Fase Pertumbuhan Kuman - stikes-istara.ac.id...Table 7 Generation times for some common bacteria...
Transcript of Fase Pertumbuhan Kuman - stikes-istara.ac.id...Table 7 Generation times for some common bacteria...
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FASE PERTUMBUHAN KUMAN
Dosen : Jatnita Parama Tjita
Apabila kuman ditumbuhkan dalam media cair kemudian diukur jumlah selnya
setiap jam, maka akan didapatkan gambaran pertumbuhan kuman sebagai berikut:
a. Fase penyesuaian (lag fase)
Berlangsung selama 2 jam, kuman belum berkembang biak, fase penyesuaian
dengan lingkungan yang baru.
Persiapan sel membelah, peningkatan volume dan mass, peningkatan sintesa enzim-
protein.
b. Fase pembelahan (fase logaritmik atau eksponensial) Kuman berkembang biak dengan pembelahan secara binner fusion, pembelahan
terjadi secara teratur, jumlah kuman meningkat reguler, kecepatannya geometric ,
umumnya berlangsung 18-24 jam. Pada fase ini pertumbuhan kuman sangat ideal,
eksponensial growth disebut juga GENERATION TIME (doubling time)
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Table 7 Generation times for some common bacteria under optimal conditions of
growth.
Bacterium Medium Generation Time (minutes)
Escherichia coli Glucose-salts 17
Bacillus megaterium Sucrose-salts 25
Streptococcus lactis Milk 26
Streptococcus lactis Lactose broth 48
Staphylococcus aureus Heart infusion broth 27-30
Lactobacillus acidophilus Milk 66-87
Rhizobium japonicum Mannitol-salts-yeast extract 344-461
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Synthetic 792-932
Treponema pallidum Rabbit testes 1980
Faktor yang berpengaruh :
- medium pertumbuhan - kondisi inkubasi
c. Fase stationer (Stationary phase) Dengan meningkatnya jumlah kuman, maka terjadi akumulasi jumlah hasil
metabolisme yang bersifat toksik bagi kuman, bekurangnya ketersediaan nutrisi-
biological space , saat ini banyak ditemukan kuman mulai mati, pertumbuhan
terhambat. Pada suatu saat akan terjadi jumlah kuman yang hidup tetap sama.
Dengan kondisi lingkungan yang memburuk
Mulai pembentukan spora
d. Fase kemunduran/penurunan (period of decline) Jumlah kuman yang hidup berkurang dan menurun. Keadaan lingkungan menjadi
sangat jelek. Pada beberapa kuman timbul bentuk-bentuk jelek. (bentuk involusi)
NOMENKLATUR, TAKSONOMI
NOMENKLATUR BINOMIAL
PEMBERIAN NAMA SECARA ILMIAH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
BINAMIA (2 NAMA) ; LINNAEUS =>INTERNASIONAL
SATU SPESIES : 2 KATA
1. KATA PERTAMA (DULU) GENUS, KATA KE DUA EPITHETON SPECIFICUM
2. KATA PERTAMA DIMULAI HURUF KAPITAL/BESAR , KATA KEDUA HURUF KECIL
3. KATA PERTAMA DAN KE DUA DIRANGKAI MENJADI
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4. KE DUA KATA SELALU ITALIC/UNDERLIN TIDAK BOLEH KEDUANYA
5. GENUS BISA DIPAKAI TUNGGAL SEDANGKAN E.S. TIDAK
6. GENUS MENERANGKAN SIFAT : NAMA BARU/PENEMU YANG DILATINKAN
7. GENUS DAPAT DISNGKAT,
TIDAK BOLEH DISINGKAT PERTAMA KALI DALAM PENULISAN
SINGKATAN HARUS DIIKUTI E.S.
CONTOH :
(a) Bacillus cereus (b) Bacillus subtilis (c) Balantidium coli (an amoeba) (d) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (e) Corynebacterium xerosis (f) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (g) Neisseria meningitidis (h) Rickettsia rickettsii (i) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) (j) Shigella dysenteriae (k) Shigella sonnei (l) Staphylococcus epidermidis (m) Streptococcus mutans
TAKSONOMI
ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI TENTANG KLASIFIKASI ORGANISME
KLASIFIKASI : PENGGOLONGAN ORGANISME KE DALAM KELOMPOK
TAKSA/TAXA BERDASARKAN KEMIRIPAN (HUBUNGANNYA)
TAKSA :
A. SATU KELOMPOK/SATU GOLONGAN ORGANISME YANG SALING BERKERABAT
B. TINGKATAN KELOMPOK DARI RENDAH => TINGGI TERENDAH ……SPESIES
TERTINGG…….. DOMAIN
C. KUNCI KARAKTERISTIK TAXA : TAXA TINGKAT YANG LEBIH RENDAH (EX.SPESIES) ANTAR ANGGOTA
DALAM KELMPOK
LEBIH SIMILAR DIBANDINGKAN ANTAR ANGGOTA DALAM
KLELOMPOK PADA TINGKAT TAXA YANG LEBIH TINGGI (EX.
KINGDOM, DOMAIN)
D. TAXA : DINAMIC => PENGETAHUAN O DAN PERUBAHAN HUBUNGAN EVOLUSI
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KLASIFIKASI (DASAR)
A.STRUKTUR/MORFOLOGI
…….MIKROSKOPIS(PEWARNAAN),MAKROSKOPIS (KOLONI)
B. FISIOLOGI ………….KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN, TEMPERATUR,Ph
C. BIOKIMIA………..SUSUNAN BIOKIMIA, METABOLIT
E.GENETIKA
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Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) grouped life forms as either plant or animal. Microscopic organisms were unknown.
Plants Animals
Plants Animals
Fungi
In 1735 Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus formalized the use of two Latin names to identify each organism, a
system called binomial nomenclature. He grouped closely related organisms and introduced the modern classification groups: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Single-celled organisms were
observed but not classified.
Kingdom: Plantae Animalia
Organisms: Plants Animals
Fungi
In 1866 German biologist Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom, Protista, to include all single-celled organisms.
Some taxonomists also placed simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds, in Kingdom Protista. Bacteria, which lack nuclei, were placed in a separate group within Protista called Monera.
Kingdom: Protista Plantae Animalia
Organisms: All single-celled organisms, such as
amoebas and diatoms, and sometimes simple
Plants Animals
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multicellular organisms
such as seaweeds.
In 1938 American biologist Herbert Copeland proposed a fourth kingdom, Monera, to include only bacteria. This was the first classification proposal to separate organisms without nuclei, called prokaryotes, from organisms with
nuclei, called eukaryotes, at the kingdom level.
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Kingdom:
Monera
(Prokaryote) Protista Plantae Animalia
Organisms: Bacteria Amoebas, diatoms, and other single-
celled eukaryotes, and sometimes
simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds.
Plants Fungi
Animals
In 1957 American biologist Robert H. Whittaker proposed a fifth kingdom, Fungi, based on fungi’s unique structure
and method of obtaining food. Fungi do not ingest food as animals do, nor do they make their own food, as plants do; rather, they secrete digestive enzymes around their food and then absorb it into their cells.
Kingdom: Monera (Prokaryote) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Organisms: Bacteria Amoebas, diatoms,
and other single-celled eukaryotes,
Multicellular,
filamentous organisms that
Multicellular
organisms that obtain food
Multicellular
organisms that ingest
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and sometimes
simple multicellular organisms, such as
seaweeds.
absorb food through
photosynthesis
food
In 1990 American molecular biologist Carl Woese proposed a new category, called a Domain, to reflect evidence from nucleic acid studies that more precisely reveal evolutionary, or family, relationships. He suggested three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya, based largely on the type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cells.
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Domain: Archaea Bacteria Eucarya
Kingdom: Crenarchaeota Euryachaeota Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Organisms: Ancient bacteria that produce methane
Ancient bacteria that grow in high temperatures
Diagram of the Modern Classification Scheme:
The information for each kingdom refers to the questions in "Format for Classification," seen below.
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KLASIFIKASI BAKTERI BERDASARKAN BERGEY’S MANUAL
Genera Species Category Disease
Treponema pallidum spirochete syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete Lyme disease
Campylobacter Aerobic,
motile, helical,
Gram-negative
[campylobacteriosis]
Helicobacter pylori Aerobic,
motile, helical,
Gram-negative
peptic ulcer disease
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-negative
aerobic rods
and cocci
urinary tract
infections, burns,
and wounds
Legionella Gram-negative
aerobic rods
and cocci
pneumonia and
other respiratory
infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gram-negative
aerobic rods
and cocci
gonorrhea;
meningitis &
nasopharylngeal
infections by other
species
Moraxella lacunata Gram-negative
aerobic rods
and cocci
conjunctivitis
Bordetella pertussis Gram-negative
aerobic rods
and cocci
whooping cough
(pertussis)
Escherichia coli Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
opportunistic
infections of colon
and other sites
Shigella [dysenteriae,
sonnei]
Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
bacillary dysentery
Salmonella typhimurium Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
typhoid fever,
enteritis, and food
poisoning
Klebsiella pneumoniae Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
respiratory and
urinary tract
infections
Enterobacter aerogenes Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
opportunistic
infections
Serratia marcescens Facultatively
anaerobic
opportunistic
infections
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Gram-negative
rods
Proteus vulgaris Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
urinary tract
infections,
especially
nosocomial
Yersinia pestis Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
plague
Vibrio cholerae Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
cholera
Pasteurella Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
Haemophilus influenzae Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
respiratory
infections,
meningitis,
conjunctivitis
Gardnerella Facultatively
anaerobic
Gram-negative
rods
vaginitis
Bacteroides Anaerobic
Gram-negative
rod
various infections
from fecal
contamination
Rickettsia [prowazekii,
rickettsii]
Rickettsia and
Chlamydiae
typhus, Rocky
Mountain spotted
fever
Chlamydia [trachomatis] Rickettsia and
Chlamydiae
trachoma,
nongonococcal
urethritis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasmas walking pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus Gram-positive
cocci
skin abscesses,
opportunistic
infections such as
toxic shock
syndrome
Streptococcus [pyogenes] Gram-positive
cocci
strep throat and
other infections,
puerperal fever =
childbirth fever
[Micrococcus] [luteus] Gram-positive
cocci
Bacillus anthracis Endospore-
forming Gram-
positive rods
anthrax
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+proteus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22proteus+vulgaris%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pro_vulg.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pro_vulg.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+yersinia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22yersinia+pestis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=plague&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/yer_pest.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/yer_pest.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+vibrio&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22vibrio+cholerae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=cholera&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/vib_chol.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/vib_chol.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+pasteurella&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pasteure.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pasteure.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+haemophilus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22haemophilus+influenzae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=meningitis&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=conjunctivitis&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/hae_infl.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/hae_infl.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+gardnerella&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=vaginitis&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/gardnere.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/gardnere.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+bacteroides&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#anaerobic_gram_negative_rods#anaerobic_gram_negative_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#anaerobic_gram_negative_rods#anaerobic_gram_negative_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#anaerobic_gram_negative_rods#anaerobic_gram_negative_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bacteroi.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bacteroi.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+rickettsia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rickettsia+prowazekii%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rickettsia+rickettsii%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#rickettsia#rickettsiahttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#rickettsia#rickettsiahttp://www.google.com/search?q=typhus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rocky+mountain+spotted+fever%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rocky+mountain+spotted+fever%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rocky+mountain+spotted+fever%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ric_prow.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ric_prow.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+chlamydia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22chlamydia+trachomatis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#chlamydiae#chlamydiaehttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#chlamydiae#chlamydiaehttp://www.google.com/search?q=trachoma&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22nongonococcal+urethritis%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22nongonococcal+urethritis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/chl_trac.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/chl_trac.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+mycoplasma&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycoplasma+pneumoniae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#mycoplasmas#mycoplasmashttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22walking+pneumonia%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_pneu.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_pneu.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+staphylococcus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22staphylococcus+aureus%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22toxic+shock+syndrome%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22toxic+shock+syndrome%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/sta_aure.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/sta_aure.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+streptococcus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22streptococcus+pyogenes%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22strep+throat%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22puerpera+fever%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22childbirth+fever%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/str_pyog.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/str_pyog.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+micrococcus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22micrococcus+luteus%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/mic_lute.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+bacillus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22bacillus+anthracis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=anthrax&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bac_anth.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bac_anth.wav
-
and cocci
Clostridium [botulinum,
difficile, tetani,
perfringens]
Endospore-
forming Gram-
positive rods
and cocci
botulism, tetanus,
gas gangrene
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Irregular
nonsporing
Gram-positive
rods
diphtheria
Mycobacterium [tuberculosis,
leprae,
paratuberculosis]
Mycobacteria tuberculosis, leprosy
(Hanson's disease)
Streptomyces Streptomyces
I. EUBACTERIA GRAM NEGATIF BERDINDING SEL …..GRACILICUTES
(2) Spirochetes (a) Gram-negative, helical, move by axial filaments (b) [spiral forms] [index]
(3) Aerobic, motile, helical, Gram-negative bacteria (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Move by flagella (i.e., as opposed to axial filaments) (ii) Helical or comma-shaped
(b) (c) [Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Over
50% of the world is infected with H. pylori. It has also been implicated to play a
role in stomach cancer. This bacterium lives deep in the mucous layer of the
stomach but does not invade the gastric mucosa… Campylobacter is the most
common bacterial cause of diarrheal disease in humans in North America. The
most typical form of transmission is food-borne, through chicken products. The
bacterium is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped rod that is flagellated on both ends to
enable it to move through the thick viscid mucosa of the jejunum, allowing it to
invade the instestinal epithelial cells.]
(d) [spiral forms] [index] (4) Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Some are obligate parasites (5) Facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Many can be distinguished by their characteristic fermentation reactions
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+clostridium&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22clostridium+botulinum%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22clostridium+difficile%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22clostridium+tetani%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&safe=off&q=%22clostridium+perfringens%22http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=botulism&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=tetanus&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/clostrid.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/clostrid.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+corynebacterium&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22corynebacterium+diphtheriae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=diphtheria=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/cor_diph.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/cor_diph.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+mycobacterium&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+tuberculosis%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+leprae%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+paratuberculosis%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+paratuberculosis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#mycobacteria#mycobacteriahttp://www.google.com/search?q=tuberculosis&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=leprosy&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22hanson%27s+disease%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_lepr.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_lepr.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+streptomyces&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#streptomyces#streptomyceshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/streptom.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/streptom.wavhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1spiral.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1spiral.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htm
-
(b) [the E. coli index (The University of Birmingham)] [frequently asked questions about plague] [index]
(6) Anaerobic Gram-negative rods (7) Rickettsia and Chlamydiae (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Intracellular parasites (b) [Rickettia literature] [index] II. EUBAKTERIA TIDAK BERDINDING/SEDIKIT BERDINDING
….TENERICUTES
(8) Mycoplasmas (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Lack cell walls (ii) Extremely small
III. EUBAKTERIA GRAM POSITIF BERDINDING SEL…….FURMICUTES
(9) Gram-positive cocci (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Non-spore forming (ii) Pyogenic (pus-forming)
(10) Endospore-forming Gram-positive rods and cocci (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Aerobic to strictly anaerobic (b) [endospore stain of genus Bacillus] [endospore stain of Clostridium tetani]
[index]
(11) Irregular nonsporing Gram-positive rods (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Pleomorphic or club-shaped (12) Mycobacteria/Molicutes (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Gram-positive (evolutionary relationship) (ii) Acid fast (staining characteristic)
(b) [acid-fast cell wall] [index] (13) Streptomyces…..Actinomycetes (a) Additional characteristics:
(i) Gram-positive (ii) Filamentous [image, filamentous bacterium] (iii) Antibiotic producer
KLASIFIKASI GENETIK ……….HOMOLOGI GENETIK ANTAR ORGANISME
HUBUNGAN EVOLUSI =>FILOGENETIK
- BASE COMPOSITION - DNA& RNA SEQUENCING - DNA HYBRIDIZATION
http://sun1.bham.ac.uk/bcm4ght6/res.htmlhttp://www.bham.ac.uk/http://www.outbreak.org/cgi-unreg/dynaserve.exe/Plague/faq.htmlhttp://www.outbreak.org/cgi-unreg/dynaserve.exe/Plague/faq.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.pedid.uthscsa.edu/Rickettsia.htmhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/endobacd.htmlhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/endoclos.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1fig11.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/actino.html
-
TAKSONOMI NUMERIK (KOMPUTER, FENETIK , TAKSOMETRIK)
-MENGEMBANGKAN PERSAMAAN, KEMIRIPAN, DAN PERBEDAAN
KARAKTERISTIK ANTAR STRAIN DALAM
SATU SPESIES
-MENGGUNAKAN KOMPUTER
-DASAR KARAKTERISTIK SECARA GENETIKA
- PHILOGENETIC TREE /DICHOTMOUS TREE
- JACCARD SIMILARITY COEFFICIENT (SJ)
Sj = _______A_________
A + B + C
- SIMPLE MATCHING COEFFICIENT (Ssm) Ssm = _______A_________
A + B + C + D
A JUMLAH SIFAT* YANG ADA PD KE 2 STRAIN
B ----------------,,------------------ PD STRAIN I SAJA
C ----------------,,------------------ PD STRAIN 2 SAJA
D ---------------,,--------------TIDAK ADA PD KE 2 STRAIN
-TEHNIK : PHAGA TYPING
PROTEIN PROFILE (SDS PAGE : ELEKTROPHORESIS AKRILAMID
GEL NATRIUM DUODESIL SULFAT)
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION (EX; REAKTIVITAS ANTIBODI
MONOKLONAK DGN EPITOP LPS)
PFGE (PULSE FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS)
SOUTHERN BLOT (ENDONUKLEASE=> AGAROSE GEL
ELEK.=>SELAPUT NITROSELULOSE/NILON
RFLPs (RESTRICTION FRAGMEN LENGT POLIMORFISM)=>
PENANDA 16s, 23 s RNA
TIPE STRAIN …..AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION /ATCC
NOMENKLATUR, TAKSONOMINOMENKLATUR BINOMIALTAKSONOMIKLASIFIKASI GENETIK ……….HOMOLOGI GENETIK ANTAR ORGANISMEHUBUNGAN EVOLUSI =>FILOGENETIK
TAKSONOMI NUMERIK (KOMPUTER, FENETIK , TAKSOMETRIK)- JACCARD SIMILARITY COEFFICIENT (SJ)Sj = _______A_________