The Periodic Table

Families of Elements

The Periodic Table

Zn

Cd

Hg

Families :groups of elements that have similar

chemical properties.

five families

Alkali metals

Alkaline earth metals

Transition metals

Halogens

Noble gases

Alkali Metals

(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

Most reactive family of metals

Group 1: only 1 valence electron

Never found free in nature

Kept in mineral oil or

inert gas in lab

Alkali Metals

(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

Very reactive with nonmetals, especially Halogens like chlorine

Very reactive with oxygen (form oxides)

Very reactive with water (hydroxides)

Alkali Metals

(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

Metals (but not always ‘typical’ metals*)

Good conductors of heat/electricity

Malleable and ductile

Solid at room temperature

M.P. and B. P. lower than most metals*

All soft (can be cut with a knife) and shiny silver and lighter (less dense) than other metals (Li, Na and K float on water)*

The Periodic Table

Zn

Cd

Hg

Alkaline Earth Metals

(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

2nd most reactive family of metals

Group 2: only 2 valence electrons

Never found free in nature

Alkaline Earth Metals

(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

Metals

Similar properties to alkali metals

Electrical conductors

Malleable and ductile

Shiny Silvery white solids

But harder and more

dense with higher M.P.

and B.P. than group 1

The Periodic Table

Zn

Cd

Hg

Transition Metals

21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper)

39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver)

57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold)

89 (Actinium)

and all higher numbers

Transition Metals

Have special electron rules

Can use two outermost shells to bond with other

elements

Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes

Transition Metals

Properties vary but most …

have lower reactivityDon’t react quickly with H2O or O2

form brightly colored compounds

Transition Metals

Properties vary but most are…Very good conductors of heat/electricity

Malleable and ductile

Hard, tough and strong

Lustrous and shiny

High M.P.

High density

have lower reactivity

The Periodic Table

Zn

Cd

Hg

The Halogen Family

(F, Cl, Br, I, At)

Most reactive family of nonmetalsGroup 7: 7 valence electronsNever found free in nature

The Halogen Family

(F, Cl, Br, I, At)

Nonmetals

Poor conductors of heat & electricityCrumbly and brittle (when solid)M.P. and B. P. are lowCharacteristic colors and odorsToxic or poisonous

The Periodic Table

Zn

Cd

Hg

The Noble Gases

(He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

Unreactive (stable) family of gasesGroup 8: all have full outer shells

2 valence electrons for Helium

8 valence electrons for all othersAlways found free in nature

Do not form compounds◻Some Xe compounds have been formed,

but they are not very stable

The Noble Gases

(He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

Nonmetals

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gases at R.T. (Earth’s atmosphere)nonflammableVery low B.P. and M.P.

Atomic Mass

Weight by Mole

1mole of H = 1.008g

1mole of Au = 197g

1mole of O = 16g

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

properties of both group 1 and 7typically shown listed with group 1

non-metallightest element

Least dense element

diatomic gas (RT)

colorless, odorless, and

tasteless

highly flammable

Atomic Mass

Group: Couple

Atomic Mass

Group: Dozen

Atomic Mass

Group: Baker’s Dozen (13)

Atomic Mass

Weight by dozens

1 doughnut = 30g

12 x 30g = 360g = mass 1 dozen doughnuts

1 egg = 60g

12 X 60g = 720g = mass 1 dozen eggs

1 person = 60000g

12 X 6000g = 720000g = mass 1 dozen people

Atomic Mass

Weight by dozens

One dozen atoms??

Can you place 1 dozen atoms (12) in a container

and weigh them?

Can you place 602,214,150,000,000,000,000,000

atoms in a container and weigh them?

http://science.howstuffworks.com/avogadros-number.htm

Atomic Mass

Weight by Avogrado’s number: 6.022 x 1023

6.022 x 1023 atoms of H = 1.008g

6.022 x 1023 atoms of Au = 197g

6.022 x 1023 atoms of O = 16g

Atomic Mass

Weight by mole(1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms)

1 mole of H = 1.008g

1 mole of Au = 197g

1 mole of O = 16g