FAO-NACA Technical Guidelines on Responsible Movement … · FAO-NACA Technical Guidelines on...
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FAO-NACA Technical Guidelines on Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic
Animals
Eduardo M. Leaño and C.V Mohan Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Bangkok, Thailand
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
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Intent
Assist countries to undertake movement of live aquatic animals in a way that minimizes the disease risks associated with pathogen transfer and disease spread, both within and across boundaries
2000
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Purpose Enhance the protection of
aquatic environment and biodiversity, as well as the interest of aquaculture and capture fisheries;
Provide a mechanism to facilitate trade of aquatic animals;
Avoid unjustifiable trade barriers based on AAH issues
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Guiding Principles
1) Movement of living aquatic animals within and across national boundaries is a necessity for economic, social and development purposes;
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Guiding Principles
2) Movement may lead to introduction of new and emerging pathogens and to disease establishment – may pose risks to importing country’s animal, plant and human health status;
3) Role of AAH management: reduce the risk arising from the entry, establishment or spread of pathogens to a manageable level. AAH management should protect:
o Plant, animal and human lives
o Living aquatic resources
o Natural aquatic environment
o Aquatic biodiversity
o Trade
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Guiding Principles
4) AAH management process encompasses the following in regard to movement of live aquatic animals: o Pre-border (exporter), border and post-
border (importer) activities;
o Relevant national and regional capacity building requirements;
o Development and implementation of effective national and regional policies and regulatory frameworks
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Guiding Principles
5) AAH management measures should be practical, cost-effective and easy to implement;
6) The varying capacity of developing countries to implement programmes on AAH management should be acknowledged by relevant international organizations and financial institutions;
7) AAH management measures shall be based on an assessment of the risk to animal, plant and human life or health. This includes: o Prevalence of specific pathogens in both regions of origin and
destination;
o Likelihood of new or emerging pathogens becoming established in the region of destination.
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Guiding Principles
8) All movements: within the provisions given in existing international agreements and instruments;
9) In determining the appropriate level of AAH measures to be applied, relevant ecological and economic factors have to be considered;
10) The first movement (introduction) of a new species into a new area will require special AAH management considerations: evaluate scientific evidence regarding the risk of introduction.
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Guiding Principles
11) Harmonization of AAH management procedures to facilitate safe movement of aquatic animals;
12) Free movement of aquatic species in transboundary waterways: division of region into sub-regional units for effective implementation of AAH management procedures;
13) Honest, conscientious and transparent disease reporting is essential for effective AAH management;
14) Technical cooperation among regional experts: promote exchange of information and expertise;
15) Collaboration among government, public institutions and the private sector: important in the effective implementation of AAH management strategies.
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Major Elements
Disease diagnosis
Health certification and quarantine measures
Zoning
Disease surveillance and reporting
Contingency planning
Import risk analysis
National strategies and policy frameworks
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Progress made by 21 member governments (Asia Regional AAH Programme) on the major components listed in the Asia Regional Technical Guidelines.
Elements in the Technical Guidelines
Progress Made in Asia-Pacific (Number of Countries)
Good Moderate Low
Disease diagnosis 10 6 5
Health certification and quarantine measures
10 5 6
Disease zoning 3 3 15
Disease surveillance and reporting
8 8 5
Contingency planning 3 7 11
Import risk analysis 4 4 13
National strategies and policy frameworks
11 4 6
Major Elements
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Disease diagnosis Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• Diagnostic capabilities have improved in many countries (most using level II and III);
• NACA disease cards developed for important and emerging diseases;
• Asia regional diagnostic manual and field guide developed;
• Regional reference laboratories (OIE Reference Labs);
• Regional resource experts; • Laboratory proficiency testing
programs have been run.
• OIE twinning programs: further assist laboratories to develop capabilities;
• Exact status of diagnostic capacities of individual countries is not certain;
• Some areas of specialist diagnostic expertise are lacking;
• Need for more comprehensive laboratory proficiency testing programs
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Health certification and quarantine measures
Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• Strong progess: high risk importation (e.g. seeds and broodstock);
• Training: through regional initiatives (e.g. AADCP project);
• Improved certification practices: driven by commercial/trade implications;
• Harmonization with OIE standards
• The importance of supporting AAH attestations through sound AAH programs continues to be underestimated;
• Some inappropriate/illegal activities continue to threaten spread of transboundary diseases
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Disease zoning and compartmentalisation
Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• An emerging need to meet requirements of importing countries;
• To facilitate trade, some countries are working toward having compartments and zones recognized.
• Identification of common health status: trade restrictions can be reduced;
• Training opportunities; • Learn from experience of
terrestrial animal industries (e.g. poultry)
Zoning (and compartmentalisation): allows for a part of a nation’s territory to be identified as free of a particular disease (rather than demonstrating that the entire country is free). Zoning is also an efficient tool to restrict spread of important pathogens and aid in their eradication
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Disease surveillance and reporting
Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• Regional QAAD reporting system established;
• Many countries have established national list of diseases for reporting purposes;
• Many published resources are available (OIE, NACA, DAFF);
• Collation of surveillance information has improved through participation in international (OIE) reporting
• Participation could improve further: some countries report irregularly and some totally stopped;
• Regional core of OIE’s WAHIS: streamline reporting and may improve participation;
• Continuous reliance on passive rather than active surveillance (due to cost barrier): effective but low-cost active surveillance methodologies needed;
• Exact status of individual countries not known: adoption of national lists and supporting legislations;
• Epidemiological expertise limited; • Need to increase surveillance of
wildlife to support health status.
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Contingency planning Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• Highly important: rapid and planned response for containment of a disease outbreak; few countries have advanced contingency planning with appropriate supporting legislations;
• Some countries tested contingency plans through simulation exercises (eg. Australia, Thailand);
• Resources are available (AQUAVETPLAN, FAO and OIE guidelines)
• Individual country’s status: not certain or lacking;
• Training needed: emergency response and management frameworks;
• Support for developing contingency plans: directed at a particular disease threats (e.g. IMN, AHPNS).
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Import risk analysis Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• Numerous resources and case studies published;
• Approach has been applied for some particular circumstances (e.g. import of live P. vannamei)
• Regional training has been provided (e.g. AADCP project)
• IRA not applied appropriately in some cases;
• Need to build awareness of the concept;
• Training: aim at trainees learning on scenarios relevant to their circumstances;
• IRA: high priority generic need – suited for development of a central training program.
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National strategies and policy frameworks
Progress/Status Gaps/Opportunities
• Many countries have developed national strategies on AAH management;
• Assistance has been provided to some countries (e.g. AADCP project; OIE PVS; FAO TCP)
• IRA not applied appropriately in some cases;
• Need to build awareness of the concept;
• Training: aim at trainees learning on scenarios relevant to their circumstances;
• IRA: high priority generic need – suited for development of a central training program.
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Current status
Implementation of Asia Regional TG in most of the NACA member governments lacks proper assessment to identify gaps and issues: results in the less efficient national strategies for AAH management;
While progress has been made since the formulation of the TG, only few member governments have well-established preparedness and response measures, especially with regard to disease zoning, contingency planning and import risk analysis.
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Current status
There should be better understanding on capacities and capabilities of the member countries in the overall implementation of the TG (a recognized framework across the region);
Country level: important to determine up to what extent that TG implementation can be assessed: could be used in developing programs/projects in the country;
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