ja nai. I am not pretty.

To learn more about adjectivesclick here.

Negative verbs
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It isn't a sin to be negative. Interesting I should say that... 'sin' sounds like 'sen'which marks the negative in Japanese in the -masu form. (Ok, so I set that oneup...)

hanasemasu - can speak becomes...

watashi wa nihongo ga hanasemasen.(I) can`t speak Japanese.

wakarimasu - understand becomes...

watashi wa eigoga wakarimasen.(I) don`t understand English.

If you can make the -masu form, just drop theand add the

Youmay have noticed there are no `no` words needed to make a negative likein English. You simply modify the verb`s ending.

Tomake the negative in the plain, or simple, form by taking the basic stem andaddingto it.

With the `ru` verbs you simply drop theand addas inwasureru (to forget)...nihongo o wasurenai.(I) don`t forget Japanese.

And for the `u` verbs we change the ending `u` sound to a a` sound as in

kaku ->...

tegami o kakanai.(I) don`t write letters.

Finally we come toand the other irregular verbs.

isin the simple form andin the polite form


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sukaidaibingu o shimasen.(I) don`t do sky diving.

Andkuru iskonaiandkimasenin the formal...

gojira ga konai.Godzilla doesn`t come.

To review the 3 types of verbsclick here.

Plan to If you plan on speaking Japanese these two words are very useful.yoteiand

tsumori

yotei andare very similar in meaning and usage.conveys more

of a `schedule` feel whereas is more of a `conviction of doing something.All you have to do is to stick either on the end of a verb (simple form)...

To add

or

to any verb just find the simple form...

/nihon ni iku tsumori (or yotei) desu.I intend to go to Japan.[if you use tsumori, you `intend` to go one way or another; if you use yotei youalready have a hard schedule set to leave at a certain time.]

Here is how you add it to a verb

/anata to kekkon suru tsumori (or yotei) desu.I intend to marry you.

You can also use it with nouns by sticking abefore the tsumori and afteradjectives. But for now concentrate on the verb usage.

Punctuation
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Punctuation is in many ways similar to English. You have a comma, called aand a period at the end of a sentence called a .

Let`s quickly go over some common Punctuation thingies:

theacts just like our period by ending thesentence. It looks like a ball -maru theacts like a comma. This is often found after

as in(I, like you)

and These brackets hold quotations and work like our ""marksShould/Must You should know. It is easy and useful, therefore you have no excuse :)

Hazu shows an expectation that something should happen. In other words, youare pretty sure something is true. Let`s see how it works...

To addto any adjective just add it...

sono kaban wa, takai hazu desu.That bag must be expensive.[It is expected to be expensive]

Just add it to the simple form of any verb

anata wa, gojira o shitteiru hazu desu.You should/must know Godzilla.

Because IIWe have looked at some 'becauses'that mainly act as a preposition.comes at the end of the phrase.


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In English we start the phrase with `because`; in Japanese you often say thereason first and then the because...

Just add it after an adjective...sono kaban wa takai node, zutto tsukau tsumori desu.Since that bag was expensive, I plan on using it for a long time.

Just add it to the simple form of any verbgojira ga kuru node, toukyou wa kowai tokoro desu.Since Godzilla comes, Tokyo is a scary place.

After a noun or a -na adjective add a NA before NODE...

watashi wa mada gakusei na node, okane ga nai .Because I am still a student, I don`t have any money.

AlthoughAclose cousin to (above), is . It is often used to show disappointmentin the current situation.

Just add it after an adjective...isshou kenmei benkyou shita noni, tesuto o ochita.Even though I studied really hard, I flunked the test.

UsingThis is a very useful add-on.Use it as a counter

nan ninhow many peoplekuru no wa nan nin desu ka? - How many peopleare coming?


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nan nenhow many yearsnan nen amerika ni sunde imashitaka? - How many years did you live in America?

nan banwhat numbertsugi wa nan ban desu ka? - What is the next number? nan dowhat`s the temperatureondo wa nando desu ka? - What is the temperature

at?

nan you bi

what day of the weekkyou wa nan youbi desu ka? - What is the day of

the week?

nan nichiwhich daypa-ti wa nan nichi? - What day is the party? nan kohow many piecesjeri-bi-n o nanko hoshii desu ka?- How many jelly beans do you want?

And the following are a few of the adverbial usages of

nani kasomethingnanika nomitai - I want something to drink nan demoanything, whatevernandemo ii desu. - Anything is fine. nan tohow...!nan to subarashii hi. - What a wonderful

day!

nan no tamewhat forkoko ni kita no wa nan notame desu ka? - Why did you come here?


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nantonakusomehow, in some waynantonaku wakaru. - I somehow understand.Easy to...It's easyto add "easy to" to verbs! Consider the following verbs inthemasuform:

tabe masu[to eat] tabe yasui[easy to eat]

Did you see that? If you know the -masuform of the verb, you can easily dropthe -masuand add a yasui.

wakari masu[to understand] wakari yasui[easy to understand]

Hard to...If "easy to" is easy to use (see above) then you would think that "hard to" wouldbe hard to use. Well, they had to go and make it easy as well. Usage is the

same as -yasui(easy to)

tabe masu[to eat]

tabe nikui[hard to eat]
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If you know the -masuform of the verb, you can easily drop the -masuand adda nikui.

wakari masu[to understand] wakari nikui[hard to understand]

Chapter 551. "looks like" -

52. "I've heard" -

53. "like, as..." - 54. "like, as if" -

55. "let's..." -

56. "won't you...?" -

57. Power ender ""

58. "when, that time" -

59. Using

60. "situation, case" -

61. "etc... and..." -

62. "about" -

Looks likeLooks likewe made it - as Barry Manilow would say - at least we made it half way!

taifuuga kuru mitai. It looks

like a hurricane. [This could mean

you are looking at storm clouds, OR someone told you a hurricane is coming

and you are reporting that possibility]

And just stick it after a noun
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kono keshiki wa yume mitai.

This scenery looks like

a dream. [Useful if visiting Mt. Fuji - or, alternatively, if you have

bad dreams, a garbage heap...] ano hito WA nihonjin mitai.

That person looks like

he's [or she's] Japanese.

There is another usage of -mitai where it can mean 'try and see' when added

to theform of a verb:yatte mitai - I'll give

it a shot.

tabete mitai - I'll taste

and see.

That is a bit different from the above, but it is also very useful!

I've heardWhilecan convey info you have heard as well as what you see,is mainly used for info that originated elsewhere. - I heard...

Construction:1) simple verb + ~sou + desu/da

yuki chan WA niku o tabenai sou DA

I heard Yuki doesn't eat meat.

2) -i adjective + ~sou + desu/DA

tanaka san no atarashii pasokon wa totemo takai sou desu.


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I heard Tanaka's new computer is very expensive. [This info could have come

from Tanaka himself, or someone else]

Like, as...Hereis a useful tag which means 'just as...' or 'like this...'

Construction:1) simple verb + ~you ni

watashi ga iu you ni shite.Do as I say.

2) noun + ~ no you ni

anata wa kuma no pu-san no you ni kawaii desu.You are as cute as Winnie the Pooh

like, as if, apparentlyThis is similar to ~sou where the speaker is repeating info heard from anothersource. The only difference may be ~rashii may be based on more reliable

information.

Construction:1) simple verb + ~rashii

yamada san wa kaetta rashii desu.It sounds like Mr. Yamada has come home.

2) noun + ~rashii

There are a few nouns with rashii that you can remember as a word in itself. Thismeaning is slighly different from the above verb construction. Instead of meaning


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info heard elsewhere, when added to a noun it means the speaker thinkssomething looks like something. Here are a few:

otokorashii - manly (like a man)

onnarashii - girly (but perhapsonnappoiis used more)

inurashii - like a dog (substitute any animal here. This is useful when you see ananimal at night and are not sure what it is, but it looks like...)amerikarashii - American-ish (substitute any country)

Another similar construction with nouns is ~ppoi - as seen above with onnappoi.When added to nouns to mean 'looks like...' ~ppoi is the same as ~rashii

Let's...Maybethis should be bumped up since it is so useful. Let`s start...

Construction:1) ~masu verb - masu + mashou

Here are a few quick and useful examples:

ikimashou.Let's go.

asobimashou.Let's play.

sensei to hanashimashou.Let's talk to the teacher.

nihongo o benkyou shimashou.Let's study Japanese.

This example uses suru. Another example would be:

sukai daibingu shimashou.Let's gosky diving.


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This construction is very easy if you know the masu (formal) form of the verb. Ifyou are a beginner, you probably want to stick with the ~masu form anyway.

Won't you...? Why don't we study Japanese grammar?

ok. Since we have the above construction (using a negative to suggest doing

something) in English, this grammar point isn't too difficult to grasp.

Construction:1) ~masu verb - masu + masen ka

dokoka ikimasen ka.

Why don't we go already?

[notice I have the English as 'we.' It could be 'you' if you are angry at the person

and wish him to leave...]

eiga o mimasen ka .

Why don't we see a movie.

nanika nomimasen ka.

Wouldn't you like to drink something?

[In this case you are asking someone individually if they would like something to

drink. ]

Power ender This is used at the end of a sentence and contains a variety of meanings. We will

look at it as a question tag.


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As a question tag: don't you... isn't it...

anata wa ninjin gakirai desu ne.You don't like carrots, don't you?

sono eigawa totemo ii eiga datta ne.Don't you think that was a good movie?

kyou wa atsui desu ne.Today is veryhot, isn't it?

If you want to use ne as a question tag, it helps to nod your head, or change the

inflection to let the listener know you would like a response. It is usually used

when the speaker feels fairly certain his listeners agree with what was said.

A very useful phrase for whenever something good happens is:

ii ne.Isn't that great!

When, that timeIf you don't know when to say something, you will never say it!Using toki - at the time when...

With a noun add a

[Looking at a photo]

watashi wa gakusei no toki ni wa totemo wakakatta ne. [looking at a photo] When I was a student, Iwas very young, wasn't I?

And with verbs...

simple past


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furorida ni itta toki ni kore wo kaimashita. When I went to Florida, I bought this.

non-past

furorida ni iku toki wa omiyage wo kaimasu. When I go to Florida, I will buy souvenirs.

continuing

neru toki itsumo futon de nemasu. When I sleep, I always sleep on a futon.

For more information on time related words,click here

Using Thisis how you say 'thing'

Koto - intangible things

ii koto wa arimasen.There isn't anything good.

daiji na koto o oshiemasu.I will tell you an important thing.

kinou no koto wa sumimasen deshita.I am sorry about what happened yesterday. (yesterday's thing)

Mono - tangible things
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sono kuroi mono wa neko kanaa.I wonder if that black thing is a cat?

oishii mono ga tabetai.I want to eat something good.

One useful phrase using koto is:

dou iu koto?What is the meaning of this?

This phrase is used whenever the listener isn't sure of the motive of the speaker.

situation, case Thisis one that should be learned by useful examples

hijou no ba ai wa botan o oshite kudasai.In case of emergency push the button.

sono ba ai wa dou sureba ii?In that situation, what should I do?

tesuto ga atta ba ai, watashi wa byouki ni narimasu.Should a test be given , I will get sick.

Etc... and... Sometimesyou have to say more than one thing. Whoever invented 'etc.'was a

genius. Let's see how to do this in Japanese...

First a few ways to list multiple items:


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ya - and, and so forth

pi-man ya hourensou ga kirai desu.I don't like green peppers, spinach and the like.

toka - or, and, and so forth

kuma no pu-san toka doraemon toka kiti chan ga suki desu.

I like things like Winnie the Pooh and Doraemon and Hello Kitty.

And now for nado to wrap things up.

tabemono no naka dewa piza toka furaido poteto nado ga suki desu.

As for foods, I like things like pizza or french fries.

About orAbouthow much? About how many?

Sometimes theturns into aprobably after harder consonants.

okyakusama wa dono kurai kimashita ka?

About how man

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