Farm to Market by Mary Dennis, Civic Landscape

production, distribution and sellingof food within the

community

FARM TO MARKET

Tuesday, March 22, 2011

Hello! Today, I am gong to start with the land....and end at the table. Agricultural Urbanism includes more than community gardens and green roofs. It includes food production within the whole region, from the wilderness to the city center.

• large scale farm

Wheat Fields MontanaTuesday, March 22, 2011

Farms, from the very large

City Slicker Farm OaklandTuesday, March 22, 2011

to the very small, are part of the whole picture


in securing food resources for the future.

Maine Farms at WorkTuesday, March 22, 2011

We must protect our agricultural lands and economies with

Protecting FarmlandTuesday, March 22, 2011

planning that includes farmland, with the ecological benefits of watershed and natural resource protection.

Rhode Island’s farmers contribute 90 million dollars to economy.


and by Supporting local farmers bringing fresh food to the urban marketplace.

Holyoke MA

Chicago IL


Small specialty farms, can net respectable incomes and be dovetailed within the civic fabric.

• tiny with big car

Typical size of community garden plotTuesday, March 22, 2011

Even a tiny 10 X 20 plot, the size of a parking spot, can yield significant food.

Farriers and Veterinarians


But A single farmer cannot survive without nearby agricultural services, which requires the support of a community of farmers.By forming co-ops, farmers share the costs of support businesses

Seed and Feed Store

Community KitchensFarriers and Veterinarians

Implement dealerTuesday, March 22, 2011

But A single farmer cannot survive without nearby agricultural services, which requires the support of a community of farmers.By forming co-ops, farmers share the costs of support businesses

A dairy collective of 9 farms


Some local examples include Rhody Fresh Milk....


..... Little Rhody Natural eggs

Over 120 Sheep Growers


and Rhody Warm Blankets.


Little City Growers Cooperative pools their resources to supply local restaurants and farmers markets,

Scratch Farm

Red Planet Farm

City Farm

Front Step FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

Little City Growers Cooperative pools their resources to supply local restaurants and farmers markets,


Even large scale organic farms and orchards rely on co-ops, In particular, access to certified organic processing plants.


Cascade Farms, in the Pacific Northwest, pools fruit, vegetable and grains, to be processed and delivered nationally

Culinary and Economic PlacemakingTuesday, March 22, 2011

The region, the climate, and traditions of people, reflect what comes to market and table. After all - a Big Mac tastes the same everywhere, but lobster chowder and green chili stew are as unique to their regions as their buildings and landscapes.

Codman Community Farm in Lincoln MA


Small farms help preserve these regional and cultural food-ways,

HARVESTING THE WILD T1


So let’s start with the Wilderness.

The Original OrganicTuesday, March 22, 2011

Which requires intimate knowledge of the land, plants, animals and seasons,

The Original Organic

Gathering dulse

Gathering rice

Nova Kim and Les Hooksource wild foods for restaurants in Vermont


Which requires intimate knowledge of the land, plants, animals and seasons,

WILDERNESS CASE STUDY YOSEMITE


Yosemite provided a bountiful source of food.

YOSEMITE

map

WILDERNESS CASE STUDY YOSEMITE


for the Miwok Indians, whose village settlements date back thousands of years.


Husbandry practices included annual burns, to maintain open meadows and savanna like groves. Practices that profoundly shaped the landscape in which they lived.


In addition, pruning, tilling and harvesting created favorable conditions for browsing game, controlled insect pests,

Acorns from black oaks managed over hundreds of yearsTuesday, March 22, 2011

increased the harvests of food staples, and produced better materials for building and basketry.


By 1850, 80% of the Indian population had been decimated by old world diseases


and then further reduced in the wake of the gold rush.

Our first National Park 1890


So when Yosemite was ‘rediscovered’ it was mistakenly believed to be a pristine landscape, untouched by human hands.


A majestic arcadia, Now the realization has dawned that ‘wilderness’ must in fact be tended and cultivated.


Cultural practices are being reintroduced to help restore and manage our public lands,Stewarding the wilderness is rekindling Native skills and economies and bringing the ‘products’ of arcadia to the marketplace.

T 2

20+ acres The Rural Zone

T-2RESTORING AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES


Our cities and towns are only as healthy as our natural resources, including how and where food is grown.

Farm as FoodshedTuesday, March 22, 2011

Stemming the loss of farms involves supporting strong agricultural communities, the sources of fresh food for the urban region.

7 acres

Rhode Island contains 10% of land it needs


This is the land necessary, we need, per person, for food and clean water. Think of farms as food sheds, similar to a watersheds, as the land resources needed to support a metropolitan area.


Practices that preserve the health of the soil are critical too. Systematic crop rotations build soil fertility, reduce erosion and act as carbon sinks.

Tuscan


This beautiful landscape is a Powerful testament of wasteland restoration. Val D’ Orcia was once so depleted it resembled a moonscape.


Centuries of war had left the fields untended, and shepherd’s grazed the land to ruination.


Careful cultivation has been the 20th century work of Iris and Antonio Origo.Now protected as a UNESCO heritage site; the quintessence of a fertile, and scenic Tuscan Landscape.


To Protect our Farms as an important part of our scenic and cultural heritage

• land trusts

• NRCS National Resource Conservation Service of the USDA

• Co-ops

• American Farmland Trust saving the land that sustains us

• SAGE sustainable agriculture education

• New England Small Farm Institute

• Land Trusts

• NRCS National Resource Conservation Service of the USDA

• Co-ops

• American Farmland Trust saving the land that sustains us

• SAGE sustainable agriculture education

• New England Small Farm Institute

• Leasing


many organizations and are partnering with farmers, to provide educational programs,

• legacy farm

Billing Farm VT


preserve heritage live-stock breeds, crops, architecture,

Crop rotation through grazingTuesday, March 22, 2011

and sustainable land practices.

“Connecting farmers, chefs and eaters”


But we all can make a difference ........Buying local, tops the list of enabling farmers to stay in business, Farm Fresh is a distribution co-op, which allows farmers to spend more time doing what they do best, growing food.

Community Supported Agriculture CSATuesday, March 22, 2011

By joining a CSA, you help guarantee a source of income for a farmer in exchange for a share of the produce.

Ayers Creek FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

Restaurants that support specialty crop growers as sources of seasonal and local produce,

new farm to table


bring Fresh and Innovative cuisine to the table, creating a wider demand in the marketplace.

• road side farm stand

Seasonal Farm StandsTuesday, March 22, 2011

Distribution in the rural zone include roadside sales...

General StoreTuesday, March 22, 2011

.....General stores.... .

Pick Your OwnTruck Farmer


direct farm purchases and sales.

Los PoblanosRURAL CASE STUDY LOS POBLANOS NM


The Rio Grande River, flowing through the North Valley of Albuquerque, has supported civilization for thousands of years.


Once an extensive land grant dating back to 1716, the Present, 25 acre farm, keeps 80% protected in agricultural cultivation.

AcequiasTuesday, March 22, 2011

As part of the heritage of the North Valley, Los Poblanos is preserving their acequias, an irrigation method of field flooding, that channels the river onto the fields.

• lavender fields


However, the farm is shifting away from water intensive crops such as alfalfa, and pioneering lavender as a high commodity crop for the arid southwest.

• CSA


The farm also partners with Los Poblanos Organics, a large CSA with over 2,000 members,


To revive the nearly extinct Navajo Churro Sheep, Los Poblanos participated in a breeding program that has re-introduced the sheep to the Navajo Nation. A 4-H program, hosted at Los Poblanos, continues the work of preserving heritage breeds.

Sand Hill CranesTuesday, March 22, 2011

Winter fields are left uncultivated, so that migrant birds, have a protected area to glean and serendipitously fertilize the fields.

Farm to Table


Today the farm is a Historic Cultural Center and Inn. The chef takes pride in serving the bounty of the farm to guests.

Mount Vernon

George Washington’s Georgian farm on the Potomac River.


Dignified living arrangements for skilled laborers, farm hands and their families is an important planning element for all farm communities. At Mount Vernon, these were laid out in both a practical and inclusive manner.

• farm worker housing

Farm-worker Housing Shafter CA

Moule & Polyzoides, design by Bill Dennis

Tuesday, March 22, 2011And here, NEW housing in the Central Valley.

T 3

• Reconfiguring Sprawl

Medium scale agriculture Small farms 5-20 acres

RECONFIGURING SPRAWL T-3

Tuesday, March 22, 2011 The Sub Urban Zone:

For farms to be viewed as an environmental amenity, a broader literacy of where our food comes from needs continued advocacy, especially in this highly contested zone where the pressures of development are high.

Rural by Design

Agricultural District Before Development


Sprawl can be re-channeled to preserve agricultural resources,

Dodd Associates, Rural Design Manual

After Conventional Development

Rural by Design


Instead of large lot sub-divisions,

After Creative Development

Rural by Design


This saves considerable infrastructure and land costs.

Comparative size Mall vs Town 116 acres

Rockland Maine

Better Still Infill


But Better Still, Infill.


Grey field sites,


reconfigured into streets and blocks, with civic spaces


and mixed use buildings, saves even more farmland from new development.

Mixed lot sizes


Historic hamlet plans, diagram the components of the food-shed, from small farmyards and kitchen gardens,

Village MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

to civic spaces accommodating market days,

• general store

general store

General StoreTuesday, March 22, 2011

to General Stores, which serve as post offices and gathering places,

Direct Farm PurchaseTuesday, March 22, 2011

to home businesses.

SUB - URBAN CASE STUDY HADLEY MAIncorporated 1659


Situated on a bend in the Connecticut River, this area has some of the best farmland in all of New England.

SUB - URBAN CASE STUDY HADLEY MA


The mile long town green spans the peninsular plain.


Farmsteads are aligned to the Green with formal setbacks. Barns and farm structures are behind the houses with fields stretching continuously beyond.

Typical Farm Complex

Tuesday, March 22, 2011Pittsfield


The cross roads at mid-section form a civic and commercial center.

Hadley Commons sugar maples Farm House

Town Center

330’ ROW - Green + Two-way Traffic Both SidesTuesday, March 22, 2011

Farm Based Codes, would be a useful tool for protecting working landscapes from rural sprawl and big box development. A counterpoint to Form Based Codes.

T 4

• Rural Urban ConnectivitySpecialty farms 1-5 acres

Community Gardens Front Gardens

Kitchen Gardens

RURAL URBAN CONNECTIVITY T-4


Neighborhood Edges Small farms and large gardens buffer the rural transition towards the urban core

• green thumb lots


and give ambitious gardeners and farmers closer access to civic life.

edible flowers and herbs


But, current ordinances will need to be rewritten, allowing agriculture in urban zones, and giving farmers protection from development.

Backyard sheep, geese and chickens Portsmouth NHTuesday, March 22, 2011

and permitting small animal husbandry and home businesses

Community gardens Yard Gardens

Container Gardens

INTRA-URBAN AGRICULTURE T-4


The weave of rural into General Neighborhoods is enhanced by the addition of community gardens

Historic Boston Community GardensTuesday, March 22, 2011

which have the potential to supply a huge share of locally grown food - over 40% during WWII.

Cleveland City Hall Plaza -1943Tuesday, March 22, 2011

and can be planted in Civic greens,

kindergarden

Portland OR - 1943Tuesday, March 22, 2011

school yards,

TorontoTuesday, March 22, 2011

street medians, you name it,

leading the way

• Milwaukee

• Mac Arthur Genius

• $400,000. to create jobs in

urban agriculture

Urban Farming

Will Allen CEO Growing Power


passionate activist are leading the way

DETROIT - Motor City to Farm City

40 squares miles of vacant land 25,600 acres


Detroit is being re-imagined, as a urban farming city

Urban Agriculture in Chicago: Navigating the Rules of Zoning for Urban Farms


Chicago is pioneering the legal work of necessary to encourage urban farming

YARDS


Yards are being redesigned

kitchen garden

Tsawwassen B.C. CanadaTuesday, March 22, 2011

as Kitchen gardens

WilliamsburgTuesday, March 22, 2011

Herb gardens

WilliamsburgTuesday, March 22, 2011

Vegetable gardens

Kitchen Gardens, Orchards and Fields Tuesday, March 22, 2011

that feather in with joining fields and civic greens

Market Hall with Community Room Above Tuesday, March 22, 2011

As density increases, a greater reliance and diversity of markets becomes important.

GENERAL STORE

Apartments aboveTuesday, March 22, 2011

General stores, small grocers,

Farmer’s MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

CSA’s pickup points,

garden center

Small Garden ShopTuesday, March 22, 2011

and a variety of small specialty shops,

Founded in 2003

EDGE CASE STUDY New Town St. Charles MS


North of St. Louis, situated on the plain at the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The 12 acre Organic farm sits on the edge of the town fabric, providing a buffer from the surrounding, large scale farms.

New Town Organic FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

Functions as a community asset,

In -Town MarketsTuesday, March 22, 2011

providing fresh produce to the town market and restaurants.

• comm

Community and production plots


A full time farming couple live on the farm and actively engages with the town,

T 5

• Secure Community Gardens

secure open space for community gardens

NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER T-5


Community gardens should be considered as integral as parks and playgrounds, in the overall green space system, and given special designation as a type of open-space that is protected from future development.


well interspersed within easy walking distances within neighborhoods.


The reclamation of vacant lots, creates strong community ties and pride, a powerfully positive and proactive way to transform the places we live and stabilize real estate values

• Oakland City Farm

City Slicker Farm Oakland CATuesday, March 22, 2011

Small plots of land managed by individual farmers, are also transforming vacant land.

South Side Community Land Trust City Farm Providence RI

Last year, City Farm grew 1,539 pounds of food on just 3/4 of an acre!

Farm Steward Rich Pederson


A bio-intensive commercial farm and outdoor classroom. City Farm sells produce at local farmers markets and restaurants and gives regular food donations to local charities.

Urban Apple Trees - Peterborough NHTuesday, March 22, 2011

Growing edible plants in the public realm is relatively untapped. Street trees and tree verges are prime areas for extending the edible landscape.

Brooklyn OrchardTuesday, March 22, 2011

Trees and shrubs with edible fruits, are highly ornamental and suited for both the civic and residential landscapes.

Edible Streets - Portland ORTuesday, March 22, 2011

street tree verge

Driveway to FoodwayTuesday, March 22, 2011

Urban Foraging Networks

Ginkgo nuts, a delicacy

wild cherries, elderberries, spring ramps, purslane, ......


edible ‘weeds’ are in abundance, if you know where to look. Urban Foraging networks

Mapping Seattle’s Urban OrchardTuesday, March 22, 2011

Post where, what, and when the urban bounty can be gleaned.


The link between fresh fruits and vegetables and healthy citizens, is being promoted from the White House to the classroom,

Alice Water’s School Yard Edible GardenTuesday, March 22, 2011

Alice Waters Edible School Yard teaches children to grow and prepare fresh nutritious food, A model for schools across the country,

Involving City and Suburban Kids with Growing FoodTuesday, March 22, 2011

Programs such as Kids First RI, City Spouts Cambridge, and the Food Project Boston, source food from local farmers for school lunches, giving urban children direct connections to where their food comes from.

CONTAINER AND ROOF GARDENS


Containers and planters transform

Transforming a Parking LotTuesday, March 22, 2011

unattractive paved areas into gardens,

Vertical Fence Maine Botanic Garden


pocket parks

St. LouisPlanter Buffers


or pleasant sidewalk seating areas.

Civic SquareTuesday, March 22, 2011

The economic boost to adjacent businesses in making streets attractive is unequivocal.

detroit

Growing Power HeadquartersEdible Walls


Containers maximize limited space

Salad WallTuesday, March 22, 2011

for growing food

Mobile Edible Wall Units (MEWU)


Planting Strip Gardens , Portland ORTuesday, March 22, 2011

in both the civic

alley way herbs

Herb Alley behind RestaurantTuesday, March 22, 2011

Balcony GardensTuesday, March 22, 2011

and private realm

Truck FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

some people even take truck farming literally

Dock FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

floating greenhouse and dock containers

Pot FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

herbs

Roof FarmTuesday, March 22, 2011

Roof- tops are, the ultimate container garden.

Culinary Farm


But remember, the vast majority of our food comes from our rural farms

Permanent Market Halls, Squares & Grocers

CITY CENTER T-6


The greatest variety of markets is represented in the city center, a receptor of goods rather than a producer of goods

Quincy Market Boston MA 1825 Cuadios de John Stobart


Market districts are part of our cultural DNA

Faneuil Hall Market 1890Tuesday, March 22, 2011

and are embedded within the fabric of the city.

T-6

Faneuil Hall Market circa 1922Tuesday, March 22, 2011

Old maps are valuable resources, to study how cities have facilitated receiving goods .....

Pike Place Market SeattleTuesday, March 22, 2011

One of the oldest continuously operated farmers market in the country, begun in 1906, to cut out middlemen. Now encompassing 9 acres, housing over 200 businesses, 190 craftspeople and 100 farmers

Produce Market HallTuesday, March 22, 2011

Lucca Italy has a central hall ringed with small shops open to both street, plaza and hall.

• districts, food streets

• Specialty shops

• Push carts

Food StreetTuesday, March 22, 2011

Districts that specialize in a variety of food shops.

market street

Pick ‘n EatTuesday, March 22, 2011

Market Hall

Local ProductsTuesday, March 22, 2011

and local venders

No MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

Lost places can be revitalized as market districts.

Food MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

Borough Market in South London uses space under elevated train tracks.

Market Under BridgeTuesday, March 22, 2011

and this one in Portland OR

Market - No HallTuesday, March 22, 2011

Permanent market square

market with espalir

Ephemeral MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

in a civic square

• farmers market

Street ClosuresTuesday, March 22, 2011

• green grocers

Sidewalk MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

green grocers,

• corner stores

Corner MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

corner stores,

Mobile MarketTuesday, March 22, 2011

Roving Truck Farms

Push Cart MarketsTuesday, March 22, 2011

penetrate into neighborhoods that have limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables

URBAN CASE STUDY BOSTON EMERALD NECKLACE


Boston’s Emerald Necklace, begun in 1870, represents a comprehensive interweaving of green infrastructure from T1, Blue Hill Forest Reserves to T6 City Center and Market Halls


Within this magnificent park and urban wild system,

Back Bay FensTuesday, March 22, 2011

a full range of civic amenities are provided,

Fenway Victory GardensTuesday, March 22, 2011

including the countries earliest community gardens

Boston Emerald Necklace

City BountifulTuesday, March 22, 2011

Established in 1892,

Farm to TableTuesday, March 22, 2011

Direct connections to locally grown food include: restaurants


such as New Rivers, which sources all of its food from local organic farms, fair trade organizations and sustainable seafood distributors.


Oleana: in Cambridge MA, which owns a 50 acre organic market farm, 25 miles west of Boston, that supplies local restaurants (including Oleana), farmers markets, and a 300 member CSA

• Grocers

Rising Tide Market, Damariscotta ME ,Tuesday, March 22, 2011

large photo posters of local farmers give a visual connection to customers

of the people growing the food sold in the market

• Conclusion

WHAT’S NEXT?


Urban Agriculture is more than just growing food. It is about the design of the places in which we live, work and sustain ourselves. It is not about de-urbanizing our cities, but about re-integrating green space into the urban fabric to include growing food and civic spaces for markets squares and halls. Designs that will give farmers greater accessibility to civic life and urban neighborhoods a direct connection to where their food comes from.


Andres Duany caught the grass fed bull by the proverbial horns, when he realized, it is current zoning codes that are driving the course of development and preventing Town Building in a traditional mixed-use fashion.

a book about creating policies for new urban uses


As we work to change this course, let us also remember to include farming and community gardens into our zoning and plans, along with market squares and the protection, of agricultural resources, so that locally grown food is secure and readily available well into the future.

Bon Appétit!


Farm to Market by Mary Dennis, Civic Landscape

Design

Transcript of Farm to Market by Mary Dennis, Civic Landscape