Fast sampling for Picosecond timing
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Fast sampling for Picosecond timing
Jean-François Genat
EFI Chicago, Dec 17-18th 2007
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Outline
• Time picking strategies
• Timing using MCPs
• Fast Sampling chip
• Technologies
• Conclusions
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Time picking techniques
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Discriminators can be:
- Single Threshold- Derivative’s Zero-crossing- Multiple Thresholds- CFDs (many flavours)
All make assumptions on the signal waveformdepending upon detector + front end processing
Fast sampling and digitization
Extract most of the pulse information if sampling is fast enough to resolve the signal rise-time
Digital processing allows any kind of time (and amplitude) extractionTime accuracy depends on the sampling rate and amplitude ranges
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10-100 GHz sampling
Fast sampling:
High rate sampling and pulse reconstruction knowing the waveform allows to get accurately:
- Amplitude- Time
using for instance least squares algorithms (Cleland & Stern)
On-chip digital oscilloscopes, integrated in multi-channel analog memory chips: Labrador (Hawaii), SAM (Saclay)Digital signal processing can also be integrated
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Outline
• Time picking strategies
• Timing using MCPs
• Fast Sampling chip
• Technologies
• Conclusions
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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MCPs timing performance
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Fast signals
-0,45
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0 1 2 3 4 5 ns
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Fast Sampling with Si detectorsInput signal 30ns peaking time(detector + noise)S/N = 30
Noise spectrumSerial, 1/f
Amplitude and time spreadssigma(a) =2%, sigma(t)= 1.2 ns
Peaking time = 50ns
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
A few nanoseconds measured (M. Friedl, M. Pernicka, Vienna)
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Fast sampling simulations
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Peaking time = 200ps256 samplesS/N=50
Sigma(time) = 6ps
Peaking time = 160ps128 samplesS/N=60
Sigma(time) = 8.3ps
Residual (no noise) : 3ps
Simulated waveforms: White noise added to randomly delayed pulses
2ns 1ns
No sensitivity to amplitude distributionInfinite dynamic range assumed
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Outline
• Time picking strategies
• Timing using MCPs
• Fast Sampling chip
• Technologies
• Conclusions
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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10-100 GHz sampling
Output
Counter and picosecond Vernier timer
ReadCntrl
Triggeringdiscriminators
Analog storage
Inputs
Figure 1 Fast sampler block diagram
Write and Read control
WilkinsonAD
Timestamps
500 MHz Clock
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Blocks
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Capacitor bank (SCA):- number of channels- depth- dynamic range- droop, crosstalk
Timing generator - time step- clock frequency- use Vernier to increase sampling
frequency
Triggering Discriminators - threshold- speed - delay
ADC (Wilkinson) - number of channels- number of bits- clock speed
Control and processing
Overall:- input to SCA bandwidth - temperature sensitivity- calibration - power
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Timing generator
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
N taps main DLLClock input
th = Tclock/N, tv = Tclock/MN and M relatively primes LSB = th-tv
M taps Vernier DLLs
N x M delayed outputs
th
tv
Increasing delays
Use as much as possibleclock locked looped delays
Routing of delays to SCA critical
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Digital Delay Lines: DLL
Clock feeds the digital delay line Phase arbiter locks delays on clock period
Delay locked loop:Interpolate delays within a clock period
N delay elements Delays control
Time arbiter
Clock
M. Bazes IBM, Proc. IEEE JSSC 1985 p 75
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Phase lock
Lag Lag Lead OK
Clock
DLL output
Phase arbiter
Delay control
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Delay elements
Active RC element: R resistance of a switched on transistor C total capacitance at the connecting node
Typically RC = 1-100 using current IC technologies
N delay elements
NN is technology dependent: the fastest, the best !
Within a chip ~ 1 % a wafer ~ 5-10% a lot ~ 10-20%
[Mantyniemi et al. IEEE JSSC 28-8 pp 887-894]
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Time controlled delay
CMOS Technology 90nm: ~ 20-40 ps 65nm in production today
Propagation delay ~ 10-100 ps
Delay controlsthru gatesvoltages
PMOS
NMOS
B=A
100ps TDC 0.6m CMOS (1992)
Spread=12 ps
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
PMOS
NMOS
Delay control thru Vdd
Vdd
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Switched Capacitors Array
write read
reset
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Flavours:
- Sampling Cap switched in the loop of an opamp - Differential implementation
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Discriminators
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Do not need the ps accuracy (reference is the main clock)Stops the sampling after a (programmable) delay
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ADC
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Wilkinson preferred in terms of power and Silicon areasince heavily parallel
See Eric Delagnes slide:
Fast Wilkinson:
Clock interpolated using a DLL 100 ps counter 10 times faster Same 12 bit accuracy
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ILC 130nm Silicon strips chip
Waveforms
CMOS 130nm
Counter
Single ramp10 bits ADC
Can be used for fast decision
Ch #
Analog samplers
iVi > th (includes auto-zero)SparsifierChannel n+1
Channel n-1
Time tag
Preamp +Shapers
Strip
reset
Clock 3-96 MHz
reset
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
ADC
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Outline
• Time picking strategies
• Timing using MCPs
• Fast Sampling chip
• Technologies
• Conclusions
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Technologies
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
SiGe - Not many benefits compared to Deep Sub-Micron CMOS - In addition CMOS from BiCMOS not as fast as pure DSM CMOS
2006
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CMOS
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
Present designs in CMOS:
CERN HPTDC IBM .25 m 25ps timing generator
development .13 m 6ps timing generator
Hawaii BLAB 1 TSMC .25 m 6 GHz 10b sampling dev 2 TSMC .25 m 10 GHz
Saclay SAM AMS .35 m 2 GHz 12b sampling
90nm CMOS available from MOSIS, Europractice
Drawbacks- Reduced voltage supply- Leaks
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Outline
• Time picking strategies
• Timing using MCPs
• Fast Sampling chip
• Technologies
• Conclusions
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
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Backup
J-F Genat, RP220/420 Paris Workshop, Sept 12th 2007
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Multi-threshold performance
Multi-threshold: sampling times instead of amplitudes :
- Number of thresholds 4-8- Thresholds values equally spaced- Order of the fit: 2d order optimum
Extrapolated time
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MCP PMT single photon signals
Actual MCPs signalsK. InamiUniv. NagoyaTr = 500pstts= 30ps
N photo-electrons improves as N
MCPs segmented anode signals simulation20 photoelectrons tts = 860 fsH. Frisch, Univ. Chicago + Argonne
Jean-Francois Genat, EFI, Dec 17-18th 2007, Chicago
BUT