FAPESP s Research Program for Global Climate Change ... · Camrex NSF •FAPESP •NASA •CNPq LBA...

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PIs: Maria Victoria R. Ballester; Reynaldo L. Victoria; Alex V. Krusche & Jefrey E. Richey – Co- Is: Humberto R. da Rocha (IAG-USP); Hilandia da C. Brandão (INPA, AM); Maria E.C. Sales & José F.B.R da Silva (MPEG); Ivan B.T. de Lima (EMBRAPA Pantanal); Cleber I. Salimon (UFAC); Alan C. da Cunha (UFAM); Beatriz M. Gomes (UNIR); Kelli C.A. Munhoz (UEMG); Christopher Neill & Linda Deegan (MBL, EUA); Mark S. Johnson (UBC, Canada) [email protected] FAPESPs Research Program for Global Climate Change (PFPMCG) annual workshop São Paulo, February 18 -19, 2016

Transcript of FAPESP s Research Program for Global Climate Change ... · Camrex NSF •FAPESP •NASA •CNPq LBA...

PIs: Maria Victoria R. Ballester; Reynaldo L. Victoria; Alex V. Krusche & Jefrey E. Richey –Co- Is: Humberto R. da Rocha (IAG-USP); Hilandia da C. Brandão (INPA, AM); Maria E.C. Sales & José F.B.R da Silva (MPEG); Ivan B.T. de Lima (EMBRAPA

Pantanal); Cleber I. Salimon (UFAC); Alan C. da Cunha (UFAM); Beatriz M. Gomes (UNIR); Kelli C.A. Munhoz (UEMG); Christopher Neill & Linda Deegan (MBL, EUA); Mark S. Johnson (UBC, Canada)

[email protected]

FAPESP’s Research Program for Global Climate Change

(PFPMCG) annual workshop

São Paulo, February 18 -19, 2016

NSFCamrex• FAPESP• NASA• CNPq

LBA FAPESP: Belmont Forum e SPECPFPMCG

1981 - 1998 1999 – 2007 2008 – Current

• Rivers and freshwater ecosystems release high levels of CO2 to

the atmosphere

• Globally these waters process, transport and sequester 2.7 Pg C

yr-1 (a)

• Similar value to the estimated for terrestrial ecosystems carbon

sequestration from human activities (2.8 Pg C yr-1 (b))

(a) Battin et al., 2009; Tranvik et al., 2009, (b) Canadell et al., 2007;

Fluvial processing plays a key role on carbon (and associate nutrients) transport and re-

cycling not only in the watersheds but also in the oceans that receive their waters.

Raymond, 2005)

develop tools to comprehensively describe Amazonian fluvial

biogeochemistry and the role of rivers in the regional C cycle to predict

their responses to climate change

Long term data collection : 20 extensive sampling (Rede Beija-Rio), distributed in

the Amazon basin

+

Intensive campaigns employing several measurement methods and laboratory

experiments at least once at each stage of the hydrograph, at several spatial scales

Produce scientific data on Amazonian fluvial systems to feed

a carbon base basin wide model to predict their responses to

global climate change and regional land use change

Evading to the atmosphere ~0,5 Gt C yr-1

13 x more C than discharged to the ocean:

TOC: 0,036 and DIC: 0,035 Gt.yr-1

Higher than the amount released by regional deforestation at it’s

peak (0,38 GtC yr-1, ~25.000 km2. yr-1)

We have demonstrated that the rivers of the Amazon play an important role in the regional carbon cycle

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C (‰)

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10

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CP

OC

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contemporaryC4 grasses

contemporarylowland

C3 plantsatmosphere

carbonate rocks,solid earth CO2

CO

2

Legend

Mountain

Mixed

Lowland

1991

2003

old

er

carbonate weathering bycontemporary plant CO2

55 % of terrestrial lignin is

degraded by in channel bacteria

What is these CO2 main source?

In channel

respiration of young

labile organic matter

(~5 year)

CO2 evasion main C export pathway:

289 Gg C yr−1

~2,4 x the amount of C exported as dissolved inorganic carbon

(121 Gg C y−1) and 1,6 x as dissolved organic carbon (185 Gg C

y−1)Ji-Paraná River Basin

~92% of the Amazon river network are small rivers,

usually supersaturated with CO2

• surface small rivers area: 0,3± 0,05 millions of km2,

• Potential evasion to the atmosphere:170 ± 42 Tg C

y−1 as CO2

• Relevant role in the regional carbon cycle

Rasera et al., 2008

The most striking finding of our current integrated network approach is that, regardless of

any scale or basin characteristic, the distribution of biogenic species show the same

seasonal patterns, tightly connected to the hydrograph

5 year time series of CO2 fluxes in Amazon rivers, spanning

the whole hydrograph and encompassing representative rivers

of the region

Group I- drain low lands,

highly weathered, high

levels of DOM, low DIC

and pH

While these river can be separated into 3 groups according to their water characteristics:

Solimões

Group III- drain the Brazilian shield, low sediments

and OM, inter medium DIC levels, pH ~ neutral

Group II- High sediment transport from the Andes,

high DIC concentrations and pH ~ neutral

Negro, Cristalino and Caxiuanã Teles Pires, Javaés

CO2 Fluxes seasonal cycles

High viariability for both low and high water: -0,8 a

15,3 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1

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ing

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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

pC

O2

(at

m)

Solimões

Caxiuanã

Negro

Araguaia

Javaés

Teles Pires

Cristalino

ATM

• CO2 Fluxes always higher at high water

• Key to develop adequate models to

describe C cycle: a seasonal pattern link to

the hydrograph can simplify scaling

• Wide spatial and temporal variability

• Hydrograph differential effect

• We estimate an emission of 0.49(±0.09) Tg CH4 yr -1 from large

rivers Or 44 – 65% of the global tropical river CH4 emissions and

22 – 28% of the global river emission

• These values are to 31–84% higher than the previous estimate

(Bastviken et al., 2011)

Two mechanism of emission, diffusion and ebullition + Methane oxidation

MOX

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E.G.: Higher levels of MOX at high

water in black and white water rivers

and minimal in clear water at low

water

Abundance of genetic markers for MOX bacteria (pmoA) were positively correlated

with enhanced signals of oxidation: independent support for the detected MOX

patterns.

varied according to hydrologic regime and general tributaries geochemical

characteristics.

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• MOX in large Amazonian rivers can consume from

0.45 to 2.07 Tg CH4 yr-1 or up to 7% of the estimated

global soil sink.

• Climate change and changes in hydrology (e.g.

construction of dams) can alter this balance,

influencing CH4 emissions to atmosphere.

(MOX): diffusive CH4 flux can be reduced by ~ 28 –

96 %

• Current CO2 flux: 0.8 Pg C yr-1 for upstream rivers from Óbidos (~70 % of the amazon basin)

• This value is 60 % higher than our previous measurements

• Fluxes are highly correlate to the hydrograph, moreover climate changes can lead to a significant change in ecosystem metabolism

12,636,7

215,4 239,9

504,7

14 44

108,9 54,3

221,3

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Main stem Floodplain Main tributaries Samll rivers Total

2015 2002

Main tributaries: ~2 x Small rivers: ~4.4 x

similar fluxes

Total: ~2.3 x