Farm Machinery & Cattle Safety - University of Missouri...

Farm Machinery & Cattle Safety -- Billings,

MO

2/22/2012

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Farm Machinery & Cattle Safety

by

Bob SchultheisNatural Resource Engineering Specialist

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National Statistics - Agriculture

�700 farmers & ranchers die in work-related accidents yearly

�120,000 ag workers suffer disabling injuriesfrom work-related accidents

�200+ children die on farms, most as

� Innocent bystanders

� Passengers on farm equipment

�Only 1/2 of farm tractors have ROPSwith seat belts

�17% of all farm injuries are caused by animals

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2005-20091. Agriculture, forestry & fishing2. Oil & gas industry3. Mining

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Why So High in Agriculture ?

�High % of women, children& over-65 workers

�Long hours

�Poor working conditions

�Slower medical access (golden hour)

�Education (no organized training)

�Skills (seasonal)

�Legislation (exemptions)

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Farmers’ Perceptions

� Inconvenience

� "Never happen to me"

� Independence

�No reward

�Added cost

�Number of hazards

�Habits

�Self-image

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1990 U.S. Work Accident Cost

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Wage Loss Insur.

Admin.

Medical Uninsured Fire Motor

Vehicles

16.0% 16.1% 13.6%

45.8%

5.8%2.7%


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1987 Industrial Statistics

Deaths/

100,000 Workers

Disabling

Injuries

Fed. Safety

$$ Spent/

Worker

Agriculture 49 160,000 $ .30

Mining 38 30,000 $ 244.00

All Industries 10 1,800,000 $ 4.48

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Youare the

"Safety Director"

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An ATV is…

�An all-terrain vehicle

�A motorized, four-wheel vehicle

�Ridden by straddling the seat andsteered using handlebars

�For one person to ride

�For off-road use

�For recreation or work

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An ATV is…

�not a toy

�not for taking passengers

�not for riding on paved surfaces –like sidewalks, driveways, parking lots, or streets

�not for riding on public roads

�not for damaging the environment

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ATV Annual Death TollSource: Missouri Dept. of Public Safety

44% 20%

Children under16 years old

Children under12 years old

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ATV Accident StatisticsSource: Missouri Dept. of Public Safety

44% 20%31% 30%

Were carryingpassengers

Deaths involvingalcohol abuse


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Check the ATV Golden Rules

�Choose the right ATV for your age�Always have adult supervision if you’re

under age 16�Always wear protective gear�Always avoid paved surfaces�Do not take any passengers�Do not ride on public roads�Do not use alcohol or other drugs�Take hands-on ATV RidercourseSM

� Call 1-800-887-2887 or 1-800-342-3764(Polaris models) for more info.

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Size of ATV and Age of Rider

�Under 70 cc -- 6 years or older

�70-90 cc -- 12 years or older

�Over 90 cc -- 16 years or older

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Missouri Fatal Farm Accidents

Farm Machinery

80%Overturns

60%

Tractors

75%

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Cause of Missouri Farm Deaths

�Tractors 28

� Overturns 17

� Other 11

�Mower 5

�Miscellaneous 2

�Tree cutting 1

�Electrocution 2

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1992 Missouri Farm

Unintentional Deaths = 35

� Jan 1

�Feb 2

�Mar 4

�Apr 4

�May 2

� Jun 5

� Jul 4

�Aug 2

�Sep 3

�Oct 6

�Nov. --

�Dec 2

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Prepare Yourself

�Read the operator’s manual

�Learn location & use of tractor controls,gauges & dials

�Understand speeds, slope capabilities, braking & steering characteristics, and tractor-equipment clearances

�Observe & question a skilled operator until comfortable with procedures

�Good physical & mental condition� No medications or alcohol

�Proper protective gear


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Protective Gear

�Sturdy shoes, not tennis shoes

�Long pants (flying debris, skin irritants,exhaust burns)

�Gloves (cuts, abrasions, chemicals, skin irritants)

�Hearing protection (noise)

�Safety glasses or goggles for eyes (flying debris)

�Dust mask (dust & pollen inhalation)

�Sunscreen

�First-aid kit close by 20

Chain Saw = 110 dB Sound Level

Duration(hours/day)

Sound Level(dBA)

8 90

4 95

2 100

1 105

1/2 110

1/4 or less 115

Source: OSHA Noise Standard

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Wear Appropriate Hearing Protection 1

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Wear Appropriate Hearing Protection 2

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Learn Basic Hand Signals 1

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Learn Basic Hand Signals 2


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Protect from Skin Cancer

�Sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher

�Clothing that is sun-protective

�Hat with a wide brim all the way around

�Eyeglasses that block both UVA & UVB rays

�Shade, especially between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.

Photo credits: www.gemplers.com

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ABCD Rule for Melanoma Detection

�Asymmetry� One-half of a mole or birthmark

does not match the other.

�Border irregularity� The edges are irregular, ragged, notched or blurred.

�Color� The color is not the same all over, but may have

differing shades of brown or black, sometimes with patches of red, white, or blue.

�Diameter� The area is larger than 6 millimeters (about the size

of a pencil eraser) or is growing larger.

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Prepare Your Equipment

�Check that all guards are in place & operating

�Make all necessary adjustments before turning on the machine

�Be sure the tractor is equipped with a roll-over protective structure (ROPS) & seat belt. If not, have it retrofitted for one

�Fuel tractor outdoors with engine stopped and cool. Do not smoke while fueling

�Be sure the slow-moving-vehicle (SMV) emblem is in place. Check that the warning lights are present & working

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Know Your Equipment

Read the owner’s manual prior to equipment use

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Slow-Moving Vehicle (SMV) Signs

How not to use SMV sign!

Only legal use is on equipment moving at 25 MPH or less on public highway

2-6 ft.

© Bob Schultheis

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Keep SMV Signs in Good Repair


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Make Sure Fire Extinguisher Works

Univ. of MO Tractor Clinic found 50% were not working

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Keep Lights On During Road Travel

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Be Aware of Reduced Closure Times

27 seconds vs. 7 seconds

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Errors = Accidents

�Forgot something

�Took a shortcut

�Took a calculated risk

�Ignored a warning

�Used unsafe practices

�Was preoccupied

�Didn’t see hazard

© Bob Schultheis

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Heed “Signal Words”

© Bob Schultheis

© Bob Schultheis

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Youth & Elderly Most at Risk

65+

45-64

25-44

15-24

5-14

1-4

Tractor Accidents

OperatorAge

Frequency(Accidents per

Million Hours of Use)

10-14 43.0

15-24 9.6

25-44 4.5

45-64 5.6

65+ 29.7

Tractor Accident Rate(Michigan & Ohio)

3%

Age

16%

19%

29%

28%

5%


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NO

Riders!!38

Inattention / Preoccupation

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Improper Front and Rear Loads

© Bob Schultheis40

Ballast According to Load

Check owner’s manual for recommended ballast weights and locations.

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Center of Gravity Affects Stability

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Carry Loads as Low as Possible


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Rear Overturns

85% of rear overturns result in death44

Anatomy of a Rear Overturn 1

© Bob Schultheis

© Bob Schultheis

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© Bob Schultheis

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Roll-Over Protective Structures

2-Post ROPS 4-Post ROPS

© Bob Schultheis © Bob Schultheis

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Stay in the ROPS ”Zone of Protection”

Foldable 2-Post ROPS

Photo credit: iowafarmertoday.com/content/articles/2006/09/15/top_stories/02rops.jpg


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“Weather Cab” – Not a ROPS

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Hitch It Low…Pull It Slow

Always hitch below axle of towing tractor

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Speed Causes Overturns

3X speed = 9X centrifugal force © Bob Schultheis

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Using Brakes on Road Travel 1

Lock brake pedals together

When towing load, use same gear going downhill as uphill

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Using Brakes on Road Travel 2

Use auxiliary brakes on towed equipment if it weighs more than towing vehicle

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Preventing Tractor Upsets on Slopes


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© Bob Schultheis55

Slope in Degrees vs. Percent

45°= 100%

30°= 67%

15°= 33%

8°= 18%

23°= 51%

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Even Large Tractors Can Overturn 1

© Bob Schultheis

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Even Large Tractors Can Overturn 2

© Bob Schultheis

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Keep Weight on Uphill Side

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Push Mowers

�Mow across slopes, never up and down

�Never pull push mowers backwards

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Riding Mowers

�Mow up and down slopes, never across

�Look behind you before backing up

�No extra riders!!


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Unguarded PTO Shafts are Deadly

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Reaction Time vs. Distance

Distance Traveled in Feet

Time (sec.)

PTO @ 540 rpm

PTO @

1000 rpm

Tractor @

20 mph

Object Thrown by 21" Mower

Chain Saw @ full

throttle

0.3 2.1 3.9 9 89 20

0.5 3.5 6.5 15 156 33

0.7 4.9 9.2 21 218 46

1.0 7.1 13.1 29 312 66

Chain moves at 40-55 MPH(60-80 feet per second = 600 teeth per sec.)

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Check Bearings on Shielded Shafts

© Bob Schultheis

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Fix/Replace Damaged & Lost Shields

Do not use master shield as a step

Install cover on PTO shaft when not in use

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Balers Have Many Danger Zones

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Main Causes of Mower Accidents

�Driving too fast

�Operating unsafely on uneven ground

�Operating a mower that has not been mechanically maintained

�Pushing the mower beyond safe operating limits


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Operating the Tractor Mower 1

�Adjust tractor seat, fasten the seat belt, set the parking brake, place shift lever in neutral or park, and disengage the tractor PTO before cranking the engine

�Raise the mower high and use low engine RPM to engage power

�Base ground speed on length and density of material being cut -- normally 2-5 MPH

�Mow very tall grass twice at 90-degree angles if possible

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Mow across slopes with side-mount, offset & sicklebar mowers.

Photo credit: counties.cce.cornell.edu/rensselaer/Agriculture/images/P1010096.JPG

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Mow up and down slopes with rear-mount, pull-type & wing-type mowers.

Photo credit: hometown.aol.com/dlwilliams97/images/2615batwing.jpg

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�When leaving seat, disengage PTO, shift to neutral or park, engage brake, turn engine off, and wait for all parts to stop before dismounting

�When driving between mowing jobs, crossing a road, path or sidewalk, or when not using the mower, disengage the PTO to stop the mower blade or flails

� If traction or stability is questionable, test drive the area with the PTO off

� Lock the differential for better traction on slopesand in slippery places

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�Remove the key if leaving the tractor for any length of time.

�Always block the mower if working under it for any reason.

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Install Guards on Exposed Drives


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© Bob Schultheis

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Beware Oil Pressure of Hydraulics

Pressure can exceed 10,000 psi. It only takes 1,200 psi to inject oil through skin.

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PTO Entanglement DemoThis image cannot currently be displayed.

© Bob Schultheis

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Animal Stress Can….

�Lower conception rates

�Reduce immune function

� Impair rumen function

�Generally lower production

�Reduces the ability to fight diseaseor gain weight

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Cattle Psychology 1

�Cattle experience

� Hunger

� Thirst

� Fear

� Illness

� Injury

Penn State

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Cattle Psychology 2

�Each animal has its own personality� Respond well to routine; work best in groups

� Be calm and deliberate

�Remember painful experiences� A.I. & squeeze chute should not be the same

� Excited cattle may take 20-30 minutes to calm down

�Natural tendency to circle� In order to see other herd members

� In order to see what is behind them

�Very sensitive hearing� Avoid loud noises 78

Cattle Psychology 3

�Can’t judge distances well

� Keep wire fences visible

�See in black & white, limited color

�Balk at sudden light changes

� Avoid bright spots & shadows

�Need the security of solid walls

� Avoid pipe fences to move them

�Can see almost all the way around them

� Use “flight zone” to move them


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Stay Out of Blind Spot

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“Flight Zone”An Animal’s Personal Space 1

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“Flight Zone”An Animal’s Personal Space 2

Cattle face handler outside flight zone

Cattle turn away when handler enters flight zone

Photo credits: grandin.com/behaviour/principles/flight.zone.html82

Cattle Warning Signs

�Raised or laid-back ears

�Raised tail or hair on the back

�Bared teeth

�Pawing the ground or snorting

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Reduce Distractions 1

�Chains that jiggle

�Clanging or banging metal

�Air hissing; high-pitched noises

�Barking dogs

�Changes in flooring and texture� Grates, shadows of pipe fences, etc.

�Reflections on metal or puddles

�Cracking whips

�Air drafts blowing towards approaching animals

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�Unusual movement� Fan blades, piece of plastic, people ahead

�Clothing hung on the fence

�Small object on the floor� Coffee cup, trash

�Sudden changes in the color of equipment

�Bright light such as blinding sun

�Entrance too dark


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Planning Handling Facilities

Good Corral Design

Eff. Animal Flow

Animal Welfare

Vet. Access

Animal Charac.

Vehicle Access

Good Drainage

Fencing Materials

Safety & Security

Environ. Sound

Holding & Handling

Working Area

Economical Cost

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Cattle Chute & Fence Specs.

< 600 lbs.

600-1200 lbs.

> 1200 lbs or cow/calf

Holding area, sq.ft./hd 14 17 20

Crowding pen, sq.ft./hd 6 10 12

Working chute, vertical sidesWidth

Length, minimum18 in.

20 ft.

26 in.

20 ft.

28-30 in.

20 ft.

Working chute fence

Height of solid lower wall, with 2’-4” open at bottom

Overall height, quiet/range cattle

48 in.

55/68 in.

50 in.

60/72 in.

50 in.

60/72 in.

Corral line fence

Height

Depth in ground, wood posts with 5 in. top

Depth in ground, steel posts with 2 in. dia.

60 in.

36-42 in.

30 in.

60 in.

36-42 in.

30 in.

60 in.

36-42 in.

30 in.

Loading chuteWidth

Length, minimum

Rise, inches per foot

26 in.

12 ft.

3.5

26 in.

12 ft.

3.5

26-30 in.

12 ft.

3.5

Functions of a Corral

�Handling or Holding

� Holding pen

� Sorting pens

� Sorting alleys

�Working

� Crowding pen or tub

� Lead-up alley /Working chute

� Man gates & blocking gates

� Loading chute,squeeze chute,A.I. chute, scales

89 90

Large Holding Pen

�A place to bring animals from pasture

�A place to confine all or part of the herd

20 sq.ft. per head


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Sorting / Holding Pens

�Use to break up the herd into smaller groups

�Total area of these pens should equal area of large holding pen

20 sq.ft. per head

25-30 head/pen

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Sorting Alleys

�An alley leading from holding pen to another part of corral system

�Closed-loop system returns cattle to starting point

10-12 ft. wide

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Crowding Pen or Tub

�Use to funnel cattle into single file

�Size to hold 5-6 head

�Use solid sidewalls

�Decrease size as cattle move through

�Rough concrete floor

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Lead-up Alley / Working Chute

�Curved sidewalls restricts vision; uses “circling instinct”

�Solid sides block distractions to cattle

�5 ft. minimum sidewall height

�Sloping/adjustable sides to match animal size

�At least 20 ft. long to hold3-4 head

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Man Gates & Catwalks

�Provide easy escape for handler

�Provide convenient access to other corral areas

�Cheap insurance for operator

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Blocking Gates

�Stops animal escape attempts

�Reduces stress


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Loading Chute, Squeeze Chute, Scales, etc.

�Provide:� Level area at end of loading chute

� Self-aligning dock platform

� Telescoping side panels at end of loading chute

�Use separate loading dock for 5th-wheel trailers

�Reduce or eliminate noise

�Use guards to protect the handler

�Use solid blocking gate ahead of squeeze

�Plan expansion room for A.I. chute & scales98

�Move calmly & slowly around them

� Animals respond to routine

� Use “flight zone” to move them

�Be patient; never prod an animal when it has nowhere to go

�Gently touch them instead of shoving or bumping

�Respect livestock--don’t fear them

�Always have an escape route from them

Rules for Working Cattle

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Summary

�You are the “safety director” on the job

�Do a regular safety hazard walk-around

�Get safety guidesheets from your county University of Missouri Extension Centeror on the Web at extension.missouri.edu/publications

Questions?

Robert A. (Bob) SchultheisNatural Resource Engineering Specialist

Webster County Extension Center800 S. Marshall St.

Marshfield, MO 65706Voice: 417-859-2044

Fax: 417-468-2086E-mail: [email protected]

Web: extension.missouri.edu/webster

Program Complaint InformationTo file a program complaint you may contactany of the following:

University of Missouri� MU Extension AA/EEO Office

109 F. Whitten Hall, Columbia, MO 65211� MU Human Resources Office

130 Heinkel Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211

USDA� Office of Civil Rights, Director

Room 326-W, Whitten Building14th and Independence Ave., SWWashington, DC 20250-9410

"Equal opportunity is and shall be provided to all participants in Extension programs and activities, and for all employees and applicants for employment on the

basis of their demonstrated ability and competence without discrimination on the basis of their race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age,

disability, or status as a Vietnam-era veteran. This policy shall not be interpreted in such a manner as to violate the legal rights of religious organizations or military

organizations associated with the armed forces of the United States of America."

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