Farmer Portal : Home Page...has found commercial applications as well. Tamil Nadu has over a hundred...

Editorial CreditsDr. Atanu PurkayasthaDr. Sanjeev ChopraDr. M. SubbarayanMs. Selina Sen

Photo CreditsDr. Atanu PurkayasthaSh. Subhash C. GargSh. Sanjeev GuptaDr. Sanjeev ChopraSh. Mukesh KhullarSh. S.K.G. Rahate Dr. Gorakh SinghSh. Kameshwar Ojha Google Images

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Minister of Agriculture & Food Processing Industries

Government of India

Preface I am happy to learn that the Department is bringing out a publication based on the tour reports submitted by its officials of their tours made during the last few years. These years were momentous in the history of Indian agriculture as the period coincided with the biggest challenges that it ever faced – an unprecedented drought in Kharif-2009 and steep increase in prices of essential commodities warranting a conference of Chief Ministers on 6th February, 2010 and subsequent constitution of Core group of Chief Ministers and Central Ministers and a Working Group on Agriculture Production.

It was indeed heartening to see that the officials of the Department took these challenges headlong, plunged into action and toured extensively to assess the ground realities and ensure immediate remedial action. These efforts bore fruit as witnessed in the record agricultural production and I congratulate the DAC team for this excellent effort.

This book not only captures those fleeting moments experienced by the officials of the Department during their field visits – be it the interaction with some remarkable farmers and field functionaries, or frustration at insufficient progress in the field, or those fulfilling ecstatic seconds of witnessing the results with your own eyes - but also gives an account of the great strides made by the Indian agriculture in general and the Indian farmer in particular.

Sharad Pawar

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lfpo P.K. Basu I.A.S.

Secretary

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Ministry of Agriculture Department of Agriculture &

CooperationGovernment of India

Foreword Government has taken many initiatives in recent years for revitalization of the Agriculture sector to increase production and productivity, leading to enhancement of incomes of farmers. While the implementation and monitoring of the flagship schemes like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, National Food Security Mission, National Horticulture Mission etc. was a major task before the Department, the unprecedented drought in 2009 and price rise in food items, notably in pulses and oilseeds and announcement of new schemes in the budget 2010–11 like Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India and organising 60,000 pulses & oilseeds villages in rainfed areas, posed additional challenges.

It is in this backdrop that it was felt that close interaction with the states, research institutions of ICAR/SAUs, KVKs, field functionaries/extension workers and more importantly the farmers, is necessary to realize the desired outcomes. We always believed that synergy between the line departments, research institutions and farmers is important. I am proud to state that my officers rose to the occasion and travelled to the nook and corner of the country to gain firsthand knowledge about the implementation of schemes, problems faced by the state officials and farmers and came out with appropriate swift action. The results are there for everyone to see - we achieved record production in foodgrains, pulses, oilseeds and cotton during 2010–11 !!

The book captures those vignettes as witnessed by the touring officials and this is a humble effort to record those moments for the posterity.

P.K. Basu

vii

Introduction

The volume in your hands: ‘Vignettes of Indian Agriculture’ is not a technical manual on agriculture. It is not a detailed statistical account of a commodity, or group of commodities. It is not a review of the institutions engaged in agricultural research in the country. It is not a policy document with clear ‘guidelines’ on how to address issues in Indian agriculture. It does not follow a systematic pattern, and often meanders along the thought patterns of its individual authors. It is not written for an academic audience, and is not peer reviewed. Yet, it is perhaps more useful for both the lay reader, and the policy mandarin than any of the ‘manuals/policy documents’ mentioned above. The document captures ‘glimpses’ of agriculture across the length and breadth of the country – from the cymbidiums in Sikkim to tapioca in Kerala, mushrooms in Punjab to paddy in West Bengal, protected cultivation in Dehradun to RKVY interventions in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

What is a ‘vignette’? A ‘vignette’ is a brief evocative description, account or episode. By its very nature, it is impressionistic, and its value is in the recall. Yet, it conveys through its episodic and anecdotal reference, a reality which cannot be captured in a scholarly work, or Proforma based inspection report. Each individual has his/her own way of capturing these episodes: some chose to intervene in it, others ‘absorb’ it for later reflection. Even as the perspectives vary, they help the ‘reader’ in assimilating the myriad diversity of Indian agriculture which officers of the Department of Agriculture have observed in their tour notes, or grassroots diaries over the last few years.

The opening tour ‘notes’ are from the intrepid traveller Dr. Gorakh Singh, India’s Horticulture Commissioner who has logged more kilometres, and gathered more Flying returns than any other contributor. In his own inimitable style, Dr. Singh records his tours to Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Maharashtra and Meghalaya where he interacted with farmers, scientists, horticulture officials, directors, secretaries and ministers of horticulture. Always one to call a ‘spade a spade’, he extends positive strokes, as well as his displeasure when the occasion so warrants. His favourite themes : canopy management, pruning strategy, planting material, nursery accreditation, rejuvenation

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VIGNETTES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

of senile orchards, protected cultivation, High Density plantation are the recurrent themes. Dr. Singh’s reputation and expertise on guava, mango, litchi, banana, citrus and vegetable cultivation is legion, and he holds forth on these during his ‘lecture demonstrations’.

The next set of ‘vignettes’ are penned by Joint Secretary Subhash C. Garg, who is currently heading the RKVY and Trade divisions at the DAC. His Bangalore tour takes him to the Indian Institute of Horticulture Research which is working on all major fruits of the country, but with a special focus on mango, sapota and papaya. ICAR was also establishing a specialized research centre on grapes and pomegranates at the IIHR. The institute has also developed eighty five varieties across twenty five vegetables, including hybrids for tomato, chillies, watermelon, brinjal and onion. The signature hybrid is ‘Arka Manik’ - a watermelon variety which is now spread over 2 lakh hectares, and growing. Interventions in horticulture make a real improvement in the incomes of farmers, especially if they are grown in peri-urban areas, where marketing is not a real issue. However, he also notes that even though Karnataka has become a global sourcing hub for gherkins, the institute had not initiated any research on gherkins.

Garg notes with satisfaction the success of the Institute in managing its IPRs. The Technology Management unit of the IIHR had been able to generate an annual income of nearly two crores in the current year, and this could be an exemplar for other ICAR institutions.

His next trip takes him to Kerala, where he visits the central Tuber Crops Research Institute, which deals with crops which are not very well known in the food lexicon, especially in North India. The mandate crop is cassava, which is more popularly known as ‘tapioca’ in South; but the institute also works on sweet potato, yams, taro (aravi), arrow root etc. Of these, cassava is most important, especially as it is an excellent source of starch, and has found commercial applications as well. Tamil Nadu has over a hundred factories which use cassava as the basic raw material for chips, sago, sabu dana, thickeners and commercial starch. In Africa and the Caribbean islands, it is a principal cereal crop, and is an important part of the daily diet of many people. The major contribution of this Centre has been to reduce the cropping period from 12 months to six-eight months, besides higher productivity. This augurs well for the farmers, whose only request is that sufficient quantities of good quality planting material is provided to them, a challenge which the Institute has to gear up to.

Going through Garg’s final report on his tour to Chhattisgarh, one can only amaze at his unbounded energies and enthusiasm of visiting more than thirty villages and other places in this gruelling tour; and his keen eye for finer details even on such technical issues, usually left alone to engineers, like discharge in shallow tube wells, design and layout of minor irrigation tanks and veterinary dispensaries. In this report he describes

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INTRODUCTION

his moments of fulfilment - every officer’s dream - in a village in Bastar inhabited by poor and backward tribal people where he found their small huts overflowing with maize and leaving no place to even sleep!

Sanjeev ‘IT’ Gupta is the DAC’s nodal point for IT and extension. Passionate as he is about IT, his Rajasthan tour notes reflect his ‘systems’ approach, and his quest to streamline data entry at the grassroots, to installation of hardware at the Block headquarters, development of applications at the local level, and the establishment of a robust Data Centre at the state. There is a reference to IT on each page of his report, but that does not take away from the fact that he has also looked at micro nutrients, water management, soil testing and selection of beneficiaries as well. Before this tour to Rajasthan, he visited Karnataka and Kerala where he met a remarkable farmer in the picturesque Kudi Village in District Udupi of Karnataka whose farm is a model of the Integrated Organic Farming system. In his visit to Jammu & Kashmir, his focus - he being the head of Extension division in DAC - was on extension activities. His next tour takes him to CRIJAF (Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres) at Barrackpore where he looks at initiatives like the development of new varieties, weed management, farm mechanization and microbial retting. Jute is again receiving global attention as an ecologically sustainable packing material, and therefore after years of neglect, it is back on the research, development and commercial agenda.

Joint Secretary Edwin K. Majhi landed in Gujarat during the ‘Vibrant Gujarat’ week, which coincided with the international kite festival, and thus he could feel the excitement, the vibes and the colours! Gujarat’s growth rate in agriculture was way ahead compared to the national average, especially as the state had brought new areas under irrigation, and addressed problems of salinity and land degradation.

The Rabi season was in full swing (January 2011) and nearly 30 lakh hectares had been covered under different crops, compared to 25 lakh hectares in the previous year. NFSM had made an impact on both production and productivity, and fortunately there was no sign of pests or disease. Likewise NHM targets were well within reach, and Majhi felt that this was the appropriate time to assess the impact of area expansion on farmers’ incomes. Good interaction with the Department of Land Resources had ensured funding from the National Watershed Development Programme for rain fed areas. At the National Research Centre for Groundnut at Junagarh, he was happy to note that the scientists were involved, committed and motivated. While Gujarat’s productivity matched global benchmarks (1500 kg/ha), the national average was pulled down by AP and Karnataka where obsolete technology and old varieties of seeds were still in vogue. It’s not enough to have knowledge: transferring it to the farmers’ field was the critical factor. He also records his sense of satisfaction and joy after visiting the Wheat Research Centre to see the success of the GW 366 - a hundred and ten day crop with a yield potential of 5500 kg/ha, as against the national average of 3000 kg/ha.

x


After Gujarat, Edwin moves on to the Rajasthan Safari – Jodhpur, Bikaner and Ajmer. The Agriculture Research Station at Mandor (Jodhpur) deserves attention not just for the innovative agricultural equipments - seed drills with small wheels behind the seed release outlets - which leads to better compaction and moisture retention, and new varieties of sesame, chilli, cumin and isabgol, but also for the unique social experiment of providing on-farm training for rehabilitation of prisoners/convicts serving life terms in the jails of Rajasthan. The next halts took him to Jal Haujs (raised water tanks above the ground level), integrated farming systems at Ms. Bhanwari Devi’s farm, and Diggis (mini- reservoirs) on the fields of Shri Magan Lal. At Bikaner, he visits the Rajasthan Agricultural University, which has not only pioneered date palm cultivation, but is engaged in breeder seed production (with assistance from RKVY) for production of Okra, tomato, brinjal, chilli, onion et al. The National Research Centre on Seed Spices at Ajmer, besides serving as the national repository for information on seed spices like cumin, coriander, fennel and fenugreek, also conducted research on yield improvement through seeds and better techniques.

Given DAC’s current focus on BGREI, it is but natural that Additional Secretary G.C. Pati undertook tours to Orissa and Bihar. In Orissa, his main concern was with the research and development of stress tolerant rice, capable of withstanding frequent natural calamities in the state. Two varieties, viz Pratiksha and Swarna sub-1 had shown the requisite resilience, and the Orissa Agriculture University and the Department had to work together to ensure that these were made available to the farmers. He also notes the constraint in the availability of quality pulses seeds, which, if available could optimize the use of rice fallows.

As the tribal districts of Orissa were mainly ‘organic by default’, he suggests that this should now be leveraged by taking up organic certification, and developing a district and crop specific package of practices. He concludes his Orissa tour on a positive note by recording that while the state was doing well under RKVY, there was need to develop an effective monitoring system. He recommends that OAUT and KVKs be effectively involved in the programmes for yield improvement of paddy and pulses.

The Bihar visit took him to the Mecca of Indian agriculture: the ICAR research complex at Pusa. Now called the RCER (Research Complex for the Eastern Region), its mandate is to address issues relating to resource management, cropping and farming systems in Eastern India in a holistic manner. The main research achievements to its credit include integrated farming in rice, wheat and fishery, trenches and raised bed system for fishery and horticulture in water-logged areas and rice-fish culture conservation farming to combat moisture stress. Zero Tillage, along with intensification and diversification had been demonstrated successfully at the Sabhajpura Farm under the CSISA (Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia). This could lead to manifold increase in incomes for farmers, but as Shri Pati pithily remarks: ‘the research works on the farm were impressive,

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INTRODUCTION

but its dissemination among the farmers (in the state) needs improvement’. He also notes that even though the mandate was to cover the entire eastern region, most of the work appeared to be confined to Bihar and Jharkhand. What Shri Pati enjoyed the most in his Bihar visit was the interaction with a progressive farmer, Shri B.P. Singh, who was generating an income of Rs. 5 lakh per annum from his one hectare farm by adopting organic farming, wheat intensification and production of cauliflower seed. He had also devised his own pest management practices for wheat by using vermi wash and local herbs!

Dr. Atanu Purkayastha is passionate about agriculture, land entitlements and farmers’ incomes. His sojourn took him to Tripura where he visited the Horticulture Research Centre at Nagichara and the State Agriculture Research Centre at Arundhati Nagar, both in Agartala, as well as the KVKs in West and South Tripura districts and the ICAR Research station at Lembucharra. The highlight of the visit was the Horticulture Research Centre at Nagichara, which is engaged in the production of vegetable seeds and TPS (true potato seeds) on its 50 hectare campus. The productivity of TPS at Nagichara was the highest in the world, and it was being exported across the globe and in the neighbourhood –from Brazil to Bangladesh! Dr. Purkayastha advised them to develop it as a Centre for excellence for the production of vegetable seeds and TPS. Another highlight in this report is the innovative technique developed by Ms. S. Debnath to preserve tomato by hanging them from ceiling, which enhanced the shelf life substantially. She has been acknowledged by ICAR as a Farm Innovator-2010. He notes with satisfaction that even though the KVKs and the Research centres were working under severe constraints, their morale and commitment was high.

In his second report, Dr. Purkayastha gives a brief account of his visit to KVK, Kahikuchi located at Guwahati highlighting the infrastructure and main activities of the institution.

Dr. Purkayastha’s third tour report: ‘Marvellous Millet’, is an account of his visit to Directorate of Sorghum Research at Hyderabad, to discuss the launch of INSIMP (Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion). He suggests an intensive campaign for promotion of Post Harvest Technologies and Value Addition to make millet consumption more user-friendly, and the introduction of millets in the Mid Day meal programme. More than production, the focus had to be on end-use, and this was as true of millets, as of most agricultural commodities.

R.K. Tiwari’s first tour report is on his visit to the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi and Central Institute of Sub-Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow. He listed various important achievements and constraints faced by these institutions and made some interesting suggestions. In his second report, he reviewed BGREI and NFSM across five districts in eastern UP. He draws a comparative chart to show the rainfall and sowing status

xii


and gives bullet points on the important interventions that need to be followed up by the state government. These include soil testing, seed distribution, fertilizer availability credit and the Cluster approach to BGREI. He also points out the serious menace of Blue Bulls in UP, and the need for co-ordinated action on this front in conjunction with the MoEF.

Additional Secretary V. Venkatachalam has also toured very extensively. His first report covers his field visits in Jammu & Kashmir to find out the impact of NHM & RKVY on the ground. The filed visits were preceded by an assessment of damage caused by hail storm and excessive rains during April and May, 2010 which also affected paddy transplantation and the contingency plans for mitigation. The filed visits bring out some interesting facets of canopy management in apple orchards, paddy-wheat crop rotation, water harvesting tanks, and interaction with an enterprising farmer cultivating mushrooms in trays on first floor and vegetable on the terrace of his house.

He has also recorded his visit to Himachal Pradesh, where after attending the SLSC meeting, he visited SHGs and farmers co-operatives at Mashobra, water harvesting structures at Mantar and polyhouses at Falak (Solan). Himachal has done well in ensuring convergence among Central and state programmes, especially in horticulture and micro irrigation, which has led to greater prosperity and market access for farmers. The highlight of his visit to Rajasthan was the review of the Golden Rays project – a PPP between Rajasthan government and Monsanto – in which maize hybrids were given to over seven lakh tribal farmers in five districts, and the results were indeed spectacular, at least in terms of crop yield and profitability.

Additional Secretary Anup Thakur visits the National Resource Centre for Grapes in Pune which provides services to grape growers and wine industry, besides being the national repository for germplasm, R&D Centre, Test Labs and the APEDA funded Pesticide Residue Monitoring Facility. The Grape Growers Association is also housed in the NRC premises, which allows for meaningful interaction. The NRC wants to issue timely advisories to grape growers based on parameters of temperature and humidity, and Mr. Thakur advises them to propose a comprehensive project for the same under the RKVY. He also visited the Regional Plant Quarantine Station at Mumbai to get an assessment of their functioning and present status, including the facility at the International Airport.

Pankaj Kumar acknowledges the good work done by Bihar to address the manpower requirements in the agricultural sector. Bihar has recruited an ‘army of nearly ten thousand extension workers’ to ensure field demonstrations, input distribution and Kisan Melas (Farmers Fairs). Initiatives like green manuring, pest surveillance had shown results. The state was aware that critical gaps still existed, especially in agricultural credit, warehousing and storage and even basic infrastructure like threshing floors. However the issues were being addressed.

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INTRODUCTION

Dr. Sanjeev Chopra toured Punjab and West Bengal, and draws interesting inferences based on discussions with farmers and agriculture department officials. He is convinced that transformation of Indian agrarian economy can be galvanized by supporting institutions like co-operatives, SHGs, farmers clubs and Commodity organizations. Given the fragmented size of our land holdings, the only way to achieve economies of scale and scope, and to introduce new technologies was to accept the fact that interventions will have to be group based. He hopes that more time, resources and attention would be given to support farmer’s organizations, especially those which can have a direct impact on farmers’ incomes.

Rahate’s visit to Maharashtra took him to CIRCOT (Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology) in Mumbai and the vegetable growing belt of Thane. As he describes it : it is nestled within its own sprawling campus that is quiet, serene and totally insulated from the hustle and bustle of the nearby Dadar area…its main building is a heritage structure still intact with all its architectural beauty…

However CIRCOT is much more than a heritage building. Today, it is ICAR’s lead institution in all aspects of post harvest technology of cotton and its value addition through products and through processing of wastes. It also has a test facility for quality testing – right from cotton to fibre to yarn, and ultimately to fabric. Under the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), it has developed an indigenous rubber dam technology to increase the irrigation efficiency of small watersheds.

Thane’s proximity to urban centres has made vegetable production extremely profitable, as marketing is not a problem. Farmers are keen adopters of new technologies and farm equipments, especially as labour costs have touched the roof.

Rahate then moves to Jharkhand, where he notes that compared to last year, the state government was ready for its interventions in both NFSM and BGREI. The one thousand hectare demonstration plots had been identified, and preparatory work had started on time. He recommends regular review and monitoring to ensure that the momentum is not lost.

Mukesh Khullar, who heads the NFSM undertook visits to Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Haryana. The main purpose of his visit to Tamil Nadu is to review the implementation of various programmes undertaken under NFSM which is understandable because at the time of his visit, the Mission is in its initial phase. But he took this opportunity to make some field visits in Kanchipuram and Chennai Districts to see the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) plots and interact with farmers and field functionaries to gain more insights. The Maharashtra tour was more a review by DAC, as the Secretary, P.K. Basu headed the team which assessed the crop situation, particularly with regard to cotton, soybean and tūr besides understanding the ground level impact of NFSM, NHM,

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A3P, MMA and RKVY. The team also interacted with ICAR institutes and SAUs on cotton and citrus, besides discussions with farmers on agrarian stress and their perception of development interventions by government. Mukesh then lists twenty five key ‘findings’ and identifies the specific action that has to be taken to address these. He follows the same pattern in his inspection notes after visiting Rohtak, Jhajjar and Hissar districts in Haryana.

The next set of reports are from Kameshwar Ojha which deal with his tours to Manipur and Sikkim and takes stock of the progress of the initiatives under the National Bamboo Mission (NBM). His visits to the plantation sites, pressure treatment plant for bamboo and training centre for artisans on bamboo items give some insight into the enormous potential of bamboo.

‘Vignettes’ began with the travels of Horticulture Commissioner. It is therefore in the fitness of things that the last three entries come from the Agriculture commissioner Dr. Gurbachan Singh. He visits Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Maharashtra to review the preparedness for Kharif, 2010. However, the observations are relevant for the Kharif crop of subsequent years as well. In fact, the idea of the drill is to ensure that a SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) is in place to ensure that irrespective of changes in personnel, the system should run in a perfect manner.

Before closing, it must be mentioned that like the gazetteers of yore, this book is a labour of love. None of the authors is a ‘professional writer’, and everyone has followed his own unique style. But it must be added that the ‘labour of love’ was gently induced by DAC Secretary, P.K. Basu who insisted that officers leave the cozy precincts of Krishi Bhawan, travel to the farmers’ field, interact with the scientists at ICAR and SAUs and understand the reality at the grassroots. The result is there for the reader to see, but even before the book goes into print, the officers who have written these reports feel enriched by their travels and interactions, and this, by itself is fair recompense.

xv

Contents

Doon Demonstrations 1Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh, Horticulture Commissioner on his visit to Dehradun (Uttarakhand) during 21st–23rd June, 2010

Orchard Overview 4Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh, Horticulture Commissioner on his visit to Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) during 27–30th October, 2010

Fragrance of Flowers 8Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh, Horticulture Commissioner for visit to Gangtok, from 13–14th November, 2010

Banishing Banana Blight 11Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh, Horticulture Commissioner of his visit to Jalgaon on 24–25th October, 2010

Success with Strawberry 20Tour report of Dr. Gorakh Singh, Horticulture Commissioner of his tour to Meghalaya State during 14–16th February, 2011 to review HMNEH

Frontiers of Horticultural Research 24Tour Report of Shri Subhash C. Garg, Joint Secretary of his visit to Karnataka from 24–25th March, 2011

Tropical Tubers 30Tour Report of Shri Subhash C. Garg, Joint Secretary of his visit to Kerala on 1st April, 2011

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Moments of Fulfilment 36Tour Report of Shri Subhash C. Garg, Joint Secretary of his visit to Chhattisgarh on 16th–22nd June, 2011

Innovation and Integrated Farming 49Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Karnataka & Kerala during 15–16th February, 2010

Potential in Paradise 53Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Jammu & Kashmir during 19th–23rd June, 2010

Rajasthan Reconnaissance 57Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta, JS on his visit to Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur, Bhilwara and Pali in Rajasthan from 14–17th December, 2010

Rewards of Research 60Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta, JS on his visit to Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF) in March, 2011

Vibrant Gujarat 66Tour report of Shri E.K. Majhi, Joint Secretary for visit to Gujarat during 12–14th January, 2011

Rajasthan Safari 72Tour report of Shri E.K. Majhi, Joint Secretary on visit to Rajasthan during 27–29th January, 2011

Improving Yield in Orissa and Popularizing Stress Tolerant Seeds 78Tour Report of Shri G.C. Pati, Addl. Secretary for visit to Orissa on 31st December, 2010 and 1st January, 2011

Boosting Productivity in Bihar 83 Tour Report of Shri G.C. Pati, Additional Secretary to Bihar on 31st March, 2011

Sowing Seeds of Success 88Tour Report of Shri Atanu Purkayastha, Joint Secretary to Tripura from 26–28th December, 2010

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CONTENTS

Kudos for KVK Kahikuchi 94Tour Report of Shri Atanu Purkayastha, Joint Secretary to Assam 14th February, 2011

Marvellous Millet 96Tour report on visit of Shri Atanu Purkayastha, Joint Secretary, to Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Hyderabad on 18th March, 2011

Valuing Vegetables 100Tour Report of Shri Rajendra Kumar Tiwari, Joint Secretary on his visit to Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi on 29th March, 2011

Targets and Troubleshooting 108Tour Report of Shri Rajendra Kumar Tiwari, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Eastern UP during 13–16th July, 2011

Kharif in Jammu & Kashmir 113Tour Report by Shri V. Venkatachalam, Additional Secretary on Visit to Jammu & Kashmir during 9–10th June, 2010

Punjabi Enterprise 117Tour Report by Shri V. Venkatachalam, Additional Secretary on visit to Chandigarh (Punjab) on 25–26th June, 2010

Multiple Benefits from Polyhouses 120Tour Report by Shri V. Venkatachalam, Additional Secretary on visit to Himachal Pradesh on 2nd December, 2010

Public-Private Partnerships 124Tour Report by Shri V. Venkatachalam, Additional Secretary on visit to Udaipur, Rajasthan on 24th December, 2010

Dry Land Agriculture 126Tour Report by Shri V. Venkatachalam, Additional Secretary on visit to Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture, Hyderabad during 3rd–4th February, 2011

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Grape Research & Plant Protection 131Tour Report by Shri Anup K. Thakur, Additional Secretary for his tour to Pune and Mumbai from 13–15th April , 2011

Kharif Preparedness 135Tour Report of Shri Pankaj Kumar, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Bihar from 26–29th June, 2011

Interventions with Punjabi Initiative 140Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Chopra, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Punjab from 15–16th April , 2011

Progress Review of BGREI 150Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Chopra, JS, on his visit to West Bengal from 11–16th July, 2011

Cotton Technology 159Tour Report of Shri S.K.G. Rahate, Joint Secretary, on his visit to CIRCOT, Mumbai on 29th April, 2011

Review of BGREI in Jharkhand 167Tour Report of Shri S.K.G. Rahate, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Jharkhand from 28th June to 2nd July, 2011

Reaping Government Initiatives 174Tour Report of Shri Mukesh Khullar, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Tamil Nadu from 24–26th December, 2008

Mission Maharashtra 178Tour Report of Shri Mukesh Khullar, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Maharashtra from 11–13th October, 2010

Crop Situation in Haryana 188Tour Report of Shri Mukesh Khullar, Joint Secretary, on his visit to Haryana from 17–19th February, 2011

The Beauty of Bamboo 192Tour Report of Shri Kameshwar Ojha, Deputy Director General, on his visit to Manipur from 20th–21st June, 2011

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CONTENTS

Golden Grass - Bamboo Bounty 196Tour Report of Shri Kameshwar Ojha, Deputy Director General, on his visit to Sikkim from 28–30th June, 2011

Review of Kharif Preparedness in Chhattisgarh 199Tour Report of Dr. Gurbachan Singh, Agriculture Commissioner, on his visit to Chhattisgarh from 1st–2nd June, 2010

Cotton Development 205Tour Report of Dr. Gurbachan Singh, Agriculture Commissioner, on his visit to Maharashtra from 12–13th July, 2010

Dealing with Rain Deficit 213Tour Report of Dr. Gurbachan Singh, Agriculture Commissioner, on his visit to West Bengal from 18–20th August, 2010

Subject Index 218

List of Acronyms in Alphabetical Order 229

DAC Team 237

About Touring Officials 238

1

Doon Demonstrations*

In less than ten days of my earlier tour to Bihar and U.P., I was on the road again. Thankfully this time, I was travelling to slightly cooler climes and my spirits lifted as refreshing breezes stirred as we entered the foothills surrounding the Doon valley.1

On 21st of June, I visited project areas and reviewed the progress of implementation of various programmes under HMNEH in Dehradun district and interacted with concerned officers for successful execution of the programmes.

I participated in the one-day state level workshop organized at Dehradun on 22.06.2010 under the Chairmanship of Sh. Trivendra Singh Rawat (Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture and Animal Husbandry, Government of Uttarakhand).

Officers and staff of state Horticulture Department were present. Vice President, Uttarakhand Planning Commission (Sh. Sachidanand Bharti), President, Horticulture Development Board (Sh. Aditya Kothari), Principal Secretary and Commissioner, forests and rural development (Sh. Subhash Kumar) were among the dignitaries present during the workshop. About 340 persons including departmental officers and progressive farmers attended the workshop.

The Technical session started with my presentation covering:

Improved/Adoptive propagation technique for rapid multiplication of quality i. planting material.

Strategies of high density plantation and canopy management in mango, guava, ii. aonla, litchi, apple, walnut, kiwi, peach, etc.

Rejuvenation of senile orchards of mango, guava, aonla, litchi, apple, etc.iii.

* Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh : Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

2


I then arranged live demonstration on:

Rejuvenation of litchi and canopy i. management in litchi, mango and guava.

Wedge grafting technique in guava, ii. aonla, mango, litchi, etc.

Technique of Protected Cultivation of high value crops like tomato, capsicum, design and development of greenhouse and pest and disease management in horticulture crops were covered by scientists from Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan and G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology.

The Horticulture Minister appreciated the programme and advised that such programmes should be repeated in future in the state, especially in the Kumaun division.

I was in a nostalgic frame of mind as I realized the harvest yielded by my work of yester years - As a scientist at CISH (Lucknow), I had organized a number of training programmes for the progressive farmers in Uttarakhand. During the current visit, I was happy to see that those farmers have really benefitted from the above trainings.

SuGGESTIOnS

Some of the suggestions made during the visit for effective technology transfer are:

Display of improved production technologies such as high density planting, canopy z

management, rejuvenation, wedge method of grafting utilizing polycap, drip/jet sprinkler, mulching, protected cultivation, etc. at the government farms for the benefit of local farmers.

Display on flexi chart, the sequential steps of improved production technology. z

Distribution of CDs on improved package of practices of focused crops among the z

beneficiaries.

Preparation and display of district-wise horticulture profile at all the district z

horticulture offices for the benefit of extension officers/local farmers.

Demonstration on Maintenance of Mother Block through Proper Training & Pruning

3

DOON DEMONSTRATIONS

Saplings of different fruit crops should be multiplied in polythene bags rather than z

in nursery beds to avoid transmission of soil borne diseases.

Proper labeling of mother plants indicating the name of variety, source of collection, z

yield data, etc. should be maintained henceforth in all the mother blocks for ready reference, assessment of their performance and for further multiplication.

The Horticulture Secretary, Government of Uttarakhand was requested to evolve z

an effective delivery system for timely utilization of funds sanctioned under the Horticulture Technology Mission. He was also advised to depute a suitable officer from horticulture department to collect walnut plants (for scion block) from CITH, Srinagar and multiply them through wedge grafting technique. He was also advised to multiply litchi through wedge grafting, especially in greenhouse conditions rather than through conventional method of gooty, which is relatively cumbersome.

4

PROLOGuE

I embarked on my tour on the 27th of October and since I arrived late in the evening, enjoyed a restful night in pleasant weather. I set off early next morning to visit project areas and review the progress of NHM. My chief objective was to overview plantation sites in different locations of Bhopal district.2

It was disappointing to see the plight of orchards (citrus/mango/guava) of Sri Sanjay Lalwani of Kanahsaiya village. The plantations raised during 2007–08 were found to be in bad condition. Dhaincha and Sunhemp were grown as an intercrop for seed production. It is not advisable to adopt such crops during the initial stage of orchard establishment.

I demonstrated technologies covering all aspects of crop management viz. tree training, pruning for better canopy architecture, orchard floor management, and suitable intercrop during initial stage of orchard establishment. I also explained the role of successive pruning (after 2nd year onwards) to get better tree shape and size leading to high productivity. I advised Mr. Lalwani and other field officers to visit CISH, Lucknow, NRC, Nagpur, IIHR, Bangalore, farmers field in Pune (Theur), Ahmed Nagar (Rahata, Pimpal

gaon), Nasik (Malegaon), Varanasi (Babiyaon, Cholapur) for better understanding of production technologies. I also gave addresses and mobile numbers of many farmers

* Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh : Madhya Pradesh.

Orchard Overview*

Demonstration on ‘Initial Tree Training Technique’

5

ORCHARD OVERVIEW

of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh to them for regular interaction and field visits.

The condition of orchards (mango & guava) was not better in Sattikhera village either, which was the next leg of my journey. In a three year old plantation of guava, the farmers had erred in planting mango in 2010 as an intercrop. As the farmer had not managed tree canopies right from initial stage of planting, he had to uproot either guava or mango. I personally advised him to uproot mango saplings and put it in other plot. In another mango orchard, only 30 plants survived out of 200 saplings planted. The surviving trees were found to be infected with leaf webber and bacterial blight, etc. All these maladies were because of poor technical backup. After comprehensive discussions, I arranged live demonstration on tree training, canopy management in the field and also explained each step for pruning.

The next halt was Islampur. It was strange to see that the farmers are growing desi roses which are sold locally at phenomenally low price of Rs. 10 to 15 per kg. These farmers were advised to go for hybrid roses in order to get better prices and to increase their income and boost their livelihood.

Intkhera was next on this hectic tour. I began by exploring a huge area under mango plantation which is senile in nature and is highly unproductive. While interacting with farmers as part of my inspection, I noted that they are not familiar with technology on how to get higher production from these unproductive orchards. Therefore, these farmers were explained as how to rejuvenate these plantations to obtain higher production for a longer time. I explained technologies for training of young plant, pruning for bearing plants, nutrient management, water management, orchard floor management, etc.

While visiting Fruit Research Station attached to Rajamata Vijayaraje Scindia Agriculture University located quite nearby, I advised the technical staff on improvement in canopy management in guava and mango crops.

After a disappointing, even depressing day, my spirits lifted as I reached the village of Kheim Khera. At last, I came across a number of excellently managed citrus and guava

Explaining Training Techniques to Farmers

6


orchards in this village. I was given to understand that these farmers along with a technical staff had visited CISH, farmer fields at Pune, NRC, Nagpur to educate themselves about improved production technologies. The farmers earn about Rs. 35,000 to 40,000 per hectare through auction from three years old guava orchards.

After the field visits, a meeting was organized with the Principal Secretary and Director. During the course of discussion, the Principal Secretary appreciated the field visit but he was also of the view that because of the poor technical backup, the farmers were suffering. I advised that a comprehensive training programme should be organized through ICAR institutes/KVK to equip the field officials first, who in turn, can act as resource persons to train beneficiaries in the state.

On the last leg of my tour on the 29th of October, I made a technical visual presentation covering high density plantation (HDP), canopy management, rejuvenation of old and unproductive existing plantation, orchard floor management, production of quality planting material through wedge grafting, soft wood grafting and budding in guava, mango, aonla, anona, cashew, bael, citrus, etc.

About 300 persons including farmers, Government officials, and private entrepreneurs attended the deliberation.

SuGGESTIOnS

State Government should organize training programmes at Jabalpur, Chhindwada, z

Rewa, etc. The services of training institutes under the control of ICAR as well as the support system available under KVKs should be properly integrated.

State should concentrate on identified crops such as mango, guava, pomegranate z

and banana, etc. to ensure high income to the farmers. Some of them have also shown willingness to grow custard apple.

High density planting may be included in Annual Action Plan. z

Establishing of model nurseries at different locations especially on government z

farms for mass multiplication of quality planting material.

Display appropriate technologies for high density plantation, canopy management, z

rejuvenation, orchard floor management, macro irrigation, green house technologies, etc. in different government farms to create mass awareness among the farming community.

Preference should be given to use planting materials developed in the government z

farms and ICAR institutes/SAUs alone rather than saplings procured through tendering, for area expansion under NHM to maintain purity lines.

7

ORCHARD OVERVIEW

Exposure visits need to be organized for the progressive farmers so that they can z

adopt improved technologies prevalent in other states.

Senile and unproductive orchards need to be rejuvenated to obtain high production z

from them.

Other activities such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and regular field visits z

should be undertaken.

Display on flexi chart the sequential steps of improved production technology. z

Distribution of CDs on improved package of practices of focused crops among the z

beneficiaries.

Preparation and display of district-wise horticulture profile at all the district z

horticulture offices for the benefit of extension officers/local farmers.

8

I began my tour early on the 13th of October by ensuring that I left Gangtok after a quick breakfast sharp at 8 AM.3

My first stop was the very impressive Cymbidium Development Centre, Rumtek, East Sikkim. Here I inspected the tissue culture laboratory, training facility centre, pre hardening unit, cymbidium greenhouses and large cardamom tissue cultured seedlings. The cymbidium plants, 65000 in number, are in various stages which have been developed from mother plants imported from Kiwi Orchids (New Zealand), Floricultural nursery (Holland) and Ezi-Gro Orchids (Australia) in addition to the exiting clones in the State. About

300 plants were in bloom and another 1000 will bloom in Dec–Feb period. Out of 25 varieties, 8 promising clones have been selected for further multiplication. It was heartening to observe that Sikkim is heading towards self sufficiency in planting material production.

Next, I visited the tropical orchid collection at Model Floriculture Centre, Namli, East Sikkim.

More than 1000 phalaenopsis, 200 oncidiums, 500 catteleya and allied hybrids and about 100 dendrobiums, are in bloom.

The main purpose is to standardize technology suited to local conditions, demonstrate technology application and multiply planting material.

* Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh : Sikkim.

Fragrance of Flowers*

Rose Cultivation in Greenhouse

9

FRAGRANCE OF FLOWERS

On the way, I visited the rose unit of Shri Ashis Rai at Chuba, East Sikkim. He has a greenhouse measuring 530 sqm with 4000 rose plants. He earns an average annual income of Rs. 1.00 lakh. In this cluster, there are nine such units.

Moving from flowers to fruit, I headed for the orange plantations at West Pandam, East Sikkim where I saw new plantations which have been raised on contours. I then visited another fruiting orchard where fruiting is quite vigorous and very dense. I immediately advised them to follow fruit thinning for increasing fruit size.

I had a pleasant and very interactive session with orange farmers. Everyone seems to be fully satisfied with the Departmental incentives for inputs and technology.

Next, I visited government horticulture farm at Mazitar, East Sikkim. Here I was happy to note that the scientific methods are being adopted.

It was truly an impressive farm. A high-tech greenhouse for production of disease free orange seedling has been set up having more than 40000 seedlings. This centre provides demonstration to the farmers on most of the modern horticulture concepts like – high density orchards, canopy management, drip system of irrigation, various methods of plant propagation, intercropping in fruit orchard for additional income, orange rejuvenation, etc. On the farm premises is an upcoming integrated mushroom unit which is nearing completion.

The final leg of the tour was a visit to Sikkim Flora which is located adjacent to this farm. This is a joint venture company between the Horticulture Department and Florance Flora of Bangalore for production and export of anthurium cut flowers. The greenhouse area is one ha with 80000 plants, out of which 60% is in blooming stage. This is one of the first of its kind and is the largest single anthurium unit in Northeast. The heart shaped flowers in such profusion ended my first day on a happy note.

On the 14th morning, I left Gangtok for a visit to South and West Sikkim, having covered the eastern districts quite comprehensively on the day before.

The first stop was the Daramdin roses cluster, West Sikkim. This is a unique floriculture venture where more than 86 households have been involved. Each family has been provided with a high cost greenhouse (average size 500 sqm), top grafted rose plants, chemicals and fertilizers and technology. The cluster has also been provided with a facility for pre-cooling, storage and pack houses with capacity to handle 50000 plants at a time. The growers are being regularly sent to various institutions for training and exposure visits in addition to the regular visits and training by the departmental officials. The rose growers association, Kanchenjunga Floratech, perhaps, is one of the most successful associations for floriculture venture.

10


At an informal interactive session with rose growers, I found growers are extremely happy and thankful to government for helping convert this village into Rose Village. As per the version of the President of the association who also now happens to be the Panchayat President of the area, the entire credit of economic upliftment goes to the Horticulture Department and Technology Mission (HMNEH). This is very much in tune with the vision and wish of the present government under the leadership of Hon’ble Chief Minister.

After this visit, I proceeded to visit a cymbidium cluster at Ramaram, South Sikkim. On the way saw many clusters of vegetables and low cost greenhouses which are used for vegetables and flowers. The unit at Ramaram, primarily of cymbidium orchid with 500 plants, is very successful.

SuGGESTIOnS/RECOMMEnDATIOnS

Efforts on promotion of fruits specially Guava, Mango and Litchi should be z

intensified in the State.

HDP coupled with canopy management should be popularized in the newly z

established orchards in the State.

Rejuvenation of existing senile/unproductive orchards in order to increase its z

production and productivity.

Orchard Floor Management should be taken up as part of Good Agricultural z

Practices (GAP).

Training of farmers/officials in the field of High Density Plantation/Canopy z

Management/Rejuvenation/Multiplication of Saplings is required to be provided in every district of the State.

CD on visual presentation of my lecture may be multiplied for onward distribution z

among the beneficiaries/Government Staff.

11

Banishing Banana Blight*

On the 24th and 25th of October I, along with Dr. Thangavelu, Senior Scientist from NRC Banana, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu travelled to the banana growing areas of Jalgaon district, particularly in Yawal and Raver Talukas. The tour was organized to investigate the ills which had struck the banana growing community. The major varieties grown in these areas are Grand Naine, Mahalakshmi and Srimanthi. As many as 13 plantations were surveyed for assessing the problems of pests and diseases in banana. 4

At the close of this visit, a meeting was organized at Raver to explain in detail the various causes of banana diseases and their remedial measures. Those who attended the meeting included President, All India Banana Growers Association, President, Maha Banana, President, Maharashtra Banana Growers Association, and officials of Banana Research Station, Jalgaon besides progressive banana growers. The remedial measures so explained relate to different stages like, growth, shooting, harvesting, etc.

The following problems were identified during the survey:

Sigatoka leaf spot disease1.

Corm borer 2.

Burrowing nematode3.

Pseudostem borer4.

Among these, Sigatoka leaf spot disease was identified as the major problem affecting the banana farmers in the area. The disease affects banana leaf production and thereby reduces the production and productivity of banana.

BACKGROunD InFORMATIOn On THE SIGATOKA LEAF SPOT DISEASE

Sigatoka leaf spot disease is caused by three Mycosphaerella species viz. M. musicola, M. fijiensis, M. eumusae and the disease is a serious threat to banana production

* Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh : Jalgaon, Maharashtra.

12


worldwide. In India too, the leaf spot diseases are becoming serious in other banana growing states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal and North Eastern Region of India. The disease inflicts severe yield losses in almost all the commercial cultivars (except cv. Karpuravalli). Due to the disease, necrotic patches develop on the leaves causing extensive defoliation resulting in delayed flowering, reduction in number of hands and fingers. Fingers do not fill out properly and often remain immature even after attaining the time for full maturity. Peel splitting and premature ripening are also associated with this disease. This disease may also predispose the plant to another lethal disease called ‘peduncle rot’ which occurs during bunch maturing phase during summer months.

The leaf spot disease was found severe during rainy season which coincides with advanced vegetative and shooting stages of the crop. The maximum disease severity of 90–100% was observed in cultivars like Robusta, Nendran, Pachanadan etc. The crop loss ranged from 20 to 50%.

SYMPTOMS OF SIGATOKA

The earliest visible symptoms of Sigatoka are light green, narrow speck of about 1 mm in length on the upper surface of the older leaf. The infected tissue then turns brown and dies. The extensive defoliation results in delayed flowering, reduction in number of hands and fingers. Also, fingers do not fill out properly and often cause immature ripening and fruit shedding even when the fruits are immature.

The incidence of the disease starts with the onset of monsoon in Jalgaon. The severity of the incidence is more from June to October. This coincides with vegetative growth of June planting and with reproductive stage for October planting. All commercial cultivars of banana are susceptible to Sigatoka disease. This disease is more prevalent in Raver and Yawal talukas of Jalgaon district which was the motivating factor for our survey.

RESuLTS OF THE SuRVEY

Survey was conducted in Jalgaon district to assess the extent of disease severity of leaf spot disease and also the number of green leaves present in banana plantations of different stages of growth. Banana Fruit Shedding Due to Sigatoka

Disease

13

BANISHING BANANA BLIGHT

The farmers’ fields in the Yawal and Raver talukas were surveyed and a total of 13 plantations were selected to observe the leaf spot severity (Table-1). The analysis of data indicated that the disease severity of Sigatoka leaf spot disease ranged from 43 to 73% and the number of green leaves varied from 2 to 6 in most of the plantations having closer planting (spacing of 1.25 m × 1.2 m) and where no fungicides sprays taken up.

In the case of banana plants (Sl. nos. 11–13 of Table-1) planted with optimum spacing of 1.5 to 1.6 m × 1.5 to 1.6 m and also sprayed with oil + fungicides or fungicides alone (recommended by NRC for Banana), they had very negligible disease incidence (up to 2%) and also more number of green leaves (11–14 leaves).

Table-1: Disease severity of Sigatoka leaf spot disease with number of green leaves in banana plants grown in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra

Sl. no.

Place Variety Age of the plant

Disease severity

(%)

number of green leaves

Diseased plant

normal Range

1. Bambonod (Yawal)

Grand Naine 4 months 43 6 11–13

2. Waghoda (Raver)

Mahalakshimi Bunch maturing phase

70 6 12–15

3. Chinnawal Grand Naine 3 months 47 5 9–11

4. Chinnawal Mahalakshmi Bunch maturing phase

73 3 12–15

5. Raver Grand Naine Shooting phase

50 4 12–15

6. Raver Grand Naine 2 months 50 2 7–9



9. Raver Srimanthi 3 months 44 6 9–11

10. Raver Srimanthi 5 months 64 5 14–18

Fields with High Sigatoka Leaf Spot Severity in CV. Grane Naine

14


Sl. no.

Place Variety Age of the plant

Disease severity

(%)

number of green leaves

Diseased plant

normal Range

11.* Banana Research Station, Jalgaon

Grand Naine 5 months 02 14 14–18

12.* Raver Grand Naine 3 months 00 10 9–11

13.* Raver Grand 3 months 00 11 9–11

* The disease severity was negligible and number of green leaves is more because of the following reasons:

The banana plants are planted at optimum spacing of 1.5 m × 1.5 m or 1.6 m × 1.6 m. z

Two sprays of oil + fungicides or fungicides were sprayed. z

When the comparison was made between oil + fungicides or fungicides alone sprayed banana gardens and banana unsprayed gardens on the disease severity, no. of green leaves and yield parameters, it is very clear that the banana gardens sprayed with oil + fungicide spray or fungicide alone, recorded zero incidence to very less disease severity (0 to 24% only), more number of green leaves (8–14), more number of hands/bunch and also more number of fingers/hands compared to unsprayed banana plants which recorded high disease severity (47 to 70%), less number of green leaves (3–5), less number of hands (7) and very less number of fingers/hand (Table-2).

Fungicide Sprayed Field No Fungicide Sprayed Field

15


Table-2: Comparison of disease severity, number of green leaves and yield parameters between fungicide sprayed and unsprayed banana fields

Particulars Age/stage of the plantation

Disease severity

(%)

number of green

leaves

number of hands/

bunch

number of fingers/

handSprayed1. Grand Naine 3 months 00 8–12 leaves — —

2. Grand Naine Bunch maturing phase

24 10–14 leaves 14 16–20

3. Grand Naine 5 months old 02 14 leaves — —

unsprayed1. Mahalakshimi Bunch maturing

phase70 0–3 leaves 7 12–15

2. Grand Naine 3 months old 47 5 leaves — —

To get normal yield, there should be a minimum of 17 to 20 green leaves during vegetative phase (6 months after planting), 12 to 15 green leaves during shooting/flowering phase and 7–10 leaves at the time of harvest. But there were only 2–6 green leaves in most of the banana gardens in Jalgaon district. In some gardens, there was no green leaf at all at the time of bunch maturing phase.

MOLECuLAR IDEnTIFICATIOn OF CAuSAL PATHOGEn OF LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF BAnAnA BY DIAGnOSTIC PCR METHOD

Globally, three types of leaf spot diseases have been reported infecting banana plants:

Yellow Sigatoka caused by i. Mycosphaerella musicola

Black Sigatoka caused by ii. M. fijiensis and

Septoria or Eumusae leaf spot caused by iii. M. eumusae

In India, NRC for banana has reported only Eumusae leaf spot caused by M. eumusae as infecting the banana crop in different parts of the country.

Since the diagnosis of type of leaf spot disease is very important to design management practices, the DNA was extracted from the individual leaf spot of different leaf samples collected from different banana gardens of Jalgaon district. The DNAs were subjected to diagnostic PCR using species specific primer to identify the pathogen affecting banana plants in Jalgaon.

16


RESuLTS

Among the three primers specific to each leaf spot pathogens used, the primer specific to M. eumusae only generated bands of expected size (650 bp). Other primers specific to Yellow Sigatoka and Black Sigatoka failed to amplify any bands. This preliminary result indicated that the leaf spot disease in Jalgaon district is the eumusae leaf spot disease caused by fungus M. eumusae.

In addition to the major incidence of the eumusae leaf spot disease infecting banana plants in Jalgaon district, the following insect pests occurrence was also noticed, which are also causing damage to the banana plants in this region.

PSEuDOSTEM BORER

The banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis attacks the plant during flowering and bunch formation stage and cause severe yield loss by preventing the bunch development. The early symptoms are the jelly exudation on the banana stem which indicates the weevil and grub activity inside the stem. Due to feeding of stem by grub the pseudostem becomes hollow and breaks at the apical region even with a gush of wind. This is the advanced symptom of weevil attack.

CORM BORER: COSMOPOLiTES SORDiDUS

The grub of corm weevil attacks the plant by feeding on the corm portion and thereby making bore holes and tunnels in the corm. Infestation at the early stage reduces the plant vigour. Sick appearance and yellow lines on the top leaves are early symptoms, whereas in the advanced stage of infestation, plant show tapering of stem at crown region, reduction in leaf size, poor bunch formation and choked throat appearance due to grub damage in the corms. The weevil spreads through infested suckers to different places.

BuRROwInG nEMATODES: RADOPHOLUS SiMiLES

During the survey at Jalgaon district, root samples were collected from the banana cv. Grand Naine and examined for the nematode incidence. The nematode isolation

Corm Borer Infestation on Banana Corm

17


indicated the presence of burrowing nematodes in large numbers i.e. 4000/g of root samples and this is 40 times higher than the normal range (i.e. 100 numbers of nematode/g of root will be sufficient to cause yield loss).

Effect due to nematode infestation

Due to the infection by this nematode, the plant growth is reduced and plant gets toppled because of the damage caused to root system. Other effects are stunting, premature defoliation etc. Heavy nematode infestation will affect plants vigour which will result in smaller bunches and long periods elapsing between crops.

REASOnS FOR THE HIGH DISEASE SEVERITY OF LEAF SPOT DISEASECloser spacing (1.25 1. × 1.25 m)

Lack of timely fungicidal sprays2.

No proper regular field sanitation3.

Poor drainage4.

Lack of crop rotation5.

Planting of banana round the year6.

MODE OF SPREADThrough the movement of plants containing infected leaves. z

Through wind borne inoculum of the fungus. z

The diseased leaves are used to wrap banana bunches and packing material. z

Short distance spread is by wind and water borne conidia. z

TO GET nORMAL YIELD, THERE SHOuLD BEMinimum 17 to 20 green leaves during vegetative phase (6 months after planting). z

12 to 15 green leaves during shooting/ flowering phase and z

7–10 leaves at the time of harvest. z

Toppling Down of Infected Plant Due to Heavy Incidence of Burrowing Nematode

18


PREVEnTIVE MEASuRESPlanting of banana strictly in the recommended months i.e. June and October. z

Planting of banana at the recommended spacing (1.5 z × 1.5 m).

Apply recommended doses of manures and fertilizers. z

Spraying of fungicide before the onset of monsoon. z

MAnAGEMEnT PRACTICES

Removal of the infected leaves regularly once in a month starting from 2 znd month

after planting. Destroy them by burning outside of the field or dump it in manure pit and cover it with soil.

Spray the banana plantations with 1% petroleum oil + half the dose of recommended z

fungicides at 15 to 20 days interval starting from 2nd month after planting. The number of sprays be increased or decreased depending on the severity of the disease and also the climatic conditions.

Spray schedule

1st Spray - Banole oil 1% + 0.5 gm of Carbendazim/litre of water

2nd Spray - Banole oil 1% + 0.5 gm of Companion/litre of water

3rd Spray - Banole oil 1% + 0.5 gm of Carbendazim + 0.5 ml of calixin/litre

4th Spray - Banole oil 1% + Propiconazole 0.5 ml/litre of water

5th Spray - Banole oil 1% + 0.5 gm of Carbendazim/litre of water


7th Spray - Banole oil 1% + 0.5 gm of Carbendazim/litre of water


About Banana spray oil – Banole

Petroleum oil (Banole®), which is biodegradable banana spray oil, is being used extensively in banana exporting countries for the management of Sigatoka disease. This oil is known to improve effectiveness of fungicides and has the following special features :

Penetrating effect: When the oil is sprayed along with fungicides, it improves the i. diffusion of active ingredients through the cuticle of the plant.

19


Fungistatic effect: The oily film on the surface of the leaf slows the growth of ii. fungus.

It is compatible with commonly used fungicides.iii.

SuGGESTIOnS

The survey in the farmers’ field in Yawal and Raver tehsils of Jalgaon district has indicated the occurrence of severe incidence of Sigatoka leaf spot disease in cvs. Grand Naine, Mahalakshmi and Srimanthi. Molecular identification of the disease has indicated that the leaf spot disease is caused by Mycosphaerella eumusae. This disease incidence was very high wherever the prophylactic sprays were not given. The incidence of the disease was zero or very less, wherever the fungicidal sprays was given by the farmers. This has indicated that by regular recommended fungicidal sprays, the disease can be controlled effectively. In addition, the farmers are not adopting regular field sanitation practices like removal of diseased leaves and burning them to avoid further spread of the pathogen. Therefore, by adopting regular field hygiene and fungicidal sprays, definitely, the disease can be controlled effectively.

In addition, corm weevil, pseudostem weevil and nematode incidence was also observed in the banana plantations surveyed. It is recommended to adopt the integrated pest and nematode management strategies involving bio-control agents/chemical methods for the effective management of insect and nematodes.

An intensive campaign is proposed to be organized by State Government/KVK at village/ taluka/district level to train field level implementing officials/beneficiaries/traders, etc. to control Sigatoka Leaf Spot Disease prevalent in banana crop in Jalgaon, Maharashtra. This should be supported by proper extension material such as posters, wall paintings, field shows, field trips, charts, etc. to educate the banana growers.

20

I flew in to Meghalaya in mid-February, 2011 primarily to review the HMNEH programme and to create mass awareness among the farmers.5

I kick-started the tour on 14th February by inspecting pineapple and strawberry farmers’ fields located barely 35 kilometers from the State capital of Shillong, in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya. The village was located at the end of a dusty rural track. In fact, the sleepy idyllic hamlet of Sohliya seems at first glance, an unlikely birthplace for a revolution of strawberry cultivation.

I exchanged notes with farmers on the method of cultivation of strawberry including the production technology for daughter runners. The commercialization of the fruit is visible in the daily lives of the strawberry growers of the state and nowhere else is this effect more pronounced than in the village of Mr. Lyngkhoi, or Bah Os as he is affectionately known. Starting with him, Bah Os has expanded his cultivation of the fruit from a small patch of a few square meters five years

* Tour Report of Dr. Gorakh Singh : Shillong, Meghalaya.

Success with Strawberry*

Strawberry Fields Forever

Grading & Packing of Strawberries

21

SUCCESS WITH STRAWBERRY

back to his present area of little more than an acre. The income generated from his strawberries has enabled him to construct houses for his four children as well as his own and recently enabled him to buy a Maruti 800. His success, combined with the efforts of the Center of Excellence, has been the key factor for farmers of the District adopting new technologies like drip irrigation, mulching, post harvest grading and management.

His sense of enterprise has lead to the villagers reposing their faith in him as the General Secretary of the Ri-Bhoi Strawberry Growers’ Association (RBSGA), a registered organization of growers formed through the initiative and support by the Dewlieh Center of Excellence.

In retrospect, it was the formation of the RBSGA and the untiring efforts of its General Secretary that witnessed the rise of the Association from a conglomeration of farmers to a marketing force that now negotiates markets for its growers nationally as well as internationally. Having captured almost the entire North Eastern market, the Association had in April 2009, signed an MOU with Seuji Agro Processing and Services Pvt. Ltd, Guwahati, in an agreement brokered by the Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE) and supported by the Dewlieh Center of Excellence to market strawberries to Chennai which has resulted in the halting of Sri Lankan import of strawberries into Chennai during the last season. The Association has also secured an export order to Bangladesh for the coming season.

The hard work put in by the General Secretary and the members of the Association is paying dividends in more ways than one and Sohliya village is a model demonstration of the benefits that can accrue to a community through working together in cultivation of low volume high value crops. With 66 households out of 68 cultivating the fruit, Sohliya plays a major part in total production of strawberries. Now, many families have been able to afford TV sets, building houses, better schooling and health care, opened bank accounts and finally have a chance of improving their quality of life.

Yushilda Nongbsap, an ordinary housewife, her weathered face reflecting her years of toil and worry, proudly showed us the new bamboo house with a tin roof that she has gifted her daughter. Tiewdaris Lyngdoh, another housewife, has started construction of her new house and even though only the roof is up, she hopes to complete it by the next season of strawberries. Elberus Wanniang now has his own brick house and has moved out of his in-laws house. Desphiniel Wahlang, an old grower, has now extended his house to accommodate his growing family. Many more small but significant successes and examples of improvements in the lives of the people of Sohliya abound which are too numerous to cite here. Even the village church has benefitted with Sunday collections now touching Rs. 5000 per week as compared to Rs. 2000 per week during the pre strawberry years. I advised them to establish a mother block in green house for mass production of daughter runners.

22


Next, I visited Ri-Bhoi Experimental Centre and discussed with officials concerned about the important initiatives being taken in the field of rose, anthurium and strawberry production. The system for grading and packaging of rose and strawberry were also inspected.

On 15th February, I inspected pear plantations being raised by farmers in Upper Shillong. They were guided about canopy management to maintain its tree height and canopy shape for enhancing productivity, profitability and sustainability.

I took the opportunity to visit fields of other farmers who are engaged in seed production of cauliflower and radish with the support of HMNEH Scheme. It was learnt that these farmers harvest seed as high as 80 gm per cauliflower. The seed is sold @ Rs. 12,000/kg. On the contrary, the farmers who are engaged in seed production programme of their own without the support of the scheme, harvest only about 30 gm/plant. These farmers are now adopting the improved seed production technology to earn enhanced income.

It was inspiring to see the efforts of women farmers engaged in cultivation of cymbidium. It is grown in greenhouses having excellent conditions.

A visit to the Sponge Gourd (loofah) production in Umklai village of Re-Bhoi district was very edifying. Presently, the production of loofahs of different shapes and sizes has resulted in an impressive range of product diversification. This in turn, has dramatically transformed the marketing profile and tactics of farmers.

To promote loofah, a farmer named Shri Him Synkli has formed a Umkali Area Integrated Cooperative Society at Ri-Bhoi district whose managing committee has seven members.

Sponge Gourd (Loofah)

Value Added Products from Loofah

23

SUCCESS WITH STRAWBERRY

He informed me that his society has been regularly participating at trade fairs and Exhibitions in the region and also at the national level, where their sohprew products are proving to be quite a hit. As a vibrant, successful & dynamic cooperative society, besides providing regular dividends to its immediate primary members, this activity is also creating avenues of alternative livelihood for village residents and also playing a significant role towards augmenting additional income of not only for Umklai village but also for the surrounding areas. Employment and jobs are being created through teams of workers who give the finishing touch to the loofahs like plucking, cutting, soaking, drying and designing the finished products into various shapes and forms. Women are generally involved in sewing and stitching and in the more delicate aspects which go into giving the product a finished look. This has created a virtuous cycle, which in turn is emboldening the society to attempt newer and more creative products and designs. About 15 units were brought under area expansion in 2004–05. In 2010, the production capacity of this unit is 36000 nos. which were disposed off with a good price. However, the real prospect of this project could be realized only by bringing new areas under cultivation with latest technical know-how. The production capacity of this unit can be boosted by upgrading the machinery as well as post production activities. Out of 1 ha of sponge gourd cultivation, an average income of Rs. 1.12 lakh is realized by a farmer.

SuGGESTIOnS

The State Government has been advised:

To provide necessary subsidy for erection of greenhouse in cluster mode for mass z

production of vegetable seeds.

To encourage promotion of cymbidium in cluster mode especially in upper z

Shillong.

To increase area under sponge gourd (Loofah) to 50 ha in Ri-Bhoi district. z

To establish virus free mother block of citrus in green house for mass multiplication z

of disease-free planting material.

To prioritize canopy management and rejuvenation programme in fruit crops for z

enhancing quality production, productivity, profitability and sustainability.

To create awareness amongst the farmers for latest production technologies in z

horticulture sector.

To enhance productivity of labour through effective tools and implements. z

To promote cultivation of export oriented varieties of ginger with low fiber z

content.

24

Frontiers of Horticultural Research*

PROLOGuE

I had heard of exciting new developments at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) and it was with great expectancy that I journeyed to Bangalore on the 24th of March 2011. It was planned that I would also be visiting other noteworthy installations pertaining to farming life in Karnataka during this visit. 6

The IIHR is entrusted with the responsibility of conducting agricultural research in fruits and vegetables for developing improved varieties and hybrids with higher yield potential, development of disease resistant cultivars and contributing to better pre and post harvest value addition.

* Tour Report of Shri Subhash C. Garg : Karnataka.

25

FRONTIERS OF HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH

QuIET FLOwS THE ARKA

The highlights of my meeting with the scientists were chiefly connected to its research in fruits and vegetables. Primarily working from Bangalore, there are three horticulture experiment stations - two in Karnataka and one in Orissa. In fact the entire interaction has proved to be an interesting learning experience.

The IIHR is working on practically all fruit crops of the country, especially on mango, sapota and papaya. A specialised research centre was being established by ICAR on certain crops like grapes and pomegranates. Work on these fruit crops was done with participation of these centres under leadership of IIHR. Several new innovations caught my attention, namely:

Several new varieties have been developed. Amongst most successful ones, one z

papaya red variety- Arka Prabhat, another variety of guava with red core and one with pink skin are quite notable. Arka Sahan of Custard Apple is quite a popular variety from IIHR.

IIHR has also developed several z

technologies for fruits: a recent technology developed for mango is fruit fly trap. This has become very popular in a short time on account of its cheap cost and effectiveness in trapping the fruit fly. NHM has also placed a major order for over 40 lakh such traps. The trap works on a simple Male Annihilation Technique (MAT). The trap consists of a small plastic container with a piece of plywood treated with appropriate chemicals and is hung on the tree. This trap attracts the male fruit fly. In the absence of males, females fail to procreate and hence the fruit will be free from infestation. Six to eight traps are required for each acre.

IIHR has also developed a grape rootstock called Dogridge which has found good z

acceptance by grape growers.

IIHR is working on couple of crops using genetic modification techniques. It has z

developed two varieties of brinjal for addressing specific pest problems, but the same are not being taken up further, as national system is not permitting release thereof.

Arka Sahan

26


Vegetables have been another major focus of work. IIHR has developed a total of z

85 varieties (68 self pollinated and 17 hybrids) for a total of 25 vegetables. Hybrids have been developed for tomato (7), Chillies (3), Watermelon (3), Brinjal (2) and Onions (2). Arka Manik, a variety of watermelon, has spread over 2 lakh hectares in the country.

A major focus is to collect and catalogue all the germplasm on vegetables. z

Arka Anamika of Okra, Arka Vikas of Tomato, Arka Kalyan of Onion, Arka Komal of z

French Beans and Arka Garima of Cowpea are other very popular varieties originating from IIHR.

It is interesting to note that z Arka is the name of a river which flows nearby and IIHR has adopted the Arka prefix for all varieties released.

OTHER OBSERVATIOnS

IIHR produces lot of seeds and planting material for vegetable varieties of its own, but the same is proving inadequate. Accordingly, the seed and planting material work has been taken up in farmers’ fields as well, to meet demand.

Quite surprisingly, there is no work on gherkins by IIHR, one of the biggest contributions of Karnataka, especially for exports markets. It was explained that this crop has been largely in the hands of private companies including development and production of seeds.

work on Mushrooms

IIHR has a division, which is working on mushroom. The division has been able to z

collect germplasm on all the four major classes of mushrooms.

Molecular identification of sucking pests

Identification of species of sucking pests like whitefly, thrips, leafhopper etc. by z

using molecular biology and molecular tools helps in precise identification of all bio-types. IIHR is doing lot of work on such identification.

Project on gene silencing technique

The institute has also initiated a project for identification of vital genes in some pests z

for eventual silencing. This technique is called RNAi.

Micro-nutrients formulations

IIHR has developed foliar spray of micronutrients for mango, banana, citrus and z

vegetable crops. These have now been licensed to private agencies as well. The Institute is facing a problem in further popularisation of these bio-fertilisers. It

27


appears that agents appointed by the Institute have to get specific licences for each bio-fertiliser from each of the state. A copy of the letter sent by the Institute to ICAR was given to me, which I have given to JS (INM) for further action.

Bio-pesticides

IIHR has also worked on developing technologies of various bio-pesticides. z

working with Industry

Institute has, under the Intellectual Property Management Policy and arrangements z

adopted by ICAR in 2006, established a Technology Management Unit to commercialise horticulture technologies developed by the Institute.

Institute has entered into agreements with several organizations for z

commercialization of the technologies under PPP mode (without off course granting any exclusivity to anyone). Amongst other, institute has provided male sterile lines for several of its hybrid varieties, bio-fertilizers and other technologies. This is proving quite successful, as the Institute has been able to raise income from this source consistently. Annual income is also going up consistently having increased from around Rs. 74 lakhs two years back to over Rs. 2 crore this year.

VISIT TO KVK HIREHALLI On 25TH OCTOBER 2010

The Coordinator of the KVK made a detailed presentation which explained various activities being undertaken by the KVK. This KVK incidentally is administered and supervised by IIHR, Bangalore. It was quite informative to note that KVK has undertaken an intensive programme of running several farmers field schools, undertaking front line demonstrations and conducting several training programmes for farmers and the officials engaged in agriculture extension.

This KVK was established only about two years ago and again it was quite impressive to see that the KVK has planted all the major varieties of the major fruits in the country in the limited 16 hectare land with them for developing them as mother stock for generating planting material.

KVK Hirehalli, being focused largely on horticulture products, did not have any specialist from Animal Husbandry or crops as such but that was understandable in view of the major area of the district being under horticultural crops.

wEATHER MOnITORInG STATIOnS

I had a very action packed schedule for the day but the highlight for me was undoubtedly the Weather Monitoring Stations.

28


The State has undertaken a major programme for establishing a weather monitoring system in the state. Weather stations capturing five parameters of rainfall, temperature, wind direction, wind intensity and sunlight hours have been set up at all 176 block headquarters and 747 sub block headquarters called hoblies. Further, all the Gram Panchayats are being covered for measuring rainfall. So far, 850 of such villages have been covered and the State plans to cover the remaining 5700 Gram Panchayats in next two years.

It was notable that the model and technology under use by the State at block/hoblies level for monitoring 5 parameters is a relatively much more cost effective technology. It was informed that the entire weather monitoring system including cost of civil work for a station is costing the State only Rs. 85,000 per station which is considerably lower than cost of about 2 ½ lakhs per station in Tamil Nadu. While Tamil Nadu model captures seven parameters, the same model in Karnataka does five. The rainfall monitoring system being established at village level will cost only about Rs. 57,000 per station. I have requested a more detailed write up from the State for circulating it to other States as theirs is a really effective model for monitoring weather and rainfall and simultaneously, it is quite cost effective as well.

FLOwER AuCTIOn CEnTRE

This Flower Auction Centre was sanctioned two years back to meet the demand of flower growers in this area. These farmers presently take their flowers to Bangalore and sell the same in the flower mandi there. Flower Centre located on the Bangalore – Mumbai highway will allow them the opportunity to sell the same near their villages. This will also facilitate consolidation of flowers supply and their transportation to markets of Bangalore and Mumbai.

Construction work of flower traders shop, cold storage and auction office is in quite advanced stage, whereas construction of flower auction platform is still to be started.

Officers from the Horticulture Department were quite confident of completing the centre by June, 2011. Work of granting licences to flower traders and to install machines in cold storage hall is also still to commence. My sense was that it would take them another 6–9 months to make it operational.

MEETInG wITH RSK GROuPS AnD RKVY REVIEw

Interactions with farmers belonging to Raitha Samparka Kendras (RSKs) and also other farmers were organised at three places. In these meetings, not only were RSK activities discussed, but broader agriculture and prices situations were also taken up.

29


Observations

RKVY programme is being implemented very well in the State. There is tremendous z

enthusiasm and demand for farm equipments, improving soil quality under Bhoo-Chetna Programme.

Farmers reported in all these meetings that they received much higher prices than z

the MSPs for red gram (tur), groundnuts and cotton- which are principal crops grown in Tumkur and Chitradurga districts, besides ragi and arecanut.

The prices received for arecanut is minimum Rs. 80 per kg, which is much higher z

than indicated in certain communications received by us that farmers were forced to sell arecanut at about Rs. 35 to 40 per kg.

Farmers groups are quite keen now to establish certain post harvest technologies z

as their common ventures.

Farmers reported that the prices for cotton this year has been very high and this z

would encourage them to increase cotton area next year.

KVK HIRIYuRu

I wound up my tour by visiting the Hiriyuru KVK which is functioning under Agriculture University, Bangalore at the location of Agriculture Research Station.

This KVK is undertaking all the programmes which other KVKs undertake i.e. farmers field schools, frontline demonstrations and imparting training.

Scientists from KVK did complain of excess workload when the subject of establishing more interaction with the Agriculture Department and undertaking certain additional work under the special initiatives of DAC was discussed.

SuGGESTIOnS Promotion and marketing of Arka varieties to be aggressively undertaken. z

Low cost weather monitoring system benefits to be popularised. z

Setting up of Flower auction centre for Bangalore floriculturists to be expedited. z

30

PROLOGuE

I wished to update myself on the exciting new work scientists and farmers were undertaking in the field of tuberous crops and so visited Kerala in the first week of April 2011.7

More specifically, I visited Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) at Thiruvananthapuram, saw their facilities and inter-acted with scientists. During this same tour, I also interacted with Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) at Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram. Subsequently, I visited a farmers’ organisation and interacted with farmers assisted under RKVY in their fields.

CTCRI is dedicated to research on all tropical tuber crops and has responsibility of conducting agricultural research in tuber crops for developing improved varieties/hybrids with higher yield potential, development of disease resistant cultivars and contributing to better pre and post harvest value addition. Highlights of my interaction are summarised below.

MAnDATE

CTCRI’s mandate is for crops which do not attract primary attention in India, but are quite important nonetheless. Their principal mandate crop is cassava, called tapioca commonly in Southern India, out of which sabudana (known in north India)/sago (in south India) is also produced.

Other tuber crops entrusted to CTCRI includes sweet potato (or shakargandi), yams (also greater yam, lesser yam, elephant yam and white yam), taro (or aravi) and other minor tuber crops like Chinese potato and arrow root (potato is not in their mandate).

* Tour Report of Shri Subhash C. Garg : Kerala.

Tropical Tubers*

31

TROPICAL TUBERS

Research on tropical tuber crops is conducted at CTCRI and by means of all India coordinated research project at 16 locations and a regional centre and Bhubaneswar.

CASSAVA

Cassava is principal cereal crop of Africa with most of the total global production of about 240 million tons taking place in Africa. Caribbean and Latin America also have substantial production of Cassava. India’s production of Cassava is relatively small at about 9.5 million tons per annum.

Cassava is mostly grown in coastal and peninsular areas in the country. Cassava is an excellent source of starch. Cassava prices have picked up in last two-three years (about Rs. 25 per kg of starch). With cassava tubers yielding about 25% of tubers as starch, the yield per hectare is now about 25000–30000 per hectare.

Cassava is an excellent drought resistant crop also.

Cassava tubers have a short shelf life of 2 days and they have to be either eaten fresh or have to be processed during this time. Cassava-fish is considered to be a complete diet as cassava provides starch/carbohydrates and fish proteins.

Cassava crop takes long time to mature and harvest- it is virtually a 12 month crop.

There has been steady productivity gain in cassava in India with average productivity of 7 tons per ton in 1960 rising to 15 tons by 1970, 20 tons by 1990, 25 tons by 2000 and 34 tons by 2009.

OTHER TuBER CROPS

Sweet potatoes, yams and aroids (aravi group) are grown in eastern and central India also. Production of other tuber crops is relatively small at about one million tons each for aroids, yams and sweet potatoes.

Cassava Tubers

32


Average yields of yams and aroids are also quite high in comparison to global averages, but average yield for sweet potato in India is lesser than global averages.

RESEARCH COnTRIBuTIOn

CTCRI has been continuously developing new and improved varieties. CTCRI has released 11 new varieties of cassava, 12 of sweet potato, 9 of yams and two of other crops. There are both open pollinated varieties and hybrids.

Indian scientists by their research have not only been able to reduce the cropping period to 6–8 months for some varieties but have also been able to raise yields substantially high. While global average yield for cassava is only 12.5 tons per hectare, India has average yield of 34 tons per hectare.

Another very significant aspect of CTCRI’s activities is to produce planting material. Almost entire planting material of tuber crops is produced by CTCRI as no state seed corporation or national seed agency is producing it. Private sector has also not got into it so far. However, some NGOs, especially NGO run KVK at Pathanamthitta in Kerala, have taken up production of planting material. Of late, one private seed agency has shown interest in production of planting material.

InDuSTRY AnD COMMERCE LInKAGE FOR CASSAVA

There is substantial industry linkage for processing cassava tubers. Tamil Nadu has about 100 factories to produce sago and various other products like chips, extruded products, thickeners etc. Kerala, however, eats it fresh or exports it to Tamil Nadu.

CTCRI is doing lot of work to develop and commercialise cassava related technologies. Cassava Harvester, Hand operated cassava chipping machine, Pedal operated cassava chipping machine, Peeling knives etc. have been developed for facilitating harvesting of tubers and also subsequent processing.

CTCRI scientists have also found a good bio-pesticide in the leaves of cassava, which can be used for Sago

33

TROPICAL TUBERS

developing good liquid and gaseous bio-pesticide. They have also developed a plant to extract the bio-pesticide.

During the interaction, possibilities of CTCRI’s work being taken up to the States for development were explored. Following projects appeared to have quite good potential:

Gujarat is quite suitable for i. cassava cultivation. Industry linkage can also be very well established in Gujarat. Therefore, a project for promoting cassava cultivation in Gujarat can be taken up.

Bio-pesticide manufacturing plant assembled by CTCRI is of about 5 lakh rupees ii. but can really produce considerable bio-pesticide out of cassava leaves. This plant can be taken to rural areas with SHGs or cooperatives manufacturing bio-pesticides under guidance and supervision of CTCRI scientists. A project to install about 40–50 such bio-pesticides manufacturing plants can be supported under RKVY in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

CTCRI has developed considerable number of crop-utilisation/post harvest iii. machines for preparing various kinds of products from cassava. Best use of cassava is by converting the tuber after harvest into such products. This is not only value addition but also increases self life. A project to popularise these technologies can be taken up.

A key challenge in cassava is to produce sufficient quantity of planting material. iv. Planting material can be best produced in the form of seed villages. A few seed villages can be developed under a project which can be taken up by Kerala and Tamil Nadu under RKVY.

Additional Director (Agriculture) Kerala was also present during these discussions and he promised that these projects will be considered by the State. CTCRI Director agreed to formulate these projects and send the same to state governments of Kerala and Gujarat for consideration.

VISIT TO KVK MITRA nIKETAn, VELAnAD

I visited KVK Mitra Niketan at Velanad. This KVK is one of the three KVKs in the state which are managed by NGOs. This KVK is managed by Mitra Niketan Society headed by

Cassava Chips

34


Dr. Vishwanathan, Padma Shri, whom I had the pleasure of meeting along with the KVK scientists. I was impressed with their facilities and programmes. The coordinator of the NGO is an officer of the rank of Dy. Director of Agriculture, who has taken leave to work with this NGO on deputation.

Coordinator of the KVK explained that besides taking up activities as per the regular mandate of KVKs- running farmers field school, undertaking front line demonstrations and conducting training programmes for farmers and the officials engaged in agriculture extension, KVK is running quite a few additional programmes and production activities. Some noteworthy points are:

KVK has established 18 Rural Extension Sub-Centres. These centres are managed by z

an extension worker, usually a graduate who is well-trained in artificial insemination activity. He charges Rs. 100–150 per AI, which provides him his primary source of income. With about 2 AI on average per day, he/she can earn about Rs. 5,000–6,000 per month from this activity. KVK has trained him for providing other extension services as well, most of which are delivered without charge.

KVK is producing mushrooms in a laboratory set up in the premises. There is a z

demand schedule from the rural entrepreneurs. Mushrooms are produced according to this schedule and delivered to them.

KVK has also set up a fruit processing unit, a stingless honey bee unit and produces z

about 10000 seed packets of vegetables per month.

This KVK has had quite a rapid turn-over of scientists. Of the six posts of scientists, two are vacant and three of the remaining four scientists are with the KVK for less than two years. Only one scientist is there for more than 10 years.

VISIT FOR RKVY PROGRAMMES

Visited two programmes being assisted under RKVY projects:

Farmers’ Cooperative. z

Vegetable Production. z

About 600 coconut and banana growing farmers of the block have joined to form this cooperative society. Society buys dry coconuts and banana bunches from the member farmers at pre-determined rates- usually about 5% higher than the market price. Banana bunches are sold out after their aggregation in the Thiruvananthapuram markets. Coconuts are processed into copra and then into oil. The society has a small drying by heating plant and an oil extraction unit. The profits of the society are shared with the members as further additional price. RKVY project has provided assistance to install the processing machine.

35

TROPICAL TUBERS

Vegetable production project was visited on way to Thiruvananthapuram. Assistance in the form of Rs. 12,000 per acre is provided to each covered vegetable farmer in cash for inputs/planting material. Such demonstration projects were taken up for an aggregate of 5 hectares in the village visited. Interaction with the farmers suggested that they were in the business of growing vegetables for many years and appeared to be quite progressive and knowledgeable. In fact, all the farmers interviewed had taken land on lease to increase their farming area. Farmers were making about Rs. 1,50,000 per acre as net income from the vegetable growing.

RKVY assistance did not appear to be well conceived. No new farmer was brought under vegetable cultivation. The farmers being assisted are actually experts in vegetable growing. Assistance under RKVY programme merely acted as increasing their operating margin from vegetable cultivation.

SuGGESTIOnSFollow-up on the development of seed villages in Kerala and Tamil Nadu for cassava. z

Developed technologies for value addition to tuberous crops to be promoted. z

RKVY assistance, especially to vegetable farmers be streamlined. z

Coconut Plantation

36

PROLOGuE

In consonance with the decision taken for all seven Additional Secretaries/Joint Secretaries in charge of seven BGREI states, I visited Chhattisgarh allotted to me for a week (16–22 June, 2011) to have a detailed field review of the implementation of BGREI in the state. Before embarking on field visit, I decided to have a state level review with Principal Secretary (Agriculture) and Departmental Heads implementing RKVY programmes in Chhattisgarh, covering all the four years (2007–2011) and also planning for the current financial year of 2011–12. 8

REVIEw MEETInG

The following major points emanated from the review meeting:

SLSC approved projects for Rs. 138.16 crore for normal RKVY against the allocation z

of 88.99 crore for 2011–12. Prioritisation of projects was done.

Chhattisgarh is still to approve projects for the sub-schemes of Rainfed Area z

Development (allocation Rs. 15 crore) and Protein Supplements (allocation Rs. 12.38 crore). Further, the state has approved projects for only Rs. 4.69 crore under Fodder Development Sub-Scheme against allocation of Rs. 25 crore. State Government was advised to convene SLSC immediately or to get the projects approved.

Chhattisgarh has utilized all funds released up to 2009–10 and furnished UCs for the z

same. However, for the year 2010–11, some funds released in Feb. 2011 have not been utilized and UCs for an amount of Rs. 337.44 crore were provided.

There has been a fair distribution of RKVY funds across the departments in agriculture z

and allied sector.

* Tour Report of Shri Subhash C. Garg : Chhattisgarh.

Moments of Fulfilment*

37

MOMENTS OF FULFILMENT

Department of Agriculture has taken up multifarious activities under RKVY, z

including strengthening agriculture infrastructure. Major programmes taken up by Agriculture Department are construction/strengthening of soil testing laboratories; Adarsh Grams scheme in 36 villages; construction of 510 godowns of 100 MT each in the cooperative societies which are entrusted with procurement of paddy and distribution of PDS responsibilities; construction of buildings for 110 Block Level Multi-purpose Agriculture Service Centers and over 500 farmers’ information centers at the headquarters of Assistant Village Extension Officer (AVEO); various kinds of water management interventions like including Minor Irrigation Tanks (MITs), shallow and check dams; and promotion of farm equipments on large scale.

Horticulture Department has primarily taken up area expansion under fruits and z

vegetables and strengthening of horticulture farm/nurseries as their primary interventions under RKVY.

Department of Livestock development has also taken up multiple kind of z

programme under RKVY, including eradication of major diseases in cattle and goats, building of infrastructure and filling the gap in departmental personnel by hiring trained people.

Substantial investment has flown in the seed sector through the state seed z

corporation with very good results.

Fisheries Department has also contributed to the good growth of agriculture and z

allied sector in the state using RKVY funds.

Agriculture University has also taken up quite a few research cum development z

projects.

FIELD VISITS

During the next five days, I made extensive field visits to gain a firsthand knowledge of the interventions mentioned by State officials in the review meeting with a specific focus on their implementation status and their impact on the agriculture production and farmers’ income. Given below are the details of the places/institutions visited in chronological order and my assessment/comments summed up of each of these visits.

17th June (Raipur District)

State Fertilisers Quality Control Laboratory, Labhandi

The only Fertiliser Quality Control Laboratory in the State, this has been strengthened substantially by construction of one new building, installation of modern testing equipments like Automatic Spectro-Photo Meter and other testing equipment. Total

38


investment is about 50 lakhs from RKVY. With the modernisation and addition of these equipments, it has also been declared as a referral lab by the Central Government.

Village-Paragaon, Block-Arang

This village, said to be capital of Koshal Kingdom during Ramayana times, is along Mahanadi river and has a high water table at 10–20 ft. This makes the lands along Mahanadi river quite suitable for shallow tube wells. I visited a couple of farmers’ fields to see the efficacy of intervention. Discharge was quite good and farmers were able to take vegetable crops with the water.

I also interacted with farmers and learnt that shallow wells are being promoted and encouraged by the Government in this village for many years i.e. even before the advent of RKVY. Vegetable farmers demanded that condition of one acre for sanctioning of shallow water tube well should be reduced to ½ acre as the intervention is still viable for ½ acre in vegetable cultivation.

Visited recently constructed Minor Irrigation Tank. Black cotton soil and rains a few hours back ensured that shoes were covered with wet soil of about a kg each. Very good site and construction. Water had just started accumulating. They have also constructed a canal which will provide water to about 50–60 hectares of farmers’ fields. Farmers were optimistic that lands of about 150 farmers will be able to receive protective irrigation.

18th June (Durg and Kanwardha District)

Village-Kumhari, Block-Durg

Accompanied by Director, Veterinary Services, I visited a Veterinary hospital under construction which is to serve a block of villages and is at the headquarters. Cost of the Dispensary is Rs. 5 lakhs. Design and layout of the building indicated that there is misdirection in the objectives. The building was not suitable for treatment of animals and will most likely be used as residence of the Assistant Veterinary Extension Officer AVEO and to stock the equipments, medicines, papers and cylinders of nitrogen etc.

Village-Budheli, Block-Durg

Held discussions with a large group of farmers in Budheli, where Department was taking up block demonstration of paddy under A3P pattern of 1000 hectares each. Farmers were a mix of practitioners of biyasi cultivation (a traditional system of paddy cultivation in which seeds are broadcast and plants are ‘given shock’ by ploughing in lines after about four weeks to remove weeds) and line sowing of paddy. Many farmers have already shifted to line sowing. As a contiguous block of 1000 hectare was not available in one

39


village, contiguous blocks of 7 villages had been put together for this demonstration. All biyasi farmers were willing to switch over to line sowing.

Farmers were also provided certain training to identify setting of disease/pest infestation, requirement of nutrients based on leaf colour etc. Most farmers will transplant paddy after next 10–15 days by when they would have received two-three good rains.

The programme for promoting cultivation of arhar on meds also appeared to be quite sensible and farmers were quite willing to do so as arhar plant can last for about 3 years on the med and give them 20–25 kg in terms of yield.

Village-Pirda, Block-Durg

AH Department had organised interaction with farmers who have taken up assistance under RKVY programmes. AHD has taken up four major programmes under RKVY - Breed improvement in goats by induction of improved Jamna Pari Bakra; Procuring calves of improved varieties from farmers and rearing them for about six months and releasing the improved variety bulls for breed improvement; Artificial Insemination (AI) work

through private Workers under an outcome based incentive scheme; and immunising goats for PPR after de-worming them. I had occasion to witness all the four programmes not only at this site, but also at a few places on the way.

Farmers reported increase in annual income by about Rs. 6000–8000 on account of extra weight of goats produced through breed improvement through Jamna Pari Male Jamna Pari Goat

Switch over to Line Sowing from Biyasi

40


Goat. The state has reported decline in mortality rate by about 25% because of the programme of do-worming and immunisation of goats and about over 25 lakh goats have been covered.

Village-Hasda, Block-Berla, District-Durg

Chhattisgarh has taken an ambitious programme of constructing 510 Godowns in cooperative societies which number about 1300. Each of them is of 100 MT involving a cost of 6.5 lakhs per Godown. I visited one such Godown at Hasda Cooperative Society which had been fully constructed and was in use for the last ten months. There were in fact two Godowns of 50 MT each, one each being used for fertilisers and seeds. Society was running in profit, doing substantial turn-over of over 1.5 crore and is in the process of computerising its accounts as well.

Chhattisgarh village cooperative societies are vibrant organisations. In addition to the normal societies’ work, they handle procurement of paddy for state and also

Hasda Cooperative Society

41


PDS besides being the virtual monopoly agent for Seed Corporation for distributing seeds.

Village-Indori, Block-Kanwardha

I visited another Cooperative Society in this village and gained the same impression as in case of Hasda. The Society has constructed three platforms for paddy procurement. DAP was getting unloaded in the Society. Society and Farmers assembled reported that at this stage there was no shortage of fertiliser.

Kanwardha

The state has taken up construction of an automatic controlled mist chamber and a hardening yard in 8 horticulture nurseries of the Department in 2009–10. Cost of these two facilities is Rs. 40 lakh per nursery.

Automatic controlled mist chamber at Kanwardha was completely ready and the chamber was being used for raising plants of various fruits trees. This has enabled the Horticulture Department to develop/grow over 2.5 lakh plants per Mist Chamber from very initial stage before such plants are shifted to hardening chambers.

Agriculture College, Kanwardha

A seed processing plant has been installed along with construction of a Godown in the premises of Agriculture College. Agriculture College produces both breeder and certified seed and this plant will enable it to process the seeds in controlled conditions.

Agriculture College is also producing breeder seeds. Breeder seed crop of a hybrid variety was standing in the field. The seed crop did not appear to be quite healthy and as it was a late sown crop impending rains seem to be further likely to damage seed production.

Agriculture College had organised a farmers’ training cum minikits distribution programme for the varieties developed by the University. Department had also used the occasion to distribute arhar seed as part of its campaign to promote cultivation of arhar on the field boundaries.

I interacted with farmers who are not as hardy and enterprising as in Punjab and Haryana but they are now quite interested to improve their lot. Most people in this district are followers of Kabir. From Kabir’s fakkad way of life to getting into raising production for earning income for improving their and their children’s lot is quite a big change.

42


20th June (Bilaspur District)

Village-Patarkoni, Block-Gorela

I visited a check dam constructed on a Nalla to stop water at a cost of Rs. 9.52 lakhs, which will benefit a total of 23 farmers by irrigating their 12 ha of land. The work was completed in January-February 2011 as part of BGREI component.

It was raining when I reached the site. Walked barefoot with pants rolled to the actual site in slippery soil as there were about 20 farmers and the departmental engineers/surveyor were also keen to show not only the dam, but the sluicing arrangement as well.

Site is quite well selected. There is difference in design as well. Engineers have left two rectangular holes in the check wall which they can open by removing the interception arrangement during raining season and putting in place again during the rest of the year. Farmers reported using the water in summer by lifting water with the help of diesel pumps to irrigate their summer maize crop. They were quite happy about it. The intervention at about Rs. 80,000 per hectare seemed to be making eminent sense as the check dam can help in raising two crops in a year and farmers’ annual income by Rs. 15,000 to 30,000 per ha.

This village Patarkoni is one of the 28 Adarsh villages of the State which has received a grant of Rs. 1 crore from RKVY to take up work which makes difference to incomes from their agriculture and allied sector activities. This village has common lands of about 10 hectares at one place, which the village community decided to develop for growing fodder. It was a good work to see.

Animal Husbandry Department had also organised a camp on the lines of what was seen earlier at Pirda in Durg, expect that this was on a still bigger scale.

Agriculture Department has constructed a Krishak Soochana evam Salah Kendra as part of a Village Agriculture Development Complex at a cost of Rs. 11.5 lakhs funded from

Check Dam

43


RKVY. The building has been completed and the meeting of farmers was held there. An interaction was held with farmers on agriculture development issues including various works being undertaken under RKVY and Adarsh Gram component for about 90 minutes. This was followed up with distribution of minikits, farm implements, fishnets and horticulture saplings.

Villages-Bindawal and Chaprwah, Block-Lormi

These two villages are deep inside forest (though in noncore) of Achanakmar wild life sanctuary and inhabited by primitive tribes. They have been growing small millets especially Kodo in their small undulating farms for ages. Many of them had shifted to paddy, though with relatively very poor yields, but better than Kodo yields in last many years. They do eat Kodo, but availability is declining on account of farmers switching to other crops.

Department has decided to encourage Kodo cultivation again in this block. Farmers are also willing to switch over partly to Kodo once again. INSIMP which is designed to promote minor and small nutri-millets has been taken up and initiated by the State. However, the State is not getting improved variety of Kodo seed. They have collected some TFL seeds and this is what they intended to distribute in this village. There are issues about encouraging application of fertilisers as traditionally they have been growing Kodo with organic fertilisers. State has made a reference to the GOI for permitting organic fertiliser. There is very little mechanisation and post harvest treatment of Kodo here. The INSIMP may not therefore achieve its objectives this year.

Sisal, Block-Chohr Bhatti

A seed grader has been installed in the Seed Corporation Farm’s Godown. State has taken up massive expansion of seed processing capability in the State largely under RKVY. From about 50,000 quintals a year in 2004–05, the capacity to produce seed has expanded to over 6 lakh quintals per year making the state quite self sufficient.

Kodo Millet

44


21st June (Dhamtari and Kanker Districts)

Village-Bhathagaon, Block-Kurud, District-Dhamtari

State has taken up 5 new Horticulture Nurseries in districts where there was none and one of these 5 is under construction in this village. Work is moving on well.

Village-Mujgahan, Block-Dhamtari, District-Dhamtari

A Veterinary hospital/AI centre attached to a well established Veterinary Hospital in Dhamtari headquarters is stationed in this village. One additional building for performing surgical operations and another for AI are being constructed under RKVY.

Dhamtari Block Headquarter

An enterprising farmer has taken 12 acres of waste land where sewage was flowing for establishment of five fish ponds. Department has assisted with Fish seed and other feed. He has really converted the waste and stinking patch of land in to a profitable venture. Farmer was happy despite fish prices having come down in the state on account of increased availability of fish.

State Government is constructing Block Multipurpose Farmers Centre (BMFC) at block level to provide offices of the Agriculture Officers along with information dissemination and training centre facilities at block headquarters. Construction of Building was complete. However, the building was not in operation as equipments are still to be purchased. As part of this complex, one small Horticulture Training Centre has also been constructed but still to become operational.

Village-Babukohka, Block-Charama

State has taken up 5 pilot projects in five different districts for establishment of Community Orchard on Farmers’ fields one of which is located here. About 15 Tribal farmers have joined together to plant mango trees in the plot which is adjacent to each other, aggregating to about 25 acres. Saplings were planted last year. Horticulture Department is maintaining the plants for three years. Plant growth was good and farmers were happy. During last one year, they have also taken up inter-cropping.

Village-Nathia Nawagan, Block-Kanker

Mangau Ram, a tribal farmer, is doing horticulture (papaya and banana plantation), poultry, fisheries (one pond in about half an acre land has been constructed), vermi-culture and agriculture crops in his 5 acre undulating plot which was allotted to his father out of forest land sometime back. Having successfully developed his

45


integrated farming enterprise, he now lives in the field itself having constructed good dwelling there. Integrated farming provides him income throughout the year and acts as insurance as well.

Village-Puswada, Block-Kanker

Witnessed the direct seed line sowing operation with the help of tractor and seed drill. Line sowing demonstrations are quite essential in this state where about 80% of paddy is still sown by broadcasting method. Farmers have also established a farmers’ club here. I had a comprehensive interaction with the farmers of this village, also affected by naxal problem. They are quite receptive to new technologies and want to improve their lot by better water management and raising productivity of land. They demanded more check dams, line demonstrations and also vermi-composting. This village has been short listed for being declared ‘Adarsh Village’.

Kanker Farm, Kanker

Like in Dhamtari, one BMFC is coming up in Kanker as well. Again, both the buildings are ready, but not in use on account of ‘not being handed over’ and equipments not being purchased.

22nd June, 2011 (Bastar District)

Village-Chilputi, Block-Kondagaon

Observed Check dam under construction with financial assistance from BGREI scheme and interacted with farmers. Very well designed and constructed check dam. Will benefit more than 35 acres of land of about 10 farmers. Farmers took maize crop using water of this check dam in summer. Some farmers have willingly given land for widening the storage portion.

Village-Bhogadi, Block-Makdi

Another check dam site - Still better constructed check dam. Could not much interact with farmers on account of rain. However, it was quite obvious that about 40 acres of land will be able to receive water for their second/third crop.

Village-Kondagaon, Block-Kondagaon

I made a visit to a progressive farmer N.K. Rathore’s Agri-horti-fish cultural farm. He has indeed experimented and successfully grown crops like black pepper in his farm, besides horticulture crops of mango, coconut, fishtail palm, pineapple etc.

46


Village-Masora, Block-Kondagaon

This area grows red rice varieties and several small millets in relatively quite large area (> 1.5 lakh hectares). Met farmers and discussed about production, processing, value addition & marketing of red rice, small millets.

Village-Farsaguda, Block-Bastar

Observed newly constructed Veterinary Hospital financially assisted under RKVY Scheme. Building is fully constructed, but still to become functional. This has been a constant factor in all the districts visited. Had pointed this out to Director, Veterinary during visit to Raipur and Bilaspur area.

Village-Mundaguda Para, Block-Bastar

I got a sense of fulfilment visiting this village of very backward and poor tribal people. They had only Kuccha huts of one/two rooms. However, they have taken up hybrid maize production with assistance from RKVY. They did have bountiful production, so much so that their small huts were all overflowing with maize and they had no

Hybrid Maize

47


place literally to even sleep. This highly backward tribal community will witness major transformation in their fortunes with this intervention. Interacted regarding use, rates and effectiveness of maize shelling machine & marketing interventions as well.

Village-Chitapur, Block-Darbha

This was another major naxal affected village. Agriculture Department had organized a farmers’ training programme in which government officials, scientists of SG collage of Agriculture & Research station, KVK and representatives of an NGO namely, PARDS participated besides over 50 farmers. PARDS is implementing crop promotion programmes in this large village in PPP mode.

Presence of PARDS is ensuring that Government is able to implement agriculture development programme in the village as the NGO people have been able to get support of naxals also. It was quite heartening to hear the stories of change brought about in the management of rainfall water on watershed basis, re-arrangement of crops depending upon suitability of land and water regime and good to see rays of hope on the faces of people.

Village-Kurenga, Block-Tokapal

Observed newly constructed Minor Irrigation Tank (MIT) financially assisted by RKVY. This was one of the worst executed projects which I saw. An MIT typically cost the state/RKVY about 25 lakhs of rupees and is intended to provide irrigation (at least protective) to about 60 hectares of land. Site was indeed very good. Most funds were spent on raising the bund. However, the waste weir has been constructed very low making the expenditure on much higher bund quite unnecessary as the water will not stay in the tank on account of overflow from waste weir. Another comparison between waste weir gate height and canal base suggested that there is very small difference between the two levels which will mean that canals will have hardly any water to carry.

When Soil Conservation Officer was confronted with these flaws at project site, he kept on blaming the design approved by the irrigation department. Later, he claimed that he had to do it as naxals have threatened him not to allow water to stay in the tank. Both looked excuses.

Advised state government officials to get the whole design reassessed and raise the height of waste weir appropriately to make the tank meaningful.

48


GEnERAL OBSERVATIOnS

Chhattisgarh received monsoon showers during last 10 days and preparations for z

raising nurseries have been started. Farmers were waiting for some more rains in Chhattisgarh before broadcasting paddy seed under the biyasi method.

Paddy procured by the State agencies in Chhattisgarh could be still seen at several z

locations throughout the state lying under Cover and Plinth (CAP) conditions.

There is considerable awareness about the RKVY programmes even at village levels. z

Some confusion was reported on account of multiplicity of sub-schemes.

Officials of allied departments - horticulture, livestock, and fisheries - are hugely z

appreciative of the RKVY scheme as the scheme is practically only source of providing funds to their development programmes.

SuGGESTIOnS

Entrust the work relating to Fodder Development sub-scheme to Agriculture z

Department without any further loss of time.

Horticulture Department may document the evidence to show that the state has z

turned in to a major exporter of papaya and has achieved a good degree of self- sufficiency in banana during last four years.

District agriculture officials may be directed to coordinate all RKVY programmes z

under implementation in their districts rather than leaving it to line hierarchies.

49

PROLOGuE

I had heard about an intelligent and enterprising farmer in Karnataka who had achieved remarkable success by changing the techniques of cultivating his land. In fact, he had been feted with many awards and was well-known in the area. I was keen to visit his farm and gauge how far his methods could be emulated by other less innovative farmers of similar holdings. As an add-on, having travelled to the south, I ended my tour with a stopover at Calicut to update myself largely on the functioning of the Krishi Bhavans in the area.9

InTEGRATED ORGAnIC FARMInG

Srinivas Bhat lives in the picturesque Kudi village in district Udupi of Karnataka. His 3 hectare farm is a model of the Integrated Organic Farming System, and perfect example of a self-sustaining system. Srinivas has completely turned around his life in the past seven years, and has been felicitated with several prestigious awards as recognition of his extraordinary success. Indeed, one can say he has added a new dimension to an area thus far famed mainly for its delicious cuisine.

Srinivas has set up a system of organic farming by using only natural by-products such as poultry manure, bio digester slurry and the Japanese method of composting. While the bio digester is being used for enhancing plant growth, the

* Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta : Karnataka & Kerala.

Innovation and Integrated Farming*

Progressive Farmer Srinivas Bhat

50


vermi-composting unit helps in enriching the soil with beneficial micro organisms and micro nutrients. Displaying a flair for engineering, Srinivas has made extensive arrangements for low cost drip/sprinkler irrigation systems. He has also ensured trenches for borewell recharge leading to the optimization of water usage.

Srinivas grows paddy under the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and cultivates bananas using bio-digester plus poultry manure and vermi-compost. Arecanut is also grown organically and Kole disease is controlled by using Trichoderma and Bordeaux spray. Organic technology is used in his other crops also, such as the use of pollinators in Vanilla. For trapping insects too, he uses only natural products.

His techniques in pepper farming are worth emulating, such as the effective management of wilt in Pepper apart from the use of organic manure. Value addition is provided by an innovative technique of hot water treatment of bunches for 2 minutes followed by drying in shade. By intercropping Pepper along with Cocoa and Coconut and having high productivity in all crops, he has dispelled the traditionally held belief of the Agriculture Department.

In his poultry unit too, Srinivas uses innovations like mixing milk in poultry feed which considerably enhances Feed Conservation Ratio (FCR) and reduces mortality rate. His money-catcher design and electric fencing are some engineering innovations worth patenting. With this integrated organic farming of Paddy, Banana, Arecanut, Coconut, Pepper, Cocoa and Poultry, his net income has gone up to Rs. 5 lakh per hectare per annum, which is approximately two and a half times of which he used to earn earlier. The efforts of Srinivas are praiseworthy indeed and a model to other farmers of the district.

KVK InITIATIVES

The next stop was a visit to KVK in Udupi district where I continued to appreciate the efforts of the farming community. Extremely close coordination between the State Government extension functionaries and KVK scientists was noticed. Both are working in tandem to develop relevant farmer literature and farming practices, as well as in bringing farmers to the demonstration fields of the KVKs.

Pepper Plantation

51

INNOVATION AND INTEGRATED FARMING

Video conferences on various subjects in agriculture and allied sectors are held regularly in the State University and the Departments concerned.

A good variety of elephant grass (CO-4 variety) for fodder has been developed by this KVK. The video conferences are being organized with the help of ISRO in a multi-cast mode manner. One KVK can interact at a time for raising their queries. There is a good coordination between KVK and Raitha Sampark Kendras (RSKs).

A study of NFSM demonstration plots in Western Karnataka showed that more area was covered than the figure earmarked in the target. Major savings are taking place due to non-ostentatious field outlay and non-use of micro nutrients which get washed away due to regular rains. However, interaction with farmers showed that both theory and practical classes were regularly taking place every day from 9 AM to 5 PM in this village of Mandarkhi. The RSKs, however, suffer from the problem of lack of staff and poor accommodation. Hybrid varieties of rice are not being accepted by the farmers due to eating habits, acidic soil and problem in milling.

Apart from grain, Jasmine is a very popular crop requiring about 50 plants for about 120 sqm of area. Farmers earned up to Rs. 15,000 per acre. Mathugulla is another speciality of this area. CO-3 bitter gourd variety had become very popular as it found ready acceptance in the market.

Only two Farmers’ Field Schools on Poultry and Integrated Farming Systems running in the district which is much below the targets fixed. The success of farms like that of Srinivas needs to be advertised at the ground level.

There is hardly any manpower infrastructure below block level. At Hobli level (Raitha Sampark Kendra), one Agriculture Officer, one Assistant Agriculture Officer and 4 to 5 Agricultural Assistants have been posted.

CALICuT

In Calicut district of Kerala, a visit to Krishi Bhawans at the grassroots level revealed that an Agriculture Officer along with a couple of Agricultural Assistants has been

Poultry unit

52


posted. Although most of these Krishi Bhawans have been computerized, at block levels only an Assistant Director with a clerical assistance and peon have been posted.

The progress under AGRISNET was very poor and despite repeated correspondence, and sanction of funds more than two years ago, requisite hardware and software had not yet been put in place. Even the AGMARKNET data is being collected and fed through the Krishi Bhawans for data entry at block level.

A proposal for Community Radio Station for Arikulam block in Calicut District needs to be followed up. This is a non-Government initiative piloted by the Collector and needs to be taken forward.

SuGGESTIOnS

Initiatives of the Udupi farming community in general and model farmer Srinivas z

in particular were impressive. Despite his example, efforts were required to push targets for Integrated Farming Systems.

Manpower enhancement in Agriculture department below block levels would z

improve efficiency.

As far as Calicut is concerned, tour findings were definitely more disappointing, z

both government and NGO efforts need to be pushed. The efficiency and efficacy of initiatives falling under AGRISNET needed a push in spite of being provided with funding two years ago.

53

PROLOGuE

After years of strife in the militancy–ridden valley, some measures of peace and normalcy were being witnessed in the last few years. I was eager to learn more about how best local farmers were utilising benefits open to them under the various schemes floated by the Ministry of Agriculture. 10

In retrospect, the most beautiful and unforgettable sight remains that of small farms in and around Anantnag district in the south. Here unemployed youth, normally satisfied only with government jobs had taken assistance from the government to tap the huge floriculture potential in the state. Liliums especially, had a huge demand for export, are spreading widely being very suited to the fertile hamlet, and criss-crossed as it was with trout-laden streams. Paradise regained!

MAnPOwER REVIEw unDER THE AGRICuLTuRE DEPARTMEnT

The SLSC Meeting under RKVY went on for more than two full days with the Chief Secretary, Mr. S.L. Kapur taking extremely keen interest in every single scheme and project. The State had proposed quite a few project based schemes but surprisingly, no project report had been prepared as yet.

* Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta : Jammu & Kashmir.

Potential in Paradise*

Liliums

54


I found the State is replete with a large number of personnel in the Agriculture Department. In fact, there is a concept of Rehbare Zirat i.e. one extension worker for every Panchayat. While there is a plethora of work-force, there is a dire need to hone their skills in all core areas of agricultural technologies and practices. As of now, they seem to be generalists in major agricultural crops only. Despite such huge manpower base, the State has acted for the first time since 2005–06 under ATMA Scheme after prolonged persuasion by the Extension Reforms Unit in DAC.

ExTEnSIOn ACTIVITIES

The State can make a head-start in implementing a Cafeteria of Activities under ATMA as there is no dearth of human resources. The Director and other officers concerned assured me that they would work expeditiously to get the Government of India assistance.

No activities in PPP in extension were seen. Moreover, identification of a progressive farmer for a Farm School was done more on the basis of his land-holding than his success in the past. This practice based on stratification (on land-holding) needs to shunned.

I visited KVK Pulwama (Malangpora) of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology. It was indeed heartening to note that the officers of the State Government were working in close coordination with the University scientists.

The University has developed new varieties of saffron and their demonstration plots of various horticultural crops (including nuts) were very inspiring. On farm trials, which were mainly confined to vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants had shown mixed degree of success. In fact, there was considerable yield gap between the lab and land in most cases.

Maximum emphasis in training programmes was being given to Horticulture and Plant Protection. Vocational Training Programmes for rural youth had also been a roaring success. Front Line Demonstrations were being carried out in oilseeds and pulses, which is very much in line with national priorities. Demonstration Plots in floriculture at Bijbehara (on way to Anantnag) was a treat to watch. I was glad to know that the local farmers had indeed adopted the appropriate technologies shown in this plot.Saffron

55

POTENTIAL IN PARADISE

OBSERVATIOnS & SuGGESTIOnS

In Pahalgam, the farmers complained that the J&K Bank had not been very z

forthcoming in issuing Kisan Credit Cards and in providing agricultural insurance to the farmers. Interest rates being charged to the farmers on short term crop loans were reportedly higher than the nationally approved rates of 7% (with 2% subvention for timely payment). Both these issues should be streamlined and should follow the pattern prevalent in the rest of the country.

The problem of spurious fertilizers and pesticides appeared to be rampant and quite z

a few farmers and even departmental officials complained about it. The enforcement wing of the Agriculture Department has to act more sternly by carrying out surprise and frequent raids.

Micro nutrient testing facility is hardly available in the State. The State has not set up z

Mobile and Static Soil Testing Laboratories under National Project on Monitoring of Soil Health and Fertility. The situation needs to be remedied without delay.

I visited Seed Production and Packing Facility in Anantnag District. Though it was z

working optimally on production front, I felt that much more needed to be done on distribution front. The State has to focus on SRR and VRR to come close to national average. Seed Multiplication Rate also needs to be enhanced. For the Minister of Agriculture, SRR was the highest priority and he wanted to get the seeds distributed only through NSC as he thought that private sellers resorted to adulteration.

The State Officials were focusing more on individual oriented schemes under RKVY z

and NHM. Group approach has to be adopted if the small and marginal farmers also have to be benefitted.

The officials were unaware of NREGA Amendment regarding possibility of carrying z

out water conservation works on the fields of small and marginal farmers. The Minister of Agriculture showed his utmost interest in implementing this amendment.

Kisan Call Centre was working efficiently, but there was an issue with dialling toll z

free numbers for an in-roamer. It was satisfying to note that the KCC agent was fluent in all three regional languages and she had good knowledge of the subject matter as well.

Subject Matter Specialists need to be posted as per their specialization and not z

randomly (as per their convenience) as has been the practice so far. The State needs to make use of IT in Agriculture and a beginning in this regard can be made under AGRISNET Project.

Floriculture marketing requires establishment of cold-chain and direct intervention z

of the Government to eliminate middle-men as far as possible.

56


Remunerative price for vegetables were not available to the farmers and, therefore, z

supply chain needs to be strengthened.

Computerisation of Mandis is urgently needed. This can be easily done using surplus z

funds available with NIC.

Cases of individuals and groups from Ladakh, for financial assistance under various z

Schemes of Government of India, need to be given equal priority as the cases from Jammu and Kashmir regions.

57

PROLOGuE

It was a hectic, whirlwind tour undertaken at the fag- end of the year, and its primary goal was trouble shooting. As I traversed hundreds of kilometers across Rajasthan, covering the areas in and around Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur, Bhilwara and Pali from Dec. 14 to 17, 2010, I barely had the time to register the stark beauty of the desert landscape in winter. My mind was wholly preoccupied in identifying problems and suggesting solutions, the focal point being provision of IT enabled services and adoption of new techniques by the farmers. 11

OBSERVATIOnS

In the Udaipur district, I observed that data entry is not being done in the on-line RKVY portal. Instead, data from block level is being collected and there is a long delay in loading this in RKVY database. I suggested immediate streamlining of this process to enhance efficiency.

The agricultural extension officers at the grass root level have been given additional duty of being physically present from 15 to 21 of every month to supervise the ration distribution. This is in addition to multifarious tasks related to census, NREGA etc. I requested to State Government to rationalize the work of each of these workers in such a manner that at least half month is available for purely agricultural work. We need to follow up after census work gets completed.

Construction and installation of equipment for soil testing laboratories in Dungarpur, Pratappur, Banswara and Tarapur districts has been lagging and needs to be expedited. However, mobile soil testing laboratories have been functioning effectively, though no facility for testing micro-nutrients has been provided therein.

* Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta : Rajasthan.

Rajasthan Reconnaissance*

58


Computer hardware down to the Block level has been installed under AGRISNET and some applications have also been developed locally. The State needs to expedite utilization of remaining amount under AGRISNET by installing Servers and integrating the same with the State Data Centre. However, internet connectivity to remaining offices of agricultural extension officers needs to be provided, so that data entry starts at District level. Only compilation and validation of data should be done at the State level.

During a meeting with the State & District level officers at Jaipur, a demand was raised that the Project Director, ATMA should be of the level of Joint Director. The State Government was advised that uniform and clear chain of command should be maintained in every District.

In village Kanpura of village Panchayat Markala near Jaipur, it was noticed that targets for trainings and visits had been assigned only for Animal Husbandry & Horticulture Departments and Krishi Vigyan Kendras. The Commissioner was requested to allocate sufficient targets for Agriculture related activities as well. The State government may be requested in writing in this regard.

In case of wheat and barley, seed requirement had been reduced to 120 kg/ha against the original figure of 200 kg/ha. This trend of reducing input cost by using appropriate technologies needs to be continued and spread further.

While Gypsum is used extensively in the area (about 1200 tons in a block), such a treatment becomes infructuous due to brackish water. Some other soil management technology needs to be proposed for this area. There is deficiency

of Zinc and Iron in the area but the villagers are not aware about the Government of India schemes regarding micro-nutrients.

The State Government is setting up IT Centres under NREGA. This effort can be dovetailed with AGRISNET project.

The extension workers complained about interference of Pradhans in selection of beneficiaries under mini-kits and demonstration plots. On further inquiry, it was found that there is a lottery system to eliminate bias which often results in demonstration

Hybrid Jowar : CSH–16

59

RAJASTHAN RECONNAISSANCE

plots being in some far off area. This matter may be studied and a formulation may be proposed to the State Government wherein a combination of factors such as location of the plot, type of farmer (whether marginal, small or large), and other revenue entries should be included. In particular, selection of beneficiaries may also be linked to Computerization of Land Records so that repeated benefits are not given to the same sets of farmers or their families.

'Annadata' programme of ETV was more popular than the Krishi Darshan on the national channel or on the regional channel. Mass Media Unit of the Directorate of Extension immediately put in place mechanism for monitoring quality of Krishi Darshan by issuing the relevant order right away.

There was little knowledge among farmers about slow release but higher efficiency Urea manufactured by IPL. Advantages of slow release urea need to be explained to the farmers.

As per the current norms in the NHM, a minimum area of 0.4 ha is needed in a single horticultural crop. It is suggested that intercropping of a couple of crops should be allowed and the threshold size should be reduced to 0.2 ha.

In Chimanpura village near Jaipur, wheat, barley and vegetables are being grown using drip irrigation. A farmer suggested that the minimum distance between the laterals to 50 cm will revolutionize cultivation of food-grains despite very limited water availability.

SuGGESTIOnS

While a large number of remedial measures are already incorporated in my tour z

report given above, major suggestions are that the setting up of IT centres under NREGA should be further facilitated and dovetailed with AGRISNET project in the state. Hardware and connectivity already made available should be put to full use.

Procedure for selection of beneficiaries for distribution of Seed Mini Kits and setting z

up Demonstration Plots needs to be made more objective and transparent.

Norms for lateral spacing under Micro Irrigation for cereal crops need a relook. z

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PROLOGuE

I was curious to witness first hand new developments in the agriculture of jute including new methods of retting which will greatly ease the load of the farmer. It was with this view in mind that I travelled to the country’s premier institution on Jute research situated at Barrackpore. Indeed, it proved to be a most edifying and rewarding visit. 12

* Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Gupta : Barrackpore, West Bengal.

Rewards of Research*

CRIJAF Building, Barrackpore

61

REWARDS OF RESEARCH

After some historical vicissitudes, the Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF) was established at the present place (Nilganj, Barrackpore) in 1953 as Jute Agricultural Research Institute (JARI). It was taken over by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1966 and given its current name in January, 1990. It has four research stations at different parts of the country.

Ramie Research Station, Sorbhog, Assam (in 1959)1.

Sisal Research Station, Bamrah, Orissa (in 1962)2.

Sunhemp Research Station, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh (in 1963)3.

Central Seed Research Station for Jute and Allied Fibres, Budbud, West Bengal 4. (in 1956)

The Institute has well equipped laboratories and field facilities for basic, applied and field oriented research in various disciplines of agriculture.

Besides these, research in this institute is supported by All India Network Project on Jute and Allied Fibre (AINP on JAF). The AINP has nine (9) SAU based and six ICAR institute based collaborating centers for multi-locational testing and revalidation of the technologies. The Jute Technology Mission (JTM-MM-1) is also being operated under this institute involving three ICAR institutes, eight SAUs and four traditional universities since 2006.

DEVELOPMEnT OF VARIETIES

Some of the recently released varieties are given below:

name of variety Year ofrelease

name of variety Year ofrelease

Tossa Jute (C. olitorius) RRPS-27-C-3 (Monalisa) 2009

JBO-1 (Sughansu) 2010 Mesta (H. cannabinus)

CO-58 (Sourav) 2010 JBM–2004-D (Sumit) 2009

JRO-2003-H (Ira) 2008 Roselle (H. sabdariffa)

JRO-204 ( Suren) 2007 JRM-3 (Sneha) 2010

white Jute (C. capsularis) JRM-5 (Shrestha) 2010

JBC-5 (Arpita) 2010 GR 27 (Madhury) 2007

JRC-517 (Siddhartha) 2009 Sunnhemp (C. juncea)

JRC-532 (Sashi) 2009 SUN 053 (Swastika) 2009

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wEED MAnAGEMEnT

Chemical weed Management

Application of Quizalofop-ethyl 5% EC @ 30–60 gm a.i. ha-1 + adjuvent @ 0.5 to 0.6 ml ha-1 from 10 to 21 DAE, followed by a hand weeding/mechanical weeding by wheel

nail weeder (Developed at CRIJAF)Nail weeder (5–6 nails) in between crop rows after

emergence of weed from 4–30 DAE has been found to control 80 % weeds. One hand weeding

is required to control remaining 20 % weed in between rows. The net benefit of this system ranges from Rs. 3000–5000 per hectare over

manual weeding twice. The technology has been applied for patenting.

Herbicide brush (Developed at CRIJAF)Application of non selective herbicides in between

row crops by using herbicide brush reduced composite weed flora and saved Rs. 4000–

5000 per hectare with respect to manual weeding twice. It controlled 80% weeds in between rows. Only one hand weeding was required to control

remaining 20 % weed in between rows. The technology has been applied for patenting.

JBO-2003-H (Ira)

Yield Potential - 34-36JRO 204 (Suren)Yield Potential - 36-38

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REWARDS OF RESEARCH

hoe or scrapper have been found to be suitable for weed control in jute, kenaf, roselle and sunhemp. The net benefit is Rs. 3,000–5,000 per hectare as compared to manual weeding twice.

FARM MECHAnIzATIOn

Multi-row Jute Seeder

“CRIJAF Jute Seeder” has been designed and fabricated to encourage line sowing as it offers several advantages over the traditional broadcasting. The capacity of “CRIJAF Jute Seeder” is 0.18–0.20 ha/hr. Cost of the machine is around Rs. 2,500.

The major advantages of using the seeder are:

More than 50% reduction in the requirement of seeds, which is about 3 kg/ha in line z

sowing as compared to about 7 kg/ha in conventional broadcasting.

Line sowing operation with this seeder is comparable in terms of time with the z

manual broadcasting (about 5 hr/ha).

The fibre yield is comparable with the broadcast field. z

Microbial retting

CRIJAF has developed a microbial consortium comprising of five pectinolytic bacteria. By using this consortium, farmers will be able to ret jute ribbons within 5–7 days with 2–3 grades improvement in fibre quality in a less volume of water (1:5 : : ribbon:water) compared to conventional method (1:20). Demonstration of this technology is

Line sowing with jute seed drill reduces the seed requirement by 70–80%. The cost of weeding and thinning reduce to 30 and 52% compared to broadcasting or manual line sowing. Increase the fibre yield by around 21%. Efficiency of the seed drill is 5 man hours ha-1. The technology has been commercialised.

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conducted in various jute growing areas of the country and it is expected that the technology will be transferred shortly.

PRODuCTIOn OF QuALITY SEED AnD DISTRIBuTIOn AMOnG THE FARMERS unDER THE TRADE nAME “CRIJAF SEED”

200 quintals of truthfully labeled/certified seeds of new varieties are produced in CRIJAF which can cater 6000 ha farm land. This created awareness about the use of quality seeds among the resource-poor jute farmers of India. The total quantity, however, is abysmally low to actually have a widespread use by farmers.

CuRREnT RESEARCH PROGRAMME AT CRIJAF

Crop improvement for productivity enhancement with special reference to biotic & abiotic stress and quality improvement for targeted quality traits for each jute & allied fibre crop, is a prime target along with the following:

Crop production technologies with special reference to drought and weed z

management in different agro-climatic conditions.

Management of pests and diseases for both fibre as well as seed crop. z

In z situ mechano-microbial retting in the context of changing climatic scenario.

CRIJAF Jute Seed Sale Counter

Retting of Jute

65

REWARDS OF RESEARCH

Improved fibre quality for diversified industrial demand. z

Farm mechanization for higher productivity and economic return suited to different z

economic classes of farmers.

Transfer of technologies with special reference to jute seed production at different z

extension centres.

OBSERVATIOnS/SuGGESTIOnS narrow genetic base: z Though CRIJAF has 4500 accessions of jute and allied fibres, germplasm, the diversity with respect to different characters is very narrow. Hence priority is to be given for exploration in the ‘Centres of Origin/Diversity’.

Biotechnology work on JAF: z Jute and Allied Fibres received no research investment from private entrepreneurs particularly in the field of biotechnology. Being a localized crop biotechnological work on JAF at international level is largely lacking. Hence, priority has to be given in the areas like (i) Genomics (ii) Transcriptomics (iii) Proteomics (iv) Bioinformatics which will address the important issues like (a) reduction in lignin content in fibre (b) identification of major genes/QTLs for biotic & abiotic stress resistance (c) increasing the fibre fineness and strength (d) fingerprinting the germplasm.

Retting: z More than 75% of the farmers are forced to ret the raw jute in muddy water leading to poor quality fibre. Hence, retting technologies using less water is required. CRIJAF has developed an in situ retting technology to meet these challenges.

Farm mechanization: z Weeding and fibre extraction incur more than 75% of the cost of cultivation of jute as these two operations are solely performed by human labourers. Jute is grown by small and marginal farmers where mechanization is very difficult to adopt.

Availability of seed: z Almost the entire quantity of jute seed is produced in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra which are far off from the jute growing states causing violent price hike at the time of demand. Moreover, availability of high yielding jute variety seed is also a problem because private seed producers are mostly producing the old variety (JRO 524) to have their assured market. This is also one of the constraints for increasing the production of jute.

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PROLOGuE

My visit to Junagarh Agricultural University and National Research Centre for Groundnut, ICAR, Junagarh during 12–14 January, 2011 was primarily to explore research and developmental activities being carried out by these institutions. It also did afford me an opportunity to review implementation of various flagship programmes of Ministry of Agriculture namely, National Horticulture Mission (NHM), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), National Food Security Mission (NFSM) etc. There was a bit of excitement in undertaking this tour as growth rate of agriculture in Gujarat was way ahead compared to national average and getting a close-up view at field level would reveal strategies and perseverance of farmers in a region which not so long ago was dogged by problems of salinity and land degradation.13

* Tour Report of Shri E.K. Majhi : Gujarat.

Vibrant Gujarat*

67

VIBRANT GUJARAT

I was accompanied by Shri C.M. Pandey, ADC (NRM) as well as officials from Gujarat Directorate of Agriculture, Gujarat Land Development Corporation and State Horticulture Mission.

COInCIDEnCES

The moment I landed at the airport in Ahmedabad, I could smell festivities in the air. When I looked around, I saw more crowd than usual in the airport. I was told that it was a hectic season for State Administration as they were busy in organizing “Vibrant Gujarat” – a global investment meet with participants from all corners of the globe. Officers who came to receive me informed that even Department of Agriculture is playing a dominant role in this forum and that their Seniors would be able to interact with me only late in the evening. Coming out of airport, I found the sky full of innumerable bird-like objects of different hues and colours. Having never seen a kite festival before, it was sufficient to raise my mood to soak in this colourful spectacle as the world famous international Kite Festival was made to coincide with “Vibrant Gujarat” meet, thereby lending a welcome gesture to all visitors. As it was difficult to get accommodation due to these mega events which were being spearheaded by the Chief Minister of Gujarat, I had to stay put in a city hotel.

LATE EVEnInG InTERACTIOnS

Not too far away from Ahmedabad is Gandhinagar, the centre of Gujarat’s administration where I reached in the evening to catch up with State Agriculture Department officials including a few from Government Secretariat as well as from National Horticulture Mission, National Food Security Mission, RKVY etc.

IMPRESSIOnS

Rabi season was on in Gujarat and based on statistics provided by Government officials, I was enlightened that against normal sown area of 30 lakh hectares, around 29.3 lakh hectare is already covered under different crops. A comparison revealed that area under Rabi (2010–11) has marked an increase compared to corresponding figure for previous year (2009–10) when it stood at 24.44 lakh hectare. Seeing my enthusiasm officials even confided that these figures are a bit old and area coverage by end of the month is likely to indicate a further increase. I was told that production during Rabi season is also likely to go up as crop condition is good and there was absolutely no sign of any pests or diseases. For the sake of record, wheat cultivation was reported

68


to cover 12.53 lakh hectare, cumin 2.54 lakh hectare, rapeseed and mustard 2.97 lakh hectare and sugarcane in 1.46 lakh hectare. My interaction revealed that yield and productivity in NFSM districts for pulses, rice and wheat are also picking up. As it happens in any official discussion, I did happen to receive couple of common refrains to appoint experienced retired experts as consultants. Further, Government of Gujarat was awaiting fund releases since they had already submitted utilization certificates for the amounts allocated and released.

HORTICuLTuRE

The picture presented to me was quite impressive as they were confident of achieving targets before the close of financial year. After listening to National Horticulture Mission (NHM) officials, I just made a suggestion to assess increase in area coverage vis-à-vis changes in the income of farmers.

They also suggested that if support extended under NHM for protected cultivation is enhanced to 4000 sqm, it would ensure increased economic returns to farmers. I could see their point, as probably the State Government had already taken a call in this regard to fill up sanctioned posts for better implementation as was brought to my notice.

MIRACLE

Tremendous progress made in agriculture sector of Gujarat has been attributed to creation of water resources in the State. It brought to my mind their requirement for additional funds under Macro Management of Agriculture to saturate ongoing watersheds under National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed areas. In fact in my earlier interaction with State Government officials, I had been advising that in all probability, as funds for watershed interventions in the 12th Plan period would be from Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DOLR), it would be essential to meet any gaps in funding through RKVY. This would be an essential pre-requisite to further enhance in-situ Soil and Moisture Conservation for sustaining and enhancing productivity levels.

KVK (TARGADIYA)

An early morning drive heading West and then South West from Ahmedabad was enjoyable due to the pleasant season. This KVK was earlier a Research Station for Dryland Farming. Standard staffing pattern had ensured that experienced Scientists in Agronomy, Plant protection, Agro-Engineering, Animal Sciences etc., were available

69

VIBRANT GUJARAT

for its extension outreach. Presently, the administration of this KVK is under Junagarh Agriculture University.

Quite a few farmers had gathered in a training hall that was constructed with funds provided under RKVY. Atmosphere was quite jovial and a couple of them fell over each other in trying to make me understand how they have gained a lot and, especially, their income levels have gone up, which they readily attributed to advices being rendered by experts. It was brought to my notice during presentation that not much of fund was available for undertaking aggressive training and extension activities. A couple of farmers even suggested that effectiveness could be improved if NGOs are also associated with these training programmes.

FuTuRISTIC

Enroute to Junagarh Agricultural University, I was taken to the premises of Champion Agro Limited keeping in view their pioneering work in promoting contract farming which had become a great success. Modus Operandi being followed was in extending input as well as technical support to farmers which got translated into enhanced productivity and this was further supported by ensuring buyback arrangements. Instead of Indian experts, this company had engaged Israeli experts to facilitate technology transfer. In one sentence, the Israeli team summed up “that production and productivity can be enhanced only with modern technology, as good water and soil while important, without technology, returns cannot be enhanced”. It reminded me of what I had heard earlier “that none to beat israel in precision farming technologies.”

GROunDnuT

I was determined to complete my target for the day. Even if it was a hectic journey traversing 350 kms from Ahmedabad by road, it did not deter me from engaging scientists at National Research Centre for Groundnut at Junagarh. Being a National Research Centre, they had all information on their fingertips. I was told that against the world average of 1500 kg per hectare of groundnut, in India it is just about 1050 kg per hectare. This is due to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh where despite large area under cultivation, have not raised production and productivity due to obsolete technology and old variety of seeds. To the glee of everyone present which seemed to be a full house of scientists and research scholars, Gujarat continued to report higher area and highest average rate of production in groundnut. Further, state of Uttar Pradesh was also reported to be looking up in groundnut cultivation.

70


nuT MAnTRA

By just improving average rate of production in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh which have large areas under groundnut would go a long way in ensuring increased production of groundnut.

This could just about be done by introducing high yielding varieties to ensure 26–30% increase in average rate of production. As most of the States have certified seeds available, scientific opinion is to step up seed replacement to increase the rate of production. I was also shown a picture of a small tractor slightly larger than an auto rickshaw or a ‘Nano’ which had become popular in some parts of the state to promote mechanization in groundnut tracts. Another suggestion was water management along with use of sprinklers and drips to enhance average rate of production. A step ahead would be relay cropping of groundnut, immediately, after potato crop as it would provide adequate nutrients and soil moisture to raise groundnut. Still further, subsidy for introducing newer varieties would ensure increase in rate of production.

CAMPuS – JunAGARH

By 10.30 PM, I had to retire for the day by wrapping up my programme on reaching Junagarh Agricultural University. Vibrant Gujarat had prevented Vice-Chancellor from being present. His absence was made up by his team of Directors representing Research, Extension etc. who ensured that I got a proper perspective of activities undertaken by their Departments.

HYV of Groundnut

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VIBRANT GUJARAT

Morning walk

After a good rest, my day started with a walk in the campus with scientists for company. I was taken to the Wheat Research Centre to witness the success of GW-366 variety of wheat developed by the Junagarh University. GW-366 with duration of only 110 days and with a yield potential of 5500 kg per hectare was way above national average of 3000 kg per hectare.

Enthusiastic scientists were explaining how this variety can be adopted by other states to ensure availability of staple chappatis throughout the day. My walk thereafter took me to Farm Machinery Training and Testing Centre for Agricultural and Machinery and Equipments. It made me feel proud as I was also instrumental in getting this centre established with fund support under RKVY - a path breaking initiative to ensure that innovation does not suffer due to hurdles in testing of farm machinery and equipments. It also made me feel justified as decentralized testing of farm machinery equipments would promote mechanization and instill a sense of responsibility among the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering. I also visited Bio-pesticides Laboratory established with support from RKVY wherein bio-pesticides are being developed and propagated. Gujarat being a state with strong industrial tradition, this University had also established a modern Food Testing Laboratory as per international standards.

it reinforced my faith in dynamic leadership as even a remote campus like Junagarh could bring in innovation through Agricultural Research and Extension.

Meeting up Vice Chancellor, Junagarh Agriculture university

The Vice Chancellor is up date on issues of Climate Change and desired that a centre could be established in the university. He held the opinion that support under RKVY is often found to be insufficient to meet even administrative expenses keeping in view high costs in a scientific establishment and needs to be enhanced.

SuGGESTIOnSWater management efforts through use of drip irrigation and sprinklers to be z

encouraged further.

Propagation of bio-pesticides to be pushed through on a war footing. z

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PROLOGuE

I could travel a bit in Rajasthan during 27–29 January, 2011. My visit commenced from Jodhpur, taking me across to Bikaner to explore activities of Rajasthan Agricultural University and that of Krishi Vigyan Kendra at Bikaner. On my way back I dropped in at National Research Centre of Spices, Ajmer to explore developments in the field of research in field spices and its onward journey to the field.14

The journey from Jodhpur gave me an impression of extreme environment as the only things visible from air was sand dunes and scattered vegetation. It was this window to

* Tour Report of Shri E.K. Majhi : Rajasthan.

Rajasthan Safari*

73

RAJASTHAN SAFARI

Rajasthan which, to say the least, was different as I was on the lookout for opportunities that can be tapped in this part of our country where visitors are rare due to its remoteness as well as climatic extremities. I was accompanied by Shri B. Rath, Dy. Commissioner (RFS) and officials of State Agriculture Department.

MAnDOR, AGRICuLTuRE RESEARCH STATIOn (ARS) – JODHPuR

Having landed in Jodhpur I was a bit hesitant in stepping out of the plane probably due to sand particles whirling in the air, and also due to my trepidation that the environment outside would be very hot and dry. My officers however raised my spirits by mentioning the rich cultural and historical heritage of Jodhpur. To me the best way to understand agricultural potential in a state is to visit the local Agricultural Research Stations (ARS). Mandor ARS located in western part of Rajasthan is said to have developed several popular varieties of sesame (RT 46 & RT 127), moth bean (RMO 40), cluster bean (RGM 112), chilly (RCh 1), cumin (RZ 209), isabgol (RI 1) etc., which have now been included in the seed production chain and these varieties have been adopted in the region in the range of 20–60% of cropped area in current Rabi season.

Eye Opener

To my pleasant surprise, I was told that the most popular cash crop among farmers is Cumin, as with an investment of just about Rs. 15,000 per ha, a farmer can get a return of about Rs. 75,000 per ha.

Cumin as a crop is most suitable for dry and cold climate and has been widely accepted by the farmers as a suitable Rabi cash crop. In my mind’s eye I muttered “not bad”!

Cumin Seed Cumin Crop

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Innovation

Mandor ARS has also developed a couple of innovative agricultural equipments of which an attachment to the seed drill with small wheels behind seed release outlets, which helps in avoiding crust formation, was shown to me. I was told that this design results in better compaction and better moisture retention resulting in high germination percentage.

Indispensability

Mandor Centre is also unique of its kind as prisoners/convicts serving life term have been deployed by the Department of Social Welfare and Jails, Government of Rajasthan for carrying out various on farm activities. I could interview a couple of them and what I gathered is that prisoners who have completed a major part of their Life Imprisonment (IPC 302) and having satisfactory behaviour are shifted to this Open Jail for serving remaining part of their sentence. I was told how Jail authorities are responsible for their watch and ward while ARS Mandor provides their accommodation and other facilities and engages them in field work with remuneration as per norms of Rajasthan Government. It was great to see a good rehabilitation policy relying on agriculture for converting these hard core criminal elements into acceptable members of civil society. About 30 prisoners were residing in this campus along with their families, participating in various farm operations. While earning a decent remuneration, this also provides them a good environment with hands-on experience in farming.

It is beyond doubt that this would go a long way in rehabilitating and integrating them to the mainstream, as on their release, they could easily adopt farming as a suitable means of livelihood.

JAL HAuJS (RAISED TAnKS ABOVE GROunD LEVEL)

Next stop was at Soila Village in the farm of one Shri Hira Ram where ‘Jal Haujs’ of 2.5 lakh litre capacity have been constructed under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) for providing irrigation to high value crops through micro irrigation/drip systems for raising off seasonal vegetables. Their only complaint was electricity supply being erratic, farmers are not able to irrigate their crops at the time of requirement. These structures are being used to store water lifted from tube wells during night hours when electricity is available and are used for irrigation during day time through sprinklers and drips. To me it appeared to be an excellent innovation in the sense that in an arid climate with an investment of just about Rs. 1.45 lakh a ‘Jal Hauj’ can be constructed to the satisfaction of farmers thereby instilling confidence for growing high value crops. Assistance to farmers is just about Rs. 50,000 under RKVY. Presently in Rajasthan, this happens to

75

RAJASTHAN SAFARI

be a flagship intervention under RKVY. Farmers, who met me, however, requested for construction of such structures in large numbers and raising the subsidy to Rs. 75,000 @ 50% of the actual cost in view of their poor financial conditions.

OASIS

Next day, I was taken to visit the farm of Smt. Bhanwari Devi who owns 20 hectares of tube-well irrigated land. To my surprise what I witnessed was the best possible practice of integrated farming system involving agriculture, horticulture, medicinal plants and animal husbandry. Using micro irrigation systems provided under National Mission on Micro Irrigation, she has been cultivating wheat and vegetables in 14 ha and is using about 6 ha for horticulture crops with support under RKVY. She has introduced low tunnel polyhouse for vegetable cultivation from her own investment and has also taken up important varieties of date palm (imported tissue cultured plants) in about 2 ha. I could not help thinking about how innovative these farmers have been in an arid environment where they are growing high value crops in an integrated farming system for better yields and returns. They have been reportedly exporting their produce not to the Jaipur or Jodhpur markets, but to faraway places like Mumbai as demand for quality produce fetches a better price only in Mumbai markets. It was not surprising that Government of Rajasthan is organising exposure visits to this farm.

“The best form of Extension, it is said, is listening to a farmer who is successful.”

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHAnGE

Horticulture crops like ber and pomegranate have been damaged in these parts of Rajasthan due to frost, relatively new phenomenon due to climate change. Vegetables left uncovered were also damaged. I was told that adoption of low tunnel polyhouse practices would save the day for farmers.

‘DIGGI’

Mini reservoir of sort known as Diggi (water storage tank) was my next stop in the farm of Shri Magan Lal who has constructed a Diggi of more than 16 lakh litre capacity with an estimated cost of about Rs. 4.85 lakh, laying a channel for bringing water from a nearby canal for irrigation as and when required through sprinklers. This has increased water use efficiency as compared to flood irrigation, resulting in about 30% increase in area under cultivation. Assistance from RKVY is Rs. 2 lakh and Shri Lal appeared to be highly satisfied albeit with a little bit of desperation as lack of electrical connectivity

76


has forced him to use diesel pump, the cost of which is much high compared to an electric motor. This reminded me of the Task Force on Power, wherein Department of Agriculture & Cooperation had made a suggestion to provide separate grids for agricultural operations and how it could bring about revolution even in places like this farm of Shri Magan Lal where even in loamy soil he had been able to grow wheat and vegetables.

CASHInG In On CuCuRBITS

Smt. Anita Devi of village Deshnok had adopted low tunnel polyhouse technology for growing high value vegetable crops. The first flush of cucurbits from her field is fetching her prices of Rs. 65 per kg, thereby making it a highly profitable venture.

JunCTIOn

Pit Stop at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University (RAU), Bikaner revealed that they have released at least 25 varieties of cereals and millets, 51 varieties of pulses, 22 varieties of oilseeds, 10 varieties of seed spices, one variety of under-utilized crop (tumba), 10 varieties of vegetable crops and 126 new HYV of crops. Some of the varieties which have had positive impacts are Bajra - Raj 171; Moth - RMO 40, RMO 435 and RMO 257; Guar - RGC 936, RGC 986 and RGC 1003; Sesame - RT 46, RT 54 and RT 125; Mung - RMG 492 and RMG 62; Groundnut - HNG 10; Desi Cotton - RG 8 and RG 18; and Cowpea - RC 101. Among rabi crops Wheat - Raj 3077, Raj 3765, Raj 4037 and Raj 3777; Barley - RD 2552, RD 2503 and RD 2035; Chickpea - GNG 469, GNG 663, RSG 888 and RSG 963; Cumin - RZ 19, RZ 209; Fennel - RF 101 and RF 125; Coriander - RCr 41 and RCr 20; and Fenugreek - RMt-1 are occupying sizeable area under cultivation. Onion varieties RO 1 and RO 59 are also catching up.

RAU is also engaged in breeder seed production programme funded under RKVY for Okra, Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Bottle Gourd, Coriander, Palak, Fenugreek, Onion etc., taken up through polyhouses/polynets. Seeds are supplied to State and National Seed Chains for multiplication as foundation and certified seeds by State Seeds Corporation, National Seeds Corporation, departmental farms and KVKs.

Date Palm

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RAJASTHAN SAFARI

Under RAU date palm programme, 35 varieties from USA, Oman, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt etc. have been tested and maintained in the University farm.

This State Agriculture University is also working on Integrated Water Management including conjunctive use of brackish water for crop production. Research programme for biotic and abiotic stress analysis in plant growth is also being taken up. They also indicated their desire for setting up a research centre for studies on impact of climate change.

AJMER

After a comfortable road journey from Bikaner and overnight stay at Ajmer Circuit House (an old colonial bunglow atop a hill overlooking Ana Sagar Lake), next was a visit to National Research Centre on Seed Spices (NRCSS). This Centre is conducting research for enhancing production and productivity of seed spices like Cumin, Coriander, Fennel and Fenugreek and minor seed spices like Ajowain, Nigella, Aniseed and Celery. It also serves as the national repository of information on seed spices and is establishing global gene bank for seed spices.

NRCSS has standardized Weed Control, Nutrient and Water Management Techniques for coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek and has developed production technology for minor seed spices like Carom, Dill, Nigella, Anise and Celery and has demonstrated seed spices based cropping system involving fruit and vegetable. With a Revolving Fund of about Rs. 10 lakhs from ICAR, NRCSS is producing about 25–30 quintals of seed per year. Seed Production at farmers’ field under Public Private Partnership mode is about 30 quintal/year. High Yielding Varieties like Coriander-Ajmer Dhania-1; Carom-Ajmer Ajwain-1 (essential oil 3.5%), Ajmer Ajwain-2 (essential oil 3.2%), Fennel-Ajmer Saunf-1 (essential oil 1.6%), Dill-Ajmer Sowa-1 & 2 (Essential oil 3.2–3.4%), Fenugreek-Ajmer Methi-1 & 2 etc. have been developed by NRCSS.

Back to Delhi by Shatabdi Express was quite relaxing.

SuGGESTIOnS

While relaxing in train, I was thinking about key take away from my visit: Harness the potential of Cumin as cash crop to hedge risk of dryland agriculture, promote large scale adoption of low tunnel polyhouses as a climate change mitigating measure. Further, have more traditional Diggis and Jal Haujs to promote water saving habits among people. Also time has come to for widespreading new irrigation technologies under the Micro-Irrigation Mission. Can Ajmer centre be supported for establishing a global gene bank for seeds.

Well, its about 11PM and the train has reached New Delhi...

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PROLOGuE

It was the last day of the year when I arrived in Orissa, and my focus was the contribution of State Agriculture University and KVK for developing agriculture sector in the State of Orissa, particularly in the area of popularising stress tolerant rice capable of withstanding frequent natural calamities/droughts in the State.15

With this objective in mind, I visited Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) and KVK, Jajpur district under OUAT.

After a pleasant interaction with scientists and researchers stationed there, it was felt that production of breeder seeds of stress tolerant paddy needs to be emphasized as Orissa is a victim of frequent droughts and floods. Varieties like swarna sub-1, pratiksha etc. which are capable of resisting inclement weather stresses like flooding, drought and un-seasonal rain, were to be given priority.

* Tour Report of Shri G.C. Pati : Orissa.

Improving Yield in Orissa and Popularizing Stress Tolerant Seeds*

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IMPROVING YIELD IN ORISSA AND POPULARIZING STRESS TOLERANT SEEDS

The feedback from the scientists was that these two varieties of paddy have been found to withstand recent un-seasonal rain much better than popular swarna variety. There is a need for OUAT to sensitize the officers of Agriculture Department in this regard so that annual indents for breeder seeds reflect adequate stress tolerant varieties.

Availability of quality pulses seeds is a major constraint in Orissa, adversely affecting expansion of pulse area, particularly in rice fallow area. OUAT should take up a special programme for production of breeder seeds of pulses in collaboration with IIPR, if necessary.

There is a need to disseminate IPM packages for different pests/diseases as developed by OUAT & KVK for effective control of pests & diseases in paddy as well as for pulses particularly moong, biri which are important pulse crops in the State and for oil seeds (particularly groundnut).

Training of field extension staff and progressive farmers along with large scale demonstration of effectiveness of IPM packages for different crops would be extremely useful in this regard.

Loss in paddy crop due to recent un-seasonal rain in Orissa has resulted in a sense of frustration among affected farmers, particularly since such loss was not covered under NAIS. There is need for more efficient harvesting, post harvest handling and appropriate stress tolerant varieties.

SuGGESTIOnS

Assistance for taking up rabi crop, particularly pulses with scientific inputs including z

IPM for farmers affected by unseasonal rain may be considered by State Government. Scheme of “Upscaling of Pulses Production” approved in the State under green revolution initiative, can be suitably expanded for this purpose. OUAT can deploy the students in affected districts/blocks (as a part of their field project) and scientists for guiding farmers/extension officials so as to maximize the yield.

Farm equipments like rippers/combine harvesters may be demonstrated in all KVKs z

and be made part of the training curriculum to demonstrate how to reduce time taken for harvesting.

Swarna sub-1 Variety of Paddy

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Also improved system of post harvest management and storage including drainage z

facilities in paddy fields to minimize losses on account of un-seasonal rain during harvest may be demonstrated to farmers. Awareness can be improved through suitable interventions like distribution of leaflets and television programmes/demonstrations by Agriculture Department/OUAT.

Benefits of inter-cropping like sugarcane with mung/gram and paddy with arhar z

in upland conditions may be effectively demonstrated. Soil Fertility maps of districts with micronutrients basing on the results of testing soil samples in Soil Testing Laboratories of OUAT and KVKs on a GIS platform may be undertaken by OUAT.

Crop diversification to horticulture and pulses/coarse grains in about 10 lakh ha z

upland area of the State is necessary for enhancing farm income and boosting agricultural growth in the State. OUAT may develop different packages of practice for different crops for such land including integrated farming system, which can be promoted under ongoing schemes.

Productivity enhancing interventions in respect of balance 35 lakh ha of paddy area including dissemination of IPM technology for different diseases/pests may be undertaken so as to substantially enhance average yield of paddy in the State. OUAT may be supported by State Government for this purpose under ongoing schemes.

PROMOTInG ORGAnIC AGRICuLTuRE

In about 10 tribal districts of the State, farming is mostly practiced without or using minimum application of fertilizers and pesticides. Organic farming may be promoted in these districts and production can be certified as 'organic' by the designated agency so that farmers can get better price. It is necessary to promote organic agriculture and organic horticulture in these districts for which OUAT may develop district specific packages of practice and protocol for organic farming of different crops, which can be promoted under various ongoing schemes. Such practice will also be environmentally sound.

Scientists of OUAT & KVK undertaking field visits to different villages for various research/demonstration programmes, may also devote some time to monitor ongoing schemes/programmes implemented by Agriculture Department like NFSM/RKVY, details of which can be accessed from respective web based data base of the DAC and feedback on quality of implementation and its impact/benefit along with suggestions for improvement may be sent to State Secretary/Director, Agriculture Department.

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IMPROVING YIELD IN ORISSA AND POPULARIZING STRESS TOLERANT SEEDS

KVK, JAJPuR

The year ended on a bright note at the KVK, Jajpur, located at Badachana. This KVK is undertaking research and training activities in a number of areas. However, coverage of farmers by the KVK for these programmes needs to be expanded. I recommended that the KVK may take following steps:

Dissemination of IPM technology among the paddy farmers by organizing FLDs z

and training programmes under ATMA/NFSM/RKVY funds to demonstrate benefits of IPM through reduction in use of chemicals with use of appropriate bio control measures and increased yield etc. Seed treatment can also be integrated in IPM package to enhance the benefits.

IPM technology for moong and groundnut as developed in KVK should be z

disseminated widely among farmers.

IPM package for biri, arhar and for different vegetables should be developed, as z

these are important crops in the State.

Training in post harvest management, processing and value addition, precision z

farming for horticulture and other feasible activities including integrated farming may be undertaken.

Since fishery and animal husbandry have excellent scope in the district, KVK may z

undertake more training and demonstrations in these areas.

The culmination of the day’s events was the in-depth discussion I had with the Secretary, Agriculture Department. We examined in detail the progress in implementation of green revolution sub-component of RKVY in Orissa.

SuGGESTIOnS

Problems that need to be addressed:

In respect of the sub-component of green revolution, savings are anticipated by Secretary under some of the approved schemes like management of acidic soil, hybrid paddy and demonstration for new variety of ground nut, as these could not be implemented during Rabi, 2010 because of some difficulties. For hybrid paddy, particularly KRH-2, the result of demonstrations in Kharif 2010 was not uniform. While in some districts it was successful, in some other districts result was not good. It will be taken up by State after assessing hybrid varieties suitable for different districts. Procurement process for paper mill sludge for acidic soil could not be completed due to legal disputes. There was delay in procuring new variety of groundnut planned earlier. Hence the allocations for

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upscaling pulses production, hybrid sunflower cultivation and SRI during Rabi season have been suitably increased and additional allocation for agriculture machinery/implements has also been suggested to utilize expected savings during 2010–11. These modifications have been carried out with approval of the Chief Secretary, and will be ratified in the next SLSC meeting.

With these modifications, the entire allocation of Rs. 79.67 crore for the green revolution sub-component is expected to be utilised by Orissa by March, 2011.

Under RKVY, as against total funds of Rs. 437.77 crore received by Orissa during 2007–08 till 2010–11, total cumulative expenditure reported is Rs. 361.09 crore, which constituted about 82.15%. During 2010–11, against receipt of Rs. 161.54 crore by the State Government, the expenditure is Rs. 99.79 crore (62%). The State Government has submitted proposal to DAC for release of second instalment of allocation under RKVY to the State.

Although the state is performing well in terms of progress of utilization of funds under RKVY, there is need to put in place a more effective monitoring system to assess effectiveness of the projects being implemented in the State. OAUT and KVKs may be effectively associated for improving yields of paddy and pulses. The suggestions made in this report could be considered by State Government in this regard.

Hybrid Sunflower

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PROLOGuE

The main objective of my visit during the end of March, 2011 to Bihar was to assess the initiatives being taken to boost agricultural productivity in the eastern State of the Bihar. In this connection, I witnessed some path-breaking research being undertaken in several experimental farms under ICAR Research Complex, Pusa.16

On arrival at Patna, I proceeded to the ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region (RCER), which was set up in 2001 by ICAR by merging Directorate of Water Management,

* Tour Report of Shri G.C. Pati : Bihar.

Boosting Productivity in Bihar*

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Patna; Central Horticultural Experimental Station, Ranchi; and Central Tobacco Research Station, Pusa.

RCER is mandated to address diverse issues relating to resource management, cropping and farming systems in Eastern India in a holistic manner, so as to develop appropriate technologies suitable for Eastern India for improving livelihood and farm income. Activities of RCER are mainly strategic and adaptive research for efficient, integrated management of natural resources to enhance productivity of different farming systems in eastern region and to develop and popularize the crop varieties including horticultural crops for the region.

RCER’s main research achievements are integrated farming in rice, wheat and fishery; trenches and raised bed system for fishery and horticulture for waterlogged areas; rice-fish culture conservation farming to combat moisture stress; and integrated farming system models suitable for agro-climatic conditions in the region. I was informed that RCER does not undertake breeding programme except for some horticulture crops in Ranchi center.

I visited the farm conducting research on multiple uses of water, i.e. for fish hatchery, fishery, horticulture/vegetables and rice-wheat system as suitable for areas with high water table. The farm is affected due to reduced rainfall in the state during the last 2 years. Main activity is fishery supplemented by horticulture, or rice-wheat farming in the land with farm pond with fish culture which can also be used to provide life-saving irrigation to crops. The farm also has a vermi compost pit to utilize farm wastes to produce compost.

My next stop was another research farm at Sabhajpura where trials for different varieties of pigeon pea and wheat are being undertaken to select most suitable varieties for the region. I was informed that the wheat variety HD-2733 is showing encouraging results with average yield of 45–50 qt/ha in trials. The farm is also conducting trials to find out most efficient use of drip irrigation for vegetables. Under the project for Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), the farm is developing conservation farming technology in irrigated conditions for different crop combination like rice-wheat and rice-maize. Soil quality is improving by adopting zero tillage where weed control can be a problem for first 3 years.

With zero tillage, profit from wheat increases to about Rs. 28,000/ha compared to about Rs. 8,000/ha in case of traditional farming. The income is found to be increasing to about Rs. 45,000/ha with intensification and diversification of cropping by utilizing crop residues by adopting crop rotation like rice-potato-maize, rice-wheat-cowpea and maize-wheat etc.

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BOOSTING PRODUCTIVITY IN BIHAR

The research works in the farm were impressive, but its dissemination among the farmers of the state needs improvement.

The farm near airport has developed Integrated Farming System (IFS) in upland with rice-wheat + fish + horticulture + livestock and rice-wheat + horticulture + livestock for plot size of 2 acre and 1 acre, respectively. Net income from 1 acre plot under IFS in the farm conditions is recorded to be about Rs. 1.28 lakh and Rs. 1.80 lakh from 2 acre plot. But it requires intensive management of various activities, higher initial investment and rigorous training of farmers and it is a challenge to disseminate this knowledge to farmers.

Farm has also developed technique for transplanting maize crop with raised bed with 4–5 week old seedlings to reduce harvest time by about 25 days compared to normal sowing without affecting the yield. This will also increase profitability due to less use of fertilizers and irrigation for maize.

DISSEMInATIOn AMOnG FARMERS

Although lot of good work has been done in RCER to develop various farming systems suitable for eastern region, but level of its dissemination to the farmers is not satisfactory. As a result, the works have been mostly confined to RCER’s farms. State government may take action to ensure that such technologies reach farmers utilizing existing schemes. RCER may also take up evaluation of different stress tolerant high yielding varieties of rice and wheat already released and notified and recommend the varieties suitable for different districts of Bihar and Jharkhand so that seed multiplication of these can be taken up by concerned agencies. Pest surveillance system for pulses may be put in place jointly by State government and RCER, since pulses are very important crop for the state.

RCER does not appear to have done much work for eastern states other than Bihar and Jharkhand. It needs to extend its expertise and outreach to other eastern states as well by collaborating with the SAUs and ICAR institutions. The works done on IFS, conservation method of cropping and identifying suitable HYV and hybrid seeds for the region need to reach all eastern states after validating the same in multi-locational trials in different states.

KVK VISIT AnD InTERACTIOn wITH FARMERS

I next visited the KVK, Vaishali located at village Hariharpura. The training activities of the KVK were found to be very impressive. It has conducted training of 17704 farmers in 2009–10 and 22238 in 2010–11 as against the target of 2500 per year.

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BAnAnA FIBRE & OTHER FARMInG ACTIVITIES

KVK has developed a method for making good quality fibre from banana tree wastes after harvest of banana, with the help of a machine costing about Rs. 50,000 and women groups are being trained to make banana fibre. KVK has excellent training infrastructure for farmers. KVK is also conducting training programmes under NHM as well as training of extension officials. It has undertaken FLDs for K307 and HD 2733 varieties of wheat for which the response from farmers is quite encouraging.

LOCAL InITIATIVE: SHRI B.P. SInGH

My interaction with farmers of the village was extremely interesting. Shri BP Singh, a progressive farmer of the village has about 1 ha of land and he is progressive farmer of cauliflower seeds of the local variety, which has good demand all over the country. Some of the farmers of this region have developed traditional skill for producing cauliflower seeds. Shri Singh said that seed growers are not getting best price for the seeds since the variety has not been formally notified.

It is understood that RAU is doing work in selecting pure line variety of the seed by improving better seeds sourced from selected farmers, who are producing these. Shri Singh suggested help from Government to determine genetic characteristics of the seed which may then be notified, after which farmers can get the seeds certified to get much better price from market.

Shri Singh is adopting organic farming and system of wheat intensification in his field and his average wheat yield is about 70 qt/ha as against yield of about 30 qt/ha for other farmers. His income from 1 ha of land in a year is about Rs. 5 lakh. He explained the methods adopted by him for organic farming by reducing chemical fertilizers by about 25% each year by augmenting with vermi compost and organic fertilizer, so that after 4 years chemical fertilizer use Cauliflower Crop for Seed Production

Extraction of Banana Fibre

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BOOSTING PRODUCTIVITY IN BIHAR

is reduced to zero or negligible, without sacrificing the benefits of higher yield. Shri Singh has also developed his method of IPM for pest control for wheat by using spray of herbal bio-pesticide prepared by him from vermi wash and local herb. KVK/RAU may study the bio-pesticide so developed by Shri Singh to try its effectiveness in multi-locational trials.

The village is very suitable for summer moong. I was informed that many farmers have the seeds of summer moong and they would sow this year after wheat harvest.

I was also informed that there is no problem of supply of seeds and fertilizers in this village. Shri Singh has a Kisan Credit Card with a limit of Rs. 25,000 and informed that about 70% of the farmers of the village have the facility of KCC.

SuGGESTIOnSLocal initiative in organic farming methods and bio-pesticides needs to be z

encouraged.

Production of natural fibres like banana fibre needs to be boosted through z

marketing efforts.

RCER efforts need to reach other eastern states through multi-location trials. A pest z

surveillance system for pulses needs to be put into place.

Steps be taken for genetic improvement and notification for the local cauliflower z

seeds by the State Agricultural University so that the seed growers get a higher price realisation.

88

Sowing Seeds of Success*

Prologue

I spent 26th to 28th December, 2010 interacting with various institutes and KVKs involved in enhancing horticultural production in Tripura and was impressed with the exciting new developments in horticultural production in the north-east, particularly in the field of potato and vegetable seed. I visited Horticultural Research Centre, Nagichara and State Agriculture Research Station (SARS) at Arundhati Nagar, both at Agartala, KVKs located in the West and South Tripura Districts and ICAR Research Station at Lembucharra, a branch of ICAR Research Complex for North-East ern Hill Region, Barapani during these three days. Though it was a very busy trip, seeing the multifarious activities of all these institutions was refreshing.

Dr. Sen, Director of Agriculture along with Director of Horticulture, Government of Tripura accompanied me during the visit. After my field visits, I had a detailed discussion on my observations with Principal Secretary (Agriculture), Government of Tripura.

Vegetable SeedS and tPS

On 26.12.2010 (Sunday), I visited the Horticulture Research Centre (HRC) of the Government of Tripura at Nagichara, Agartala, to acquaint myself about with the progress in implementation of HMNE and RKVY programme. The Director of HRC apprised me about the Centre’s contribution in development of horticulture in the State.

HRC at Nagichara is spread over an area of 50 hectares and is engaged in production of vegetable seeds and True Potato Seeds (TPS). It was a pleasant surprise to learn that the productivity of TPS at Nagichara is the “highest in the world” and the state is exporting TPS to countries like Vietnam, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Brazil etc. The Centre is also

*<?>Tour Report of Dr. Atanu Purkayastha : Tripura.

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SOWING SEEDS Of SuCCESS

involved in production of other vegetable seeds. The agro-climatic conditions of the State favour production of vegetable seeds.

I advised Director of Horticulture to develop HRC, Nagichara as a Centre of Excellence for production of vegetable seeds and TPS. Seeds produced can be marketed to North-East & Eastern region states, which are generally short in supply of quality seeds. The state may access resources from RKVY as well as Horticulture Mission for the North-Eastern States in setting up the Centre of Excellence.

Production of bio-control agentS

I visited the State Agriculture Research Station (SARS) at Arundhati Nagar, Agartala, which is spread over an area of 21 hectares. The Research Station is involved in implementation of AICP on paddy, carries out other varietal trials and is actively involved in production of Bio-Control Agents like fungal antagonists – trichoderma viride, trichoderma harzianum; bacterial antagonists – pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus subtilis; Entomological bio-agents – trichogramma japonicum, trichogramma chilonis. These products have good demand in the State. However, production is not enough to meet the state’s total requirement.

The State may outsource production of bio-control agents and/or engage private entrepreneurs on PPP mode to enable large-scale production of these Bio-Control Agents to meet the total requirement of the State and also for the adjoining States.

fertilizer uSe and organic farming

Being located at extreme corner of the North-Eastern Region of the country with poor communication link, Tripura is disadvantaged in use of chemical fertilizer. Hence, farmers of Tripura have taken up organic cultivation widely. I was told that there is good demand for organically grown crops, vegetables, etc. The Department of Agriculture needs to capitalize on this advantage by switching over to organic farming and may accordingly plan the agriculture activities of the State. Organic cultivation is State’s core competence and must be exploited to the best advantage of the farmers of Tripura.

Biological Control in Paddy

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VIGNETTES Of INDIAN AGRICuLTuRE

local innoVationS

Agro-climatic conditions of Tripura favours cultivation of spices which are relatively less perishable. I also saw cultivation of rubber trees and was told that rubber cultivation is gradually being taken up by the farmers. Agricultural Plan of the State may integrate spices and rubber cultivation as these are cash crops and less perishable compared to conventional agricultural crops, fruits and vegetables. Cultivation of these new crops will be more beneficial if processing units are also set up. The State Government may work out appropriate strategy in this regard.

SuggeStionS

The State:

Should go for organic farming and organic certification as this will enhance farmers’ z

income.

Encourage cultivation of spices as these are cash crop with higher return and state’s z

agro-climatic conditions supports cultivation of these crops.

Develop HRC Nagichara as Centre of Excellence for seed production. z

‘diVodaya KVK’

On 27.12.2010, I visited KVKs located in the West and South Tripura Districts. KVK at Chebri in West Tripura is known as ‘Divodaya KVK’ and is managed by Ramakrishna Sewa Kendra, a NGO. It was established in 1979. The activities of this KVK covers crop production and soil science, horticulture, plant protection, animal husbandry, fisheries, home science and agriculture extension. The present sanctioned staff of KVK is 16 and the budgetary allocation for the year 2010–11 is Rs. 47 lakhs, which is inclusive of pay and salary. Staff of this KVK are highly motivated and are actively involved in development of agriculture for the betterment of the farming community of the area. Dedicated service rendered by the staff led to declaration of Divodaya KVK as the best KVK in the whole of North-East India in the ICAR workshop held at udaipur on 24.12.2010.

local innovation at divodaya, KVK

As perishability of agricultural produce is a major problem due to poor communication links and distances involved, local innovations play important role in preservation of agricultural produce and also in getting better return to the farmers. Divodaya KVK has come up with the unique procedure for tomato preservation. The technique

91


involves tying tomato by rope and suspending the same from ceiling. This ensures circulation of air which enhances the shelf life of tomato. Storing tomato by this method does not involve any additional expenditure and enables farmers to sell tomato at a higher price during the off season. It was reported that tomato has been preserved by this process up to five months.

Tomato Preservation by Suspending them from Ceiling

Ms. S. Debnath: Inventor of Tomato Preservation Technique

The technique was developed by Ms. S. Debnath, a local farmer who was identified as a farm Innovator-2010 by ICAR and the technique has now been fine tuned by this KVK and is being taught to the other tomato growers of the area.

Problems of divodaya, KVK

This KVK is facing few problems. firstly, it is located at a remote place without proper communication facilities. This creates problem in conducting training programme for farmers, as they find it difficult to reach the Centre. I requested Director, Agriculture to look into the matter and ensure that farmers can participate without hindrance. Secondly, the accommodation of KVK staff in the centre is quite old and needs substantial repair/renovation, which is pending for long for want of fund. Thirdly, the KVK is in need of a mini tractor with accessories, paddy transplanter, mini harvesters, two bore wells and other farm equipments. I requested KVK officials to prepare a formal proposal of their requirements and place the same before the State Government so that they can sanction fund from schemes like, RKVY.

It is also pertinent to mention that staff of Divodaya KVK is not getting the benefit of the 6th Pay Commission. Despite this, their level of motivation is very high, which is evident from the recognition by ICAR as best KVK in NE Region. Benefit of 6th Pay

92


Commission needs to be extended to them without any further loss of time so that their morale remains high and continue to deliver quality service to the farmers of the area.

KVK at birchandra manu, South triPura

In the afternoon, I visited KVK located in the district of South Tripura. This KVK is under the direct control of ICAR and is located at Birchandra Manu. It was established in 1984 and its activities include crop production, home science, agriculture extension, plant protection, horticulture, animal husbandry and fisheries. This KVK is set up on 12.76 hectares and claims to have introduced “Amrapali grafting in mango in the North-Eastern India”. Total number of sanctioned staff is 16 and all the posts are filled except in case of animal husbandry. Presently, services being rendered by this KVK include crop production, home science, agriculture extension, plant protection, horticulture and fisheries. The annual budget of KVK for 2010–11 is to the tune of Rs. 79.75 lakh, which is inclusive of salary component of the staff of the KVK. Staff of this KVK is enjoying benefits of the Sixth Pay Commission.

icar reSearch Station, lembucharra

On the morning of 28.12.2010, I visited ICAR Research Station at Lembucharra, a branch of ICAR Centre for North-East Hills, Barapani. This research station was established in 1975. Dr. Dutta, Joint Director and in-charge of the Station briefed me on the activities of the research station. The research station is providing service on agriculture, horticulture, animal science, fisheries and agro-meteorology. The centre has developed a new breed of pig, which has good market demand. There is demand for setting up of a pig breeding research unit in the station. I requested Dr. Dutta to take up the matter with ICAR.

Since cultivation of spices is increasing, I advised them to take up adaptive trials of different types of spices in the State. Though rubber plantation is slowly increasing, some farmers have reservation in adopting the same. It will be worthwhile to conduct study to evaluate economic viability of rubber plantation vis a vis conventional crops, fruits and vegetables so that apprehension, if any in cultivation of rubber, can be removed. The station has some problems like; there is no housing for the staff, out of 25 sanctioned posts of Scientists only 9 are filled up. Importantly, the post of Animal Nutritionists, Animal Disease, Horticulturists and Entomologist are lying vacant. These posts need to be filled up urgently.

93


interaction with State goVernment

During my meeting with the Principal Secretary (Agriculture) of the Government of Tripura, I briefed him about the new initiatives that need to be taken to develop agriculture and horticulture in the State and the problems being faced by the staff of KVKs and research institutions. I requested Principal Secretary to hold meeting with the KVKs once in every three months, with one meeting in April (before Kharif ) and one meeting in October (before Rabi) as it would help in getting more meaningful contribution from KVK in Kharif and Rabi seasons. Principal Secretary (Agriculture) informed that the State Government is happy with the work of KVKs and assured to help these organizations in improving their functioning for overall development of agriculture in Tripura.

SuggeStionSAs the State is more suitable for rain fed horticulture and without use of chemical z

fertilizer, the State level agricultural institutes and KVKs should explore the possibility of enhancing production through organic farming. Organic certification should be implemented to benefit the farmer.

Horticulture Research Centre at Nagichara, Agartala can be developed into a Centre of z

Excellence in production and export of quality vegetable seeds and TPS. funds from RKVY and Technology Mission in North-Eastern States can be utilized for this purpose.

Outsourcing production of bio-control agents and/or engaging private z

entrepreneurs on PPP mode to enable large-scale production of Bio-Control Agents at State Agricultural Research Station at Arundhati Nagar, Agartala.

Cultivation of less perishable crops like spices, rubber, etc., is suggested as against z

conventional agriculture-horticulture crops, which are highly perishable. Spices have good potential in the State and its cultivation needs to be expanded.

State Government should work out a plan to set up processing units for spices in z

the State.

Tomato preservation technique developed at Divodaya, KVK needs popularization z

for benefit of the larger section of tomato farmers and need to further fine tune the method.

Staff problems and pay issues of KVKs in Tripura need to be addressed immediately z

to keep the morale of the staff high.

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Kudos for KVK Kahikuchi*

Prologue

I visited Guwahati on 14.2.2011 to review the progress of Jute Technology Mission in Assam. After review of the Scheme some time was available and therefore I visited KVK, Kahikuchi located at Guwahati.1

infraStructure with KVK, KahiKuchi

KVK, Kahikuchi was declared as a full-fledged KVK only in 2004. It is spread over an area of 25 acres and is functionally under the control of Assam Agricultural university located at Jorhat. The annual budget of this KVK is Rs. 84.60 lakh and the employees are covered under the Sixth Pay Commission. The strength of KVK, Kahikuchi includes one Programme Coordinator; five Subject Matter Specialists, one each for Agronomy, Horticulture, Soil Science, Home Science and Agricultural-Economics. In addition, there is one Project Assistant looking after Animal Husbandry, one farm Manager and five other supporting hands.

main actiVitieS

The main activities of this KVK are demonstration of varieties for improving production and productivity, training farmers in adopting improved agricultural techniques, variety adaptation trials, seed production, breeding of farm animals like pig, goat, etc.

* Tour Report of Dr. Atanu Purkayastha : Guwahati, Assam.

Jute Harvesting

95

KuDOS fOR KVK KAHIKuCHI

The activities of KVK Kahikuchi have helped the farmers in increasing productivity of field crops. There is regular interaction between the Directorate of Agriculture, Assam and KVK, Kahikuchi in improving status of agriculture in the State. Extension activities with regard to animal husbandry are under demand among the farmers. The Assistant Director (Jute), Government of Assam who accompanied me informed that KVK is rendering good service for development of agriculture in the State.

SuggeStionS

The services of KVK, Kahikuchi can also be explored for strengthening research and development of Jute in the State, since the topography of this region supports cultivation of this crop. Cultivation of jute also leads to better utilization of the land. With improved inputs from the Jute Technology Mission there is ample opportunity for increasing productivity and production of jute in Assam.

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Marvellous Millet*

Prologue

Health benefits of consuming millets are of common knowledge. However this is generally ignored as millets are commonly perceived as poor man’s cereals. In an effort to promote consumption of millets in the country, the Government announced Nutri-cereal (INSIMP) programme in 2011. One of the important activities under this programme is processing and value addition of millet-based raw materials.2

I undertook a journey to Hyderabad on 18th March, 2011 chiefly to discuss the modalities of implementation of Post-Harvest Technology and Value Addition (PHT and VA) at the Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR). A very fruitful discussion was held with the officials of the Directorate of Sorghum. The meeting was also attended by Dr. J.P. Singh,

* Tour Report of Dr. Atanu Purkayastha : Hyderabad, A.P.

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MARVELLOuS MILLET

Director, and Dr. M.N. Singh, Joint Director from Directorate of Millets. Officials from the office of Project Coordinator, Small Millets, uAS, Bangalore also participated.

After detailed discussions on PHT & VA under INSIMP, it was decided that a time frame for setting up of the processing units is imperative. Accordingly, it was decided that a time schedule is prescribed for identification of KVKs/ Entrepreneurs/NGOs and setting of processing units.

Sorghum

technical SuPPort to StateS

It was decided that DSR and Project Coordinator, Small Millets, uAS, Bangalore will provide technical support to the states in selection of machineries purely on need basis. for this purpose DSR and Project Coordinator, Small Millets will follow up directly with INSIMP implementing states. This would reduce delays and result in smooth transfer of support.

awareneSS camPaign on millet conSumPtion

DSR was advised to develop a model advertisement material for creating awareness about the health benefit of millets. It was suggested that the model advertisement material would be used by the states in their regional languages to facilitate awareness

98


generation on the virtues of millet consumption amongst all strata of the society.

Promotion of millet-baSed food ProductS

Millet is an ideal cereal for growing children. Hence, it was decided to aggressively promote millet products as part of “mid-day” meal programme in schools. It was decided that DSR will also explore possibilities of promoting millet-based food products with fast Moving Consumer Goods (fMCG) companies in the country.

Vermicelli and Pasta from Jowar

formulation of action Plan under inSimP

The Director & Joint Director of the Directorate of Millets also had a detailed discussion with the Principal Secretary, Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh on formulation of Action Plan under INSIMP on 17th March. In the meeting, the Action Plan of Andhra Pradesh was discussed in detail and draft proposal prepared.

Principal Secretary was requested to get the Action Plan approved by SLSC as early as possible and to also explore possibilities of introducing millet-based food as mid-day meal in the schools, expedite identification of clusters, entrepreneurs for PHT & VA in the state.

Pearl Millet

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MARVELLOuS MILLET

SuggeStionSIntensive campaign is required for promotion of millet products and awareness on z

millet consumption.

Introduction of millet-based food as mid-day meal in schools. z

Setting up of millet processing units in States. z

DSR to prepare model advertisement material for awareness generation. z

DSR to provide information and technical support to the States on processing z

units.

Early Implementation of State Action Plan under INSIMP. z

100

Valuing Vegetables*

Prologue

I visited Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi with the prime objective of understanding the potential of new developments in vegetable research. I arrived on 29th March, 2011 and held extensive discussions with the officers of the Institute, Departments of Horticulture and Agriculture, Government of uttar Pradesh. I also visited few farmer fields and KVK in Varanasi District.3

* Tour Report of Shri Rajendra Kumar Tiwari : Uttar Pradesh.

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VALuING VEGETABLES

The primary objective of the Institute is to undertake innovative, anticipatory and applied research for developing technologies to enhance productivity of vegetable crops, their nutrient quality and post-harvest management.

It provides scientific leadership in coordinated network research for solving location-specific problems of vegetable production and to monitor breeder seed production of released/notified varieties and parental lines.

It also acts as a national repository of scientific information relevant to vegetable crops and as a centre for training for up-gradation of scientific manpower working on vegetable crops.

Other objectives include - develop high yielding, good quality, disease and insect pest resistant varieties/hybrids of selected vegetable crops; develop advanced production and protection technologies for selected vegetable varieties; and undertake germplasm collection, maintenance and documentation in vegetable crops.

achievements of the institute

The Institute has so far developed 423 varieties of 24 vegetable crops, which have been recommended for cultivation in various agro-climatic zones of the country. Out of these, 263 varieties are open pollinated, 114 varieties are hybrid and 46 are resistant to different biotic/abiotic stresses. These include the varieties developed for tomato, brinjal, chilli, pea, okra and cowpea.

The Institute has also developed better variety Drumstick which is extremely nutritional with high protein, vitamin ‘C’ and vitamin ‘A’. Its seeds also purify water. This may be promoted under NHM by the States.

Drumstick Tree

102


The Institute has also developed nurseries under low-cost tunnel for tomato and chilli which is very effective to control widespread pests in these crops. The Institute is also developing a high yielding and pest-resistant variety of brinjal by cross-hybridization of local variety with Bt Brinjal.

constraints faced by the institute

Although the Institute appears to be doing a reasonably good work of introducing high yielding varieties, it has reported that few indents are placed by States for the seeds.

Therefore, the Institute grows fewer amounts of seeds compared to its capacity. The States need to be persuaded to prepare their seed plans for vegetables for three years in advance and place their seed indents well in time. The linkages with the State Horticulture Departments do not seem to be very strong. The State Horticulture Departments need to utilize the technical expertise of the Institute for increasing the area and production of vegetables in their States. There have been few demonstrations by the Institute in the field. The breeder seeds developed by the Institute are not being multiplied effectively by the States and, therefore, the production of certified seeds remains a challenge. In addition, very few farmers Schools have been opened for demonstrating good production practices for growing vegetables. It is very important to have these schools to enhance the productivity of vegetables and effective control of pests.

Public-Private-Partnership by the institute

The Institute has signed four Mous with the private partners for providing technical know-how for growing cowpea seeds. Sixteen Mous for development of hybrids are under consideration.

field ViSitS/interaction with farmerS

farmers are growing okra (VRO-6 variety) developed by IIVR, Varanasi which is giving good results. The early sowing has helped in control of pests and achieving high productivity. Similarly, Bottle-Gourd (variety Narendra Rashmi) is also giving good production.

Some farmers have started rose cultivation. However, marketing of rose remains a problem particularly during the peak harvests. The Horticulture Department needs to promote/organize farmers groups for better marketing support. VRO-10 Variety of Okra

103

VALuING VEGETABLES

In Mehdiganj village, line sowing of wheat (PBW-502 variety) has been promoted which is likely to give yield of about 4 tons per hectare. The improved sowing and crop practices are likely to result in 15-20 per cent increase in the productivity.

ProblemS of farmerSThe problem of Blue Bull is very widespread in the State and it was reported by z

a large number of farmers from different parts of the State. This has also led to discouraging farmers from sowing pulses which are mostly affected by Blue Bulls. The State Government feels that there are many restrictions in eliminating the Blue Bulls. It needs change in categorization of this animal under the Wildlife Protection Act, for which State Government was advised to send a proposal.

The farmers also complained of non-procurement of the hybrid rice under Price z

Support Scheme.

Problem of timely availability of DAP and urea before sowing was also reported by z

some farmers.

The officers of Horticulture Department could not provide complete information z

about the Seed Replacement Rate, the demonstration of the released varieties and details of seed multiplication. There is no scientific system of making correct estimate of area under different vegetables. The linkage with ATMA also appears to be weak.

The Department has not effectively utilized the institution for training of either the z

farmers or their own officers. However, the Department indicated that the KVKs do not accept funds for conducting training of farmers/officers.

The officers of Horticulture Department informed that they have not been given z

the powers to inspect the seed shops and take samples of horticultural produce whereas such powers have been given to the Agriculture Department. However, the officers of Agriculture Department can check the seeds of food-grains and cereal crops. It is suggested that the officers of Horticulture Department may also be given powers to inspect and take samples of the horticultural seeds to ensure their purity and authenticity.

KVK, KalliPur, VaranaSi

The In-charge, KVK had gone to the Agriculture university, faizabad. Therefore, I interacted with other scientists. However, the upkeep of demonstration fields in the

104


KVK is not up to the mark and it cannot inspire the farmers. The wheat crop was sown late and its health did not seem to be very good. The KVK scientists informed me that the soil quality is not very good. It is important that KVK farms develop their farms as ‘model farm’ with better soil treatment (to enhance its fertility and health) and adopting good agricultural practices to demonstrate them before the farmers. The linkages of Agriculture Department with KVK are improving but these vary from place to place.

SuggeStionS

for States

Preparation of seed plans for vegetables for three years in advance and placing seed z

indents with IIVR well in time.

Establish strong linkage with Research Institutes. The State Horticulture z

Departments need to utilize the technical expertise of the Institute for increasing the area and production of vegetables in the States.

Promotion under NHM of new variety of drumstick that is extremely nutritional with z

high protein, vitamins ‘A’ & ‘C’.

Promotion of nurseries under low-cost tunnel for tomato and chilli which is very z

effective to control widespread pests in these crops.

Multiplication of breeder seeds developed by IIVR. z

Setting up of farmers field schools for demonstrating good production practices for z

growing vegetables.

Providing marketing support to rose growing farmers. The Horticulture Department z

needs to promote farmers groups for better marketing support.

Addressing the problem of Blue Bull in uttar Pradesh. z

Addressing problem of non-procurement of the hybrid rice under Price Support z

Scheme.

Linkage with ATMA needs to be strengthened. z

Non-existence of scientific system of making correct estimate of area under different z

vegetables.

utilize training facilities provided by IIVR, Varanasi for training of either the farmers z

or their own officers.

for KVK, Varanasi

Developing KVK farm as model farm. z

105

VALuING VEGETABLES

lucKnow ViSit

I left Varanasi to visit Lucknow on the 30th of March, where I planned to visit the Central Institute of Sub-Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow. On the same day, I visited the Institute and held extensive discussions with the officers of the Institute and Department of Horticulture and Agriculture, Government of uttar Pradesh.

Services provided by the institute are quite impressive which are listed below:

Soil and leaf analysis; advisory services. z

Production and supply of genuine and quality planting materials of improved z

varieties of mango, guava, papaya, aonla, bael and other subtropical products.

Orchard establishment; improved crop production technologies of mandated fruit z

crops.

Rejuvenation of old and unproductive orchards of mango, guava and aonla. z

Technology of high density planting and management in mango and guava. z

Organic production practices including production of vermicompost, vermiwash z

and bioagents Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.

Evaluation of chemicals and pesticides; advisory services. z

Post-harvest management of sub-tropical fruits including value addition; waste z

utilization (bio-energy) and entrepreneurship development.

food safety including pesticide residue analysis; advisory. z

Market analysis, intelligence and integration. z

Capacity building (training of farmers, trainers, goshties, exhibitions, interface with z

industry, post-graduate education, project reports/consultancy etc.

Kisan call centre (Toll free No: 18001801551; 0522-2841172); scientific literature z

(some are priced).

work done/being done at the institute

The Institute is engaged in research work and development of better varieties of z

fruits such as mango, guava, aonla, papaya, bael and litchi.

It also takes up the work of scientific nursery programme, productivity enhancement z

and HRD/Consultancy to private partners.

106


The Institute has Phone-in programme for the benefit of farmers in which on every z

friday, farmers may contact the Institute for any queries related to fruit production.

The Institute is also assisting in scientific packaging of fruits, low cost ripening z

chamber, destining machine for aonla etc.

the mango crop

A new variety of mango, namely, Ambica z

has been developed which is high yielding with average yield of 80 kg per tree. It has good potential for export markets.

The Institute is still working on increasing z

the shelf life of famous Dashehari mangoes. The problem of softening of pulp around the stone in Dashehari mangoes still persists and the Institute is working on this. Similarly, the problem of dark spots in Chausa variety of mango also needs to be effectively addressed.

During the field visit, it was found that there is a large area under mango trees which z

are more than 50 years old. Their productivity has reduced drastically. The State needs to take up rejuvenation of senile trees in a big way. A successful rejuvenated orchard was also visited.

the guava crop

The Institute has developed two high yielding varieties of guava, namely, Lalit z

and Shweta. The Lalit fruit is attractive, has pink pulp and much better nutritional value. It gives 24 per cent higher yield compared to traditional variety. This is in great demand in Maharashtra. However, uP has not adopted it in a big way. Its pulp has export potential.

The Institute has introduced wedge z

grafting technique and high density plantation of guava to increase the productivity significantly.

Ambica Variety of Mango

Pink fleshed Variety of Guava

107

VALuING VEGETABLES

A variety of guava with colour of apple has also been developed. z

The Institute is promoting meadow orcharding of guava with 500 plants per hectare z

and yield of about 50 tons per hectare.

The Institute is producing increased number of planting material for guava. The total z

planting material produced by the Institute is also increasing. It produced 20.92 lakh plants in the year 2010-11.

the Jamun crop

The Institute is also developing a seedless variety of Jamun. z

SuggeStionS

for the State of uttar Pradesh

Adoption of high yielding variety of guava, namely, Lalit and Shweta. z

Exploring possibility of export of guava pulp (Lalit and Shweta varieties). z

Promotion of new variety of mango, namely, Ambica. z

Popularization of good fruit production technologies/ practices among farmers by z

Department of Horticulture in association with the Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture.

Exploring the feasibility of producing wine from different fruits and guava cider in z

uttar Pradesh – Wine Policy.

Promotion of Drip irrigation in the State for fruit crops. z

Rejuvenation of senile mango trees to be taken up in a big way. z

for ensuring supply of quality seeds of horticultural crops to farmers, the officers of z

Horticulture Department may also be given powers to inspect seed shops and take samples of the horticultural seeds, as given to officers of Agriculture Department.

for the institute

The Institute needs to produce quality planting material for mango. z

Research work to address the problem of softening of pulp of Dashehari mango and z

dark spots in Chausa variety of mango.

108

Targets and Troubleshooting*

Prologue

I visited the districts of Sant Ravidas Nagar, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Sultanpur and Barabanki from 13–16 July, 2011 to undertake field visits and review the progress of the sub-scheme BGREI and NfSM. As compared to other states, farmers of eastern uP seemed to be unaware of the components of assistance available under BGREI as also of improved package of practices. Thus interventions in methods of educating and assisting them seemed to be the need of the hour. It was with this aim in mind, I undertook my journey. 4

The region being dependant on rain, a review of recent rainfall activities was required.

There have been good rains in the month of June. However, due to very poor rainfall in July, the transplantation of paddy has been delayed in these districts. Given below is the rainfall data of these districts till 13.7.2011 along with the sowing status.

Sl. no.

name of district rainfall upto 13 July

normal actual 2011

1 Sant Ravidas Nagar 250 mm 219 mm

2 Varanasi 250 mm 225 mm

3 Jaunpur 250 mm 220 mm

4 Sultanpur 250 mm 230 mm

5 Barabanki 255 mm 230 mm

*4 Tour Report of Shri Rajendra Kumar Tiwari : Uttar Pradesh.

109

TARGETS AND TROuBLESHOOTING

Sowing StatusSl. no.

district crop Sowing Status

1 Sant Ravidas Nagar Rice Nursery – 20%Transplantation – 2%

Arhar 20% Completed2 Varanasi Rice Nursery – 60%

Transplantation – 20%3 Jaunpur Rice Nursery – 60%

Transplantation – 20%Maize Sown – 80%Arhar 20% Completedfodder Jowar Almost – 100%

4 Sultanpur Rice Nursery – 60%Transplantation – 25%

fodder Jowar 100% completed5 Barabanki Rice Nursery – 60%

Transplantation – 35%fodder Jowar 100% completed

I then proceeded to take stock of several important issues affecting yield, namely-

Soil teSting Soil testing has still not been done in large number of villages. It may be taken up z

on priority in clusters.

farmers who have got Soil Health Cards are not able to understand the test results or z

recommendations made therein. The recommendations should be made in Hindi so that farmers can understand them. for Phosphorus deficiency, recommendation of DAP has been made, which is not available in most of the districts. Recommendation must be made in respect of those fertilizers which are available in that area.

Analysis of micro-nutrients has not been done in most of the villages. z

In some places, there is a long gap of more than six months in collection of the z

samples and giving report.

Seed diStribution

In all the districts in clusters, seeds have been distributed to the farmers. They have raised nursery and transplantation is in progress. However, many farmers are not aware about the seed treatment.

110


bore wellSSeparate targets may be fixed for boring in the clusters. z

under the Government scheme, 4” boring is being done. There is a demand for 5-6” z

boring for enabling bigger submersible pumps to be used, particularly in the areas where water table is down.

electricity SuPPlyElectricity supply has reportedly improved in last two months. However, State may z

consider giving more power in those areas which have received deficient rainfall.

Some villages reported delay in replacement/repair of broken-down transformers z

resulting in delay in transplantation.

fertilizer aVailabilityurea and NPS (20 : 20 : 0 : 13) are available but DAP is not available. Zinc Sulphate z

is under supply to the farmers in the clusters. Boron is under purchase and will be supplied shortly.

The availability of urea and its distribution is less than last year. The availability z

of DAP in these districts is about 50% compared to last year. As the cooperatives are very weak in these districts, the availability of fertilizers at cooperatives is very poor.

credit

The State has launched a special drive to issue Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) to all the eligible farmers. Out of the target of 32 lakh KCCs, so far 7.94 lakh KCCs have been issued. However, special attention needs to be given in those districts where it has not yet taken off.

obSerVationS on imPlementation of bgrei in cluSterS The farmers in most of the clusters are not aware about various components z

of assistance available under this scheme, particularly the assistance for deep ploughing, seed treatment, sowing, micro-nutrients, plant protection etc. In district Sant Ravi Das Nagar, even the officers of the Agriculture Department and progressive farmers were not aware about these components.

Kisan Credit Card

111

TARGETS AND TROuBLESHOOTING

Seed has been distributed in the clusters. However, in some areas, there has been z

delay in distribution of seed. It would be useful to distribute pamphlets giving details to the farmers at the time of distribution of seed.

Weedicides and bio-fertilizers have also not been distributed in many clusters. These z

may also be made available at the time of distribution of seed.

Good Agricultural Practices such as line sowing or SRI demonstration has not been z

shown in any of the clusters visited.

In most of the fields, it is found that the z

crop health is not uniform throughout the field due to unlevelled land. Land levelling must be taken up in the clusters to get best results.

The officers of Agriculture Department z

are not aware about the targets of asset building activities such as boring, pump sets, energization of pump sets and site-specific activities such as bio-fertilizers, water conveyance etc. There is a need to link other Departments’ schemes and assign targets for the clusters in respect of these activities.

Procurement system is reported to be very weak in these areas. Adequate number z

of procurement centers must be opened and made functional in the clusters. There is a serious problem of non-procurement of hybrid paddy, resulting in the price realization by farmers much below the MSP.

use of Drum Seeder has not been found in any clusters. z

other PointSVisited KVK, Sultanpur. However, there is no demonstration of SRI or line z

sowing in the paddy farm. The overall preparation of the fields requires improvement.

District Sultanpur has taken up good z demonstration of SRI and line sowing. They have also taken up the demonstration of Drum Seeder.

There is a serious problem of Blue Bulls menace in all these districts. The z

farmers and officers, both reported that increased population of Blue Bulls is damaging vegetable and pulses crops, particularly in summer. Therefore, the

Line Sowing in Paddy

112


farmers are discouraged to take up these crops. This problem needs studied solutions.

Blue Bull (Nilgai)

SuggeStionS

The following steps may be taken to improve paddy transplantation in view of the 1. deficient rains:

Water supply may be ensured in the areas covered by canals where farmers may i. go for transplantation;

Energization of pump sets may be taken up on priority in the clusters;ii.

Supply of electricity may be ensured for at least 10 hours in these areas.iii.

SRI may be encouraged among farmers to reduce the water requirement.iv.

The Blue Bull problem needs to be looked into, especially in the light of the Indian 2. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, for appropriate solutions.

113

Kharif in Jammu & Kashmir*

Prologue

I visited Srinagar and nearby areas in Jammu & Kashmir during 9-10th June, 2010. I started my tour by making field visits to find out the impact of NHM & RKVY on the ground. I also held meetings with Chief Agriculture Officers of the districts in Srinagar Division along with Director (Horticulture) and Director (Agriculture), to review Kharif preparedness.

loSS of Paddy area

In the review meeting held on 10th June, 2010, Director (Agriculture] and Director (Horticulture) of the Kashmir Division and the Chief Agriculture Officers of the Districts in Kashmir Division apprised me about the damage caused by hail storm and excessive rains during April and May, 2010. While the entire Kashmir valley was affected by less than average snowfall and rains during the winter months, excessive rainfall in spring caused extensive damage to fruit and vegetable crops. While there is apprehension of water stress for Kharif rice which is mainly dependant on irrigation, excessive unseasonal rains damaged the nurseries thereby affecting paddy transplantation.

Since, seedlings have been affected by excessive rains, the Agriculture Department is organizing transportation of seedlings from wherever they are in surplus to the deficit areas. Still, it is expected that out of 1.60 lakh ha of paddy growing areas, about 50,000 ha will not be cultivated. Alternative crops like moong, beans, sunflower and fodder crops are being planned in those lands where transplantation of paddy might not take place.5

No shortage of fertilizers and seeds was reported except for DAP. I was told that two rakes of DAP would be required to take care of Kharif requirements. Director (Agriculture) and Director (Horticulture) were asked to make an assessment of the

* Tour Report of Shri V. Venkatachalam : Jammu & Kashmir.

114


damage caused by excessive rains and hailstorm and send a report for assistance under Natural Calamity Contingency fund (NCCf).

I asked Director (Agriculture) to get the contingency plan prepared for cultivation of alternative crops in those areas where paddy transplantation would not be carried out. Agriculture Department is trying to tie-up seed arrangement for all alternate crops through different national/state seed corporations. They were asked to make an assessment and project their demand, if required, to the Ministry. The Chief Agriculture Officers of Jammu Division were not present in the meeting due to their pre-occupation with the regional conference organized by ICAR in Jammu. I was told that the districts in Jammu division are mostly rainfed. Paddy transplantation in the Jammu Division will start within a week. Because of extreme dry conditions in the Jammu Areas, Rabi wheat and maize crop have suffered extensive damage.

field ViSitS within the Valley

During 9th June and 10th June, 2010, I made field visits in Srinagar, Ganderbal and Baramulla districts alongwith Director (Horticulture) and officers of Agriculture Department.

under RKVY, many farmers were assisted for developing apple orchards and vineyards. I visited the orchards of six beneficiaries at Ahmadnagar in district Srinagar. These beneficiaries have been given assistance under NHM for developing an orchard in an area of five hectares. They got an assistance of Rs. 1.1 lakh for developing apple orchard. An equal amount of contribution was made by the beneficiaries. I found the orchard in good condition.

Paddy Transplantation in Progress

Apple

115

KHARIf IN JAMMu & KASHMIR

There were irrigation facilities available in the orchard. About 117 farmers in Ganderbal district have been benefitted under National Horticulture Mission and another 115 farmers have been benefited under RKVY for canopy management for developing vineyards. The farmers in Raipura in Ganderbal district who benefited under bower system of training in canopy management were quite satisfied with the assistance they got for managing their orchards. Earlier, the orchards used to suffer damage due to snow fall in winter but now with the bower system of training, the canopy of the orchards have been strengthened with iron poles and barbed wire. Because of better management of canopy, damage to the crop has been reduced thereby leading to higher productivity.

I also visited a 10 ha land at Lalpura in sub-division Patan in district Baramulla, which was taken up for cultivation of wheat under paddy-wheat rotation. The wheat crop was not in good condition because of dry weather during winter and excessive rains in April and May, 2010. However, if the experiment is found successful, it could be replicated in other areas as farmers could be motivated by giving assistance to take up wheat crop during the Rabi season after Kharif paddy. I also visited one water harvesting tank made of concrete. The tank was constructed on a farmer’s field under RKVY. An assistance of Rs. 85000 was given to the farmer, for construction of the tank. The farmer also contributed in terms of making the field channels for taking the rain water to the water harvesting tank. I was told that 24 such tanks were constructed in Baramulla district under RKVY. These tanks have a capacity of 75,000 litres. The water could be used for three supplementary irrigations for about 1 ha of land during the dry months.

I visited a vermi-compost pit constructed under RKVY at Batapora in district Baramulla. The farmer was given Rs. 30,000 as assistance under RKVY to develop the vermi-compost pit consisting of 5 chambers. The farmer had contributed Rs. 45000 for the construction of the pit. The compost produced in the pit will be enough for the one hectare of land because the farmer could produce compost in three cycles in the pit with cow dung and agricultural wastes. RKVY funds were used for creating 18 vermi-compost pits in Baramulla district.

In village Khochipur in Baramulla district, I talked to a mushroom grower who was given an assistance of Rs. 25000 for mushroom cultivation under RKVY. The farmer had made use of the first floor in his house for mushroom cultivation.

He is able to take two crops in a year, one in spring and another in autumn. He has earned Rs.1,25,000 during one year through sale of mushrooms cultivated in his own house by making use of assistance given to him under RKVY. He had brought 200 trays and 150 buckets for mushroom cultivation. He is also making use of the terrace of his

116


house for vegetable cultivation. He has earned Rs. 15,000 through sale of vegetables cultivated on the terrace of his house. He has also grown pear tree on the terrace of his house. He has been a progressive farmer who has earned good income by doing mushroom cultivation and vegetable cultivation in his own house without having any land.

SuggeStionS

I noticed that under RKVY and National Horticulture Mission (NHM), many experiments have been carried out in the Kashmir valley for encouraging farmers to take up additional crops by creation of irrigation facilities and also for increasing their income through such activities like mushroom cultivation, bee keeping and canopy management. Because of dry weather in the unirrigated areas of the Kashmir valley after the monsoon period, farmers could not take the second crop. If water harvesting structures such as field ponds are constructed under flagship schemes, the water thus collected can be used for irrigating the field during the dry months and farmers could benefit by taking an additional crop in unirrigated areas, thereby increasing the productivity of the lands. Because of favourable climate, beekeeping, mushroom cultivation and cultivation of other horticulture crops could be encouraged under RKVY and National Horticulture Mission to increase the livelihood security of the farmers.

117

Punjabi Enterprise*

Prologue

It was pre-monsoon, when I visited Punjab on 25th June, 2010; a period of the year when the problem of depleting ground-water levels hits hard. This was to be one of the chief areas of concern in my interaction with senior officials pertaining to Agriculture in all twenty districts of Punjab. I also undertook field visits in the district of SAS Nagar on 26th June, 2010.

In the SLSC meeting of RKVY chaired by Chief Secretary, Punjab, the status of implementation of projects approved under RKVY during 2009–10 was discussed. 36 proposals relating to agriculture, soil & water conservation, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairy development, fisheries and agricultural research were considered and approved for the year 2010–11. The allocation for 2010–11 for Punjab is Rs. 179.12 crores. Projects for an amount of Rs. 191.94 crores were discussed and approved by the Committee.6

no ShortageS of inPutS

In the review meeting held with Principal Secretary (Agriculture), Director (Agriculture), Director (Horticulture) and District Agriculture Officers in the afternoon of 25.6.2010, the position regarding availability of fertilizers, seeds and the status of sowing of various crops was reviewed. As regards, the availability of fertilizers, even though, the position regarding urea, DAP and MOP was stated to be satisfactory, some apprehension was expressed by the District Agriculture Officers regarding timely availability of DAP during the next one month when the entire sowing will be completed. However, no acute shortage of DAP was reported from any of the districts. As regards availability of seeds, no shortage was reported.

*6 Tour Report of Shri V. Venkatachalam : Punjab.

118


reduction of Paddy area to reduce dePletion of groundwater

Out of the net sown area of 41.74 lakh hectares, paddy is cultivated in 28 lakh hectare area. However, during the current Kharif season, a conscious effort is being made to reduce the area of paddy by 1 lakh ha and increase the area of cotton, maize and sugarcane by 1 lakh hectare in order to reduce the dependence on groundwater which is getting depleted very fast. Last year, the groundwater level in the State went down by almost 1 foot. In order to avoid over-exploitation of groundwater, the State is strictly implementing the Act for not allowing any transplantation of paddy before 10th June, 2010. By 25th June, 2010, almost 50% of the paddy transplantation has been completed. I was told that by the first week of July, the entire paddy transplantation in Punjab will be completed except for Basmati rice for which the transplantation will take place during the month of July.

Cotton has been sown in 5.5 lakh hectares of land as against the target of 5.3 lakh hectares. Out of 1.7 lakh hectares under maize cultivation, 1.05 lakh hectares has already been sown. There has been emphasis on increasing area under summer moong during the current Kharif season. Against an area of 10,000 hectare brought under summer moong cultivation last year, about 40,500 hectares of land has been brought under summer moong during the current Kharif season. Sugarcane area has also gone up by 30,000 hectares this year.

iSSueS raiSed

During the interaction with District Agriculture Officers, it was reported that the availability of power in some districts is rather limited. Director, Agriculture pointed out that the State, as a whole, would require an additional allocation of 200 megawatt during the current sowing season for which the State Government would make a request to the Centre.

As regards cultivation of hybrid rice, the farmers of Punjab took up cultivation of a particular variety named PAu-201 in the last few years. But food Corporation of India (fCI) is not procuring this variety of paddy from the farmers because of which there has been lack of interest in raising this variety of paddy in Punjab.

field ViSitS

On 26th June, 2010, I made field visits in the district of SAS Nagar. I visited the agriculture cooperative society at Jhingerkalan in District SAS Nagar. This cooperative society has 617 members out of whom 430 members had availed agricultural loans and the recovery

119

PuNJABI ENTERPRISE

was reported to be almost 100%! I could find DAP stock of 97 bags in the premises of the agriculture society. The agriculture cooperative society caters to about 1600 acres of land and it has an annual turnover of Rs. 2.8 crore. All required inputs are stocked in the society building. I interacted with the farmers in the village. They were quite satisfied with the functioning of the society and the availability of inputs.

PunJabi enterPriSe

I also visited the agricultural machinery service centre being run by a group of farmers at Niholka, in District SAS Nagar, and witnessed the spirit of Punjabi enterprise first hand. A group of six farmers have pooled their resources and bought various agricultural implements such as seed drill, laser land leveler, rotavators, tractors etc. by availing subsidies under the Central scheme. The service centre is being operated on custom hiring basis. The farmers who are running the service centre are earning good income by renting out agricultural machines thereby providing service to the farmers who could not afford purchase of such machines. In Punjab, such service centres are being promoted in view of the labour shortage being faced by the farmers.

Next on the agenda was a visit to a modern dairy farm in village Barowli in district SAS Nagar. This dairy farm is being run by a progressive farmer who has invested Rs. 58 lakhs for setting up the dairy farm. The dairy farm has 125 cows/buffaloes. The farmer has availed subsidy of Rs. 1.5 lakh for putting up the animal shed. He has also purchased milking machines by availing subsidy of Rs. 25000 per machine.

All animals have been insured and 75% of the insurance cost is subsidized under the scheme. Each animal has been implanted with a micro chip containing all information about the animal which can be tracked through the computer. The farmer also has created silage pits for storing the feed for the animals. I was told that 3 months stock of feed could be stored in the silage by covering it with sand and polythene. Instead of buying feed at frequent intervals, storage of the feed in the silage has helped the farmer to

reduce the feed cost considerably. The farmer is earning an income of almost Rs. 70,000 per month through sale of milk. I also visited a farmer’s field where direct seeding of paddy has been done. The direct seeding on the farmer’s land (2 ha) has been promoted as a demonstration plot under the ATMA scheme. The seeds were sown 10 days ago. There was sufficient moisture in the land and the seedlings appeared to be in good condition. I was told that during the current Kharif season, direct seeding of paddy crop is being promoted in about 10,000 hectares of land in Punjab.

Improved Cow Breed

120

Multiple Benefits from Polyhouses*

Prologue

There was a nip in the air as I landed in Shimla on the 2nd of December for the SLSC meeting of RKVY chaired by the Chief Secretary of Himachal Pradesh. I also took this opportunity to visit several villages in Himachal Pradesh to see the impact of implementation of RKVY, and other schemes of the centre and the State.7

Out of the total allocation of Rs. 94.80 crores for Himachal Pradesh for the year 2010–11, Projects costing Rs. 37.17 crores have already been approved by SLSC in the Meeting held on 24th April, 2010 under Stream-I of RKVY. The State Government has also approved on their own, projects costing Rs. 22.48 crores under the Stream-II of RKVY on 6th August, 2010. Rs.19.28 crore is earmarked for the ongoing Schemes of RKVY during the current year. The Projects for the remaining allocation under RKVY were taken up in the meeting on 2nd December, 2010. These projects mainly relate to promotion of SRI in the wheat and paddy growing districts of Himachal Pradesh for improving productivity, rejuvenation of old & senile apple orchards in the apple growing districts of Shimla, Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Chamba and Sirmour and projects relating to animal husbandry, water conservation and minor irrigation.

One project relating to establishment of fruits and vegetables market at Karala in District Shimla was also approved. The new fruits and vegetables market would be established by the Himachal Pradesh Agricultural Marketing Board with all facilities like auction halls, trading and packaging facilities, loading and unloading areas, internal roads, agri-input centres, parking area, administrative building, banks, electricity and other basic facilities. This will help the apple and other vegetable and fruit growers in Himachal Pradesh to get better price for their produce. One project relating to production of quality maize seeds (single crop maize hybrid seed) to be implemented by CSK Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur was also approved.

* 7Tour Report of Shri V. Venkatachalam : Himachal Pradesh.

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MuLTIPLE BENEfITS fROM POLYHOuSES

women’S Self helP grouP, Village maShobra

After lunch, I drove out to Mashobra, some ten kilometres east of Chhota Shimla, passing Sanjauli. Mashobra is beautiful, comparatively unspoilt with old evergreen apple orchards and British era bungalows. I had an interesting interaction with a women’s self help group at the village. The leader of the women’s self help group, Smt. Jhakia Devi and all the other members of the group told me that the Horticulture Department have provided them assistance for setting up poly houses in their village. They are cultivating vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, peas etc. round the year and are getting income by selling the produce in the Shimla market. After formation of the self help group, they have been successful in getting crop loans and loans for consumption purposes also from the Banks. They have also applied for seed money for their group from the Agriculture Department under RKVY.

Village Patina & horticulture deVeloPment

I also visited village Patina in Mashobra Block, District Shimla. I met with the farmers of the village who have set up poly houses, water storage tanks, sprinklers and drip-irrigation systems and vermi-compost pits under RKVY and State Government’s Scheme, Pandit Deen Dayal Kisan Bagwani Samriti Yojana.

I visited the fields of Shri Jagdish Chand Thakur, a progressive farmer in the village who has set up a 560 square meter poly house at a cost of Rs. 5.00 lakh. He had availed a subsidy of Rs. 1.67 lakh under the RKVY. for the past two years, he is growing carnation flowers and earning an income of Rs. 2.00 lakh annually. I was told that there is no provision for assistance for planting material under National Horticulture Mission.

Shri Jagdish Chand Thakur has invested Rs. 1.22 lakh on planting material alone. He

got the planting material of carnation flowers from a private firm in Pune, Maharashtra.

Many farmers in the village have installed poly houses by getting assistance under the State Scheme wherein 80% subsidy is given for poly houses and for drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. 12 progressive farmers in the village have come together and formed a cooperative society called MahaKali flower and Vegetable Growers’ Cooperative Society Ltd. The Society has earned Rs. 53 lakhs in the last two years through sale of

Carnation flower

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carnation flowers in the Delhi market. The Society has also earned income through sale of vegetables and fruits. The secretary of the Society, Shri Ram Gopal Thakur is managing the entire operation of taking the products to Delhi market and getting them sold through commission agents. The Society’s expenses are taken care of by charging 2% service charges out of the total sale proceeds. 10% of sale amount is paid to the commission agent in Delhi. The remaining amount is shared by the members of the society. The business model of the Society has helped in enhancing the income of the farmers.

Village mantar

On 3rd December, 2010, on my way back to Chandigarh, I visited village Mantar in Solan district where a number of farmers have established poly houses for cultivation of off-season vegetables such as tomato, capsicum, peas, etc. by availing subsidy from the State Scheme. They have also constructed underground water tanks. Water is lifted from the nearby stream through pipes to the water tanks. These tanks have been created with assistance from National Watershed Development Programme and the water storage tanks are used for providing life-saving irrigation to the vegetable and other crops.

Apart from the water storage tanks established by individual farmers, a community water storage tank with higher-capacity has also been constructed with the funds from Watershed Development Project. I also interacted with the women’s self help group in the village. The women’s self help group is producing various kinds of handicraft items out of the waste materials and earning income through sale of such products. The group has received Rs. 11000 as seed money under RKVY. Many of the members have visited Palampur on exposure visits organized by the Agriculture Dept.

Village falaK

I also visited village falak in Solan district where 10 poly houses have been constructed by farmers by availing 80% subsidy under the State Scheme Pandit Deen Dayal Kisan

Polyhouse

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MuLTIPLE BENEfITS fROM POLYHOuSES

Bagwani Samriti Yojana. They have installed drip irrigation systems also in their fields for growing off-season vegetables. The farmers are earning good income even though their holdings are small.

SuggeStionS

Through convergence of various schemes such as RKVY, Pandit Deen Dayal Kisan Bagwani Samriti Yojana, National Watershed Management Project, Technology Mission on Horticulture, etc., farmers in Himachal Pradesh have increased their incomes manifold by establishment of poly houses, drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, water storage tanks, vermi-compost pits, etc. for production of vegetables and other crops thereby slowly transforming the economy of the area. Despite small holdings, the farmers in the area can raise their standards of living by installing poly houses and drip irrigation systems.

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Public Private Partnerships*

Prologue

I journeyed to Rajasthan in peak tourist season, and the lake city of udaipur was looking especially festive. However my busy schedule afforded me no time to enjoy its delights. I attended the valedictory session of the National Conference on KVKs organized by ICAR at Agricultural university campus on 24th December, 2010. On 25th December, 2010, I visited two maize clusters, one in village Bekharia, Kotra Block, udaipur and another at village Giyara, District Sirohi. I had an interesting interaction with the villagers of both the villages regarding the implementation of the project called “Golden Rays”.

imPlementation of golden rayS

The project is being implemented in 5 districts in southern Rajasthan namely udaipur, Bhanswara, Dungurpur, Pratapgarh and Sirohi. It is a public private partnership project in which a hybrid maize variety called “Prabhal” procured from M/s. Monsanto was distributed free of cost by Rajasthan Government to 7 lakh tribal farmers in the 5 districts to enhance the income of these families by achieving higher productivity in maize cultivation. On the whole, 25000 quintals of hybrid maize supplied by M/s. Monsanto was distributed. The cost of seed was borne by Rajasthan Government. The multinational company provided necessary extension support by deploying agronomists in the project area to educate farmers regarding the farm practices to be adopted, application of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides etc.8

The project was undertaken in a campaign mode. One month before sowing season i.e. during the month of July, the extension functionaries of agricultural department and the extension staff of the company were fully engaged in educating the farmers about the sowing practices and application of inputs for getting the best results out of the cultivation of hybrid maize. An extensive publicity campaign was also undertaken

*8 Tour Report of Shri V. Venkatachalam : Rajasthan .

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PuBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

through the local newspapers for popularizing the hybrid maize and for educating the farmers regarding the farm practices to be adopted. Each villager was given a packet of 5 kg of maize seed which was sufficient to cultivate 1 bigha of land i.e. 0.2 ha. In addition to the seeds, the BPL families among the tribal population in the 5 districts of the project area were also given 25 kg of urea and 15 kg of DAP free of cost. Throughout the period from sowing to the harvesting of the crop, the agronomists of the multi-national company visited the villages in these districts to keep a watch on the growth of the crop. The crop was harvested in the month of October. The crop-cutting experiments conducted in the fields of farmers have shown that there was substantial increase in the productivity of maize in the project area. The average productivity of the hybrid maize was 28 quintals per ha as compared to 10-12 quintals per ha from the local variety.

In village Bekharia, 650 villagers were given free seeds and 350 farmers were given free fertilizers. The villagers told me that the productivity of maize increased by about 50% compared to the local variety of maize and the quality of maize is also better than the local variety which they have been traditionally cultivating. In village Gyara, 285 farmers were given free maize seeds and they got 6 to 8 quintals of maize in 0.2 ha of land whereas the local variety could get them only 3 to 4 quintals. Since the majority of the farmers are small and marginal in these 5 districts, they did not sell their produce in the market. They are keeping the produce for their own consumption. The crop had already been harvested in October.

I could not, therefore, see the standing crop in the field, as the farmers have sown wheat in the harvested fields. But the villagers showed me the cobs of hybrid maize which they have harvested and kept in their homes.

The grains are of much better quality compared to the local varieties. When they were asked whether they would go for the cultivation of the hybrid maize even after the Government support is withdrawn, all farmers asked for the Government support to be continued. Since all

these farmers are resource poor, they could not produce any marketable surplus. unless free seeds and fertilizers are provided to them they may not be in a position to buy the hybrid maize seed which costs Rs. 98 per kg. The government spent about Rs. 35 crores for procurement of seeds and fertilizers for free distribution to the farmers.

SuggeStionS

All farmers using the hybrid maize seeds supplied by Monsanto more than doubled their production; however it was too early to surmise that poor farmers would be able to switch to cultivation of this maize without government support.

Hybrid Maize

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Dry Land Agriculture*

Prologue

I visited CRIDA and KVK, Santosh Nagar, Hyderabad on 3rd february, 2011 for discussions with Director, CRIDA and other faculty members/scientists of the Institute. The focus was to deal with paucity of water for irrigation. A presentation was made on Dry Land Agriculture, some of the agricultural implements designed by CRIDA for dry land farming and farm practices developed for rain fed areas to increase productivity of dry land crops through water harvesting and in-situ moisture conservation. The Institute has also developed some high yield drought resistant varieties of dry land crops.

Some of the farm implements designed by the Institute, crop varieties developed, and farm practices being promoted by them are as follows:9

CRIDA has designed a six row planter for sowing Maize, Sorghum, Greengram, Redgram, Castor, Groundnut etc., which can save 30% fertilizers and seeds compared to the conventional bullock-drawn country plough which farmers in the South Zone normally use. This tractor mounted planter costing Rs. 50,000 has been demonstrated to achieve a germination rate of 85% to 90% and yield increase of 10–15%.

The Institute has also designed an eight row tractor drawn Ananta groundnut planter which apart from planting groundnut seeds, makes intercropping of Redgram and Castor possible on dry land thereby increasing farm income. The cost of the implement is about Rs. 50,000.

The Institute has developed a high yield drought tolerant late sowing Horse gram variety called CRIDA 18-R suitable for the dry lands of South Zone. CRIDA is promoting 250 cubic meter capacity farm ponds with soil and cement lining supplemented by oil

*9 Tour Report of Shri V. Venkatachalam : Andhra Pradesh.

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DRY LAND AGRICuLTuRE

engine and Sprinkler set costing about Rs. 50,000 for supplementary irrigation in rain fed areas which has the potential to increase yield of crops by 25%.

for the northern dry zone of Karnataka consisting of 7 districts namely Bijapur, Koppal, Bellary, Dharwad, Belgaum, Raichur and Devanagere, CRIDA is promoting compartment bunds in the fields of farmers to conserve moisture during rains for cultivation of rabi sorghum, sunflower, safflower & chickpea. This increases yield by 40% to 50%. During the rainy season, the water which gets collected and drains through small streams can be diverted to defunct bore wells in these areas to increase ground water recharge.

for the cotton crop of Vidharba, CRIDA is promoting the farm practice of opening of furrows after every two rows in the fields with bullock-drawn hoe tied with coir string 30 days after sowing for in-situ moisture conservation which would give yield increase upto 14%. In the dry zone of Maharashtra for cultivation of rabi sorghum, ridges & furrows with Baliram wooden plough in the fields would conserve 45% more moisture.

for the Malwa region of MP, CRIDA is promoting application of sulphur for increase in the yield of soya crop along with ridge and furrow system with some modification of desi ploughs in place of sowing on flat land.

This would reduce seed rate by 25% while increasing yield upto 400 kg/ha. farm ponds of size 3500 cubic meter in the Malwa region can cater to water requirement for a catchment of 10 ha for kharif crops and Wheat and Chickpea in rabi.

A drought tolerant rice variety has been developed by CRIDA which can yield 4 quintal additional production per ha for the North-East ghat zone of Orissa consisting of districts Kandamal, Gajapati, Ganjam and Rayagada. Maize/Pigeon pea inter cropping can give better yield in this zone.

SuggeStionS

for the South Rajasthan area, Maize with Blackgram/ Greengram inter cropping has z

been suggested to increase productivity.

Ridge planting of Pearl Millet in the Agra Region of uttar Pradesh has been z

demonstrated for better yield.

Ridge and furrow planting of Pigeon pea in the Vidyanachal area of uP has shown z

better yield in that area.

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contingency PlanS

CRIDA has been given the task of getting district-wise contingency plans prepared for the entire country to deal with situations arising out of the drought, floods and other natural calamities. District-wise contingency plans are being prepared by the agricultural universities having jurisdiction over the districts concerned and vetted by Zonal Research Centres of ICAR and sent to CRIDA for final vetting. After holding orientation workshops in all the zones, the process for preparation of contingency plans was initiated last year. CRIDA has so far finalized contingency plans for 81 districts and sent the same to Ministry of Agriculture. By March 2011, contingency plans for 150 districts are likely to be finalized.

Since the contingency plans are vetted twice by the Zonal Research Centres of ICAR and then finally CRIDA, it is taking time to finalize them. Director, CRIDA advised that these contingency plans may be sent to the concerned State Governments and comments of State Departments of Agriculture may be obtained to verify the feasibility of implementing these plans and for carrying out necessary corrections if required on the basis of comments from State Governments.

As the agricultural universities are taking a longer time than expected to prepare these contingency plans, the Vice Chancellors of these universities who are coming to Delhi in february, 2011 to attend the Conference of Vice Chancellors being organized by ICAR may be advised to expedite preparation of these plans so that contingency plans for all the districts could be finalized at least by September, 2011.

KriShi Vigyan Kendra, SantoSh nagar

I also visited the KVK, Santosh Nagar in Hyderabad. Here I interacted with the subject matter specialists at the KVK which has a demonstration farm for training of farmers in the various technologies and the farm implements used for dry land agriculture. Short Training programmes for farmers for livestock management, fisheries, poultry and other livelihood activities are being conducted by the KVK, Santosh Nagar.

Local Breed of Hen

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DRY LAND AGRICuLTuRE

The KVK has a well established farm Machinery unit in which the farm implements designed by CRIDA have been kept for live demonstration to the farmers. Training programme for farmers for duration of 3 days to 7 days are being organized round the year in the KVK on water management, women’s empowerment, soil health management, livestock management, horticulture and employment generation activities. Scientific Advisory Committee Meetings are held every six months before the kharif and rabi season in which KVK scientists interact with district level agricultural officers, Director (Extension) of agricultural universities, NGOs, KVIC, progressive farmers and line departments.

An action plan is prepared for the next one year (Rabi & Kharif season) for assessment, refinement and dissemination of technologies. The KVK has also developed a watershed management model in the farm consisting of a catchment area of 12 ha for demonstrating to the farmers about the various soil and water conservation measures to improve soil health and productivity. The watershed model has also a farm pond developed by the Institute which has silt trap to filter water and a storage structure with polythene lining to store about 600 cubic meter of water. Gabion structures with stone boulders have been created on the water channels to arrest surface run off and channelize water to the farm pond.

national agricultural innoVation ProJect (naiP)

I also had the occasion to visit the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) being implemented by CRIDA in Mahbubnagar District. I visited three villages of Zamistapur cluster where this project is being implemented. The project is implemented by CRIDA on consortium model for generating sustainable livelihoods in rain-fed areas through promotion of enhanced farming systems to improve productivity of rain-fed crops, livestock and horticultural crops. The consortium includes various organizations such as ICRISAT, Agricultural university, NGOs and seed companies. Each one of these consortium partners contribute in creating efficient support systems for providing livelihood security to the rural population in the rain-fed areas. High yielding varieties of groundnut, castor and other rain fed crops are being promoted to improve productivity. Livestock rearing and fodder cultivation are also promoted. The project is being implemented under the overall supervision of BAIf, a Pune based NGO partner.

SRI Cultivation of Paddy

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waterShed ProJect, telugugoodam

BAIf is implementing a water-shed project in village Telugugoodam in the Zamistapur cluster, with a catchment area of 120 ha. Two ridge points have been identified. forestry activities have been developed in the ridge areas. In the middle portion, horticulture crops have been planted and in the valley area agricultural crops are being promoted. Continuous contour bunding in the ridge areas followed by loose boulder structures along the natural stream at 10 meter intervals have been created to prevent run-off and conserve water. farm ponds have been created by constructing check-dams. fodder crops have been sown on the bunds to stabilize the check-dams and also for grazing purposes. Livestock, being an important component of rain-fed farming system, the NGO is providing calves and sheep to farmers on loan basis at 4% interest rate. After six to eight months of rearing, cows & sheep could be sold at a much higher price thereby providing them the much needed income security. A corpus fund has been created with the Village Advisory Committee to give loans to farmers at subsidized rate of interest for livestock rearing.

Village reSource centre, zamiStaPur

The NGO has also established a Village Resource Centre in the Zamistapur cluster. Various farm implements have been kept in the Village Resource Centre for providing custom hiring facilities to the farmers of the area by collecting rental charges. The Village Resource Centre is also disseminating farm based messages to the farmers through SMS on their mobile phones. farmers are also getting messages through SMS on market arrivals and prices of rain fed crops in the Mahboobnagar market through this Centre.

SuggeStionS

The Hyderabad based Institute has done path-breaking, praiseworthy work on tackling drought like conditions in rain fed regions. Efforts should be made to promote the technologies, farm practices and farm implements developed by them on a country wide basis.

131

Grape Research & Plant Protection*

Prologue

I undertook a tour to Pune and Mumbai from April 13–15 to visit NRC for Grapes, Pune. Though this was my primary aim, I also took the opportunity to visit the Regional PQ Centre, Mumbai, and attend SLSC at Mumbai.10

nrc for graPeS

Established in 1997 and spread over an area of over 46 hectares, NRC is now a full-fledged, fully equipped research centre for grapes, providing a range of useful services to the grape growers and industry. It is a repository for germplasm and as on date maintains on field 22 rootstocks, 110 indigenous and 291 exotic varieties. for R&D, it has an array of well equipped laboratories viz. Bio-Tech, Soil Sciences, Plant Physiology, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Agricultural Chemistry, Post Harvest Technology. It is also the National

*10 Tour Report of Shri Anup K. Thakur : Pune & Mumbai, Maharashtra.

NRC (Grapes) Building

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Referral Lab for the national programme on Pesticide Residue Monitoring, a facility funded by APEDA and set up in response to the problem of pesticide residues adversely impacting exports of table grapes to the Eu countries.

NRC campus houses the Grape Growers Association and reportedly the interaction between the growers and scientists is frequent and useful. Extension services are provided through field visits, training programs, participation in fairs, seminars, workshops etc., and quarterly bulletins.

Despite 14th being a holiday, Director and senior scientists were present and enthusiastically enabled a visit to all the laboratories explaining the various research programmes being undertaken by them and to the NRC fields explaining how NRC was conducting experiments to improve grape varieties.

Of particular interest was the effort being put into weather forecasting and advisories to the farmers. Essentially, a weekly forecasting model based on daily temperatures and humidities obtained from a satellite has been largely validated on the ground at 12 locations. This would enable timely advisories to the farmers and has the potential to prevent major damages due to pests and diseases. NRC proposes to expand the number of locations in the belief that this could be a very promising method to prevent the kind of damage (e.g. Downy mildew), that took place last year.

Downy Mildew of Grapes

Improved Variety of Grape

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GRAPE RESEARCH & PLANT PROTECTION

They were advised to prepare a project for this and pose it for funding either under RKVY or NHM. If this method is successful, it can be considered for country wide adoption, not only for grapes but for all agriculture.

NRC is also paying research attention to the wine growing industry and has recently imported a wine analyser. Grapes suitable for wine are being hybridised on their farms.

Very useful contribution is being made by NRC in its capacity as the Referral Lab for the national Pesticide Residues Monitoring Programme. Last year, exports to Eu almost halved thanks to detection of a chemical that was not even being monitored in India. The hard lesson learnt was that in the new world trade order, it is imperative to keep track of all the phyto sanitary requirements – commodity wise and country wise. NRC is now assisting the national effort for grapes by monitoring some 171 odd chemical residues along with 8 more APEDA accredited labs.

regional Plant Quarantine centre, mumbai

I visited the RPQS on April 15th, interacted with Deputy Director, Dr. Satyanarayana and other officials to understand first hand their functioning and their present status.

RPQS is housed in its own building and has more than ample accommodation for its various laboratories viz.

Pesticides Residue Lab. z

Weed Science Lab. z

Entomology Lab. z

Plant Pathology Lab. z

These labs are fairly well equipped. They have useful posters illustrating the problem the lab is meant to address and providing useful information. The Pesticide Residues Lab. has GC and MS machines and is NABL accredited. It is participating in the Residue Monitoring Programme.

Reference imports, the chief responsibility of the PQS is to prevent entry of unwanted pests and pathogens. for carrying out this function, PQIOS has to depend upon the Customs authorities to notify it of any incoming cargo of relevant imports. A link between the Customs Electronic Data System and PQIS is necessary and is being pursued.

Main imports in so far as PQ function is concerned are Timber, Pulses, fruits and Vegetable seeds. upon notification by the Customs authorities, PQ inspectors examine

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the consignment on site. Samples are drawn, following due procedure, and tested at PQS. SOPs are in place.

PQS at Sahara International Airport has commenced functioning but is yet to be provided with essential infrastructure such as computers. This will have to be pursued.

meeting of SlSc, rKVy

The main item of business was to consider proposals under the 6 new initiatives. Presentations on each were made and all the proposals approved by the SLSC. These will now be sent to GOI-DAC for final approval. All the proposals were made within the amounts indicated by DAC. What is now required is that DAC release the first instalment promptly in order that work on the ground can commence in right earnest before kharif season. The proposals and the amounts are listed below:

AfDP : Rs. 30.00 crore1.

Oil Palm : Rs. 00.96 crore2.

RADP : Rs. 35.00 crore3.

Vegetable Initiative : Rs. 17.00 crore4.

60000 Pulses Villages : Rs. 50.96 crore5.

Promotion of Nutri-Cereals : Rs. 91.48 crore6.

The resource position of Maharashtra came in for discussion. It was pointed out that their allocations for both 2010–11 and 2011–12 were tentative since final figures of state plan expenditure, including expenditure on agriculture and allied sectors had as yet to be furnished to the Planning Commission. This needs to be done quickly.

SuggeStionSNRC for Grapes may prepare a project proposal for expanding the locations covered z

under the weather forecasting and advisories to the farmers, for funding either under RKVY or NHM.

The PQS at Sahara International Airport may be provided with essential z

infrastructure such as computers for its effective functioning.

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Kharif Preparedness*

Prologue

I visited Bihar from 26th to 29th June, 2011 to review the progress of agricultural operations during the Kharif season. I toured Begusarai, Khagaria, and Bhagalpur districts on 27.06.2011. Next day, I visited Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhagalpur and covered Katihar and Madhepura districts. On way to Madhepura, crops along roadside in parts of Purnea district were also seen. I returned to Patna from Madhepura on 29.06.2011 crossing Saharsa district and met the Agriculture Production Commissioner (APC), Secretary (Agriculture) and Director (Agriculture) at Patna before returning to New Delhi. Dr. M.C. Diwakar, Director, Directorate of Rice Development, Patna accompanied me.11

diStribution of inPutS

Distribution of inputs has been well organized with seeds and cash component (for demonstrations) having been distributed in time and without complaints. Agricultural implements with subsidy are being distributed through melas. farmers I met expressed satisfaction on distribution of inputs in time. No problem regarding fertilizers was observed.

manPower

Bihar is among few States which have acted decisively to address the manpower requirement in agricultural sector. The State Government has appointed 2449 Subject

*11 Tour Report of Shri Pankaj Kumar : Bihar.

Paddy fields

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Matter Specialists (graduates in agriculture with science) and 7143 Kisan Salahkars (class 12th pass). This army of 9592 persons has proved effective in organizing demonstrations in farmers’ fields. They have also played a very useful role in organizing melas for distribution of subsidized inputs.

coordination with reSearch SyStem

College of Agriculture, Sabaur has been converted to Bihar Agricultural university. There is a proposal for conversion for Rajendra Agricultural university, Pusa (Samastipur district) to Central university. Coordination between the SAus and State Agriculture Department has improved and the SAus/KVKs are helping the agriculture sector in stepping up production of seed as well as planting material. SAus are also imparting training to officials of agriculture and horticulture departments, including Kisan Salahkars.

green manuring

The State Government has also promoted green manuring with dhaincha in a big way. In several fields dark green canopy of dhaincha was visible. This should moderate growth of demand of nitrogenous fertilizer in the State and improve soil health.

rice

Kharif target for rice in Bihar is 35.50 lakh hectares translating into targeted production of 70.45 lakh tons. Bihar has had excess rainfall during Kharif so far. At many places nurseries for seedlings had been prepared. Transplanting would begin in July. Out of 35.5 lakh hectares, demonstrations for promotion of SRI cultivation is being taken up in 3.5 lakh hectares and coverage under hybrid varieties in 2 lakh hectares with distribution of 30,000 quintals of hybrid seeds (@ 15 kg per hectare). At Patna, we were told that coverage under hybrid varieties has more than doubled (70,000 quintals including 30,000 quintals of subsidized seed) compared to previous Kharif (30,000 quintals). Hybrid varieties are required not only because of higher productivity (15–20%) but also because they happen to be medium duration varieties helpful for timely Rabi and in case of early drought.

Dhaincha

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KHARIf PREPAREDNESS

Katarni rice

Certain blocks of Bhagalpur district grow a special variety of aromatic rice called Katarni. Promotion of this variety of rice is difficult as Katarni seed has not been certified. This was discussed with scientists in KVK, Bhagalpur who assured us that they will work towards certification of Katarni variety seed.

banana

Bihar has variegated agriculture. Banana is an important horticulture crop. farmers in Khagaria district have adopted tissue culture plants for greater productivity. However, the major banana growing area of the State (Naugachhia subdivision of Bhagalpur district) still grows traditional varieties. farmers appear to be satisfied as their produce is sold easily in eastern States. However, introduction of locally suitable tissue culture plants would improve production and income of farmers. This was discussed with KVK, Bhagalpur. I was informed that a tissue culture laboratory has been set up recently and the KVK will identify suitable tissue culture varieties.

Jute

While crossing Purnea district on way to Madhepura, standing crop of jute was seen on both sides of the road. Jute is an important crop in the State grown in Araria, Katihar, Kisanganj and Purnia districts during April to August. While interacting with farmers, we were told that though the crop does not yield high income, it is useful as it leaves the soil in good condition (by shedding leaves) for the Rabi season. It does not require much maintenance and is, in fact, unaffected by pests after initial growth. Later, APC informed that State Government has decided to set up a joint sector Jute Park in Purnea which will address the issues of availability of quality jute seeds and retting tanks to improve quality of jute produced for better income realization.

maize

While coverage under maize is 9.60 lakh hectares during Kharif, it is a major crop in Rabi season with higher productivity. farmers told us that if maize processing factories could be set up in the State the realization would go up considerably as such Rs. 1600–1700 per quintal is paid at factory gate as against Rs. 850–1000 paid to the farmers by the traders locally. At Patna, APC told us that maize crop in Rabi season was well suited to

Katarni Rice

138


agro climatic conditions of Bihar and can give higher income to farmers. If subsidy on hybrid maize seed is provided, area expansion could take place.

rodent menace in madhePura

In Madhepura district, farmers complained of rodent menace after previous floods. I have requested DG, NIPHM to make services of Dr. Mohan Rao, Rodent Specialist, available to the State Government for carrying out awareness programmes and rodent control measures.

threShing floorS

There was also a demand for more threshing floors in the villages. District agricultural officials informed us that they are unable to meet demand as this component has been taken out of the National food Security Mission recently.

Storage

At several places, maize harvested from previous Rabi was still being dried in the open despite the rainy season. farmers expressed need for more storage facilities. In Patna, APC informed us that storage facilities are being given priority by the State Government and a five year programme for creation of adequate storage space is on the anvil.

credit

During interaction with farmers, dissatisfaction with regard to credit was expressed in all districts. farmers told us that it is very difficult to get Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) despite holding title of land. District agricultural officials acknowledged that credit was a major issue and was impacting important schemes such as Bihar Bhujal Sinchai Yojana (loan 45%, subsidy 45%, farmers’ contribution 10%) as the farmer is unable to get subsidy for bore-well for want of loan. This issue was discussed with APC in Patna who said that issue of KCCs and disbursement of loans by banks had not improved despite a review by Chief Minister.

PeSt SurVeillance

With about 9600 SfSs and KSSs and good mobile phone penetration (even small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers we met said they had a mobile

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KHARIf PREPAREDNESS

phone in the family), the State Government is now well placed to implement a pest surveillance system similar to that in Maharashtra and Orissa. The State Government was requested to get in touch with National Central for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi for this purpose. PP Division would follow up with NCIPM and State Government.

fundS under nhm

APC requested that release of more funds (Rs. 40 crore) under National Horticulture Mission may be considered as a major event is scheduled to be organized in August for distribution of horticulture inputs to farmers and the amount released so far is not adequate to meet the demand.

We were also told that while utilization of funds under micro-irrigation had been tardy earlier, it had improved significantly last year and demand has increased. Therefore, more funds for micro-irrigation may be provided.

remuneration to KiSan mitra

It was requested that remuneration of Kisan Mitra (at present Rs. 2000 per month) under ATMA may be revised, as, even Kisan Salahkars are being paid Rs. 2500 per month by State Government (and Chief Minister has announced doubling of remuneration to KSs).

SuggeStionSEfforts may be made to certify Katarni variety of Rice. z

Tissue culture in banana should be encouraged in z Naugachhia subdivision of Bhagalpur district.

feasibility of setting up maize processing facilities in Bihar should be explored. z

Provision of subsidy on hybrid maize seed may also be considered.

Inclusion of threshing floors under NfSM for assistance may be considered. z

A study to identify bottlenecks in farmers’ access to credit and to suggest measures z

to remove them may be taken up.

Intensive pest surveillance and management system needs to be developed and z

implemented.

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Interventions with Punjabi Initiative*

Prologue

I undertook a field visit to Hoshiarpur in Punjab on the 15th and 16th April to study the implementation of the NHM, NMMI and RKVY, the development of the citrus estates and interact with farmers engaged in the diversification to newer crops like Turmeric, Gerberas, Capsicums and those engaged in bee-keeping and mushroom cultivation.12

I was accompanied by the Deputy Director of Horticulture, Dr. Satveer Singh, who is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Citrus Estates of Chhauni Kalan and Bhunga (Hoshiarpur), Dr. Naresh Kumar, Dr. Balwinder Singh (HDO), Dr. Avtar Singh (HDO) and Dr. Jaspal Singh (HDO), Hoshiarpur.

hoShiarPur

Not being on the Grand Trunk Road has kept Hoshiarpur away from the general hustle which one associates with the towns of Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Amritsar. The soil type, and the ‘flash floods’ during the monsoon also made it a ‘one-crop-a-year’ area, and it is not the typical agrarian belt of Punjab with an aggressive wheat-rice cycle. However, it had always been famous for its ‘desi’ varieties of mangoes, which were very sweet and delicious, but not amenable for storage, or pulping, as the size was too small. The mangoes were good, but the orchards were not very viable economically.

the Kinnow croP

Till the introduction of the Kinnow crop in the mid nineties, the land prices were much lower than in the adjoining districts. After the initial success, there were major problems of marketing and disease infestation, which are now being addressed

*12 Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Chopra : Punjab.

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INTERVENTIONS WITH PuNJABI INITIATIVE

through interventions under the NHM, RKVY and as per the recommendations of the State farmers Commission. Protected cultivation and micro-irrigation have also taken off, and farmers have also accepted mushrooms and bee keeping - both as ancillary and main activities.

gerberaS, coloured caPSicumS and muShroomS

Harsaranjeet Singh of Thiara village greeted me with several bunches of gerberas, which he grows in one of his poly-houses. This poly-house has been established with support from the NHM and support had also been received by him for production of flowers. His was the first unit to produce gerberas in the region, and Harsaranjeet was ‘delighted’ with the results. During the wedding and festive season, each stick fetched Rs. 5 and there was no problem of marketing. Even in the lean season, each stick fetched Rs. 2 at the farm gate. He had also developed his own version of a low cost polystructure with bamboo and poly sheets which he was proposing to use for capsicums and vegetables. He proudly displayed his photographs and profiles which listed him as the ‘first flower farmer’ of the district.

As regards technical support and professional advice from PAu and PfDC, he felt that they lacked practical knowledge on this subject. He had to contact the equipment suppliers from Pune to resolve the problem of wilting of leaves. The problem was with the pH level of water, and the simple solution of adding a fixed quantity of nitric acid to every tank had resolved the matter. It was explained to him that whenever new technologies were introduced, there were initial hiccups. However, the positive point was that the ‘skeptics’ at PAu were visiting his facility, and also showcasing it to other farmers and agri entrepreneurs. Harsaranjeet had also ventured into mushrooms. He had established his own compost making and spawn unit with assistance from NHM. Most of his material was being used by the Himachal farmers where the government was giving liberal assistance to mushroom farmers under the RKVY programme. According to him, marginal farmers in Himachal Pradesh were being given up to Rs. 60,000 for the establishment of a small unit, which was not available for the Punjab farmers. He wanted the same facility to be extended by the RKVY in Punjab. This was taken note of the Chief Agriculture Officer of Hoshiarpur, Dr. Gandhi who was also with me during most part of the visit.

The main problem faced by mushroom units was the erratic supply of power which pushed up capital costs as well as recurring expenditure. While power was supposed

Coloured Capsicums

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to be uninterrupted for cold storages and ice cream factories, mushroom units did not enjoy this privilege. He was also working on a low cost mushroom unit, but this was not operational yet.

low coSt uV ProtectiVe net houSe

The next halt was to visit the low cost uV polyhouse of Sri Gurjeet Singh, a marginal farmer. He holds post graduate degrees in political science and history and is a registered doctoral fellow. He had undergone training at HTC Pune under the Exposure Visit programme of SHM and had been inspired to adopt this technology at his farm. Prior to this, Gurjeet was seeking to opt out of agriculture, and was very keen to find a ‘sarkari job’, but now with this uV net house, the earnings per crop cycle are in the range of Rs. 70–80 thousand and his net income is rising. He plans to put up another unit, besides diversifying into mushrooms.

Low Cost uV poly houses were introduced through the RKVY system on the recommendations of the farmers Commission of Punjab. They make a lot of sense for marginal farmers who have very small holdings. These are labour and skill intensive, and with direct marketing of the produce, the returns were commensurate. If such poly houses had to be replicated on a large scale, then supply of seeds become very important. Gurjeet was not very happy with the quality of seeds for vegetable production. Imported seeds were doing much better than those of Syngenta. He wanted that NSC, or some government agency should import authentic hybrid seeds from across the world, and supply to farmers to ensure that the farmers were not cheated.

He also pointed out that the existing credit system was geared to the ‘input supply regime’ for wheat and rice, and vegetables did not figure in their priority. Likewise the credit lines through the Kisan Credit Card were not in sync with the requirements of horticulture farmers. The agricultural credit system needs a complete revamp, if the horticulture sector had to benefit from the interest subvention and other interventions. This poly-house has been established with support from the NHM and support had also been received by him for production of flowers.

Protected Cultivation

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bacK from canada

The next halt was at the farm of Sardar Ravinder Singh of village Sikri who returned from Canada in the mid-nineties, and was determined to put his ‘heart and soul’ into the soil of his motherland. Starting with an orchard on 28 acres of Kinnow, he gave up within the first five years on account of the wilting of leaves, absence of market linkages and lack of adequate technical support. He had decided to grow eucalyptus and keep a few cows. This is where the horticulture department’s Citrus Estate scheme came in.

Ravinder Singh now proudly showed us the rows of Kinnow plantations, and the HDP systems adopted by him. Regular advisories from the horticulture team had enabled him to harvest a record crop. He also markets his produce directly. He was however critical of the failure of the Punjab Agri Industries Corporation (PAIC) to operate any of the processing plants established for this purpose. He was happy that the younger generation was beginning to get interested in farming, but like other horticulture farmers wanted benefits at par with those growing cereal crops.

the lambra – Kangri co-oPeratiVe Society

Visiting this society is sheer delight!

A testament to what farmers can achieve if they work together with some positive encouragement. One had heard of this society as one of the leading co-operative societies in Punjab, but till one visits the society and sees its functioning, it is hard to believe that ‘miracles do happen’. Apart from agricultural loans under the KCC, the society gives ALL other loans- including education loans, and personal consumption loans to its members. It has the agency for IffCO and KRIBHCO fertilizers, runs a vibrant consumer store, agro service centre, diesel pump, mechanization hub, and equipment repair and rental services. A computer centre and a CCTV within the society premises suggest that it is at par with any other financial institution in the area. With a turnover of approximately Rs. 5 crore per annum, it offers 24x7 services to its members, especially during emergencies. It also arranges for an ambulance at nominal payment for its members and other residents of the village, and for the really indigent persons, the service is gratis.

I was also introduced to a progressive farmer, Sh. Surjeet Singh Chaggar whose innovations have been acknowledged, among others by the ICAR. He has developed a corn cob separator which ensures that each and every grain is fit to be used as seed material. Priced modestly at Rs. 400/per unit, this is a technology which needs to be replicated on a large scale, especially as maize production is picking up in a big way, not

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only in Punjab, but other parts of the country as well. CIPHET at Ludhiana should also take a look at this model.

Even though I was running well behind schedule, members were insistent on showing me their ‘diesel pump’ and agro service centre complex. The Agro Complex also serves as the ‘mechanization hub ‘under RKVY, and they had all the equipments required for cultivation: Zero Till, Leveler, Rotavator. They also maintained an inventory of spare parts for use by society, and also for sale/loan to members.

The president of the Society is Retd. Captain Gurmukh Singh and the Secretary is Chanderdev Singh and their commitment is visible. But this is not all. The seventh ICA principle: ‘concern for community’ is deeply entrenched, as it runs a vocational centre for women (tailoring, embroidery and beauty parlour) and a health club for the boys. This has ensured that the young men and women of the village are engaged in socially useful productive work.

A word here about Shri K.S. Pannu, the IAS officer who has adopted this society. I have not had the privilege of meeting this officer (he is currently posted as the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar), but everyone in this village talked about the pro-active role played by him in getting this society converted from an Agricultural Credit society to a Multipurpose society. Residents of the village wanted to start a ‘tempo’ service, but the rules of the PACCS did not allow it, and therefore, they converted their society into a Multipurpose Society at Mr. Pannu’s suggestion. Since then he has been mentoring the society, and made it as one of the finest societies in the state. Now they do not run the ‘tempo’: it is not required, for they have financed several vehicles, including trucks, passenger vehicles, Tata Sumos and Innovas!

Mr. Pannu was from the State Co-operative service before his induction into the IAS. If only we had more of his tribe!

The closest parallel to this is the Gotra Multipurpose Society in Nadia district of WB, where thanks to the untiring efforts of Prof. Pranav Chatterjee from the BCKV, the society has undertaken activities on similar lines, though given the land holding sizes of the two states, the Hoshiarpur society is more prosperous. I had taken Mr. G.C. Pati, Additional Secretary (DAC) to this society when he had visited the state last year for the SLSC approval meeting.

Agro Service Centre Complex

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the citruS eStateS chhauni Kalan (hoShiarPur)

The next halt was the Citrus Estate, where an interactive meeting of the citrus growers had been organized. Most citrus growers were members of the society and they were expected to contribute for Kinnow production.

Kinnow fruits

These Estates were established in the five clusters of Punjab in citrus growing areas, i.e. Aboahr (ferozepur), Tahliwala Jattan (ferozepur), Badal (Muktsar), Hoshiarpur and Bhunga (Hoshiarpur). This is a part of the State Government’s innovative approach to shift agriculture from water and soil depleting crop patterns and by encouraging non-conventional farm activity for large scale citrus cultivation in the State.

Substantial funding for these estates has been given from RKVY. The main objective of Citrus Estates includes promotion and propagation of Citrus plants and citrus based industries, including arrangements for treatment, packaging, marketing, storage, processing, preservation and export of citrus. Past interventions in the sector have enabled farmers to harness some of the existing potential in horticulture and the State has emerged as a major player in the production of Kinnow. Kinnow mandarin is the most prevalent citrus covering an area of 31,800 hectares with a production of 6.00 lakh tons, and there is scope to increase the area and production in the coming years.

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The Estates also organize technology transfer through training, extension of growers and promote measures for increasing utilization of irrigation potential, water conservation and efficient management (reads like the NHM guidelines). The Estates have also established nurseries for procurement of planting material to the growers. The Estate at Hoshiarpur is also in the process of establishing a Leaf/Soil Testing Laboratory of International standard to identify disorders due to nutritional deficiencies in fruits plants, and enhance productivity and fruit quality through judicious nutrient management. It is also taking steps to start a Mobile Soil Testing Van.

for farm mechanization, Estate provides rotavators, diggers, spray pumps, chizzler, seed drills for vegetables, tractor, disc harrow, land leveler, shrub cutter and front loader to the farmers on hire basis. The Estate has also appointed qualified staff on contract basis to provide expert technical guidance to the farmers by visiting their farms on regular basis. This had been confirmed earlier by our friend from Canada.

I advised and suggested the estate could apply for Tissue culture lab under the NHM and also prepare a project for covering at least 50% of the area under the GAP. The presentation on the Estate was made by Dr. Jaspal Singh and farmers present included Sh. Kulwant Singh, Sh. Deepak Puri, Sh. Harkirat Singh, Sh. Sandhu Ram Saini, Sh. Harpreet Singh Dhillon, Sh. Harsanjit Singh Thiara, Sh. Harbinder Singh Sandhu and Sh. Anil Sood.

rSVy and agriculture

The last leg of the tour was a visit to farm’s Produce Promotion Society (fAPRO) at village Ghugial. The project was established in 2001, with an initial corpus of Rs. 76 lakhs under Rashtrya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY). The farmer’s contribution was Rs. 11 lakhs. The Punjab Mandi Board constructed the work-shed, provided metallic road, processing plant and also gave 100 SS containers for collection of honey. fAPRO is currently using RKVY funds for establishing newer facilities including a mechanized Hub.

The significant achievement of fAPRO includes introduction of turmeric cultivation to this region. This was made possible after farmers visited Karnataka to see turmeric cultivation. A relatively new addition to the repertoire of the Punjab farmer, this crop is picking up in Hoshiarpur and Doaba belt. PAu has recommended two varieties namely Punjab Haldi-1 and Punjab Haldi-2 which produce good yields. The variety takes 240 days to mature and produces 300 quintal per hectare. Turmeric can also be grown as inter crop in fruit orchards. Value added products from turmeric include Curcuminoids, dehydrated turmeric powder, oils, and oleoresin.

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The main problem posed was that even the turmeric was being procured from the government of Karnataka. NHM support was not available on account of non-certification of turmeric crop corms. This problem was also faced in the case of Mentha because certification for many horticulture crops does not exist. NHM will have to take a view on whether the relaxation can be given to new and non-traditional crops introduced in the NHM system.

I saw the processing lines and packaging installed by fAPRO and advised then to prepare the project for funding under NHM and RKVY so that necessary value addition to farm produce can be made at the producers level.

agriculture commiSSioner’S ViSit

The farmers mentioned that the Agriculture Commissioner, Dr. Gurbachan Singh, had visited them recently and they had apprised him of the problems faced by the wheat crop on account of yellow rust. They felt that in case appropriate steps were taken to address this in the 20 km corridor of Pathankot – Hoshiarpur region, the entire problem of Yellow Rust could be avoided because it moved from the Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal to Punjab through this belt only. As such, if a ‘barrier’ could be created, the entire wheat crop could be saved, and the expenditure on pesticides could be curbed.

music to the ears

The remarkable aspect of the visit to fAPRO was the sense of pride and involvement in the affairs of society and their keen interest in making agriculture viable. Their suggestion that rather than increase MSP, it was better to make farming profitable by ensuring both backward and forward integration was ‘music to the ears’. They prepared an excellent notes on value addition to existing infrastructure and on making pulses production more profitable.

general diScuSSion

acute Staff Shortage

The refrain throughout the visit was the staff strength of the Horticulture Department. While I have always found the officers extremely proactive in their approach, and their interaction with the farmers, as also in their responses in the meetings and seminars conducted by the NHM at New Delhi – the fact that as against a sanctioned strength of

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167 Horticulture Development Officers, only 80 (less than 50%) were in position, severely affects the ability of the officers to devote time to the programmes. While officers in the Secretariat and Directorate can hold dual charges, the absence of field functionaries has a direct bearing on the field level implementation; it has an adverse impact on the ability of the farmers to absorb funds, the zeal of the entrepreneurs to invest in cold storages and banana ripening chambers, and the willingness to diversify into newer crops. The fact that the mandate for micro irrigation is with the soil conservation department has limited the spread of micro irrigation technologies in the region. However, given the staff shortages in the horticulture department, the transfer of this responsibility does not appear to be feasible or practical. However Punjab can, and should look into the Gujarat Model of the GGRC, as it has good institutions like Markfed and PAIC with a field presence in the districts.

outreach at Village level

NHM has discontinued an earlier programme of sanctioning Rs. 25000 for a one day seminar at the village/block level where dissemination of new technologies and interaction with visiting scientists of the SAu/ICAR institutions could take place. The current scheme envisages district and state level seminars for two days, which most farmers found difficult to attend. There was need to allow this component again.

full reimbursement for training fees

The fees for Training Programmes organized by HTC Pune and Noida, as also the courses organized by MANAGE at Hyderabad are higher than the stipulated norms within the guidelines. There is need to enlist organizations such as the above and allow the SHMs to nominate officials and farmers for these courses on ‘actual cost’ basis.

certification issues

With regard to support for planting material for which certification systems were not in place, a Catch-22 situation prevailed. If a state like Punjab wants to introduce a crop like turmeric on a large scale, there is need to take a ‘leap of faith’. The MP from Hoshiarpur has also drawn attention to this regard. I have advised SHM to make a formal request in this regard. Moreover our certification agencies will need to be strengthened.

nursery act

The general feeling was that there were not enough teeth in the Nursery Act. Not only were the penal provisions rather weak, the procedure involved was so cumbersome

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that agriculture officers were reluctant to get into this ‘murky’ business, which meant that at the ground level, the agri-input dealers had a field day.

indo-taiwan working group

farmers were keen to visit Taiwan and Israel to study the technology advances in these countries. While several farmers and scientists have gone to Israel, the exposure to Taiwan has not been ‘institutionalized’ so far. This point can be taken up in the Indo Taiwan working group in which Agriculture Department is represented.

SuggeStionS

While a large number of recommendations are built into the main report, some salient points need a special mention. The credit system needs a revamp to cater to horticulture in a more tailor made fashion. Some innovations such as the corn cob separator need to be popularized. Certification issues for crops such as turmeric need to be streamlined.

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Progress Review of BGREI*

Prologue

I undertook a six day visit to West Bengal districts from July 11–16, 2011 to review the progress of the BGREI, NVI, RKVY and other interventions of the DAC. I also wished to interact with the farmers, KVK and SAu experts and the officers of the agriculture department at the ground level, and see the convergence with other government programmes like NREGA etc.13

I also availed the opportunity of calling on the CM (who held the agriculture portfolio, till very recently) and the Horticulture and food Processing Minister. I had a most fruitful interaction with the Chief Secretary and Chairman of the SLSC of West Bengal for RKVY.

day 1: monday 11th July

The meeting scheduled with Agriculture Secretary and the Directorate officials in the forenoon could not take place as I could reach Writers’ only by lunch time on account of a major jam on the airport road. I called on the Chief Secretary (CS) and impressed upon him the need to release the funds for the BGREI and NVI as approved in the SLSC held earlier this year. The new Agriculture Secretary promised to look into this matter, as also about the conduct of the regular SLSC for RKVY at the earliest, as funds had to be released to other departments as well. CS assured that even though the state was reeling under financial constraints, top priority would be given to the funds for the agriculture department.

I also discussed with CS about the possibility of giving the charge of Horticulture and food Processing departments to the Agriculture Secretary to ensure better co-ordination, and optimization of resources among the different directorates. Most functions, especially those relating to input supply, agriculture credit, insurance, soil testing etc. were common.

* Tour Report of Shri Sanjeev Chopra : West Bengal.

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PROGRESS REVIEW Of BGREI

Having held dual charge of both departments, I took the chance to opine that the challenge was not in the ‘work’, but the commuting time between Salt Lake (office of the food Processing & Horticulture Departments) and Writers’ Building. The CS suggested that over the next three months, the Panchayat and RD department is likely to vacate their office complex at KS Roy Road, and then it may be possible to get all the agriculture and allied departments under one roof, and with a common secretary, but different directorates.

He also wanted a feed back after the visits to the districts, and this was assured to him.

dayS 2 & 3: tueSday & wedneSday 13th–14th July

nadia district

Nadia is among the most fertile, and better irrigated districts, and in the first flush of monsoon, the fields on both sides of the national Highway were green with vast stretches of well grown stalks of jute, broken with patches of paddy seedlings.

The first halt was at the office of Assistant Director of Agriculture, Ranaghat-II Block of Nadia. Various agriculture inputs, including seeds, micro nutrients, zinc etc. were lying in the office, and obviously there was some delay in receipt and distribution. This is a proverbial problem.

The seed corporations are never in a position to supply the seeds on time, and when seeds are provided, the micro nutrients/supplements are not available as per the scheduled dosage, and on time. After a ‘pep-talk’ and a brief explanation on how the Agriculture Department officers had to lead from the front in the BGREI, I visited Nokari mouza, the site of the 1000 hectare compact Paddy Demonstration under BGREI, 2011–2012. It was a beautiful view, for typically, most D.C.s in the state had been on small patches, and an experiment on such a scale had never been done before!

I met some of the progressive farmers engaged in the above programme, namely Prakash Ghosh, Ranjan Ghosh, Madhusudan Ghosh (Ghosh Para!) and learnt that they were excited with the scheme, as the seedlings were in very good condition. Line sowing had been done, and there was an animated discussion in colloquial Bengali on whether it was worth the extra effort or not. The jury finally gave its verdict in favour of line sowing … over time, it would require less effort as farmers would get into the practice. There was no incidence of pest or disease. I also saw land preparation for transplanting in the surrounding areas, and noted that in some areas, transplanting had started already. They were happy with the seedlings, but wanted other inputs to be provided as well.

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Their refrain was about the falling prices of jute, and farmers wanted some intervention. They were assured that the matter would be taken up with the JCI and the District Administration. I was not certain whether jute had been included in the list of commodities on which a Warehouse Receipt could be issued. This needs to be taken up with the JCI.

I could have stayed longer, but the drizzle was taking the shape of a downpour, and I was compelled to move on. The next scheduled halt before lunch was at the office of the Deputy Director of Agriculture, where all the officers of the agriculture and horticulture department had congregated. Thus it was a good opportunity to interact with them about their perceptions with regard to the programme, and the steps to improve the function.

According to the field level officers, acceptance of newer varieties would be better if seed treatment chemicals and micro nutrients were supplied well in advance.

farmers were never confident about the credibility of the WBSSC to supply inputs on time. One of them remarked, much to the consternation of the senior officers present - if the department can’t forward GOs on time, how can they expect seeds to reach farmers

Inspection of fields with farmers and Extension functionaries

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before the planting season! A pithy remark … but one which the state Agriculture Department will have to take note of.

The Assistant Directors, especially those in charge of blocks, chipped in with their valuable suggestions. Regarding human resource development, a suitable module may be developed to train up all the farmers involved under the scheme.

Given the shortage of extension staff, progressive farmers could be empowered as ‘Resource Persons’ for others in their vicinity. As mobile phones were becoming ubiquitous, farmers participating in the BGREI could get a ‘feed-in’ at regular intervals. Even though every district had a District Agriculture Information officer, his mandate was to ‘collect information’, on crop and weather conditions, and report any incidence of pests and diseases. It was suggested that he should not just collect and forward information; he should also take an active role in ‘communicating’ with the farmers, especially about development interventions, and how the farmer could access these. Besides, short films on line sowing, zero till and appropriate use of fertilizers could be shown during the visits of officers. KVK and SAu could prepare a CD with specific reference to this district.

Officers also suggested that to the extent possible, utilization of locally available certified seed should be given priority. Seeds were being produced by the SHGs, farmers’ Club (Bank), Joint Liability Group (NABARD), NGOs and Co-operatives under close supervision of seed certifying agency under various programme. This could also generate additional employment in the rural areas.

After a working lunch organized by the DM at the Circuit House, (which has really improved), the team, which now included Sanjay Bansal, the DM, visited the office of Bhanderkhola Gram Panchayat in Krishnagar Sadar Sub-Division. field visit was impossible on account of the downpour, and therefore farmers had assembled in the Panchayat.

farmers were of the view that the scheme was good, and it would enhance the productivity of paddy. However, they complained that the farm gate prices of paddy and jute had crashed, whereas the costs of agricultural inputs, especially fertilizer and diesel price had touched the roof, thereby making farming unprofitable.

They suggested that fertilizer prices should be brought under the ‘control regime’, and diesel subsidy scheme re-introduced. They also reported about the dysfunctional Deep Tube-wells which the DM promised to look into immediately. The DM also clarified that the services of “Nirman Sahayak” working in each Gram Panchayat may be availed by the implementing authority towards

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excavation/re-excavation of ponds/ditches, irrigation channels under the RKVY, NfSM, BGREI and NHM programmes.

day 4: thurSday 14th July

burdwan

I left Kolkata at 6 AM accompanied by Hridyesh Mohan, Secretary, Department of Agriculture, Government of West Bengal and a team of RBI and NABARD officials who were keen on seeing themselves the implementation of the KCC on the ground. They also wanted to interact with the bankers on the problems faced by them in issuing of KCCs.

After a three hour journey, the team reached Ausgram in Guskara, Burdwan. This is also a prosperous region, and is irrigated by both public and private tube wells. The site of the DC is Palastala in Ausgram where 1000 ha Demonstration under BGREI was underway.

fifty tons of paddy seed had been distributed among 1605 farmers belonging to Ausgram and Karatia mouzas. The variety sown was MTu 7029 (locally called Swarna), and the date of sowing (10th June) were both prominently displayed. The team observed the seed bed, the transplanted field and interacted with over a dozen farmers in the DC area. The farmers were asked why Swarna was preferred. They responded that this variety was most acceptable on account of its higher yield (4.5 ton/ha), but more importantly on account of its ability to withstand both drought and flood.

The other varieties sown in the area included Gotra Bidhan and IR 36. The farmers said that Gotra Bidhan was suitable only for uplands, while Swarna could be used for both upland and lowland areas.

While some enterprising farmers had gone in for a soil test, it has not become a ‘uniform’ practice. The KPS was instructed to collect more number of soil samples from this area for soil testing. farmers were advised to apply fertilizer after getting the test reports, and in consultation with the Assistant Director of Agriculture.

Swarna Variety of Paddy

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The accompanying RBI and NABARD officials were very keen to get an assessment of the ‘ground reality’ with regard to the Kisan Credit Card. for the senior bankers (RBI and NABRAD), the conversations with the farmers were quite revealing, and they were quick to note that the bank branches had not given them the realistic picture with regard to KCCs. Most farmers (and by this time the numbers had swelled to over a score and ten) had not been issued a KCC, and were getting loans from money lenders @ 5% interest rate per month. They were members of the local PACCS, but the scale of finance was quite low, never exceeding Rs. 3000/per farmer, and the PACCS also faced a liquidity crunch. They were all keen to get a Bank KCC. (This will need to be resolved, as over 15 lakh KCCs in West Bengal have been issued in the co-operative sector and the scale of finance should be the same.)

Visit to Seed village

The team reached Bagdai, Ausgram GP to visit the seed village and interact with the forty farmers who were participating in the programme of producing Kharif Paddy (Swarna). The objective of the seed village scheme was to encourage farmers to produce their own paddy seeds and a farmers’ training had been conducted just a few days ago (12th July, 2011) for all the farmers under seed village. farmers were enthusiastic learners, and felt that this programme would bring down the cultivation costs, not only for those who participated in the programme, but even for the others, as this assured the neighbouring farmers of quality seed at a reasonable price.

discussion on hybrids

The team reached Circuit house, Burdwan and after a working lunch with the District Magistrate (Onkar Singh Meena, who is an agriculture graduate), received a presentation organized by Crop Life India. All the Assistant Directors of Agriculture of Burdwan were invited for this.

Crop Life India highlighted the results of a study conducted at Raina-II block, (as well as another block in Hooghly district) to compare the performance of hybrid paddy (6444 and 27 P 3-1) with HYV. The study revealed a 150% increase in yield on account of hybrid paddy (7.5 t/ha) over that of HYV (5 t/ha). The farmers on whose fields the hybrids had been grown were also present for the interaction. Agriculture Department officials raised questions with regard to the taste of hybrid paddy, its acceptability among mill owners and the final consumers. There was also the issue of higher input costs, and the permanent dependence on an external agency for the supply of seeds. One of them remarked that Hybrid cultivation, seed villages and Bio Villages cannot work together.

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However, the learning point was that while it was technically feasible to get higher returns from hybrid paddy, unless a state backed procurement system was in place, higher productivity may not translate into better returns for farmers. As far as acceptance of the variety is concerned, it always took time for any new ‘flavour’ to become acceptable.

financial inclusion

The discussion on Kisan Credit Cards revealed the ‘gap’ between ‘precept’ and practice. The issue of a Kisan Credit Card was no one’s specific responsibility – the bank regarded it as a burden, the revenue official as ‘yet another government directive’ and the agriculture department did not regard it as a ‘salient’ feature of the required interventions. The Co-operation Department felt ignored in most cases – for even after having issued the highest number of credit cards – they were usually not invited to share their views, and even in this review meeting they had not been invited, either by the DM, or the Lead District manager, or the DGM of NABARD, or the agriculture department!

It was agreed that the agriculture department had to take the leadership role in the issue of KCCs, and that the Agriculture Department’s certification with regard to an individual being a farmer, and cultivating land would be acceptable to the banks for purposes of ‘introduction’. The Agriculture department would monitor the issue of KCCs on the same lines as the distribution of mini-kits and availability of fertilizer as credit, was an equally important agricultural input.

The ‘scale of finance’ was also extremely complicated, and a fine example of ‘penny wise, pound foolish’. Twelve scales had been laid out – ranging from Aman, Aus and Boro paddy to maize, jute, potato, wheat, moong and mustard. In the quest to be perfect, the essence – that of making credit available to the farmer based on his land and crop – had been lost, for if the scale was sacrosanct, then a certificate to the effect that only this particular crop was being grown also became imperative. Imagine this exercise being done at least twice a year for all the KCC holders in a state.... The simple point is: this is a sham exercise which serves no purpose. It was time the process was simplified, and a standard rate, based on land holding, and (season) prescribed. True, there may be some cases when the banks have over financed to the extent to ten to fifteen percent, but the savings in transaction time, cost and harassment will more than make up for this ‘extra load’.

fertilizer availability

fertilizer was available, but not at the retail price listed on the bag – and the concern was that if the Agriculture Department enforced law in ‘letter and spirit’, the fertilizer supply would be choked. There was a structural problem, for the fertilizer companies had not clearly specified the margins at different levels of the value chain. The secondary transport from the Block level was proving to be difficult - both on account of high transport cost and on account of rising diesel prices - and the enhanced loading and unloading charges

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because of NREGA. Although the DM and the Agriculture Secretary appeared confident about their ability to tackle the issue administratively, I feel that unless the structural issue is addressed, the relief to the farmer will only be of a temporary nature.

day 5: friday 15th July

Siliguri

After a brief visit to the NAfED office during which I reviewed the functioning of the branch, the PSS operations of copra in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and advised them to leverage the opportunities offered by the agriculture, horticulture and food and civil supplies departments in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and Andaman & Nicobar Islands with regard to supply of seeds, agri–inputs and procurement of paddy. Then I proceeded to the airport to take the flight to Bagdogra (Darjeeling). I was accompanied on this trip also by Hridyesh Mohan, Secretary Agriculture, West Bengal.

After a preliminary meeting with the DM, Darjeeling, Joint Director Agriculture, North Bengal and the district officials of Jalpaiguri , Siliguri Mahukama Parishad, the team proceeded to the 1000 ha DC area under BGREI at Jalas GP in the Khoribari-Phansidewa Block under Siliguri Sub-division. A farmer’s interaction meeting had been organized by the Block officials in which over sixty farmers had congregated. This village has a fairly large number of Gorkha families, and the team was received with the traditional ‘khada’. It was a multi-lingual interaction in which Bengali, Nepali and Hindi were used, and the exchanges were extremely pleasant.

farmers enquired about different benefits available to them under this scheme. They were told that seedlings had already been supplied, and other inputs would also be given. However, it was clear that because of non-release of funds to the districts, farmers had not been given the ‘complete package’. These were administrative issues which had to be resolved at Writers’ Building, but the impact of delay in decision making was clearly visible on the field.

farmers were asked about their Kisan Credit Cards. They replied that most of them did not have a KCC, and were not getting any assistance from the banks. The Assistant Director (Dr. Mehfooz Ahmed) said that twenty applications from the Kodalipara farmers had been forwarded to the local State Bank of India, but not a single loan had been sanctioned. On the other hand, NGO driven micro finance groups like Asha, Samadhan, Bandhan, had established groups of twenty to twenty five women (farmer’s wives) and extended them uniform loan of Rs.15,000 each, to be repaid over forty five weeks at the rate of Rs. 375 per week, which meant an effective interest of 14% per annum. This helped them get inputs for agriculture, or meet medical contingencies, and the transaction was simple. This was similar to the Joint Liability Group concept that was

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being promoted by the banks, but it was obvious that banks had not been able to make any real headway in this direction, because this was ‘yet another social responsibility’. Banks were still not convinced that agricultural finance (with or without collateral security and interest subvention) was a positive intervention in agrarian economy, and a business proposition that can pay for itself!

farmers also complained, both about availability and about the price at which fertilizer was being sold. They were rather agitated about this, but the wrath was not against the local input dealer, but against the company which did not give the appropriate margins to the dealers.

day 6: Saturday 16th July

bagdogra

Implement Hubs

I decided to visit the implement hubs on the way to the airport. The two hubs that were shortlisted had been given under the RKVY – an intervention which had become fairly popular in most districts. The first of these had been given to a watershed project (Chyonsing). This visit was disappointing, for, while the watershed committee had done a fair amount of ‘process building’, group activities and interventions in the nature of supply of seeds of vegetables; the machines were in ‘brand new condition’, waiting for a decision of the local Panchayat to decide the rates at which the equipment could be hired out to farmers. This was odd, because there were other ‘hubs’ in the same block, and many more in Siliguri subdivision whose rates could have been adopted. Instructions were given to adopt the rate of the nearest implement hub, and start operations forthwith. fortunately, the next ‘hub’ at Kharibari was running quite well - all the mini-tractors and paddy transplanters were out – and the lady secretary Ms. Minz said that if they had more implements, they would be able to increase both production and productivity. On this positive note, the visit ended, and the team proceeded to Bagdogra airport to be there by 9.15 am, the scheduled reporting time, only to be told that because of inclement weather, the flight had been delayed!

SuggeStionS

Most important points for studied action have already been enumerated in detail above. I could not help but reflect that it had not only been a long and eventful tour, but meeting with such a diverse mix of rural folk had been a rewarding experience and practically, a learning one.

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Cotton Technology*

Prologue

I visited Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai on 29th April, 2011 to study the activities of this premiere ICAR institution engaged in research and development on all aspects of post harvest technology of cotton and its value addition. After a daylong visit to CIRCOT, I undertook field visits on the next day to see the implementation of different agriculture schemes in the adjoining rural areas in Thane district. I was accompanied by Shri Kolhatkar, Jt. Director, Directorate of Cotton Development and district officials during the field visits.14

circot

Adjacent to the busy, crowded and commercial area of Dadar, this premier ICAR Institute is nestled within its own sprawling campus that is quiet, serene and totally insulated from the hustle bustle of the nearby Dadar area. CIRCOT was established way back in 1924 and its main building is a heritage structure still intact with all its architectural beauty. Its historical origin can be traced back to pre-independence days when the export of cotton through Bombay Port was a major and most important trade activity. To facilitate this, the East India Company had established Cotton Committee for testing and certifying the cotton quality before the cotton was exported from Bombay Harbour to England and other countries. The present day CIRCOT was a wing of the Cotton Committee close to the Bombay Dock. formerly it was known as Cotton Technological Research Laboratory (CTRL) and was assigned the twin objectives of assisting cotton breeders in the development of new strains by evaluating various fibre quality parameters and carrying out research on spinning potential. The erstwhile Cotton Committee comprised of this laboratory and the present day Directorate of Cotton Development which is under DAC.

*14 Tour Report of Shri S.K.G. Rahate : Maharashtra.

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In 1966, the administrative control of the laboratory was handed over to ICAR and the Directorate of Cotton Development came under DAC. With the laboratory handed over to ICAR and its nomenclature changed to Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), the mandate of this organization was widened to include research and development on all aspects of post harvest technology of cotton and its value addition through products and through processing of wastes. In addition, the Institute continued its core activities being followed since the last eight decades pertaining mainly to cotton quality evaluation, ginning and also offering quality assessment support for fibre, yarn and fabrics on commercial terms.

In the Matunga premises CIRCOT has a self contained facility for undertaking quality testing right from cotton to fibre to yarn and ultimately to fabric. for a non-technical person it was really amazing to witness the entire sequence of fabric preparation right from testing of cotton to ginning, spinning, knitting along with state- of-the-art sophisticated testing equipments as well as vintage machines (still functioning…..) all housed in two compact buildings within a single premise that makes CIRCOT a treat to eyes and curious mind.

core areas

The research, training, technology transfer and other mandates of the institute are fulfilled by executing well thought out programmes under the following core areas:

Improvement in ginning of cotton.1.

Improvement and quality evaluation of fibre, yard and fabrics.2.

finishing and dyeing of cotton with natural and environment friendly agents.3.

utilisation of cotton plant residues for production of value added products.4.

Development of entrepreneurship for utilization of CIRCOT technology.5.

Cotton Yarn/fabric Vintage Spinning Machine - 1924 make

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COTTON TECHNOLOGY

CIRCOT has following sophisticated facilities:

Cotton ginning i.

High volume instrument testing of cottonii.

Micro spinning machineiii.

All fibre Information Systemiv.

DREf friction spinning facilityv.

Yarn testing facilityvi.

fabric tensile testervii.

CIRCOT has also developed quite a few technologies, processes, products and services in the cotton related sector which has the potential for convergence with different schemes of DAC/State Government:

indigenouS rubber dam technology deVeloPed under the national agriculture innoVation ProJect (naiP)

To enhance irrigation efficiency of small watersheds in a cost effective method, CIRCOT has developed the concept of Rubber Dam based on the principle that easy inflation and deflation mechanism can effectively control the water flow in the watersheds. The only Rubber Dam presently installed in India is manufactured by an Austrian company named Hydro-construct and installed across the Jhanjavati River near Parvatipuram in Viziyanagaram district of Andhra Pradesh. for structuring small Rubber Dams at small watersheds at a very reasonable cost, CIRCOT took up the project on a pilot basis in Orissa under NAIP with funding by World Bank and the initial trails were quite promising.

As an R&D effort and for evaluation, three rubber dams have been successfully installed at watersheds at Baghamari, Badapakharia and DWM farm, Odisha based on technology developed in this NAIP project. The Baghamari check dam is operated and maintained by farmers for paddy cultivation in the surrounding fields. Sample studies conducted thereafter have shown significant increase in crop production by the usage of the rubber dam for water storage.

Salient difference between rubber and concrete dam

In case of concrete check dam during heavy flood, both sides of the dam gets breached as found in several watersheds, whereas in this rubber dam installed at Baghamari, Odisha, it has been observed that during the flood of 2010 kharif season, when the same was

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deflated allowing flood water to flow, no damage was caused to the installation. The installation cost is also quite low in comparison with concrete dam. The inflation and deflation mechanism is farmer friendly.

environmental impact

Since the life of the rubber dam is around 20 years, there may not be any environmental hazard. Water extractable ingredients are not used in the Rubber dam composition, and hence it will not create any environmental hazard. The rubber can be burnt after the dam is damaged like any other rubber tyre and tube in the long run.

The Rubber Dam developed by CIRCOT has an estimated life of 20 years with a cost of only Rs. 35,000. In various States, every year, small check dams are constructed in villages in large numbers with stones/boulders/sand bags but unfortunately most of these check dams are washed away/damaged during rainy season and during floods. In addition to financial loss, there is tremendous soil erosion. Rubber dam will prevent this and will certainly reduce these losses to a great extent in addition to the regular benefit of check dams i.e. water storage, improvement in ground water table, availability of water for irrigation, etc.

As a water management and irrigation measure, DAC/State Department of Agriculture may in collaboration with DAC promote such Rubber Dams in other parts of the country as well.

Rubber Dam

coconut fibre segregator

Coconut de-fibring and fibre segregator machine has been developed which can segregate coarse and fine fibres of coconut. This will ultimately help in preparation of value added products from coarse as well as fine fibres of coconut. Demonstration of operation of this machine can be organized through KVKs and other DAC schemes to

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COTTON TECHNOLOGY

develop awareness among farmers/small entrepreneurs in the coconut producing area. Coconut Development Board may also include this in any of its on-going scheme.

Particle board from cotton Plant Stocks

CIRCOT has standardized a process of preparing hard board from cotton plant stocks which possesses all the required properties to find applications in furniture making, partitioning, paneling, false ceiling, etc. It meets the BIS standards and the process is eco-friendly as no chemicals are used either in pulping or in the binding process.

It was heartening to see that the office room of Director, CIRCOT and the conference room of CIRCOT were wall panelled with particle boards made from cotton plant stocks. DAC as well as its field organizations can also promote this bye product of cotton.

Corrugated fibre Board (CfB) boxes from cotton stocks can be used as a eco-friendly packaging material. Also CIRCOT has developed a biological treatment process for softening cotton plant stocks for preparation of pulp and paper.

edible oyster mushrooms on cotton Stalks

CIRCOT has come out with an inexpensive pre-treatment on crop residues for seeding oyster mushrooms by resorting to a 24 hr–48 hr treatment under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. This replaces the conventional hot water treatment thereby reducing the cost of cultivation.

India being a tropical country producing different kinds of crop residues at varying temperatures, growing oyster mushroom is the best option. Practically, any crop residue can be used for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. In India, rice straw and wheat straws are commonly being used. CIRCOT has established that Pleurotus sajor-caju (Dhingri) grows very well on cotton stalks and yields upto 600 gm per kg of the material and on supplementation with bengal gram flour @ 3%, as much as 1000 gm of fleshy fruiting bodies can be harvested.

utilisation of banana Pseudo stem for fibre and other value addition products

Micro crystalline cellulose powder is prepared from banana fibres at large scale.

field ViSit

After a daylong visit to CIRCOT on 29.04.11, I visited, on the next day, a few villages in Kalyan taluka of Thane district, about 110 km from Mumbai. I was keen to see

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few Agriculture schemes in the rural areas adjoining Mumbai with particular focus on farm mechanization. I was accompanied by the District Superintendent of Agriculture, Agriculture Officer of Zila Parishad and other officers.

Village – runda, gram Panchayat – runda, taluka – Kalyan, district – thane

The village is basically Rice growing but the vicinity of urban area of Kalyan/Mumbai is giving opportunity of good market demand for vegetable and flowers also. Therefore, the farmers depending upon the availability of water in Rabi season grow vegetables mostly cucumber, bitter gourd, brinjal and flowers namely Geranium and Marigold.

Rudolf D’souza, the beneficiary farmer under farm Machinery scheme is having 6 acres of land and is mostly growing vegetables. He has been given 5 HP Electric motor pump (submersible type), 40 feet of connecting PVC pipe of 2”diameter, metallic box with starter, capacitor etc. The subsidy given to him was 50% (Rs. 8260) of the total cost of unit i.e. Rs.16520 and the subsidy amount was released after purchase details were given by the farmer. The motor pump was installed in the open well and was working at the time of visit. Construction of walls of well was going on.

Village – Phalegaon, taluka – Kalyan, district – thane

In this village, farm machineries given were mostly power tillers. I met following three farmers who have availed of power tillers under government schemes:

Sl. no

beneficiary farmer

crops farm machinery

cost (rs.)

remarks

1 Mandesh R. Jadhav

Kharif – Rice,Rabi–vegetables (bitter gourd, cucumber), flowers (geranium, marigold) and also tulsi

Power tiller Kampco Super DI KAMPCO-200

1,50,000 Progressive farmer fully utilizing the power tiller for agriculture operations, transporting agriculture produce i.e. vegetables, flowers etc.

2 Nathuram Bhau Palekar

Kharif – Rice only Power Tiller – EST Shakti-130 DI

1,45,000 farmer satisfied with the working of machine

3 Kanu Bhau Bangar

Kharif – Rice and vegetables in Rabi

Power tiller Kampco Super DI KAMPCO-200

1,50,000 farmer satisfied with the working of machine

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COTTON TECHNOLOGY

Power Tillers were given to farmers in 2009-10 at a subsidy of 50% of the cost. z

farmers during interaction expressed that Power tillers are very useful to them and z

they are using it throughout the year. They highlighted following benefits of power tillers:

It is used as an alternative to Bullock Carts which is now almost unavailable i. in the village as the farmers can no longer afford to buy and maintain bullocks.

Its availability has reduced the dependence of farmers on costly agricultural ii. labours during the crop season.

It can be given on hire basis @ Rs. 250/hour which is a good source of income. iii. Individual farmers having power tiller and 4-6 acres of land use, it only for 4-5 days for land preparation etc. and, thereafter, give on hire to other farmers of village.

One farmer also informed that during crop season he is giving power tiller on hire z

for 15-20 days in a month and in summer, he is using it for transport of sand, bricks etc.

floriculture

Shri Mandesh R. Jadhav is growing Geranium flowers and even Tulsi and selling in the nearby market, 10-12 km from the village, where a very famous Titwala temple is located. Shri Mandesh is earning Rs. 1000 to 1500 per day by flower sale. He is also using his power tiller to transport flowers to the market. On the day of visit, he had harvested 440 bunches of geranium flowers. Each bunch of five to six flowers was fetching him Rs. 2. He was earning Rs. 40,000 to 45,000 from the land of two and half Gunthas in three months.

Shri Mandesh R. Jadhav–Progressive farmer with a Power Tiller, Engaged in floriculture

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Sri method of rice cultivation

About SRI method of rice cultivation, it was found that the farmers were not aware of the method. Local officials present informed that no demonstrations were organized in the area to show the SRI method of cultivation. Most of the farmers are using old traditional varieties of rice. Newly released variety and its production technology need to be demonstrated in the village as well as the SRI technique.

SuggeStionS

CIRCOT initiatives and innovations such as Coconut fibre Segregator, Rubber Dam, value added products from cotton plant residues such as Particle Board etc. are needed to be promoted not only for their efficacy but also for its farmer friendly nature and cost advantages.

field visits showed how, in the adjoining rural areas of Mumbai, farmers are engaged in profitable cultivation by taking benefits of multi-utility power tillers, submersible pump made available to them under agricultural mechanization scheme.

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Review of BGREI in Jharkhand*

Prologue

My prime objective in travelling to Jharkhand was to monitor the progress of BGREI scheme and to see how the scheme has taken off in the rural areas. It was an action packed time and I spent the better part of the week between 28th June, 2011 and 2nd July, 2011 meeting with people dealing with challenges at the grassroots level.15

bgrei in JharKhand

During 2010–11, an amount of Rs. 29.60 crores was allocated to Jharkhand out of which the State could spend only Rs. 16.31 crore.

During the current year i.e. 2011–12, Jharkhand has been allocated Rs. 31.68 crore. The State Government has finalised an Action Plan for BGREI 2011–12 which has been approved in the SLSC meeting held in the last week of May, 2011. The State Government’s Action Plan has little modifications vis-à-vis the sub-component wise earmarking of funds as stipulated in the guidelines.

Salient features of action Plan 2011–12 for Jharkhand

Out of 24 districts, 7 districts are already under NfSM- Rice. In the remaining 17 non-NfSM districts, Block Demonstration of Rice of 1,000 ha has been undertaken. Of these 17 Block Demonstrations, 4 pertain to upland rice, 5 pertain to shallow water rice, 4 pertain to HYV and 4 pertain to hybrid rice.

under the sub-component Asset Building and Site Specific Interventions, the State Government has decided to build in all the 17 non-NfSM districts, an integrated

* Tour Report of Shri S.K.G. Rahate : Jharkhand.

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irrigation scheme comprising of pucca check dam, guard wall, an intake well with a pump house for lift irrigation. This is on the same pattern as the scheme of last year.

field ViSitS

giridih (non-nfSm & bgrei district)

Demonstration Block of 1000 ha has been identified which comprises of 4 panchayats including therein 1700 farmers. 10 progressive farmers also identified over each sub-block of 100 ha. DAO, Giridih has come out with a booklet showing the area map of this 1,000 ha. Demonstration Block alongwith the names of 18 farmers with their land details, names of progressive farmers with their mobile numbers etc. Thus the details of 1,000 ha Block Demonstration have been well documented.

In Giridih, around 10% of the total requirement of paddy seeds indented was for hybrid variety, KRH-2.

I visited village Kenduagadha, panchayat Motileda, block Bengabadh which falls under the 1000 ha Block Demonstration and interacted with the farmers - Sarju Mahato, Gulab Mahato, Ram Narain Sharma, Tilak Mahato, Chattu Mahto and Shanichar Mahto.

farmers of Motileda, Mahuar, Karnpura and Sonbad panchayats received SRI training on 29th & 30th May, 2011.

Soil samples from each village have been sent to soil testing laboratory at Girdih. for micro nutrient testing, the soil samples have been sent to Ranchi and the report is awaited.

500 quintals of high yielding paddy variety seeds (BPT 5204) has been distributed among farmers within this identified block.

Deep ploughing for land preparation could not be done by all farmers as the identification and finalisation of the Demonstration Block was done recently by which time most of the farmers had already finished land preparation. However, the progressive farmer incharge of Motileda Panchayat (Shri Raghunath Prasad Varma) informed that around 30% farmers could do deep ploughing and their list is being prepared so that the financial assistance under this sub-component of Package of Practices under Block Demonstration could be made available to the farmers.

for nursery raising, seeds have been sown and at various places one could see nursery at different stages of growth. Against the average rainfall of 202 mm, Girdih has received 302 mm of actual rainfall. Transplanting operation shall begin after 15th July, 2011.

Progressive farmer in-charge of Motileda Panchayat, Shri Raghunath Prasad Varma was present during the field visit. Most of the farmers have adopted SRI technique and have

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REVIEW Of BGREI IN JHARKHAND

used high yielding paddy variety namely, BPT-5204. Seed treatment was also carried out before sowing.

Progressive farmers and other farmers were well aware of other components of Block Demonstration and were quite confident of undertaking necessary measures for weed management, plant protection etc.

I then visited the site of check dam at village Borotand, panchayat Mahuar, block Bengabadh. This check dam has been taken under BGREI in the year 2010–11. farmers in the catchment areas were quite happy and wanted more such dams to be taken up in the area.

Checkdam at Village Borotand, Panchayat Machuwar, Giridih

dumka (non-nfSm and bgrei district)

Demonstration Block of 1000 ha has been identified which comprises of 91 villages in 15 panchyats and 6 blocks. However the names of farmers within this demonstration block have not been listed as done in Girdih. DAO, Dumka has been told to document the details of all farmers within this demonstration block.

Training in SRI technique was conducted in all panchayats of the district in the last week of May, 2011.

Next stop was Lataghormara village in Ghongadekcha panchayat in Jarmundi block. Here I saw nursery bed raised as per SRI technique. Interacted with farmers – Suresh Choudhary, Anil Kumar Yadav, Vijendra Panjiyara and Kode Tudu.

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farmers informed me that they have received paddy seeds of high yielding variety, namely BPT-5204. They have raised nursery on the lines of SRI but some of them have also adopted traditional method. As per the local tradition, they generally go in for paddy nursery cultivation by traditional methods during the Rohan Nakshatra which occurred this year during 24th May to 9th June, 2011. However, since they received intensive SRI training during the same time through few NGOs identified by DAO, a good number of farmers also raised nursery using SRI technique. Traditionally they were using MTu-7029 (Swarna) variety of paddy which had a low yield but now they have switched over to BPT-5204 (Samba Masuri) with few farmers also taking hybrid paddy namely PA-6444.

Next, I visited village Juruadih in Putlidabar panchyat and saw the integrated check dam scheme alongwith lift irrigation taken up under BGREI 2010–11. Here, I interacted with farmers - Neta Hembrom and Mastan Marandi. The farmers are getting tremendous benefit from the check dam and wanted more such check dams to be built in their area.

Checkdam at Village Jaruadih, Panchayat Putlidabar, Dumka

Paddy Nursery by SRI Technique - Village Lataghormara, Block

deoghar (non-nfSm and bgrei district)

Demonstration Block of 1000 ha has been identified. However, in Deoghar instead of a contiguous block, the DAO has identified 10 blocks of 100 ha each in different panchyats. When asked the reason, the DAO informed that it was not feasible to identify contiguous block due to undulating terrain and large patches of barren land. However, the names of farmers in each village within the 1000 ha have been listed in the form of a booklet on similar lines of Girdih. There are 3100 farmers within the 1000 ha area identified for block demonstration.

Training under SRI technique was imparted at the panchayat level in the last week of May, 2011 and 1st week of June, 2011. Some farmers were also sent for a one week training module at the Training-cum-Demonstration centre at Hazaribagh run by Soil Conservation Department.

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I drove on to village Basmata in panchayat Chandih and interacted with farmers - Baghirath Mahato, Bangtu Mahato, Nakul Mandal and Sudhir Mandal. A few farmers informed me about shortage of seeds. DAO, Deoghar clarified that paddy seeds reached late at Deoghar and arrived only 4–5 days back. Presently, the process of distribution is in full pace. DAO further informed that the quantity received now fulfills their requirement and there would be no shortfall.

I noted that progressive farmers over each sub-block of 100 ha has not been identified in Deoghar. DAO has been asked to get this identification completed at the earliest.

We visited village futabandh in Jhundi panchayat of block Devipur and saw the check dam taken up under BGREI 2010 – 11. On interaction with farmers, it was informed that the check dam has really helped them during the time of water scarcity. Also, in the same village, I saw a demonstration plot of nursery bed raised by SRI technique by a farmer (Sitaram Yadav) who had recently received training.

Nursery Raising by SRI Technique – farmer Sitaram Yadav of Village futabandh, Deoghar

Check Dam at Village futabandh, Panchayat Jhundi, Deoghar

obSerVation/SuggeStionSLast year, BGREI in Jharkhand was a non-starter as far as components pertaining z

to improvement in the rice based cropping system were concerned except for the component pertaining to construction of an integrated check dam scheme that was initiated after Monsoon 2010. This could be attributable to severe drought last year. However, during the field visits in the districts covered, it was seen that most of the check dam schemes of last year were almost complete and were providing good benefits to the farmers in the catchment areas as highlighted in the preceding notes.

During the current year, it seems that a good amount of preparation and planning z

has gone into devising the action plan for BGREI in Jharkhand. Block Demonstration

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of rice in an area of 1000 ha has been assigned, well in advance, to each of the 17 non-NfSM districts and covers upland/shallow water/HYV. Training in SRI technique also was planned well in time and was taken up at the level of panchayat in most of the districts during the second half of May, 2011.

As far as identification of demonstration block of 1000 ha is concerned, it has z

been observed in the districts visited that the exercise has been completed in a systematic manner. Of the three BGREI districts visited (Giridih, Deoghar, Dumka), the demonstration block at Giridih has been done in a most systematic and planned way incorporating the details of all farmers, their land area as well as identifying good progressive farmers over a sub-block of 100 ha. During interaction with farmers it was quite evident that they were totally involved and quite enthusiastic about the implementation of the entire package of practices as included in the sub-components of the Demonstration Block. However, the involvement of KVK scientists to the extent envisaged was not visible. Hence, there is a need to condition and energise KVK set-up in Jharkhand for close association with this component of Block Demonstration involving scientific package of practices for enhancing productivity.

Though SRI technique has been given wide exposure through training and z

awareness generation carried out at panchayat level in the districts and though there are financial incentives available to farmers adopting SRI, it was observed that during Kharif 2011 not more than 25–30% farmers must have actually used it on field. This needs to be viewed in the background that Agriculture in Jharkhand is quite conservative with farmers still preferring traditional approaches. Hence, it will take some more time for grounding this scientific technique among the farmers of Jharkhand. Though the overall awareness of SRI among the farmers in Jharkhand is quite impressive in this 2nd year of BGREI, but a little more intensive action, in the form of widespread media campaign highlighting success stories coupled with regular on-site extensive training at village level, would be required to steadily bring more and more farmers within the fold of SRI.

Regarding the usage of hybrid seeds during Kharif 2011, it was observed that z

most of the districts had indented hybrid seeds to the extent of around 15% of their overall requirement. However, there has been a major shift to high yielding paddy varieties (BPT 5204, MTu 7029, MTu 1010) as compared to the traditional local variety (Lallat). This impact on the overall productivity of paddy is likely to be seen in the coming years.

use of mechanised agricultural equipments for land preparation and tillage in the z

districts visited was almost negligible. In the demonstration block visited in the BGREI district, hardly any farmer has used drum seeder for sowing paddy though there is a provision for the same. Tractors, power tillers, rotavators were not very clearly visible in the districts visited. On interaction with farmers, it was observed that they would

173


prefer small agricultural equipments like power tiller, rotavators, cono weeder, cultivator, power weeder, thresher, etc. The aspect of increasing farm mechanization was discussed in great detail with Secretary (Agriculture), Jharkhand. Guidelines of different DAC schemes focusing on farm mechanization (MMA, PSAMTTD, PHTM, RKVY, NfSM etc.) through demonstration, training & distribution among farmers were made available to the Secretary (Agriculture), Jharkhand with a request that proposals under the said schemes particularly for small agricultural equipments as demanded by farmers may be sent to DAC at the earliest.

During the current year of BGREI, State Government under the sub-component z

“Asset Building and Site Specific Activity” has again included integrated check dam scheme with guard wall and lift irrigation on the same pattern of the last year with district-wise target. In the BGREI districts visited, it was learnt that the proposals for the scheme have already been sent to State Agriculture Department for approval. There is a need to impress upon the district functionaries that within the 1000 ha Demonstration Block in BGREI districts, these check dams should be taken up in large numbers at appropriate site so that the cumulative effect of package of practices under block demonstration along with irrigation facility of these check dams could be seen in the years to come. further, there is a need to ensure close monitoring of the scheme so that all these check dams get completed before the on-set of Kharif 2012.

BGREI 2011–12 has taken off well in Jharkhand but in order to sustain the momentum, z

there is a need to have close review and monitoring at regular intervals along with filling the necessary gaps, as and when required, through supplements flowing from other schemes of DAC so that the overall objective of increasing the productivity of rice based cropping system in Jharkhand is attained in a fixed timeframe in the years to come.

174

Reaping Government Initiatives*

Prologue

Christmas was in the air as I left for Tamil Nadu, but on arrival there, it was business as usual on the ground - a preoccupation with sowing and reaping, grain and soil.16

On 24th December, the implementation of various programmes under the National food Security Mission (NfSM) in Tamil Nadu was reviewed by me. I then undertook field visits on 26th December in Kanchipuram and Chennai Districts to see the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) plots under ICDP (Rice) of the Macro Management Scheme.

Overall, the SRI component is being implemented with a lot of enthusiasm all across Tamil Nadu. Results of the implementation are also encouraging as the farmers are recording higher yields and are satisfied with the new technique of cultivating rice crop. This technique not only saves them input costs but also generates higher income through increased production.

It was decided in the meeting with the State Mission Director and Commissioner Agriculture, Tamil Nadu that under the local initiatives of NfSM, organic certification of SRI produce under the global gap standards could be planned to give better marketing opportunities for SRI farmers. A noteworthy finding of my field visits was the willingness of the extension officials to work on the farmers’ fields. I also noticed good documentation of field observations by the field functionaries that could be emulated for rest of the country.

As per the estimation of the State Government, NfSM has contributed to substantial increase in productivity in the Kharif 2008. The increase in output of gains ranged from 5% to 20% over the normal yields. The state has also actively promoted the ICDP (Rice) in the remaining districts very vigorously, thus giving full attention to the food grains production program in the entire State. On the

* Tour Report of Shri Mukesh Khullar : Tamil Nadu.

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REAPING GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

pulses front too, a new strategy has been developed in consultation with TNAu for expanding area in the rice fallows. Black gram and Green gram are the main pulses that are being sown in the current Rabi season for their harvest in March 2009.

Promotion of conoweederS

under NfSM Rice 2008–09, the state chose to promote Conoweeders and related equipment to the extent of 60% of the financial allocation for the year. This massive promotion of Conoweeders is justified considering the SRI movement in the State. However, the achievement is not satisfactory considering that only 20% of the money could be spent up to now. Conoweeders were bought at very low rates @ 750 rupees per machine whereas the subsidy allocation was @ 3000 rupees per machine. Considering the recent revisions in the guidelines, State Mission officials were confident that they would be able to procure more machines for the farmers within the admissible subsidy amount and thus book the expenditure by March end.

Conoweeder

under NfSM Pulses, the major amount allocated was on local initiatives which have been distributed to the districts and the expenditure would be booked by March end. As regards other components, it was informed that the major pulses crop season was in Rabi and the sowing had begun now. The progress in these components would pick up during the course of this season.

The state has prepared a modified action plan incorporating the recent changes in the guidelines, and these would be implemented for booking the expenditure during the current financial year.

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hybrid rice

Hybrid Rice Production is taken up under RKVY on a much higher subsidy rates than z

that of Macro Management Scheme, NfSM and Seed Scheme. It is understood to be @ 60 rupees/kg for distribution and @ 50 rupees/kg for production. Such high subsidy rates would distort the promotional strategy of similar components under the regular schemes.

CoRH1, the rice hybrid of TNAu is z

having poor market because the rice breaks up while being milled and that after cooking, fermentation takes place faster. This was the feedback from all the farmers visited. The State is, therefore, promoting CoRH1 for idlis and dosa while for table purposes, they are promoting KRH2 hybrid, which is performing relatively better.

Seed production including the hybrid z

rice is being taken up by the State Agriculture Department to meet the requirement of the farmers. There is no seed producing agency in the State. Apparently, the cost of hybrid rice with subsidies charged to farmers is about 70 rupees whereas Karnataka has fixed Rs. 140 as the sale price of KRH 2. With the same set of subsidies, there is a great deal of variation among the public sector seed producing agencies. State officials assured me that they would tie up their requirement with seed producing agencies through an MOu for assured supply in the next season.

Sri implementation

SRI documentation was found to be very impressive with good collection of z

biometric observations of the crop in the field books of the assigned extension officer. These parameters need to be studied for emulation in rest of the country. The results of the observations compared very well with the control crop.

SRI promotion strategy is also impressive with a 10 hectare demonstration area z

in a cluster approach. Seeds and conoweeders were given to farmers for a cost of 2000 rupees per hectare under ICDP or NfSM. States want this approach instead of the operational guideline for conducting demonstrations in the ratio of one per 100 hectares.

An encouraging point noticed clearly was the level of involvement of the Extension z

officials with the farmers in their crop development through various government

KRH 2 Rice Hybrid

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REAPING GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

programmes and schemes. This was evident in the interactions with the farmers at various places during the visit. Senior district officials including the District Collectors were fully involved in appreciating the details of farming practices especially on SRI.

Another interesting approach adopted is to promote SRI for producing certified z

seeds which gives higher remuneration to farmers for their produce. In the process, the documentation required for certification agencies is helpful for monitoring the quality of the demonstration.

nfSm Progress review and Suggestions thereof

There is no individual plan for different components like Liming, Micro Nutrients, z

etc. thus making it difficult, the monitoring of the procurement, placements and progress of distribution. Besides, the areas for promotion of these inputs could not be delineated for identification of eligible farmers.

I learnt that the SfSMEC did not agree to appoint the State Level Consultants z

dedicated for NfSM work on the ground that the reorganized State Agriculture Department was having adequate manpower needed to handle the work. Considering that the State has not planned for different components, State Mission Director was urged to take up with the Committee once again the need for dedicated staff for which the entire expenditure was allocated to the State under the Mission.

State wanted revision in the text given in the operational guidelines as revised z

recently relating to conoweeders and other equipment. It is felt by them that within the overall subsidy ceiling limit of Rs. 3000, farmers could have any number of equipment and should not be restricted to only one equipment irrespective of the subsidy availed as the present text seems to suggest.

On pulses, the indent placed by the State with the Seeds Division for procuring z

breeder seeds is not in sync with the plan for production of breeder seeds of IIPR. State Mission Director was advised to monitor this aspect closely. Seed Rolling Plan should be prepared which could be an effective instrument to assist such a monitoring.

There is substantial increase recorded in the productivity of kharif rice this year, z

more so in the SRI plots. Some losses on account of cyclonic floods in the Delta region have given a setback to other wise record production of rice this year.

178

Mission Maharashtra*

Prologue

I looked forward to this visit with excitement as Secretary (A&C) planned a tour to Vidarbha and Marathwada Regions of Maharashtra from 11th to 13th October, 2010 to be accompanied by me and Director, Cotton Crop Development Mumbai.17

The main purpose of the visit was:

To assess the crop situation particularly of the Cotton, Soybean, and Tur (Arhar). z

To assess through field visits, the impact of the projects taken up for z

implementation under various agriculture development schemes like National food Security Mission (NfSM), Accelerated Pulses Production Program (A3P), National Horticulture Mission (NHM), Technology Mission on Citrus, Micro Irrigation Scheme, ISOPOM, Technology Mission on Cotton, Macro Management of Agriculture Scheme (MMA) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).

To interact with the farmers in the agriculturally distressed areas to assess the felt z

needs in the context of various schemes.

To interact with the scientists of the ICAR institutes on Cotton and Citrus and the z

State Agriculture universities at Akola and Parbhani on the current research work in terms of addressing the constraints felt by the farmers in the area.

To review the development strategy of the area with the senior field and secretariat z

officers of the State Agriculture Department for improving the efficacy of the programmatic interventions under various schemes.

*17 Tour Report of Shri Mukesh Khullar : Maharashtra.

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MISSION MAHARASHTRA

thumbnail SKetcheS of PlaceS ViSited

11.10.2010 (monday)

CICR, Nagpur

Experimental field plots of different Bt hybrids, various farm practices, potential varieties under Bt gene transformation, round up Bt trails and integrated crop management study were visited. Various laboratories of the Centre were also visited where work relating to resistance monitoring of sucking pests & mealy bug, Development of Bt Transgenic cotton using DNA marker, generating gossypol free cotton seed, development of various detection kits were going on. An interaction with the scientists engaged in various research projects was held following the presentation made by the Director, CICR, Nagpur.

Secretary (A&C) urged the scientists to develop Bt variety equivalent to hybrids at public sector, farm mechanization with special reference to cotton picker, solar sprayer etc. He also pointed out the need for better crop assessment using various crop models and remote sensing technologies and attention to quality aspects of certification of organic cotton.

NRC for Citrus, Nagpur

Green house of the exotic germplasm, primary & secondary nurseries set up to produce quality planting material of the citrus were visited. Director, NRCC in his presentation highlighted the activities and various research agenda of the centre. Nearly 8.5 lakh ha was stated to be under various plantation crops in Maharashtra of which Citrus occupied 2.0 lakh ha (in Vidharbha 1.50 lakh ha). So far the center had supplied about 15.00 lakh improved seedlings to the farmers. Bridge grafting to rejuvenate old plants was stated to be very effective mechanism to revive senile citrus plants. Secretary (A&C) also interacted with the scientists of the Centre.

Field visit

On way to Akola, field visit was organized at Taluka Morshi, Dist. Amravati where demonstration of A3P Plot and farm pond under RKVY were seen.

12.10.2010 (tuesday)

PDKV, Akola

A round of the various activities at the university was organized. This included a visit to the Technology gallery, PDKV Memorial center, Agricultural Engineering Section, fish

180


farm section and Cotton Tof field. Various scientists highlighted about the research & findings under Sorghum, Cotton, pulses & oilseeds and citrus at their respective experimental farms. utility of small farm machinery and Dāl Mill developed by PDKV were felt impressive. The farmers were stated to be shifting to Chickpea cultivation replacing Safflower. Sorghum was demonstrated to be profitably intercropped with Soybean and Pigeon pea through suitable varieties. Pigeon pea hybrid developed by ICRISAT was stated to be giving 15–20% higher yield but the seed production was a problem as also the purity of the seed. Closer spacing of cotton (1.66 lakh plants per ha) variety seemed to hold promise for increasing cotton yield with reduced associated problems.

An interactive session with the District Agriculture officers, Scientists of the universities was held in the presence of Vice Chancellor, PDKV, Akola. District level officials expressed concern about labour shortage and pressed for mechanization (rotavator, seed drill, and other small implements), more target for drip irrigation and farm pond. Secretary (A&C) urged for transformation of GOI programme at district/taluka/village level at faster rate.

MSSCL, Akola

Presentation on the current activities of the State Seeds Corporation was made by the Managing Director followed by an interactive session with the officers of the Corporation. Presently, MSSCL was found to be supplying 32% of the state seed requirement and producing 10–11 lakh qtls of total seed with Rs. 32.00 crores profit (2009–10). Among the cereals - paddy and wheat (4.50 lakh qtls), Pulses - Tur, Moong, urad and Gram (1.40 lakh qtls), Oilseeds - groundnut and soybean, (6.23 lakh qtls) were stated to be under seed production chain. under NfSM, MSSCL supplied 56961 qtls of paddy, 1.00 lakh qtls wheat, 69000 qtls of Gram and 16578 qtls of other pulses. Hybrid rice seed production was 5475 qtls. MSSCL requested to increase the outlay of seed production under ISOPOM and MSSCL could be identified as one of the nodal agencies for minikit distribution.

They also suggested for increased production subsidy for Jute, hybrid rice along with inclusion of Jowar crop and MSSCL Research hybrids under NfSM or other schemes. Secretary (A&C) suggested increasing the hybrid rice seed production; tie up with seed village programme & private seed sector for increasing the availability of quality seed. He stressed the need to extend modern package of practices of various crops in the seed packet itself.

State Seed Certification Agency, Akola

Presentation on the activities of the State Seed certification agency was made by the Director of the Agency. Nearly 1.00 lakh ha area of the seed grower was

181

MISSION MAHARASHTRA

registered with the Agency with an average seed production of 11.00 lakh qtls. The agency suggested for use of HDPE bags for seed packing, Bt cotton hybrids under certification process, mechanism for seed buffer stock, and improvement in seed village scheme.

Field visit

On way to Aurangabad, we inspected the farm pond under RKVY without poly lining, Custard apple orchards, and use of sprinklers in pulses at Taluka Patur, Dist Akola.

Pigeon Pea Plot with Drip Irrigation

In the Taluka Washim, Dist Washim, farm pond with poly lining under NHM was interesting. Banana, Chiku, Custard apple, Jamun, Peru & Mango composite orchards under NHM as well as, production of vermicompost, and use of sprinklers in pulses were observed.

In the Taluka Hingoli, Dist. Hingoli, Cotton and Tur was under drip irrigation with high productivity (cotton 40 q/ha).

13.10 2010 (wednesday)

Field visit

Taluka Aurangabad, Dist. Aurangabad: Visit of 1000 ha A3P Plot of Tur (25 qtls expected yield/ha). farmers demanded more number of drip subsidy.

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Badnapur Research Centre, Aurangabad

The center is AICIP main center for Pigeon pea and sub-center for Chick pea under the administrative control of MAu, Parbhani. In 2006, Research Center for Sweet orange was started in the campus and subsequently College of Agriculture started in 2007. field visits to the demonstration and research plots of the pulses crops were conducted. Among the various varieties of Pigeon pea, 160 days duration BDN -2 and 708 are best for Maharashtra and Gujarat. Transplanting method of pigeon pea under drip with paired row planting is giving maximum yield. Center is collaborating in A3P IPM in Pigeon pea.

under the RKVY the State Department of Agriculture launched Crop Surveillance and Advisory Project (CROPSAP) being implemented by NCIPM, Pusa New Delhi for Cotton, Soybean, Gram & Pigeon pea crop. under the programme, weekly advisory services are provided through websites and mobile SMS on the basis of prevailing weather/pest & crop situations. More than 1.62 lakh farmers are receiving SMS in 27000 villages of 29 districts. Review of the pest surveillance work was presented by NCIPM scientist. An interactive session with the farmers, village level extension officials were held to assess the needs of the area.

A book on Pests of Pigeon pea and their Management as also the extension brochures for pigeon pea crop developed by Marathwada Agriculture university, Parbhani were released at the hands of Secretary (A&C).

A central data repository on pest surveillance and monitoring for A3P units developed by NCIPM, Pusa was launched by Secretary (A&C).

Meetings with State Government Officials

Principal Secretary Agriculture – meeting in Aurangabad primarily to debrief him on the findings of the visit for follow up.

Nagpur Divisional Commissioner- meeting to assess the specific needs of the farmers in the naxal affected areas in the Division.

Amravati Divisional Commissioner – meeting to review the status of suicides committed by farmers in the Agri distress areas of the Division.

Release of Book on Pest Management in Pigeon Pea

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MISSION MAHARASHTRA

Aurangabad Divisional Commissioner – meeting to assess the potential of farm pond linked drip irrigation for cotton and pigeon pea crops.

Akola Collector – meeting to assess the recent spurt in farmers’ suicide in the District and the efficacy of the special developmental schemes to redress the issues.

main findingS and follow uP reQuired

The findings during the tour, action required to be taken and the division in DAC/other organization(s) responsible for action are given in the following table.

Sl. no. finding action divisioncotton

1 Pigeon pea intercrop with Bt Cotton is vanishing in view of the recommended use of herbicide ‘Round up’

Need to find alternate equally effective weed management techniques to maintain pigeon pea as intercrop or refuge

ICARCrops(Cotton)

2 Mealy bug infestation on cotton would require release of parasitoids in adequate quantity rather than use insecticides that kill such parasitoids too

Mealy bug parasitoid release card should be actively propagated to control mealy bug pest incidence. Publicity should be given on the mealy bug management using bio-control measures

Crops Extension

3 Narrow plants instead of normal thick foliage plants should be promoted so as to increase the plant population up to 120000 plants per hectare

Varieties like AKG 81 are developed by PKV Akola that need to be promoted under Technology Mission on Cotton

Crops

4 Many Bt cotton hybrids have susceptibility to leaf curl virus disease which adversely affects productivity

Some control on un notified Bt cotton hybrids needs to be exercised to introduce appropriate varieties in any agro ecological area

Seed

5 Sucking insects like Jassids, Aphids and other minor insects are now increasing even as chances of resistance to American bollworm also increase

Work on Insect Resistance Management in Cotton needs to be intensified to detect and manage new pests

ICARCropsPP

6 Crop estimation models using remote sensing applications are showing very good results

Presentation from the ICAR National Coordinator of the crop estimation models should be organized for assessing their efficacy

Crops DES

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Sl. no. finding action division7 Organic Cotton being exported

to Eu faced problems on account of faulty certification

There is need to evolve and monitor a sound regulatory system to fix standards and enforce quality in terms of credible certification

INMNCOf

Pigeon Pea

8 Dibbling of seeds, nipping of branches and use of drip irrigation resulted in crop productivity of up to 5 tons per hectare as against an average of 0.5 T/ha

Practice developed by Bidar KVK and adopted in Aurangabad and Latur divisions of Maharashtra needs to be standardized and popularized among pigeon pea farmers in other States

NfSM

9 Intercropping of one row of pigeon pea with four rows of Soybean doubled the total crop yield

Intercrops with appropriate z

plant spacing should be promoted in all soybean area in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and other places.Additional area through z

intercrops in terms of crop equivalence should be closely monitored.

NfSM

10 Production of Pigeon Pea doubled in A3P units but the farmers wanted Reapers to harvest the crop

Reapers should be included under the mechanization program of NfSM and MMA

M&TNfSM

other Pulses

11 Varieties of Moong that can be harvested with machines rather than through pickings need to be promoted

Demonstrations and seed minikits of the varieties developed by PKV Akola should be taken up under NfSM and A3P

NfSM

horticulture

12 Seed less orange varieties was developed by PKV Akola

under Technology Mission on Citrus the seedless varieties should be actively propagated

NHM

13 On Phytophthora and other soil borne diseases protocol for management were different in NRCC and PKV Akola

Need to standardize the effective management of Phytophthora in Orange through proper treatment of infected soils

NHM

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MISSION MAHARASHTRA

Sl. no. finding action division14 Community water tank with

plastic lining was servicing drip lines laid for horticultural plantation

Evaluation of the community tanks should be done in terms of cost effectiveness and functional aspects compared to farm ponds constructed under the RKVY

NHM

agriculture marketing

15 for Moong and urad Crops, it was reported by farmers that no procurement centres were operational for selling their produce at MSP plus incentive money

Purchase centres for Tur crop should be opened by the State Marketing federation and so notified in time to the pulses farmers

Marketing NAfED

Seeds

16 Production and distribution subsidy is not being availed by MSSC under Jute Technology Mission

Conditionality relating z

to admissibility only on incremental production should be reviewedState Governments should z

be advised to ensure that the distribution subsidy is availed by farmers for the Jute seeds sold in the State

Crops

17 Procedures relating to working of State Seed Certification Agency should be revised

To explore the possibilities of including hybrid seed production under certification process and notification of the hybrid

Seed

farm machinery

18 Acute shortage of ridge furrow planters and other implements designed by Agriculture universities was being felt for want of manufacturing facility

Each Agriculture university could plan to set up manufacturing facility with private partners. Initial funding support could be considered under RKVY or State Agriculture Plan

State Small Scale Industries Corporation should be mobilized to incentivize production of needed farm implements

M&T

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Sl. no. finding action divisionPlant Protection

19 Pest surveillance and monitoring systems developed for soybean and pulses were able to minimize pest incidence

Pest Monitors and Scouts established under the RKVY and A3P units should report diseases

An analysis of the work done should be prepared in terms of efforts and benefits for creating National Mission that works across States

PP

20 Solar knap sack sprayer developed by CICR reduces the operational cost

To examine feasibility of inclusion of this plant protection implement under different schemes

M&T

miscellaneous

21 Pest surveillance work done in the State under RKVY and NfSM needs to be recognized at National Level

Project should be sponsored for Prime Minister’s award for excellence in civil service

PP

22 There is need to promote more aggressively the farm Ponds and drip irrigation systems

A special package for Vidarbha and Marathwada Regions should be prepared by the State Government to promote farm ponds, micro irrigation and related farm mechanization

JS (M&T)

23 Effective delivery of the programs depends on quality of extension staff in terms of knowledge and motivation level

One day or two days short z

duration Training programs to upgrade skills of the extension staff need to be regularly conductedAwards need to be instituted z

at National, State and District levels for the extension workers

Extension

24 There was overall decline in farmers’ suicide in the two divisions except for Akola District

Reasons for no decline in Akola need to be obtained from the State Government and needed corrective steps taken with respect to credit availability

Policy

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MISSION MAHARASHTRA

Sl. no. finding action division25. Closer working of Research

and Extension officials can find lasting solutions

Basic induction course for z

the senior officers joining the Department should be prepared to cover all topicsStrategy sessions of different z

crops organized by ICAR research centres should be attended by the concerned divisional heads

Adminis-tration

obSerVationS/SuggeStionS

follow-up action is very comprehensively contained in the table above. In conclusion, I wish to add that the visit to Vidarbha and Maharashtra was noteworthy in terms of finding systems in place that were performing and promoting very close involvement of State Agriculture universities and the State Extension Machinery with the farmers. Region is constrained by lack of irrigation facility and also inadequate alternate non-farm employment opportunities.

Recent investments under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, National food Security Mission, National Horticulture Mission and Prime Minister’s package for the suicide prone areas have catalyzed increased demand for more intensive agriculture by the farmers. farm ponds linked to drip irrigation are yielding very high productivity levels in Cotton and Tur. Horticulture is developing very fast and in the process creating opportunities for associated value addition in the form of processing industries.

Seeing the enthusiastic response of the farmers to the recent initiatives it is important that dedicated funding support should be considered to increase the reach for better coverage of the area and mitigate the agriculture distress in some regions.

188

Crop Situation in Haryana*

Prologue

Spring was in the air as I left Delhi on a tour to Haryana State which was undertaken from 17th to 19th february to assess the crop situation. As I left the traffic and chaos of Delhi behind, I reviewed my plan to check on the implementation of programs. I was also looking forward to my interaction with the scientists of Haryana Agriculture university, Hisar. 18

Wheat, Mustard and Gram were the main crops grown by farmers in the area. Mustard was in full bloom with very good number of pods and excellent crop stand. Crop productivity is likely to be the best ever in the State which is the highest in the country anyways.

As for Wheat crop, there was some delay in its plantation in some areas where cotton was harvested very late. Wheat, was planted as late as second week of January. In timely sown wheat, flowering had taken place. There were on an average about 7–8 tillers per plant. Crop was good and the farmers were very optimistic about reaping a very good harvest this year.

Area under Gram crop this year is also showing an increase especially in Hisar District where there is about 50% increase in area. It was noticed that on an average, there were about 50 flowers per plant. With no pest or disease incidence so far,

* Tour Report of Shri Mukesh Khullar : Haryana.

Wheat Crop at Tillering Stage

189

CROP SITuATION IN HARYANA

there is likely to be an increase in productivity to the extent of 25 to 30% as compared to last year.

giSt of the findingS and the reQuired follow uP

The gist of my findings and follow up action suggested are given in the following table:

Sl. no. issue finding needed action division1 Inefficient

seed Subsidy administration for wheat and pulses crops under NfSM

Private bred certified seeds amounting to about 60% of the total seeds distributed is not being extended the ‘distribution subsidy’ by the State Government

State Government should urgently evolve a system to pass on the subsidy to the seeds preferred by farmers whether public or private sector.

Guidelines of NfSM in this regard should be enforced

Crops

2 Inefficient subsidy administration on promotion of micro nutrients

Subsidy is being extended only through designated State agencies which is about 50% of the total micro nutrient sold in the State

More retail outlets should be authorized to sell the micro nutrient mainly Zinc sulphate at admissible subsidy

Crops

3 Laser land levelers should become more affordable to meet the demand by the farmers

Rs. 30,000 subsidy for laser land leveler costing Rs. 3.5 lakh per unit is not attractive enough

Either laser land levelers should be promoted in a group of five farmers or it should be promoted on subsidized service of Rs. 500 per acre.

Proposal made in Sirsa district under RKVY should be followed up for approval

RKVY, Crops

4 Water logging and salinity of water are the main constraints of the area

No effective option evolved so far to address the constraints or to prevent further deterioration

A meeting needs to be called to fully understand the problem and possible options for investments in a sustained manner

Crops

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Sl. no. issue finding needed action division5 All round

availability of fodder is required to be ensured

Crop sequencing on about half an acre of land should be promoted as per chart attached

National Task force on fodder should consider the inputs from HAu for framing programmatic interventions

Crops

6 Zero till seed drills was successful only in limited areas

Happy seeders or turbo seeders is a viable option that needs to be tried to ensure mulching of paddy straw and sowing of wheat.

NfSM should include such machinery in its programs at an appropriate subsidy assistance level

Crops

7 Gram productivity in Hisar district is quite low

Paired row sowing recommended by HAu was being demonstrated in A3P unit

With diffused branching, productivity goes up by atleast 25%

NfSM should study this agronomic practice for replication elsewhere

Crops

8 Poor quality of ground water affects crop productivity

underground pipe line was being laid by the farmers to bring water from sweet water sources from as far as 5 kms

Cost of laying of uGPL could be covered from under kisan credit card and subsidy extended under RKVY or State Plan

NRM,RKVY

9 Direct Seeded Rice for Basmati would reduce water requirement

Demonstration conducted so far show no loss of yield with considerably low water requirement

Recommendations need to be finalized for active promotion of Direct Seeded Rice. Herbicide Nomini gold is effective and needs to be subsidized

CropsICAR

10 Demand for wheat variety PBW 343 is still very high

DW 17, PBW 550 and WH 1021 varieties are uG 99 tolerant but are not preferred by farmers due to yield loss

More demonstrations need to be organized to evaluate the new varieties to assure farmers on yield advantage

Crops

191

CROP SITuATION IN HARYANA

Sl. no. issue finding needed action division11 Mustard is

preferred to Pulses due to its salinity and moisture tolerance

Pigeon pea was destroyed due to excessive rain this year. Ground water, being saline, not suitable for these crops

Water logging tolerant varieties need to be demanded from research.

Raised bed planting needs to be demonstrated

Crops

12 Pesticide spraying in pulses is considered very tedious by farmers, especially for dense crops like pigeon pea

Tractor mounted power sprayers costing around Rs. 25,000 to 30,000 preferred by farmers

NfSM could consider extending subsidy to power sprayer on the pattern of TMC, where 10000 rupees subsidy is admissible

Crops

SuggeStionS

While a large number of problems and solutions are enumerated in the table given above, I wish to reiterate the chief malady plaguing farmers, and one which needs to be tackled on a war footing. The state officials at every level need to tackle problems of water logging and salinity of water on an urgent basis. Some farmers are laying pipelines to bring sweet water from the source and they need state assistance for this. farmers also need to be educated about the yield advantage in growing more suitable crops such as Wheat. Mustard is another crop which should be encouraged as it is better able to adjust to high salt and moisture content.

192

The Beauty of Bamboo*

Prologue

The fact that bamboo, was finding so many versatile applications, from floor tiles, paper, furniture apart from the traditional scaffolding, made me eager to examine at first hand initiatives under the National Bamboo Mission (NBM). Bamboo being quick-growing and therefore a renewable resource whetted my desire to learn more about this very environmentally friendly crop, actually a grass. 19

Consequently I flew into Imphal on 20th June, 2011 to see the work done under NBM by the State implementing agency and foundation for Environment and Economic Development Services (fEEDS)/KVK-Sylvan. Soon after landing at the airport at around 11 PM, I reviewed the progress of NBM in the State with PCCf and then started observing plantations done by fEEDS in Senapati District of Manipur.

I chose to visit Manipur as the topography and terrain are both very suited to the cultivation of bamboo. It is the third largest state of the North-East with a total geographical area of 22,327 sq. KM and population of 23.88 Lakh (2001). Manipur has 17,219 sq km under forest, which is 76.53% of the total geographical area. further, 3691.8 KM2 of forest area (21.44%) is covered with bamboo. This cover is spread over western, south western and north western parts of Manipur and consists of bamboo brakes (these brakes consist of almost exclusively bamboo crop mostly one species called Mellocana baccifera, also known as Muli Bamboo) as well as bamboo mixed with scrubs. The area under bamboo was impressive to say the least.

The state of Manipur joined NBM in 2006-07, the inaugural year of the Mission. Till 2010–11, Rs. 2353.15 lakh has been released to the State. NBM approved a three-year project of fEEDS/KVK-Sylvan for Senapati District of Manipur to be implemented

*19 Tour Report of Shri Kameshwar Ojha: Manipur.

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THE BEAuTY Of BAMBOO

during 2010–11 to 2012–13. under the project, Rs. 6.00 crore have been released during 2010–11, mainly for plantation in 5,993 ha and establishment of micro-irrigation in 1,685 ha The sites of these plantations are all faces of steep hills. Three sites of the plantation were observed.

Various officials connected to the forestry department accompanied me on the on-site visit. I had the most fruitful interactions with several of them, namely Shri A. Kharshi-ing, PCCf, Government of Manipur; Shri N. Kipgen, Chief Conservator of forest-cum-State Mission Director (NBM), Manipur; Shri Paominlen, Secretary (fEEDS); Smt. Soreiphy Vashum, Conservator of forests/Eastern forests Circle; Shri L. Ibomcha Singh, Conservator of forests/Extension Circle; Shri Shamu Singh, DfO/Social forestry Division; Shri Khomeimacha, DfO/Eastern forests Division, ukhrul and Range forests Officers (RfOs), forest Guards and officials concerned. Without exception, most officials were well-informed and enthusiastic about the future of bamboo.

obSerVationS at Plantation SiteS

Soon after reaching Imphal, I called on the PCCf, Government of Manipur, Shri A. Kharshi-ing. The meeting was also attended by Shri N. Kipgen, State Mission Director (SMD), Manipur. In the brief meeting, details of the aims and objectives of the NBM and its implementation in the state were reviewed. The general observation was that progress of NBM work in the state has improved considerably during the last one year and fund flow has been smooth.

Then I, along with Shri Paominlen, Secretary (fEEDS) and State Mission Director (SMD) proceeded and inspected NBM works undertaken by fEEDS in Saitu Gamphajol and Kangpokpi sub divisions of Senapati district. Works at tumuyon Khullen near Kangpokpi was first inspected. It was observed that even though the plantation site was properly cleared and pits were dug during January–february 2011, weeds have grown abundantly again. Weed management becomes a crucial job, especially in rainy season to ensure optimum growth of planted bamboo.

The inspection team then proceeded to changoubung center. Here too, work was in progress with plenty of laborers working. Plantation work here was progressing well. The site was hill with gentle slope having extremely fertile soil. Healthy planting materials brought from West Bengal (Siliguri & Darjeeling) were being used for plantation.

The team then proceeded to hengbung plantation center. The plantation site was south and south western aspect of hill, gentle at the foot to about 40 degree slope at

194


the higher reaches. Planting materials used here were very good and plantation here was near completion.

Thus, progress of work of plantation by fEEDS was found to be really good. The experience of neighbouring Nagaland (plantations on similar hills) is that bamboo plantations must be protected from wild growth of weeds. fEEDS officials were cautioned to take care and avoid growth of weeds.

After a good night’s sleep, I resumed my visit to the plantations the next morning. This time I focused on visiting plantations done by State Implementation Agency. The inspection team consisted of Smt. Soreiphy Vashum, Conservator of forests/Eastern forests Circle; Shri L. Ibomcha Singh, Conservator of forests/Extension Circle; Shri Shamu Singh, DfO/Social forestry Division; Shri Khomeimacha, DfO/Eastern forests Division, ukhrul and other officials.

The inspection team left Imphal at about 9.45 AM and proceeded to mapao plantation center under Bamboo Development Agency (BDA). It was about 27 kms north, east of Imphal. The area was planted in 2010–11 and was spread over 25 ha Species planted was mostly Bambusa tulda and B. nutans. Seedlings had already established and attained height, as much as 2.5 to 3 m, not surprising really when one considers that bamboo is the fastest growing specimen in the plant kingdom. A number of tillers have sprung up. Growth was good and luxuriant. As was the case with other plantations, there was abundant growth of weeds as well. I instructed that weeds should be removed frequently so that planted bamboo can grow well.

Bamboo Plantation

195

THE BEAuTY Of BAMBOO

The team then proceeded to Shankai plantation center under fDA/Eastern forest Division. The plantation site was just on the northern site of NH/150 linking Imphal-ukhrul district HQ, about 35 kms east of Imphal. The concerned RfO could not lead the inspection team properly to the site. The team was led up to the hillock where there was hardly any plantation except few rhizome plantations. The team was then led down the same route and along a narrow stream where a few seedlings were planted. The local villager told the inspection team that bamboo was planted along the banks up to 2 kms up the stream. This was an unimpressive plantation. The State team was advised to be more careful in choosing plantation sites and monitoring its growth subsequently. Of all the sites inspected, this was definitely the least impressive.

SuggeStionS

Since I was aware of the Nagaland experience, where weeds had proved very detrimental to the health of the bamboo plantations, I exhorted officials concerned to safeguard the Manipur plantations against this menace. My disappointment at the state of the Shankai plantation prompted me to urge the state level officials to choose more appropriate planting sites in future, paying special attention to factors like hill gradient and fertility of the soil in order to optimize output.

196

Golden Grass – Bamboo Bounty*

Prologue

Sikkim, being a natural treasure house of rich biodiversity, attracted me to visit it in my quest to learn more about the possibilities of exploring and exploiting the potential of more than fifty varieties of bamboo. I must admit it is an added bonus, an escape from the furnace that was Delhi in June to the sylvan climes of the eastern Himalayas. I was fortunate to also witness some value addition initiatives under the aegis of government bodies, which enhanced the scope of bamboo far beyond its traditional uses.20

Sikkim has the greatest variations in terms of climate and elevation. The climate ranges from sub-tropical along the Teesta and Rangeet river basins to temperate and alpine in the perpetually snow-capped ranges of the north. The altitude ranges from 488 Metres (Melli) to 8598 Metres (Mt. Kanchendzonga). The mean temperature varies from 4.5º C to 29.5º C in lower altitudes to 1.5º C to 9.5º C higher altitudes. The mean annual rainfall varies from 2000 mm to 4000 mm, with most of the rain falling in the period June to September. This variation in climate and elevation has created at least 9 major geographical divisions, like the midland valleys, mid mountains, fore mountains and the great mountains. This range encompasses several eco systems, which permit Sikkim to foster thousands of species of natural flora and fauna. However Sikkim, being part of the inner ranges of Himalayas, doesn’t have plains in its 7,096 sq. KM area.

Sikkim has tremendous biological diversity and is a pleasure for visitors with a curiosity for matters relating to centres of origin and bio-diversity. There are 4000 species of flowering plants, 300 species of ferns, 450–500 species of Orchids, 40 species of Rhododendrons, 500–600 species of Birds, 400 species of Butterflies and Moths and 54 species of bamboo.

*20 Tour Report of Shri Kameshwar Ojha: Sikkim.

197

GOLDEN GRASS – BAMBOO BOuNTY

The 54 species of bamboo are scattered all over the State, which is a delight to taxonomists, bamboo lovers, industrialists and students. Some species are imported from Asia, Europe and North America. from amongst the 13 bamboo species identified by NBM as priority species, 6 are found in Sikkim. They are - Bambusa nutans, B. pallida, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. hamiltonii and Melocanna baccifera.

ProgreSS under nbm

So far, under National Bamboo Mission (NBM), Rs. 15.82 Crore has been released to the State. Bamboo plantation has been established in 2535 ha in forest area and 5867 ha in non-forest area. Sikkim is one of the few states where, under National Bamboo Mission, a sizable plantation has taken place in non-forest area.

findings

My fact-finding mission brought me in contact with several officials, namely Shri Sherab Bhutia, Deputy Director (Horticulture Division); Shri Tika Sharma, Consultant, State Bamboo Mission, Sikkim; Shri C.P. Sharma, Assistant Conservator of forest, Sikkim East; Officials of Directorate of Handicrafts and Handloom; and other forest and Horticulture Officials of Sikkim Government. I must also make a mention of an enterprising local farmer, Shri Vikas Sapota.

Having started from Delhi in the morning of 28th June, I reached Sikkim in the afternoon by 2 PM same day. Immediately, we started seeing different activities set up under NBM. The first activity was a visit to two forest plantations in the Rangpo, Sikkim East District admeasuring 15 ha and 20 ha and established in the year 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively. The species used in these plantations were Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Bambusa nutans, B. bamboos and Melocanna baccifera. The survival and growth of the plantations was quite good.

Next, we moved to see Pressure Treatment Plant for Bamboo funded by National Mission on Bamboo Applications (NMBA) nearby. The representatives of NBM Sikkim expressed their desire to set-up a store house for harvested bamboo poles in the vicinity of the Treatment Plant under NBM.

Next day, we saw the training center and sales outlet of Directorate of Handicrafts and Handloom, Government of Sikkim at Gangtok. They run two-year training programmes for artisans on bamboo items on a regular basis. This training is exhaustive. Lepcha hat is a unique item which is covered in this training. These hats, made entirely of bamboo, are in great demand. The craftsmanship reflected in the products produced

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here was remarkable. I advised the officials of this Directorate to train artisans of other North-Eastern States also.

Then, we proceeded to see non-forest plantations and one small poly-house using the structure of engineered bamboo. The non-forest plantations belonged to small farmers and were 1.5 to 1.75 ha in dimension. The species found in these plantations were Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Bambusa nutans and B. bamboos. All these plantations were around Zoras (Nullas) on the steep slope. The idea behind setting up bamboo plantations around Zoras is to prevent landslides, bamboo being a very good soil binding crop. They were two-year old plantations and reflected vigorous growth.

Later, we proceeded to see a small bamboo setum (a collection of many species of bamboo at one place, preserved for exhibition, observation and study) at Sarmasa Garden. This had clumps of Dendrocalamus giginteus, Bambusa vulgaris, B. nutans and B. multiplex, among others. Small farmers are being provided with small (90 ft. × 16 ft.), low cost poly houses by State Government using structure of treated bamboo. farmers are growing tomato, capsicum and other vegetables and flowers in these poly houses profitably.

SuggeStionS

The plantation of bamboo on steep slopes to prevent soil erosion and contain land - slides to be actively pursued.

Teams of artisans from other bamboo growing states such as Manipur in the north-east be sent to Sikkim to acquire training in end-products such as hats, poly-house frames etc. to add value to the raw crop.

199

Review of Kharif Preparedness in Chhattisgarh*

Prologue

I visited Raipur (Chhattisgarh) from 1–2 June, 2010 to review the preparedness of the State for Kharif, 2010. Seed and fertilizer availability and contingent crop planning to suit different monsoon scenarios which may be experienced was to be evaluated. The programme of the visit included discussions with officials of Agriculture Department, Indira Gandhi Agricultural university and a field visit to have at-site interaction with the farmers.21

reView of Kharif PreParedneSS with State officialS

The review meeting was held on 1st June, 2010 at the Beej Bhawan Building. The APC, Shri S.D. Mishra; Director of Agriculture, Shri P.R. Kridutta; Joint Directors of Agriculture; MD, State Seeds Corporation; Nodal Officer, NfSM and several other officers participated in the meeting. Director Agriculture made a comprehensive presentation about State’s preparedness for the forthcoming Kharif, input availability and distribution and contingent crop planning to cope up with sub-optimal monsoon situation in case situation so arises. The following salient points emerged during the discussion:

No shortage of funds in Centrally Sponsored Schemes. z

No shortage of fertilizers and in most districts, fertilizers have reached the z

distribution points. Except PPL and Coromandel companies, others are supplying

*21Tour Report of Dr. Gurbachan Singh : Chhattisgarh.

Plant Protection Operation in Paddy

200


the fertilizers at block level. Increased number of rakes for Jagdalpur and Mahasamund points were proposed because distribution points are located more than 100-150 kilo meters and each rake point covers four interior districts.

Except some shortage in pulses seed, the availability of seed in other crops was z

adequate. Shortage of 528, 473, 962 and 200 quintals seeds of arhar, urad, moong and kulthi, respectively was reported. However, MD, State Seeds Corporation reported that the shortage has been tied up with NSC and Maharashtra Seeds Corporation. Additional shortage, if any, will be met through farm saved seed.

An acute shortage of Soybean Breeder Seed was reported. I telephoned Jawaharlal z

Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur and the demand has been tied up with them.

Rice is the major Kharif crop which occupies 76% of the total Kharif cropped z

area. Other cereals, pulses, oilseeds and other crops occupy 5, 9, 7 and 3 percent area, respectively. Hardly 28% area is irrigated and overall cropping intensity is 134%. Productivity of most crops including rice and arhar is less than the national average.

Area coverage targets have been fixed as- rice 3.53 million ha, total cereals z

3.8 million ha, total pulses 0.50 million ha, total oilseeds 0.36 million ha The total area coverage targeted is 4.81 million ha during Kharif 2010 which is about 2 lakh ha more than 2009 and also few thousand ha more than the State’s best coverage so far during 2007. The State has planned to reduce about 1% area under upland rice where productivity is quite low. This area will be covered under pulses and oilseeds. This is a welcome step. The proposed area coverage under pulses is 20% more than last year.

The targeted productivity of different crops during kharif, 2010 is as under:

Kharif crops – ProductivityUnit–kg/ha

crop year 2007

year2008

est. ach.2009

Proposed Programmeyear 2010

target % incr.over 2009

% incr.over 2007

Rice 1560 1517 1400 1725 23 11Maize 1577 1600 1700 1735 2 10Kodo-Kutki 257 300 333 360 8 40Total Cereal 1531 1497 1397 1705 22 11

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REVIEW Of KHARIf PREPAREDNESS IN CHHATTISGARH

Unit-kg/ha

crop year 2007

year2008

est. ach.2009

Proposed Programmeyear 2010

target % incr.over 2009

% incr.over 2007

Arhar 520 570 600 650 8 25

Moong 289 315 350 375 7 30

urad 315 350 400 430 8 37

Kulthi 334 372 400 425 6 27

Total Pulses 392 428 464 501 8 28

Groundnut 1246 1350 1350 1375 2 10

Til 308 340 360 375 4 22

Soyabean 1204 1195 1200 1275 6 6

Ramtil 184 223 250 275 10 49

Total Oilseed 748 817 828 863 4 15

grand total 1319 1303 1229 1458 19 11

The major constraints to production and productivity in Chhattisgarh include poor z

soil health, low seed replacement rate, traditional Biyasi system of rice cultivation having very low productivity, lack of irrigation/erratic rainfall and low level of mechanization. The State has prepared schemes/programmes to address these issues taking advantage of RKVY, NfSM, Macro Management, NHM and other centrally sponsored schemes.

Most of the reservoirs including Ravi Shankar Sagar Pariyojna and Hazder Bango, z

which are important from agricultural view point, have no water for irrigation as the priority is for drinking water.

The state has prepared a comprehensive contingent plan to meet any eventuality z

due to failure/shortage of monsoon. About 10000 q seed of paddy varieties such as IR 64, MP 1010 and Purnima has been reserved for the purpose.

Compared to 8000 ha area coverage under hybrid rice during last year, the target z

this year is for 1.0 lakh ha The seed of hybrids such as KRH-2 and Indira Sona has been tied up. Though SRI is not very successful in Chhattisgarh, but area will increase through the involvement of NGOs.

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fodder production is not a major issue as state has 46% area under forest cover. z

Major demand of fodder is met through grass and other biomass. Seeds of fodder crops like Napier have been arranged to grow them as cultivated fodders using RKVY funds.

Specific constraints/issues raised by the State

A sizeable tribal area in Chhattisgarh is under minor millets like Ragi, Kodo, Kutki z

etc. which are nutritional cereals. No research efforts have been made to improve productivity of these crops. A centre/Institute needs to be established by ICAR on minor millets to improve production and productivity of these crops which are a staple food of tribal people.

Though breeder seed allocation has been made, it is not made available as per z

indent of the State. The online system of receiving indents for breeder seed needs up-gradation. The State indents sent through online were not included in the breeder seed plan.

PPL and Coromandel fertilizer companies need to be instructed to transport z

fertilizer at block level as is being done by the other companies.

Increased Rake points in Jagdalpur and Mahasamund area. z

meeting with indira gandhi agricultural uniVerSity (igau), raiPur officialS

In the afternoon of 1st June, 2010, a meeting was held with Director of Research Dr. Patil and other Senior Scientists of the Indira Gandhi Agricultural university, Raipur. The summary of the discussion is as under:

The university plans to handover 18 q breeder seed of soybean to Agriculture Department.

The university has developed Indira Sona variety of hybrid rice which needs to be popularized through undertaking vigorous hybrid rice seed production programme.

The traditional Biyasi system of rice cultivation is low yielding. The university has improved the system incorporating line sowing, chemical weed control, fertilizer coating/pelleting of seeds etc. The university scientists, KVK’s and state officials need to work together for large scale promotion of improved Biyasi system practices in Chhattisgarh.

Indira Sona (Rice Hybrid)

203

REVIEW Of KHARIf PREPAREDNESS IN CHHATTISGARH

The State government has provided Rs. 26 crore to the university out of RKVY funds for different research projects.

The state officials and university scientists may develop joint co-operation on farms. farmer participatory demonstrations to promote cutting edge flagship technologies of the university such as the following should be encouraged:

Seed production of hybrid rice and promising varieties of pulses, oilseeds, minor z

millets and maize.

Improved practices to replace/improve traditional Biyasi system of rice cultivation. z

Development and extension of high yielding varieties of Ragi, Kodo, Kutki and other z

minor millets.

Promotion of bold seeded Lathyrus pulse variety ‘Mahateora’ with low neurotoxin z

content developed by the university.

Popularization of pigeon pea cultivation on rice bunds under low land rice z

conditions and rice-pigeonpea intercropping under upland rice situations. The existing drills need to be modified to suit 2 rows pigeon pea : 6 rows rice planting geometry.

Development and popularization of integrated farming system models to achieve z

livelihood security on small farm holdings.

Demonstrations of Red rice varieties with high iron content such as Lalmati. z

One ha plot of hybrid rice seed production at the university farm was also examined.

field ViSit/ interaction with farmerS

To know the feedback from the farmers about seed and fertilizer availability at the grassroots level during Kharif 2010, an interaction with about 60 men and women farmers was held in village Kapasada located nearly 30 kms. from Raipur.

The discussions revealed the following:

Most of the farmers were aware about the seed availability and some of them already z

purchased new seeds. Some also reported quality seed is not available.

The village sarpanch reported that fertilizers have been received in the Society. z

The farmers are free to purchase at the fixed price according to their convenience. Two farmers reported higher price charged by traders during peak planting season.

204


farmers were happy with the performance of agricultural implements like seed- z

cum-fertilizer drills, rotavators, power tillers, drip irrigation systems etc. supplied to them under Centrally Sponsored Schemes.

One farmer of the village engaged in seed production reported delay in payment at z

the level of Seed Corporation. He desired that insurance cover should be provided to seed growers.

few farmers reported serious problem of water in the area. They further shared that z

dams are being built but there is no water in these storage structures.

Issues of conversion of agricultural land for industrial use, diversion of labour from z

agriculture to industry because of higher labour wages were also shared by few farmers.

SuggeStionS Preparation of district-wise contingent crop plans to suit different monsoon z

scenarios jointly by district Agriculture Officers and KVK Scientists. A joint meeting should be held once a week to prepare agro advisory (what to do and what not to do) and advisory thus prepared be communicated to farmers on a weekly basis through press and media throughout the Kharif season.

The State Agricultural Department, IGAu and KVK farms should be brought under z

hybrid rice and pulses seed production programme. A joint core committee may be constituted to implement this programme.

The minor millets like Ragi, Kodo and Kutki are traditional staple food commodities z

of tribal people. There is a strong case to improve production and productivity of these crops. ICAR/SAu may consider strengthening research efforts to develop high yielding varieties and agronomic practices for these important but presently neglected crops.

There is excess water during kharif and no water for irrigation during Rabi. IGAu, z

Raipur may develop location specific water storage/conservation techniques which can provide one to two assured irrigations during Rabi. This one intervention will help boosting pulses and oilseeds production markedly.

Development/promotion of location specific integrated farming system models z

for regular high income, employment and livelihood security on 80% small and marginal farm holdings needs priority attention.

Gradual replacement of area under upland rice where productivity is very low with z

pulses, oilseeds and maize.

205

Cotton Development*

Prologue

My primary objectives in visiting Maharashtra in the peak of the monsoon were to interact with the scientists of Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur; review the kharif crop prospect 2010; and preparedness of the various CSS programme implementation by the State Department of Agriculture.22

I was also invited to inaugurate the Annual workshop of National Information System for Pest Management (NISPM). This fell under the aegis of Mini Mission-II (MM-II) of Technology Mission on Cotton (TMC) at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV), Akola. Dr. Anupam Barik, Director, Directorate of Cotton Development, Mumbai coordinated the visit and accompanied me.

ViSit to cicr, nagPur (12.07.2010)

Dr. K.R. Kranthi, Director, CICR, Nagpur welcomed me and showed the various laboratories and activities of CICR, Nagpur. We also visited the Cotton Research farm of CICR. The following laboratories were doing path breaking research.

The visit to Insectory laboratory where resistance to sucking pests and pink boll z

worm studies are going on was a most educative experience. Dr. Kranthi pointed out that Monsanto press release to resistance to pink boll worm in Gujarat was also studied at CICR, Nagpur but it was not a correct statement.

The Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) programme under MM-II of TMC z

implemented by CICR, Nagpur since last six years managed to reduce the use of synthetic pyrethroids and monocrotophos in North zone. CICR, Nagpur also studied and published the Management strategies of Mealy bug resistance which are being

*22 Tour Report of Dr. Gurbachan Singh : Maharashtra.

206


widely followed by many state Departments of Agriculture. The cotton research farm of CICR is maintaining 26 numbers of wild Species for breeding purposes.

In the Bio-technology laboratory, 1000 germplasm are being maintained z

of which 400 working germplasm are of 10 categories. Development of Transgenic cotton, molecular biology study, resistance to various diversified pests, genetic priority on the basis of molecular marker etc. are under CICR research programme.

Studies conducted by CICR reveals that Bt cotton hybrids are not performing well in certain pockets of the country. As many as 1300 Bt hybrids have been released so far by Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) which is creating confusion to the farmer’s mind. There is every possibility to develop resistance in Bt hybrids. Incorporation of Bt gene in cotton varieties/hybrids is the best solution under Indian conditions. CICR is working on different Bt genes including improvement of deshi cotton.

Bt Cotton

Development of diagnostic kits for air and seed borne diseases, Bt cotton detection kits, Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) kits, molecular markers etc. are very useful at field level for the extension officials as well as farmers. CICR has developed Bt cotton referral labs (first time in India) and developed detection kits for BG II and insecticides purity.

I also interacted with scientists of CICR at the conference hall where Dr. Kranthi welcomed me and explained the impact of disseminating Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) strategies under MM II of TMC. Leaf reddening, minor sucking pest attacks and non-provision of ‘refuge area’ by farmers etc. are the major concerns in the present day context. Seed treatment with imedacloropid is no longer effective and resistance to Gocho has been recorded. CICR has released Bt Variety BN Bt and hybrid NHH-44 in 2008–09 which need to be popularized under MM II of TMC. Now, India is

207

COTTON DEVELOPMENT

the largest producer of Organic cotton since 2007–08, but the same needs attention at the national level.

I conveyed sincere thanks to Dr. Kranthi and other scientists of CICR for their contribution in the field of Cotton Research. I found that learning about Cotton Research & Development activities with practical applications was extremely useful. I appreciated CICR for developing different types of kits, management of natural resources, HRD etc.

meeting with State dePartment of agriculture (12.07.2010)

A meeting was convened at Vasantrao Naik State Agricultural Extension Management Training Institute (VANAMATI), Nagpur by the Commissionerate of Agriculture to discuss the kharif crop prospect 2010 and preparedness of different CSS programme implementations.

Dr. Deshmukh, Commissioner of Agriculture, Maharashtra welcomed me and highlighted that Nagpur district is dominated by cotton, soybean and horticultural crops. The total kharif crop area is about 134 lakh ha, out of which 52% is under DPAP. However, for 2010 kharif season, the State has targeted to cover 149.00 lakh ha During rabi, average cropped area is 56.0 lakh ha but target kept is for 62.0 lakh ha There are about 42% degraded and 40% shallow soils. Over the years, the area under coarse cereals is declining and area under Maize is increasing followed by increased food grain production.

Till the date of meeting, 70–100% of the normal rainfall has been received throughout the State which helped timely sowing of kharif crops. Transplanting of paddy has taken place. Area under pulses, oilseeds and cotton is likely to increase by 10–15% but area under Soybean is likely to decrease during the current year. As on 2nd week of July, 79% of kharif crop sowing completed as against 56% during the corresponding period of last year. Availability of seeds is sufficient, but fertilizer availability is around 84% as against the central allocation and there are no buffer stocks of fertilizer. The State Department requested to supply at least 75% of the phosphorus fertilizer within 15th June and its movement at district level needs to be improved. MAIDC & MARKfED can be directed to have buffer fertilizer stocks. The demand for kharif is 43.53 million tons. As against requirement of 30% in July, the supply is only 18%. The rabi Jowar sowing starts in 1st week of September and therefore, early placement of the same by RfCL, IffCO & Zuari need to be ensured.

Contingent plan for seeds is already chalked out. During 2009–10, nearly 30% of the kharif crops were damaged due to pest attack. Therefore, during 2010–11, large scale

208


pest surveillance for cotton, soybean, tur and gram and providing advisory services to the farmers have been taken up in collaboration with National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi. CRIDA, Hyderabad is also compiling the day to day weather data and furnishing probable pest attack situations.

under horticultural crops, so far 1.49 lakh ha have been covered under micro irrigation. During 2010–11, State government proposed for Rs. 800.00 lakhs but only Rs. 219.00 lakhs has been allocated which will be utilized to clear the pending bills of last year. As the use of drip irrigation is increasing, the State Department requested to allocate more funds under Horticulture sector. Group farming concept (15–20 farmers) is being introduced linked with SHG & banks.

Campaigns for improving sugarcane productivity (15t/ha) have been started. Seven sugar factories have come forward to promote the same over 1000 ha each. A total of 800 villages were covered under in-situ moisture conservation activities. Agro-advisory services through SMS were introduced this year covering over 2.08 lakh farmers with 62.50 lakh SMS through BSNL in Marathi and English languages and the same is available for major crops of the state.

During 15th May to 7th June, the State Department of Agriculture organized Krishi Dindi covering 33 districts and all the 353 Talukas to make mass awareness about the Kharif crop preparedness & developmental programmes of Government of India and Government of Maharashtra. Convergence of various schemes to create farm ponds (39000 last year), providing pump sets to lift water, and installation of sprinkler/drip systems has taken place.

As many as 17,509 Gram Sabhas (introduced in this year) were organized to motivate the farmers towards the various Government of India and Government of Maharashtra programmes on Agriculture. Since last two years, Mahapik Bazar (farmers to consumers) at District level received good response among the farmers.

under the RKVY, programmes like farm pond, godown, improved seed distribution, onion storage structure, animal husbandry, quality control labs etc. are under

field with Drip Irrigation System

209

COTTON DEVELOPMENT

implementation. There has been no release of funds received during 2010-11. However, there is unspent balance of Rs. 416.00 crores as on 1.4.2010. An area of 9.96 lakh ha will be covered under Integrated Watershed Development Programme. under NfSM, no fund release has been made so far which needs immediate action at Central Government level.

Nearly 88 block demonstrations of 1000 ha each will be conducted under A3P programme for tur (61 blocks), urad (11 blocks) and moong (16 blocks). under MM II of TMC, drastic fund reduction was conveyed. Additional fund for drip (Rs. 800.00 lakh) proposed by State Government under MM II may be considered. Well planned work plans for ATMA, NWDPRA (35 districts, 125 blocks, 1.81 lakh ha target) and MMA have been placed in the field but insufficient allocation restricting the programme implementation. Semilooper and Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar already appeared on 30 days old Soybean crop which needs immediate attention.

Mission Document for Maharashtra Agricultural Productivity Improvement Programme (MAHAPIP) has been prepared by the Department during this year and awaiting cabinet approval.

The following requests were made by the State Department:

Early release of central allocation under NfSM-Rice and NfSM-Pulses. z

GOI may arrange the National procurement of Pulses during the current year. z

under A3P, contingencies fund for storage of inputs may be considered. z

The unemployed educated youth/farmers may be encouraged for Custom z

hiring services and the components can be included under farm machinery schemes.

Distribution of certified seed of Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation Ltd. (MSSCL) z

of released varieties of pulses may be allowed under NfSM-Pulse.

The provision for 25% fund for existing components under RKVY may be increased z

to 35%.

under JTM, seed subsidy is allowed for incremental quantity but MSSCL requested z

to extend the same for total quantity produced during the year.

Government and SAu level bio control lab may be given CIB registration on priority z

basis.

210


SuggeStionS

Summing up, I pointed out that the production of agricultural crops is not increasing at desired levels. We need to take up this challenge. upto 15th August, most of the officials should spend more time in the field rather than routine table work. The country needs support from the state of Maharashtra for enhanced pulses production. The role of Maharashtra at National level is very vital. Successful implementation of A3P only can give better results. I reiterated that our role is to facilitate the agricultural activities in a scientific manner. I took the opportunity to make the following points:

under the contingent plan, supply of TL seeds produced under the supervision of z

technical experts may be allowed. The short supply of fertilizer need to be sorted out immediately, otherwise we cannot expect good harvest.

MSP of pulses can be increased to draw the farmers’ attention. z

SDA, KVKs, SAus and other extension agencies should provide advisory services to z

the farmers in the form of leaflets, publications in news papers, press notes etc. at regular basis.

There should be a big farm pond at every 20 ha interval in rainfed areas to ensure z

protective irrigation at critical stages.

ViSit to bio control lab, Seloo, wardha (12.07.2010)

The lab was established in 2002 and run by the State Department of Agriculture. The production of bio agent (verticillium, HNPV, trichoderma, psuedomonos) started in 2004 on commercial basis, but to produce other bio agents/ bio pesticides, CIB registration is required. There are lots of organic farmer organizations working in Wardha districts. Therefore, local demand is there.

I also visited the seed distribution centers of MSSCL from where certified seeds of pulses varieties are available to the farmers under subsidy. I was accompanied by the Director of Agriculture (Extension), Divisional JD, Nagpur and other senior officials from line departments during the field visit.

field ViSit, diStrict wardha (12.07.2010)

Village Kamthi, Seloo taluka - The most noteworthy takeaway was the community farm pond with polythene lining constructed under NHM providing 3–4 months water supply to the horticultural crops and nursery.

In village Jaipur, Seloo taluka, certified organic sugarcane, soybean and gram crop were being cultivated. Certification is done by Natural Organic Certification Association (NOCA), Pune.

211

COTTON DEVELOPMENT

field ViSit, diStrict aKola (13.07.2010)

Village: Kherpuri, Balapur Taluka – Block demonstration carried out under A3P. Soybean (six rows) and tur (2 rows) intercropping practiced under protective irrigation. farm pond constructed under RKVY.

inaugural SeSSion of niSPm’S annual worKShoP (13.07.2010)

Directorate of Cotton Development, Mumbai in collaboration with NCIPM, New Delhi organized a two-day Annual Workshop on National Information System on Pest Management (NISPM) for Bt cotton under MM II of TMC at PDVK, Akola on July 13–14, 2010. I was pleased to inaugurate the work shop. Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, PDKV, Akola, Director of Research, Director of Extension, Divisional Joint Director of Agriculture, Amravati, Director, DOCD, Mumbai were the other dignitaries in the inaugural session. All the project coordinators, district project officers of 13 participating centers from nine cotton growing states attended the work shop.

Director of Research, PDKV, Akola welcomed all participants. He pointed out that Surveillance and forecasting of advisory services need to be strengthened in the present day context. Spodoptera, whitefly, jassids etc. are becoming a growing threat and should be observed with proper perspective.

Spodoptera litura

212


I conveyed my sincere thanks for inviting me for the workshop inauguration. At that time, I planned to visit several states from 15th June to 15th August, 2010 in order to review the kharif crops prospect, seed, fertilizer availability, pest appearance etc. Investment through various schemes in Agriculture is not reflecting in productivity increase and therefore, we have to work closely with the farmers. Productivity of cotton is still not comparable with world average. Why is hybrid rice not cultivated in India whereas in China more than 60% rice fields are under hybrid? This was a question of great pertinence.

During current year, good early rain received in the country except some portions of Bihar, uttarakhand, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh. I urged that all the scientists, extension officials should remain in the field to monitor the sowing progress, insect pest appearance and implementation of Government schemes. Sucking pests are a big problem now in Bt cotton. IPM modules on large area have to be laid out. Proper pest surveillance and advisory services are most essential.

Vice Chancellor, PDKV, Akola congratulated PDKV, Akola for initiating the NISPM on Bt cotton in the country and organizing the Annual workshop at their campus. Sucking pests problem, leaf reddening, minor pests management are challenges of the present day. Providing proper guidance and advisory services in time are most vital components of the programme. The location specific pest management strategies need to be relooked. Spurious Bt hybrid seed, non uniformity of Bt toxin expression throughout the season, non-adoption of refuge crop etc. need further awareness.

Director, DOCD, Mumbai presented the Indian cotton scenario and the up-to-date status of NISPM project being implemented by NCIPM, Pusa, New Delhi.

meeting with the mSScl, aKola (13.07.2010)

I also interacted with MD and other senior officials of MSSCL, Akola about the production and distribution of various kharif crop varieties seed under various CSS programmes.

ViSit to uniVerSity reSearch farm (13.07.2010)

I concluded my tour by a round of PDKV, Akola Research farm. Hon’ble Vice Chancellor highlighted the various crop specific ongoing research activities of the university.

213

Dealing with Rain Deficit*

Prologue

Reports of up to 40% shortfall in rainfall in some districts were a cause for major concern and it was in a spirit of damage control that I undertook a tour to West Bengal.23

I visited West Bengal from 18th–20th August, 2010 to review the Kharif prospects with the State Officials and to know the implementation of Contingent Crop Plans in the light of deficient rain at the grassroots level. On 19th August, 2010 a review meeting was taken with the State Agricultural Department and other line department officials in the Secretariat. The discussions revealed the following:

The average rainfall received in the State from 1 zst June to 17th August, 2010 was

742.2 mm against the normal rainfall of 886 mm for this week. The average deficit for the state as a whole was (-) 16%. Most affected Meteorological Sub-divisions are listed below.

meteorological sub-division

actual (mm)

normal (mm)

deficit (%)

Nadia 338.9 601.5 -44

Purulia 348.5 653.8 -47

Murshidabad 431.7 694.5 -38

Burdwan 470.7 737.8 -36

Hoogli 450.1 683.4 -34

Birbhum 488.3 710.8 -31

Bankura 473.8 688.8 -31

West Midnapore 503.9 749.5 -33

*23 Tour Report of Dr. Gurbachan Singh : West Bengal.

214


The area coverage under paddy till 17 zth August, 2010 was 95.06% in North Bengal

compared to 51.98% in South Bengal districts. The overall area coverage under rice in the state was 61.73%.

The most affected districts included Purulia (5.6% coverage), Bankura (22.4% z

coverage) and Birbhum (30.2% coverage). The area likely to remain un-sown was reported at 11 lakh ha.

The water in reservoirs was reported much less as compared to 2008–2009 season. z

It was reported that 12.15 lakh ha area was covered with minor irrigation schemes.

Because of low rainfall, paddy already transplanted in some districts was reported z

suffering for want of moisture.

The implementation plan of the alternative contingency crops was reviewed. It was z

painful to know that in spite of several visits by me to the state, the Contingent Crop Plan was not implemented at the grassroots level. The contingent plan which can be implemented between August 20th and September, was reviewed.

The availability of the seeds of the Contingent Crops was reviewed with National z

Seeds Corporation (NSC) which reported the following availability of seeds:

a) Maize hybrid (PEHM 2 and 5) 2000 q b) Maize hybrid Bio 9637/Bio 22067 6000 q c) Toria PT 303 1000 q d) Moong K-851/ PDM 139 5000 q

No shortage of fertilizers and pest/diseases attack on already planted rice was z

reported.

Water shortage for jute retting because of no/less water in ponds was reported. z

field ViSitS

field visits were undertaken to Hoogli, Burdwan and Birbhum districts from 19th afternoon to 20th afternoon. Dr. Pradeep Sen, Joint Director Agriculture (Research); Dr. S.K. Biswas, Director, Directorate of Jute Development, DAC; and Protocol Officer accompanied me. The field visit included discussion with the farmers, and actual visits to the farmers’ fields at several places. About 500 km distance was covered by road. Villages where interaction with farmers was held included utachandipur (Bolpur Block), Maja, Sankarpur (Rajnagar Block), Abadhnagar, Norepore and Panchra (Khoyba Block). A gist of the observations during the field visits to the 3 districts is as under:

Rice crop in Hoogli and Burdwan districts was in good condition and in most places z

water was present in the fields. Already more than 80% area was covered. The

215

DEALING WITH RAIN DEfICIT

situation in Birbhum district was not satisfactory. Most of the fields were vacant and the farmers were waiting for rains to occur. The paddy nursery was over-matured and in several cases was found drying up.

Paddy transplanting was in full swing where water was available from tributaries/ z

drains and in low land areas. Several farmers were found transplanting paddy nursery by moving from one place to the other by bicycles.

Large number of ponds on the farmers’ z

fields were dug up to store rain water. These ponds have little or no water because of deficit rain in the area. In case the rains are received now, the water storage in these ponds will help successful cultivation of contingent crops of toria and maize during September and will also support good rabi crops of wheat, mustard, gram, lentil etc.

Throughout the field visits, only rice crop and fallow fields were visible. Nowhere z

contingent crops like pigeon pea, moong, urad, cowpea, maize and sorghum etc. were found growing. The interaction with the farmers at several places revealed that they are not aware of the cultivation of such crops under deficit rainfall situation as experienced this year. Most of the farmers also shared that none of the state officials visited and sensitized them about the importance of cultivation of contingent crops. Demonstrations on contingent crops were not seen even at the adaptable research farm of the department at Santiniketan.

Some farmers also raised fresh nurseries of rice for planting on arrival of monsoon z

rains even upto 1st week of September. These farmers also reported that they will go for paddy cultivation even if the rains are received late to harvest the crop as green or dry fodder.

Because of deficient rainfall, there was excessive weed problem in rice fields and z

the farmers were found undertaking manual weeding. Some farmers were found applying urea in paddy fields.

An interaction with journalists/media persons was held at Kamapura and z

Maidapura villages of Ilam Bazar (Bolpur Block).

farmers of the area seem to be hard working, trying different options for rice z

cultivation according to their wisdom; the desired technical support/guidance from the experts/ extension workers was found missing.

field Pond

216


SuggeStionS The state could not take advantage of the contingent plans prepared much in z

advance to cope up with deficient rainfall in 11 districts of the State. Rainfall received between the periods 1st June–17th August, 2010 in these districts ranged from 34 cm to 50 cm. This much rain is sufficient to grow several crops like pulses, oilseeds and millets successfully. However, the state officials and the farmers kept on waiting for sufficient rains to occur for transplanting paddy. The result is that a sizeable area remained un-sown.

The crops which could be cultivated up to end of August as contingent crops z

included urad, moong, cowpea and maize. The officials were advised to cover un-sown areas with these crops up to August 31, 2010. Some other crops like toria, ragi, kulthi and niger can be grown during September. The State Officials should have a meeting with experts of State Agricultural universities (SAus) to decide varieties, agronomic practices and scope of cropping options during September.

Scientists from SAus/KVKs may use this opportunity to go for demonstrations z

of contingent crops mentioned above on the farmers’ fields so that the farmers are sensitized about the importance of these alternate crops during deficit monsoon years. This will help in coping-up with deficient monsoon scenario in the future.

The State was advised to go for Toria cultivation (as catch crop) on a massive scale z

so that un-sown kharif area is brought under cultivation during September. To make this happen, the State Agriculture Department Officials at district/ block level and SAu Scientists/ KVKs Scientists will have to work together. Teams may be constituted at the district/ block levels so that they may move from village to village alongwith seeds of such contingent crops and sensitize the farmers.

Mustard field

217

DEALING WITH RAIN DEfICIT

Indian Meteorological Department has predicted extended monsoon this z

year (2010), even upto 1st week of October. State officials were sensitized to prepare plans for making up the loss in area coverage under Kharif, during Rabi 2010–11.

upland rice area needs to be substituted by pulses, oilseeds and millets. z

218

Subject Index

Subject Pages

Accelerated fodder Development Programme (AfDP)

36, 48, 134

Accelerated Pulses Production Program (A3P) 38, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 190, 209, 210, 211

Agricultural and Processed food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)

132, 133

Agricultural Information System Network (AGRISNET)

52, 55, 58, 59

Agricultural Marketing Information System Network (AGMARKNET)

52

Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA)

54, 58, 81, 103, 104, 119, 139, 209

All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP)

31

All India Crop Improvement Project (AICIP) 182

Andhra Pradesh 5, 12, 65, 69, 70, 98, 126, 161

Anthurium 9, 22

Apple 1, 107, 114, 120, 121

Arecanut 29, 50

Arhar 39, 41, 80, 81, 109, 178, 200, 201

219

LIST Of ACRONYMS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Subject Pages

Assam 61, 94, 95

Bajra 76

Bamboo 21, 141, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198

Banana 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 26, 34, 44, 48, 50, 86, 87, 137, 139, 148, 163, 181

Bihar 1, 83, 85, 87, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 157, 212

Black gram 127, 175

Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI)

36, 42, 45, 79, 81, 82, 108, 110, 150, 151, 153, 154, 157, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173

Bt 102, 179, 181, 183, 206, 211, 212

Canopy management 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 22, 23, 115, 116

Capsicum 2, 122, 140, 141, 198

Cassava 30, 31, 32, 33, 35

Central Insecticides Board (CIB) 209, 210

Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) 179, 186, 205, 206, 207

Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT)

159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166

Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology (CIPHET)

144

220


Subject Pages

Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture (CISH)

2, 4, 6

Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (CITH)

3

Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)

126, 127, 128, 129, 208

Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied fibre (CRIJAf)

60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65

Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) 30, 31, 32, 33

Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)

84

Chhattisgarh 36, 40, 48, 199, 201, 202, 212

Corm borer 11, 16

Cotton 29, 38, 76, 118, 127, 159, 160, 161, 163, 166, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212

Cotton hybrid/Hybrid cotton 179, 181, 183, 206, 212

Cotton Technological Research Laboratory (CTRL)

159

Crop Surveillance and Advisory Project (CROPSAP)

182

Custard apple 6, 25, 181

Cymbidium 8, 10, 22, 23

Dairy 117, 119

Dendrobium 8

Department of Agriculture and Co-operation (DAC)

29, 54, 80, 81, 82, 134, 144, 150, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 173, 183, 206, 214

221


Subject Pages

Department of Land Resources (DOLR) 68

Directorate of Cotton Development (DOCD) 211, 212

Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR) 96, 97, 98, 99

Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) 207

European union (Eu) 132, 133, 184

floriculture 8, 9, 53, 54, 55, 165

food Corporation of India (fCI) 118

front Line Demonstration (fLD) 27, 29, 34, 54, 81, 86

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 80

Goat 37, 39, 40, 94

Green gram 126, 127, 175

Green house 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 21, 22, 23, 179

Ground nut 29, 66, 69, 70, 76, 79, 81, 126, 129, 180, 201

Guava 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 25, 105, 106, 107

Gujarat 12, 33, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 148, 182, 205

Haryana 41, 188

High Density Planting (HDP) 1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 105, 106, 143, 181

Himachal Pradesh 120, 123, 141, 147

Horticultural Mission for North East and Himalayan States (HMNEH)

1, 10, 20, 22, 89, 123

Horticulture 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 23, 25, 27, 28, 37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 54, 58, 66, 67, 68, 75, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, 129, 130, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 157, 178, 184, 187, 197, 208

222


Subject Pages

Horticulture Training Centre (HTC) 142, 148

Hybrid 5, 8, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 41, 46, 51, 58, 81, 82, 85, 101, 102, 103, 104, 111, 118, 120, 124, 125, 133, 136, 138, 139, 142, 155, 156, 167, 168, 170, 172, 176, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 212, 214

Hybrid rice/Hybrid paddy/Rice hybrid 51, 81, 103, 104, 111, 118, 136, 155, 156, 167, 168, 170, 172, 176, 180, 201, 202, 203, 204, 212

High Yielding Varieties (HYV) 65, 70, 76, 77, 85, 101, 102, 106, 107, 129, 155, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 203, 204

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) 6, 25, 27, 61, 66, 77, 83, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 114, 124, 128, 143, 148, 159, 160, 178, 183, 187, 190, 202, 204

Indian farmers fertiliser Co-operative Limited (IffCO)

143, 207

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR)

4, 24, 25, 26, 27

Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR) 79, 177

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR) 102, 104

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) 51

Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion (INSIMP)

43, 96, 97, 98, 99, 134

INM 27, 184

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) 205, 206

223


Subject Pages

Integrated Cereal Development Programme (ICDP)

174, 176

Integrated farming/Integrated farming Systems (IfS)

45, 49, 51, 52, 75, 80, 81, 84, 85, 203, 204

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 7, 19, 79, 80, 81, 87, 182, 212

Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM)

178, 180

Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)

68

International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

129, 180

Jammu and Kashmir 53, 56, 113, 147

Jassid 183, 211

Jharkhand 85, 157, 167, 171, 172, 173

Jute 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 94, 95, 137, 151, 152, 153, 156, 180, 185, 214

Jute Corporation of India (JCI) 152

Jute Technology Mission (JTM) 61, 94, 95, 185, 209

Karnataka 12, 24, 25, 26, 28, 49, 51, 69, 70, 127, 146, 147, 176

Kerala 12, 30, 32, 33, 35, 51

Kinnow 140, 143, 145

Kisan Call Centre 55, 105

Kisan Credit Card (KCC) 55, 87, 110, 138, 142, 143, 154, 155, 156, 157, 190

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) 6, 19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 47, 50, 54, 68, 69, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 103, 104, 111, 124, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137, 150, 153, 162, 172, 184, 192, 202, 204, 210, 216

224


Subject Pages

Leaf curl virus 183, 206

Lilium 53

Litchi 1, 2, 3, 10, 105

Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) 12, 68, 173, 174, 176, 178, 184, 201

Madhya Pradesh 4, 184

Maharashtra 5, 11, 13, 19, 65, 106, 121, 127, 131, 134, 139, 159, 178, 179, 182, 184, 187, 200, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210

Maize 42, 45, 46, 47, 84, 85, 109, 114, 118, 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 137, 138, 139, 143, 156, 200, 203, 204, 207, 214, 215, 216

Maize hybrid/Hybrid maize 46, 120, 124, 125, 138, 139, 214

Mango 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 25, 36, 44, 45, 92, 105, 106, 107, 140, 181

Manipur 192, 193, 195, 198

Meghalaya 20

Millet 43, 46, 76, 96, 97, 98, 99, 127, 202, 203, 204, 216, 217

Minimum Support Price (MSP) 29, 111, 147, 185, 210

Moong/Mung 76, 79, 80, 81, 87, 113, 118, 156, 180, 184, 185, 200, 201, 209, 214, 215, 216

Mushroom 9, 26, 34, 115, 116, 140, 141, 142, 163

Mustard 68, 156 188, 190, 191, 215, 216

Nagaland 194, 195

National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing federation of India Limited (NAfED)

157, 185

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)

79

225


Subject Pages

National Agriculture Innovation Project (NAIP)

129, 161

National Bamboo Mission (NBM) 192, 193, 197

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

153, 154, 155, 156

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM)

139, 182, 208, 211, 212

National food Security Mission (NfSM) 51, 66, 67, 68, 80, 81, 108, 138, 139, 154, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 184, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 199, 201, 209

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) 4, 6, 25, 55, 59, 66, 67, 68, 86, 101, 104, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 154, 178, 181, 184, 185, 187, 201, 210

National Informatics Centre (NIC) 56

National Information System for Pest Management (NISPM)

205, 211, 212

National Institute of Extension Management (MANAGE)

148

National Institute of Plant Health Management (NIPHM)

138

National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI) 75, 77, 139, 140, 148, 178

National Research Centre on Citrus (NRCC) 179, 184

National Research Centre on Seed Spices (NRCSS)

77

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)

55, 57, 58, 59, 150, 157

National Seeds Corporation (NSC) 55, 142, 200, 214

National Vegetable Initiative (NVI) 150

226


Subject Pages

National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)

209

Natural Organic Certification Association (NOCA)

210

Natural Resources Management (NRM) 67, 84, 190, 207

Nematode 11, 16, 17, 19

Oncidiums 8

Orange 9, 182, 184

Orchids 8, 10, 196

Organic 43, 49, 50, 80, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 105, 174, 179, 184, 207, 210

Orissa 25, 61, 78, 79, 81, 82, 127, 139, 157, 161

Paddy 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 48, 50,78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 91, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 129, 135, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 180, 190, 199, 201, 207, 214, 215, 216

Pepper 45, 50

Poly houses 75, 76, 77, 120, 121, 122, 123, 141, 142, 198

Poultry 44, 49, 50, 51, 128

Precision farming Development Centre (PfDC)

141

Price Support Scheme (PSS) 157

Public Distribution System (PDS) 37, 41

Public Private Partnership (PPP) 27, 47, 54, 77, 89, 93, 102, 124

227


Subject Pages

Punjab 41, 117, 118, 119, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148

Rainfed areas 36, 68, 210

Rajasthan 57, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 124, 127, 212

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 91, 93, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 154, 158, 173, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209, 211

Red gram 29, 126

Research Complex for Eastern Region (RCER) 83, 84, 85, 87

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 154, 155

Rice 46, 50, 51, 68, 78, 79, 84, 85, 103, 104, 109, 113, 118, 127, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 163, 164, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 190, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 209, 212, 214, 215, 217

Saffron 54

Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) 55, 70, 103, 201

Self Help Group (SHG) 33, 121, 122, 153, 208

Sigatoka 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19

Sikkim 8, 9, 10, 196, 197, 198

Soybean/Soya bean 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 200, 202, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211

Spodoptera 211

State Agriculture university (SAu) 6, 61, 85, 136, 148, 150, 153, 204, 209, 210, 216

228


Subject Pages

State Cooperative Marketing federation Limited (MARKfED)

148, 207

State Level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC) 36, 53, 82, 98, 117, 120, 131, 134, 144, 150, 167

Strawberry 20, 21, 22

Sugarcane 68, 80, 118, 208, 210

Sunflower 82, 113, 127

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) 50, 82, 111, 112, 120, 129, 136, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 201

Tamil Nadu 11, 12, 28, 32, 33, 35, 174

Technology Mission on Cotton (TMC) 191, 205, 206, 209, 211

Tomato 2, 26, 76, 90, 91, 93, 101, 102, 104, 122, 198

Tripura 88, 89, 90, 92, 93

Tuber crop/Tubers 30, 31, 32, 33, 35

Tur 29, 178, 180, 181, 185, 208, 209

Turmeric 140, 146, 147, 148, 149

urad 185, 200, 201, 209, 215, 216

uttar Pradesh (uP) 5, 61, 69, 100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 127

uttarakhand 1, 2, 3, 212

Varietal Replacement Rate (VRR) 55

West Bengal 12, 60, 61, 150, 154, 155, 157, 193, 213

Wheat 58, 59, 67, 68, 71, 75, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 103, 104, 114, 115, 120, 125, 127, 140, 142, 147, 156, 163, 180, 188, 189, 190, 191, 215

Whitefly 26, 211

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List of Acronyms in Alphabetical Order

AfDP - Accelerated fodder Development Programme

AGMARKNET - Agricultural Marketing Information System Network

AGRISNET - Agricultural Information System Network

AI - Artificial Insemination

AICIP - All India Crop Improvement Project

AICRP - All India Coordinated Research Project

APC - Agriculture Production Commissioner

APEDA - Agricultural and Processed food Products Export Development Authority

A3P - Accelerated Pulses Production Program

ARS - Agricultural Research Station

ATMA - Agriculture Technology Management Agency

AVEO - Assistant Village/Veterinary Extension Officer

BAIf - Bharatiya Agro Industries foundation

BAu - Birsa Agricultural university

BCKV - Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya

BDO - Block Development Officer

BGREI - Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India

BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards

BMfC - Block Multipurpose farmers Centre

BPL - Below Poverty Line

Aa

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BSNL - Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis

CCTV - Closed Circuit Television

CD - Compact Disc

CIB - Central Insecticides Board

CICR - Central Institute for Cotton Research

CIPHET - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology

CIRCOT - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology

CISH - Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture

CITH - Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture

CLCV - Cotton Leaf Curl Virus

CRIDA - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

CRIJAf - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied fibre

CROPSAP - Crop Surveillance and Advisory Project

CSISA - Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia

CSS - Centrally Sponsored Scheme

CTCRI - Central Tuber Crops Research Institute

CTRL - Cotton Technological Research Laboratory

DAC - Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

DAO - District Agriculture Officer

DAP - Di-Ammonium Phosphate

DfO - Divisional forest Officer

DG - Director General

DNA - Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

DOCD - Directorate of Cotton Development

DOLR - Department of Land Resources

DPAP - Drought Prone Areas Programme

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DSR - Directorate of Sorghum Research

EGREI - Extending Green Revolution to Eastern India

Eu - European union

fAPRO - farm’s Produce Promotion Society

fCI - food Corporation of India

fEEDS - foundation for Environment and Economic Development Services

fLD - front Line Demonstration

GEAC - Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee

GGRC - Gujarat Green Revolution Company Limited

GIS - Geographic Information Systems

GOI - Government of India

GP - Gram Panchayat

Ha - Hectare

HDP - High Density Planting

HDPE - High Density Poly Ethylene

HDO - Horticultural Development Officer

HMNEH - Horticultural Mission for North-East and Himalayan States

HNPV - Heliothis [Helicoverpa] Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

HRD - Human Resource Development

HTC - Horticulture Training Centre

HYV - High Yielding Variety

ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICDP - Integrated Cereal Development Programme

ICRISAT - International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics

IffCO - Indian farmers fertiliser Co-operative Limited

IfS - Integrated farming Systems

IIE - Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship

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IT - Information Technology

IGAu - Indira Gandhi Agricultural university

IIHR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research

IIPR - Indian Institute of Pulses Research

IRM - Insecticide Resistance Management

IIVR - Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

INM - Integrated Nutrient Management

INSIMP - Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion

IPC - Indian Penal Code

IPM - Integrated Pest Management

ISOPOM - Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize

ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation

IWMP - Integrated Watershed Management Programme

JCI - Jute Corporation of India

JNKVV - Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

JTM - Jute Technology Mission

KCC - Kisan Credit Card

KVIC - Khadi & Village Industries Commission

KVK - Krishi Vigyan Kendra

MAHAPIP - Maharashtra Agricultural Productivity Improvement Programme

MAIDC - Maharashtra Agro Industries Development Corporation Limited

MANAGE - National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management

MARKfED - State Cooperative Marketing federation Limited

MAT - Male Annihilation Technique (fruit fly control)

MAu - Marathwada Agricultural university

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MD - Managing Director

MIT - Minor Irrigation Tank

MMA - Macro Management of Agriculture

MOEf - Ministry of Environment and forests

MOP - Muriate of Potash

Mou - Memorandum of understanding

MSP - Minimum Support Price

MSSCL - Maharashtra States Seeds Corporation Limited

NABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NABL - National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories

NAfED - National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing federation of India Limited

NAIP - National Agriculture Innovation Project

NAIS - National Agricultural Insurance Scheme

NBM - National Bamboo Mission

NCCf - National Calamity Contingency fund

NCIPM - National Centre for Integrated Pest Management

NfSM - National food Security Mission

NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation

NHM - National Horticulture Mission

NIC - National Informatics Centre

NIPHM - National Institute of Plant Health Management

NISPM - National Information System for Pest Management

NMBA - National Mission on Bamboo Applications

NMMI - National Mission on Micro Irrigation

NOCA - Natural Organic Certification Association

NRC - National Research Centre

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NRCC - National Research Centre on Citrus

NRCSS - National Research Centre on Seed Spices

NREGA - National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

NRM - Natural Resources Management

NSC - National Seeds Corporation

NVI - National Vegetable Initiative

NWDPRA - National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas

OuAT - Orissa university of Agriculture and Technology

PACCS - Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Society

PAIC - Punjab Agri Industries Corporation

PARDS - Participatory Action for Rural Development Society

PAu - Punjab Agricultural university

PCCf - Principal Chief Conservator of forests

PCR - Polymers Chain Reaction

PDKV - Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth

PDS - Public Distribution System

PfDC - Precision farming Development Centre

PHT & VA - Post Harvest Technology & Value Addition

PPL - Paradeep Phosphates Limited

PPP - Public Private Partnership

PPR - Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Goat Plague)

PQIS - Plant Quarantine Information System

PSS - Price Support Scheme

PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride

RBI - Reserve Bank of India

RBSGA - Ri-Bhoi Strawberry Growers Association

RCER - Research Complex for Eastern Region

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RCfL - Rashtriya Chemicals and fertilizers Limited

RCGM - Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation

RD - Rural Development

R&D - Research & Development

RfO - Range forest Officer

RfS - Rainfed farming System

RKVY - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

RSVY - Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojna

RNAi - RNA interference

RPQS - Regional Plant Quarantine Centre

RSK - Raitha Samparka Kendra

SAS - Sahibzada Ajit Singh

SAu - State Agriculture university

SfSMEC - State food Security Mission Executive Committee

SHG - Self Help Group

SHM - State Horticulture Mission

SLSC - State Level Sanctioning Committee

SMS - Short Message Service

SOP - Standard Operating Procedure

SRI - System of Rice Intensification

SRR - Seed Replacement Rate

TfL/TL - Truthfully Labeled

TMC - Technology Mission on Cotton

TNAu - Tamil Nadu Agricultural university

TPS - True Potato Seed

uAS - university of Agricultural Sciences

uC - utilisation Certificate

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uGPL - underground Pipe Line

VANAMATI - Vasantrao Naik State Agricultural Extension Management Training Institute

VRR - Varietal Replacement Rate

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DAC Team

Sitting (from left to right): Shri Gokul Chandra Pati, AS; Dr. Gurbachan Singh, Agricultural Commissioner; Shri Velayutham Venkatachalam, AS; Shri Prabeer Kumar Basu, Secretary; Shri Amarjit Singh Lamba, Special Secretary; Shri Ashish Bahuguna, AS & fA; Shri Anup Kumar Thakur, AS.

Standing (from left to right): Shri Anindo Majumdar, JS; Shri Edwin Kulbhushan Majhi, JS; Dr. Atanu Purkayastha, JS; Shri Rajendra Kumar Tiwari, JS; Shri Sanjeev Gupta, JS; Dr. Sanjeev Chopra, JS; Shri Mukesh Khullar, JS; Smt. uma Goel, JS; Shri Pankaj Kumar, JS; Shri Sanjay Vikram Singh, JS; Shri Rajiv Lochan, Adviser.

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About Touring Officials

Shri V. VenKatachalam

Shri Venkatachalam borne in Tamil Nadu, holds a masters degree in English literature and a diploma in french. He is an IAS officer of 1977 batch from uttar Pradesh cadre and served in both the uttar Pradesh and central governments in various capacities and had vast experience as public servant. Presently, he is working in Department of Agriculture & Cooperation as Additional Secretary and entrusted with the matters relating to RKVY, MMA, M&T, Extension, IT and Administration.

Shri g.c. Pati

Shri Pati was born in Jajpur district of Orissa. He has completed M.Sc. in Physics from IIT Kanpur and MBA from university of Wollongong, Australia. He joined Indian Administrative Service in 1978 and belongs to Orissa cadre and worked under the state government in wide ranging areas like revenue, industries, rural development and finance etc. He is on central deputation since 2006 and is presently working in the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture as Additional Secretary, looking after matters relating to seeds, agricultural credit, cooperation and trade.

Shri anuP K. thaKur

A post Graduate in Economics from Delhi School of Economics and a M.B.A. from the university of Leeds, u.K. and an IAS officer of 1979 batch, Sri Thakur is presently Additional Secretary in the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation entrusted with oversight of Horticulture, Marketing and Plant Protection divisions. His previous experience in the union Government includes Minister (Economic & Commercial), Tokyo; Joint Secretary in the Commerce Ministry; Director in the Ministry of Steel and Department of Personnel & Training., he has also wide and varied experience in his joint cadre of Assam-Meghalaya

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ABOuT TOuRING OffICIALS

ranging from Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, Assam to Principal Secretary, P.W.D., Labour etc. in Meghalaya, with stints in various other departments such as finance, Industry, Power, Transport, food & Civil Supplies in the Government of Assam.

dr. gurbachan Singh

Dr. Singh, born in Bhaini Maraj village of Sangrur district, Punjab holds a Ph.D. in Agronomy. In his more than 33 years of service in ICAR, he worked in different Institutes and held the posts of Assistant Director General (Agronomy) and Director, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute. He specialises in developing alternate approaches to a sustainable use of soil resources. He researched and published in varied disciplines covering agronomy, soil science, water management, forestry/agro-forestry, horticulture, crop improvement, climate change, etc. Dr. Singh is recipient of several national level awards, including Hari Om Ashram Trust Award of ICAR, 1989 and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, 1996-98. After his stint as Agriculture Commissioner in DAC, recently he has been appointed as Chairman, Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB), ICAR in October, 2011.

Shri SubhaSh c. garg

Shri Garg is an IAS officer of 1983 batch of Rajasthan cadre and presently posted in Ministry of Agriculture as Joint Secretary handing Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, Trade and Investment Divisions. He had a distinguished academic record- 2nd in the merit list in his Batch, topped Companies Secretaries (final) Examination and Intermediate examination of the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants. Apart from the present assignment in DAC, Shri Garg has considerable experience in agriculture and cooperation sector- Chairman and MD, State Coop. Marketing fed (2009), Director (Agriculture) and Managing Director (State Seed Corporation), Rajasthan (1994-1995), Managing Director, Oilseeds federation (1991-1992) and Chief Executive, Soybeans Project (1989-1991). He has been visiting faculty to several institutions and has also done consulting assignments for Asian Development Bank, DfID, uSAID and Planning Commission. He contributed articles in magazines and newspapers.

dr. atanu PurKayaStha

Dr. Purkayastha is Graduate and Post Graduate in Agricultural Sciences from Govind Ballabh Pant university of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar and did MBA from university of Strathclyde, u.K. He joined IAS in 1983. He did PhD from IIT, Kharagpur in 2011 and his Doctoral study was “Impact of Land Reforms on Livelihood Generation in West Bengal. Dr. Purkayastha is presently posted in Department of Agriculture &

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Cooperation as Joint Secretary handing the divisions of Drought Management, Plan Coordination and Policy and is also directing the work relating to Technology Mission on Cotton, Jute Technology Mission and Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion. Dr. Purkayastha served West Bengal in various capacities including as Secretary of the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture and food Processing Industries.

Shri raJendra Kumar tiwari

Shri Tiwari joined as IAS officer from uttar Pradesh Cadre in 1985. He is an engineering graduate from IIT, Kanpur and holds a masters degree in Governance and Development awarded by university of Sussex, u.K. He has served Government of uttar Pradesh and Government of India in various capacities. He joined Department of Agriculture & Cooperation in 2008 as Joint Secretary and is handling the subjects of Credit, Cooperation and Marketing.

Shri SanJeeV guPta

Shri Sanjeev Gupta did his graduation in electrical engineering from IIT, Kanpur. He joined IAS in 1985 and belongs to Himachal Cadre. He served both in Himachal Pradesh Government and in Central Government in various capacities with Information Technology (IT) as his forte. He has been working in the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation since 2008 as Joint Secretary and presently heading the Extension and IT divisions.

Shri muKeSh Khullar

Shri Mukesh Khullar has been working in the Department since 2006 as Joint Secretary Crops Division and Mission Director, National food Security Mission. A student of Zoology from Delhi university, he is an IAS officer of 1985 batch and was working as Secretary Agriculture in Government of Maharashtra, prior to his deputation to Government of India. In the Agriculture Sector, he has handled agriculture marketing as Managing Director of Maharashtra State Cooperative Tribal Development Corporation, rural development as CEO, Zilla Parishad Nagpur and land management as District Collector Thane and Additional Collector Nagpur District.

dr. SanJeeV choPra

Dr. Chopra is a Post Graduate in History as well as Business Administration and holds a doctoral degree in Management Studies. He studied in Lyallpur Khalsa College,

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Jalandhar; Jawaharlal Nehru university, New Delhi; Management Development Institute, Gurgaon; and Institute of Management Studies, DAVV, Indore. He was awarded the Robert S McNamara (World Bank) and the Hubert H Humphrey fellowships in 1998 and 1999, respectively. He has been a Guest Scholar at The Brookings Institution, Washington DC. Dr. Chopra joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1985 and borne on West Bengal cadre. He worked as Principal Secretary (Agriculture), Government of West Bengal and also served Government of uttarakhand as Secretary of Rural Development, Horticulture, Industry, Information Technology, Panchayats and Co-operation. for 5 years he held the post of Chairman, faculty of Management and Coordinator of the Centre for Cooperatives and Rural Development at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie. Presently, as Joint Secretary in DAC, he is looking after the National Horticulture Mission, National Mission on Micro Irrigation, National Horticulture Board, National Bee Board and Coconut Development Board.

Shri PanKaJ Kumar

Shri Pankaj Kumar holds a B.Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering, a M.B.A. degree and a Diploma in Public Administration awarded by IIPA. He joined the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in 1987 and allotted Nagaland Cadre. He served both in Nagaland and in Central Government in various capacities. He has been working in the Department since 2007 as Joint Secretary and presently heading the Plant Protection and INM Divisions.

Shri e.K. maJhi

Mr. Majhi joined Indian Administrative Service in 1989. Prior to this he had experience of working in State Bank of India and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. A graduate from Ravenshaw College, Cuttack, Mr. Majhi did his post graduation from Delhi university. Borne on Kerala Cadre, he had the privilege of serving Government of Kerala in various capacities. He began his career as Sub-Collector, Alleppey and subsequently has served as Registrar, Kerala Agricultural university; Registrar of Cooperative Societies; Managing Director of Kerala State Cooperative Bank Limited; Director of fisheries; State Project Director of World Bank sponsored District Primary Education Programme; Commissioner for Entrance Examinations; Secretary in the departments of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, fisheries etc. Mr. Majhi has served as District Collector and District Magistrate of Trivandrum as well as Vice Chancellor of Kerala Agricultural university. Presently, he is Joint Secretary, Natural Resources Management & Rainfed farming Systems in Ministry of Agriculture where he had earlier also served as a Director.

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Shri S.K.g. rahate

Shri Rahate joined as IAS officer from Jharkhand Cadre in 1990. He is an engineering graduate from College of Engineering, Pune. He has served Government of Jharkhand and Government of India at various levels. Presently, he is posted as Joint Secretary in the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC), and is handling the subjects of Mechanization & Technology, Seeds and Technology Mission on Oilseeds & Pulses.

dr. goraKh Singh

Born in Mohanpur village near Bikramganj in Rohtas District of Bihar, Dr. Singh went on to obtain his doctorate in Horticulture from Banaras Hindu university and started his career as scientist in Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore in 1986. In a distinguished career spanning 25 years and with more than 280 scientific publications to his credit, Dr. Singh has done pioneering work in developing innovative technologies for high density planting, meadow orcharding in guava and canopy management in perennial fruit crops, which has resulted in higher productivity coupled with early fruiting. Dr. Singh introduced wedge grafting techniques in fruit crops to overcome seasonal barriers and made significant contribution to develop technologies for rejuvenation of old and senile orchards of guava and aonla. His passion to improve the incomes and livelihoods of the farmers is reflected in the farmer centric technologies developed by him as also in the numerous training programmes organized by him for farmers. Presently, Dr. Singh is Horticulture Commissioner in DAC in which capacity he is helping in revolutionizing the Horticulture scenario in the country.

Shri KameShwer oJha

Shri Ojha was born in village Kharahatar in Buxar district of Bihar. It is a village close to the southern bank of river Ganges. He obtained his bachelors and masters degree from Bhagalpur university. Even as a boy, he assisted his family in farming activities of his small ancestral farm located in his village. He joined Indian Statistical Service (ISS) in 1985 after a brief stint as Post-Graduate Lecturer in his university. Later, he earned Diploma from Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore in Public Policy and Management. His career in ISS included postings in progressively higher capacities in the area of Public Health, National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and Agriculture Census. He also worked in uNICEf, Jaipur as a Consultant. Since 2008, he is Mission Director of National Bamboo Mission in Horticulture Division of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Government of India. farming as an activity being close to his heart, he loves and takes pride in his job in this Department.

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Farmer Portal : Home Page...has found commercial applications as well. Tamil Nadu has over a hundred...

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Transcript of Farmer Portal : Home Page...has found commercial applications as well. Tamil Nadu has over a hundred...