FAMACHA - Integrated Parasite Management Program
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NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Integrated GI Parasite Management Program
Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is normal for sheep and goats to have parasites.
Goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses
Jean-Marie Luginbuhl
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OutlineOutline
Part IPart I
Worm biologyWorm biology
Part IIPart II
Management tips and alternativesManagement tips and alternatives
Part IIIPart III
Selective treatment: FAMACHASelective treatment: FAMACHA
Part IVPart IV
Dewormers Dewormers (anthelmintics)(anthelmintics)
Traditional and some alternative dewormersTraditional and some alternative dewormers
How to use dewormersHow to use dewormers
Susan’s 10 commandmentsSusan’s 10 commandments
Hands-on FAMACHA with animalsHands-on FAMACHA with animals
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Internal Parasites#1 health problem of small ruminants
• Sheep and goats are the most susceptible livestock to internal parasites.
• Few dewormers are FDA-approved for sheep, even fewer for goats.
• Dewormer resistance is increasing.
• If new drugs are developed, it will be a long time before they might be available.
• We can no longer rely on dewormer treatments alone to control parasites; a more integrated approach is necessary.
Anthelmintic = Dewormer = drug to kill GI parasites
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Primary Gastrointestinal Nematodes Primary Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminantsof Small Ruminants
• Burrow into the wall of the abomasum or intestines.
→ Usually secondary in importance.→ Usually have an additive effect in
mixed parasitic infections.• Symptoms: scouring, weight loss,
rough hair coat, ill thrift, poor appetite.
• Small intestine• Trichostrongylus colubriformis
[ black scour or bankrupt worm]• Nematodirus• Oesophagostomum
• Large Intestine• Trichuris [Whipworm]
• Abomasum• Teladorsagia (Ostertagia)
[brown stomach worm]
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AbomasumAbomasumHaemonchus contortusHaemonchus contortus[[Barber Pole WormBarber Pole Worm]]
• Literally a blood sucking worm • Preys on the weak, young, pregnant, or lactating animal• Very prolific – one adult female can produce 5000 eggs per
day• Developing resistance to all classes of dewormers• PUBLIC ENEMY NUMBER ONE for small ruminant farmers
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1,000 adults: responsible for > 3 tablespoons (50 mL) of blood loss per day
Haemonchus contortus – the barber pole worm
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Haemonchus contortusHaemonchus contortus(Barber Pole Worm)(Barber Pole Worm)
Symptoms– Pale mucous membranes– Edema (bottle jaw)– Not diarrhea– Weight loss, unthrifty?– DEATH
Is difficult to control because . . . – Short, direct life cycle (21 days)– Can go into “hypobiotic” (dormant) state inside animals
during winter– Survives on pasture for a long time (L3 “sheath”)
Adaptable
Not a NCSU goat
Not a NCSU goat
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Adult worms lay eggs which are then passed in feces
L1 larvae develops inside the egg
Hatches & molts 1-2 days later into L2Molts into infective L3 stage
3-4 days later
Trichostrongyle-like egg
Prepatent period = time from ingestion to passing eggs = 15 days
16o C/60o F, high moisture
Hypobiosis L4 L5
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Why is Why is H. contortusH. contortus Such a Such a Problem ??? Problem ???
• Evolved in tropics– thrives in warm/wet climates
• Long transmission season in southern states
• Short life cycle (~21 days)
• Goats acquire only partial immunity
• Immunity is slow to develop in sheep– Kids and Lambs are highly susceptible– Immunity wanes around time of kidding/lambing
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S O NA J AM J DM JFJ
When Are Larva On Pasture A Problem?Why & How Do Seasonal Increases Occur?
Kidding/Lambing Rise Spring Rise
( If No Treatment)
How did these larva get here
From here?
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JMF AM J A S O N D J
Spring WinterFallSummer
F
Fecal Egg Counts(What happens in ewes and lambs)
Lambing
Weaning
Ewes
Lambs
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JMF AM J A S O N D
Spring FallSummer
Weaning
J
Winter
LambingKidding
Market by July 1
Winter lambing/kiddingConsider marketing animals before summer rise in FEC
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JMF AM J A S O N D
Spring FallSummer
Weaning
J
Winter
LambingKiddingEarly marketing
Fall lambing or kiddingConsider marketing animals before summer rise in FEC
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How do you know what kind of worms your sheep or goats have?
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Parasite identificationFecal flotation or egg count Can differentiate between strongyle
(stomach, intestines), tapeworm, and coccidia eggs.
Cannot differentiate between most strongyle (stomach, intestines) worm eggs (except Nematodirus)
Meningeal worms do not pass eggs, larvae are expelled in feces, need slugs and snails as intermediate hosts
Do-it-yourself
• Public lab
• Diagnostic lab
• Private lab• Veterinarian
Eimeria spp (coccidia).Moniezia spp(tapeworm).
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Paracount-EPG™ Fecal Analysis Kit
Chalex Corporation(Advanced Equine Products)5004 – 228th Ave. SEIssaquah, WA 98029(425) [email protected]://vetslides.com
$50-60 for kit
$15 each for two slides$20 for green grid
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Fecal Egg CountingQualitative Analysis
Shows presence or absence of eggsIdentify egg typesShows general trends in egg numbers.
Quantitative AnalysisShows specific number of eggs per gram of feces (epg)Uses known quantity of feces and flotation solution.
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Fecal Egg CountingWhat you need
Microscope (min. 100x)Flotation solutionMixing vial
• Mixing vial and strainer for qualitative analysis
• Calibrated mixing vial and syringe for quantitative analysis
Slides• Regular slides and cover
slips for qualitative analysis.
• McMaster egg counting slide for quantitative analysis
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Paracount-EPG™ Fecal Analysis Kit
Chalex Corporation(Advanced Equine Products)5004 – 228th Ave. SEIssaquah, WA 98029(425) [email protected]://vetslides.com
$50-60 for kit
$15 each for two slides$20 for green grid
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Stomach worm identification2) Fecal coproculture / larvae
ID– Differentiate between strongyle
(stomach, intestine) worms (H. contortus, Teladorsagia, and Trichostrongylus)
• University of Georgia (Dr. Ray Kaplan’s lab)
Can take test one step further to determine anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance -- larval development assay (LDA) or DrenchRite® test.
3) Lectin-staining test (new)– Determine percent of H. contortus eggs
in sample.• Oregon State University• University of Georgia
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Parasite DewormersParasite Dewormers CLASS OF DRUGCLASS OF DRUG
– IvermectinIvermectin– MoxidectinMoxidectin– MorantelMorantel
– LevamisoleLevamisole
– FenbendazoleFenbendazole– AlbendazoleAlbendazole– OxfendazoleOxfendazole
TRADE NAMETRADE NAME– IvomecIvomec– CydectinCydectin– Rumatel, Positive Pellet, Rumatel, Positive Pellet,
StrongidStrongid– Levasol, TramisolLevasol, Tramisol– ProhibitProhibit– Safeguard, PanacurSafeguard, Panacur– ValbazenValbazen– SynanthicSynanthic
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NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Integrated GI Parasite Management Program
Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is normal for sheep and goats to have parasites.
Goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses
Jean-Marie Luginbuhl
Part II – Management tips & alternatives
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All new additions should be quarantined and All new additions should be quarantined and aggressively dewormed upon arrivalaggressively dewormed upon arrival
Deworm with 3 dewormers from different drug Deworm with 3 dewormers from different drug classesclasses– Moxidectin (Moxidectin (cydectincydectin), levamisole (), levamisole (prohibitprohibit), and ), and
albendazole (albendazole (valbazenvalbazen) upon arrival) upon arrival– Follow recommendations about use of dewormersFollow recommendations about use of dewormers
Should remain in quarantine for 10 - 14 daysShould remain in quarantine for 10 - 14 days– Perform FEC to confirm that no eggs are shedPerform FEC to confirm that no eggs are shed
Place animals onto pasturePlace animals onto pasture
Management TipsManagement Tips
Do NOT buy resistant worms
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Nutritional Management Animals on a high plane of nutrition
and in better body condition are better able to withstand worm burdens.
Nutrition in early pregnancy (fat stores) can affect the immune response to internal parasites.
Sheep receiving higher levels of protein prior to lambing have lower fecal egg counts.
Supplementing grazing lambs with protein has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts.
Nutritional supplementation is most likely to be beneficial when pregnant females and young animals are below optimal body condition at a time when pasture quality and/or quantity is limited.
Management TipsManagement Tips
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Periparturient egg rise Temporary loss of immunity to
parasites at the time of parturition. Egg counts ↑
Often coincides with hypobiotic (dormant) larvae resuming their life cycles in the spring
Dams are the primary source of infection to their offspring
Consider deworming with an anthelmintic effective against hypobiotic larvae (valbazen, ivomec, panacur, safeguard, synantic) at kidding
Increase protein in late gestation ration to counter egg rise
Management TipsManagement Tips
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Consider host resistanceConsider host resistance
Most susceptibleMost susceptible Weaned lambs and kidsWeaned lambs and kids Orphan lambs and kidsOrphan lambs and kids YearlingsYearlings High producing femalesHigh producing females Late-born lambs and kidsLate-born lambs and kids Geriatric animalsGeriatric animals Goats more than sheepGoats more than sheep Unadapted breedsUnadapted breeds
Less susceptibleLess susceptible Mature animalsMature animals MalesMales Dry does and ewesDry does and ewes PetsPets Mature wethersMature wethers
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Parasite control begins with good Parasite control begins with good management and common sensemanagement and common sense
Good sanitation.Good sanitation.
Use of feeders which prevent Use of feeders which prevent wastage and contamination.wastage and contamination.
Clean water, free from fecal Clean water, free from fecal matter and other debris.matter and other debris.
Avoid overstocking pens and Avoid overstocking pens and pastures. pastures.
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Selective TreatmentSelective Treatment
• FAMACHA©
– For H. contortus only– (barber pole worm)
• For other GI worms– FEC (fecal egg count analysis)
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Management TipsManagement Tips
To greatly reduce pasture To greatly reduce pasture contamination in the springcontamination in the spring–Treat during mid-winter Treat during mid-winter
(December or January or (December or January or February) to destroy dormant February) to destroy dormant larvae in the GIT of goatslarvae in the GIT of goats
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Management TipsManagement Tips
Dewormers effective against dormant Dewormers effective against dormant larvaelarvae– Avermectin – Avermectin – IvomecIvomec
– Fenbendazole – Fenbendazole – Panacur, SafeguardPanacur, Safeguard
– Albendazole – Albendazole – ValbazenValbazen
– Oxfendazole - Oxfendazole - Synantic Synantic
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Management TipsManagement Tips
80:20 rule Approximately 20 percent of the herd/flock sheds most (~80 percent) of the GIT parasite eggs
Cull animals that regularly show signs of heavy worm infestation
These animals may re-infest your entire herd/flock on a regular basis
Culling worm-susceptible animals will increase herd/flock resistance and reduce pasture contamination
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Comparison of Genetic and Non-genetic Control Strategies
Strategy Reduction in FEC’s
Genetic Selection 69%
Protein supplementation 35%
Strategic deworming 28%
Experimental vaccine 0%
Australia, 2002
•Monitor sheep, run in the plots after the end of the experiment had lower FEC’s when run in the plots previously grazed by supplemented sheep (35%) or selected sheep (46%).
•The largest and most persistent effect on FEC’s and worm contamination of pasture was achieved by genetic selection.
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Management TipsManagement Tips
Put weanlings and lactating Put weanlings and lactating animals on animals on cleaner pasturescleaner pastures
Separate growing animals from Separate growing animals from older animalsolder animals
younger animals are more younger animals are more susceptiblesusceptible
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Additional Management TipsAdditional Management Tips
Fix water leaks around tanksFix water leaks around tanks
Avoid grassy pensAvoid grassy pens
Fence off moist areasFence off moist areas
GIT nematode larvae thrive under moist, GIT nematode larvae thrive under moist, shady and warm conditionsshady and warm conditions
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“Zero” grazingbedded pens, dry lot with no green vegetation, slatted floors
Sheep/goats put in confinement or dry lot do not usually get re-infected with GIT worms.
Coccidiosis could still be a problem, if preventative measures are not taken.– Good sanitation– Proper feeders– Coccidiostats
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“Resistant” BreedsSome sheep and goat breeds are more resistant to worms.
SheepGulf Coast NativeHair sheep
St. CroixBarbados BlackbellyKatahdin
NOTTraditional wooled breeds
MaybeDorperRoyal whiteOther breeds?
GoatsSpanish/BrushMyotonic/Tennessee Fainting goatKiko
NOTBoer goatsDairy goatsAngora goats
?PygmySavannah
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Boer goats in South Africa
Boer goats imported to humid southeast US
Strikingly different environments
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“Resistant” Breeds
Kiko
Spanish
Myotonic
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“Resistant” Breeds
Katahdin Gulf Coast native
St. CroixBarbados Blackbelly
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Graze multiple speciesGraze multiple species
Sheep and goats share the same Sheep and goats share the same internal parasites, but they are internal parasites, but they are different from the parasites that different from the parasites that affect cattle and horses.affect cattle and horses.
Producers who graze multiple Producers who graze multiple species of livestock report fewer species of livestock report fewer parasite problems.parasite problems.
Cattle and horses “vacuum” Cattle and horses “vacuum” sheep/goat pastures of infective sheep/goat pastures of infective worm larvae.worm larvae.
There are other benefits to mixed There are other benefits to mixed species grazing, such as species grazing, such as complimentary grazing habits.complimentary grazing habits.
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Leader-Follower SystemLeader-Follower System
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INRA Research Station – Guadeloupe West Indies
Goats average daily gain increased when grazed with cattle
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Use of “clean or safe” pasturesUse of “clean or safe” pastures
A pasture that has been renovated with A pasture that has been renovated with tillage.tillage.
A pasture that has not been grazed by A pasture that has not been grazed by sheep or goats for the past 6 to 12 months.sheep or goats for the past 6 to 12 months.
A pasture that has been grazed by horses A pasture that has been grazed by horses and/or cattle for the past 6 to 12 months.and/or cattle for the past 6 to 12 months.
A pasture in which a hay or silage crop A pasture in which a hay or silage crop has been removed.has been removed.
A pasture that has been rotated with row A pasture that has been rotated with row crops.crops.
Pasture that has been burnedPasture that has been burned
Cleaner, safer pastures are a more realistic goal for most producers.
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Pasture Rest and RotationPasture Rest and Rotation
Pasture rotation is a recommended Pasture rotation is a recommended strategy for controlling internal strategy for controlling internal parasites because it allows the use of parasites because it allows the use of safe or safer pastures.safe or safer pastures.
BUT, intensive rotational grazing BUT, intensive rotational grazing may may notnot help to reduce parasitism unless help to reduce parasitism unless rest periods are long enough. rest periods are long enough.
However, in an intensive rotational However, in an intensive rotational grazing system, animals have access grazing system, animals have access to high quality forage (protein and to high quality forage (protein and energy) that boosts the immune energy) that boosts the immune systemsystem
In a rotational grazing system, ideally, In a rotational grazing system, ideally, sheep/goats should not be returned to sheep/goats should not be returned to the same pasture for 3 months.the same pasture for 3 months.
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Population Demographics of Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Haemonchus contortis May-June July-September
How long before high pasture infectivity?
3 weeks1 2 weeks1
When are the highest levels of
pasture infectivity?5-9 weeks 3-9 weeks
How long until low levels of pasture
infectivity?3 months 3 months
1 Earlier if high temperatures coincided with rain.Patterns of Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia curticei were basically similar to H. contortus. Strongyloides papillosus larvae emerge within 2 weeks on pasture and survival is short. Nematodirus larvae took a lot longer to emerge on pasture than the other trichostrongylids.
Utrecht University (Netherlands) 1999-2003
Research conclusion: Only a small number of farms can use evasive grazing as the only method of parasite control. For most farms, evasive grazing
needs to be combined with other pasture control strategies.
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Decrease stocking rates-split pasturesThe primary cause of internal parasitism is overstocking.
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CEFS organic unitIntegration of goats in vegetable rotation system
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Alternative ForagesAlternative Forages
Livestock that browse have fewer Livestock that browse have fewer parasite problemsparasite problems
Livestock grazing tall-growing Livestock grazing tall-growing forages will have less parasite forages will have less parasite problems.problems. 80% of parasites larvae live in the first 80% of parasites larvae live in the first 2-3 inches of the vegetation from the 2-3 inches of the vegetation from the soil surfacesoil surface
Grazing tanniferous forages may Grazing tanniferous forages may reduce the effects of parasitismreduce the effects of parasitism
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Mulberry Mimosa
Honey LocustBlack locust
Fodder trees
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Woodlot Browsing
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Chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, and sericea lespedeza have all been shown to reduce fecal egg counts and/or inhibit larval development.
Birdsfoot Trefoil
Forage Chicory
Sericea Lespedeza
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Sericea lespedezaLespedeza cuneata (high tannin variety)
Warm season legume that grows in acidic soils with low fertility and tolerates drought well.
Fed as . . . – Fresh forage– Loose or ground hay
Goats readily eat itSheep will eat it
For control of barber pole worm only
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S. Lespedeza
S. Lespedeza
SL SL
SL
PM
PM
Pearlmillet
Plot 1
Plot 5
Plot 6
Plot 7
Plot 8
Plot 9
Plot 2
Plot 3
Plot 4
Plot size: 0.12 haGrazing treatments Sericea lespedeza (SL) Pearlmillet (PM) Alternating PM-SL-PM (MIX) 81 weaned goats: 9 goats/plot
P M
Field Set-up for Strip-Grazing Lespedeza Study
S. Lespedeza
Pearlmillet
Pearlmillet
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S. Lespedeza S. Lespedeza condensed tannins (%)condensed tannins (%)
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L09-2 Fecal Egg CountsL09-2 Fecal Egg Counts
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
d 0 d11 d 18 d 25 d 32 d 39 d 46 d 53 d 60 d 67
S. lespedeza Mix Pearlmillet
Switched mix goats to lespedeza
Switched mix goats to millet
Eg
gs/
g f
eces Put all goats in
barn
1LES0Mix0Mil
1 LES4Mix8Mil
0LES1Mix1Mil
3LES1Mix0Mil
3LES1Mix1Mil
0LES1Mix0Mil
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L09-2 Larval CountsL09-2 Larval Counts
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
d 0 d11 d 18 d 25 d 32 d 39 d 46 d 53 d 60
S. lespedeza Mix Pearlmillet
MIX goats eating PM
No
. la
rvae
/g f
eces
All goats in barnMIX goats eating PM
MIX goats eating SL
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L09-2 Larval Identification Gaps from 100% are Trichostrongylus
0
20
40
60
80
100
d 0 d11 d 18 d 25 d 32 d 39 d 46 d 53 d 60
S. lespedeza Mix Pearlmillet
Mix goats eating lespedeza
Mix goats eating millet
Hae
mo
nch
us,
%
All kids in barnMix goats eating millet
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Trichostrongylus (Black Scour Worm)
• Burrow into the wall of the abomasum (destroy stomach).
• Symptoms: scouring and weight loss, ill thrift; appetite?
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Lespedeza
Lespedeza
Lespedeza
Lespedeza Lespedeza
Lespedeza
Millet Millet
Millet
Millet Millet
Millet
Plot 1
Plot 5
Plot 6
Plot 7
Plot 8
Plot 9
Plot 2
Plot 3
Plot 4
Plot size: 0.12 haGrazing treatments Sericea lespedeza (SL) Pearlmillet (PM) Free choice SL and PM 81 weaned goats: 9 goats/plot
Field Set-up for Strip-Grazing Lespedeza Study
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000Lespedeza
Mix
Millet
L10 – 3 Fecal Egg Counts
Dewormed 1 millet,
1 lesp goat
Dewormed 5 millet goats
Dewormed 1 millet,
1 lesp, 1 mix goat
Dewormed
1 lesp goat,
1 mix goat
Dewormed 2 millet goats
All goats into the barn [d35]
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Credit: Mrs Martinez Ortiz de Montellano
Adult H. contortus worm: control Adult H. contortus worm: tzalam extracts
Adult H. contortus were in contact with tzalam tanniferous extracts for 24 hours in vitro. Same effects were seen with sainfoin, a temperate legume.
Aggregate of tanniferous extracts found around buccal capsule and female vulva which might affect access to nutrition and egg excretion
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Credit: Terrill et al., Fort Valley State University
Adult H. contortus harvested from the abomasum of a sacrificed goat fed Sericea lespedeza
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139134
127130
161
68
389
205
624
234
509
276
691
291
775
350 343
241
0100200300400500
600700800
Eg
gs
/g o
f Fe
ce
ss
CTL
LNF
Effect of liquid N fertilization on Trichostrongyle fecal egg count of grazing goats - Trial 1
SPRING
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NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Integrated GI Parasite Management Program
Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is normal for sheep and goats to have parasites.
Goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses
Jean-Marie Luginbuhl
Part III - Selective treatment: FAMACHA
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So, how do we easily determine So, how do we easily determine which animals to treat?which animals to treat?
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Concept Behind Selective Concept Behind Selective TreatmentTreatment
• Parasites are not equally distributed in groups of animals (80:20 % rule)– 20 % of animals harbor most of worms
• Few animals are responsible for most of egg output
[-] Number of Worms [+]
Animal Frequency
100
0
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Selective TreatmentSelective Treatment
• FAMACHA©
– For H. contortus only– (barber pole worm)
• For other GI worms– FEC
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Anemia
Bottle jaw
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2) Pull down lower eyelid with other thumb
1) Place gentle downward pressure on eye with upper thumb
3) Read color of eye on mucous membranes of lower eyelid
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FAMACHAFAMACHA©© System “rules” System “rules”
• Score using the chart • Evaluate in bright
light (sunlight)• Be quick• Score both eyes• Use higher score if
eyes differ
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What Do I Do With The What Do I Do With The Results?Results?
• Always treat goats and sheep in categories 4 and 5
• Don’t treat 1’s and 2’s
• When should you treat the 3’s?
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Animals in Category 3Animals in Category 3
• Treat when– >10% of herd scores in categories 4 or 5– Young animals– Ewes/does (pregnant or lactating)– Animals in poor body condition– If any concern about animals general
health and well being
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How Often Do I MonitorHow Often Do I Monitor
• If <10% of the herd/flock scores in categories 4 or 5:
– Re-examine in 2 weeks if it is Haemonchus “season” (warm, moist conditions)
– In dry or cool times of year, every 4-6 weeks is probably sufficient
– More often at first to be safe – with experience you will learn what the proper intervals are for your farm
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• If >10% of flock/herd scores in categories 4 and 5:
– Recheck weekly– Treat the 3’s
– Change pastures (if possible)
How Often Do I MonitorHow Often Do I Monitor
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PrecautionsPrecautions
• FAMACHA© only applicable where Haemonchus is the main worm causing clinical disease
• Conjunctival redness can be caused by eye disease, environmental irritants, and systemic disease
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Precautions….Precautions….
• Don’t use it as a sole criteria for whether or not to drench– If you see other symptoms such as bottle jaw,
you know you need to drench– Look at all available signs
• Body condition score• Coat condition• Consistency of feces• Tail soiling• Heat/exertion intolerance
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Backbody condition (and coat condition)
Tailsoiling , dags
(scours)
Nosenasal discharge
(nose bots)
Jawswelling, edema
“bottle jaw”
Eyeanemia
FAMACHA© score
1 3
2
4 5
FIVE POINT CHECK© (5.©)FOR TARGETED SELECTIVE TREATMENT OF INTERNAL PARASITES IN SMALL
RUMINANTSG.F. BATH AND J.A. VAN WYK, FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA, SOUTH
AFRICA
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The Famacha CardThe Famacha Card
• Store in dark place when not in use
• Replace card after 12 months’ use
• Keep a spare card in a light protected place
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Old form
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FAMACHA ANEMIA RECORD
Group ID:
FAMACHA SCORES TOTALS
Category 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
DateJune 1
TreatmentSafeguard
DateJuly 22
Treatmentsafeguard
Date
Treatment
New Form
Can put goat ID in each cell
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Where Do I Get FAMACHA Cards?
• Only trained individuals can purchase the cards through sanctioned training workshops– Through a veterinarian, extension agent, animal
professionals (all must have proper training)
• Cards are copyrighted• Information at [email protected]• www.scsrpc.org
– website contains excellent information
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Questions ???
If do not have animals yet, train yourself using family members or friends:Organize a FAMACHA party!
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NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Integrated GI Parasite Management Program
Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is normal for sheep and goats to have parasites.
Goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses
Jean-Marie Luginbuhl
Part IV – Dewormers (anthelmintics)
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ValbazenEffective against adult liver flukes.Should not be administered to early pregnant animalsSynanticDo not use in pregnant animals
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FenbendazoleFenbendazole“Panacur” and “Safeguard”“Panacur” and “Safeguard”
• Approved for goats at
2.3 mL/100 lb orally
– 6 day meat WD– 0 day milk WDDifferent Names, Same Drug
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““Extra-label” Fenbendazole Extra-label” Fenbendazole Use in Goats Use in Goats
Goats: 4.6 mL/100 lb orally– Meat WD: 16 days– Milk WD: 4 days Sheep: use at label dose
2.3 mL/100 lb- 6 day meat WD- 0 day milk WD
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AlbendazoleAlbendazole“Valbazen” “Valbazen”
• More potent drug but same drug class as fenbendazole
• Approved only for sheep at 3 mL/100 lb orally– Meat WD: 7 days
• Approved for liver flukes in non-lactating dairy goats
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““Extra-label” Albendazole Extra-label” Albendazole Use in GoatsUse in Goats
• 6 mL/100 lb orally (2X sheep dose)• 8 mL/100 lb orally (2X cattle dose)
– Meat withdrawal: 9 days– Milk withdrawal: 7 days
• Do not use in does in the first trimester of pregnancy
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Avermectins / MilbemycinsAvermectins / Milbemycins
• These drugs share the same (or very similar) mechanism of action
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IvermectinIvermectin“Ivomec”“Ivomec”
• Labeled only for sheep• Ivomec® Sheep Drench
– 11.5 mL/100 lb orally– Meat WD: 11 days
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““Extra-label” Ivermectin Extra-label” Ivermectin Use in GoatsUse in Goats
• 23 mL/100 lb orally– Meat WD: 14 days – Milk WD: 9 days
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MoxidectinMoxidectin“Cydectin”“Cydectin”
• Labeled only for sheep• Cydectin® Oral Sheep
Drench– 9 mL/100 lb orally
– Meat WD: 14 days
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““Extra-label” Extra-label” MoxidectinMoxidectin Use Use in Goatsin Goats
• Use sheep oral drench
– 18 mL/100 lb orally
• Meat WD: 23 days
• Milk WD: not established
– Do not use in dairy goats
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Rec’d for Moxidectin Use Rec’d for Moxidectin Use in Sheep/Goatsin Sheep/Goats
• Must be used carefully and with prevention of • resistance as a goal• Minimize use
– Suggest to use only in salvage situations, or if testing shows it is the only choice
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, Morantel, Golden Blend
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– Broad spectrum– Effective against dormant
larvae– Narrower margin of safety
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LevamisoleLevamisole
• Approved for use only in sheep
• More potent drug• Less worm resistance
problems
• ProhibitTM or TramisolTM Soluble Sheep Drench– 4 mL/100 lb orally – Meat WD: 3 days
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““Extra-label” Use of Extra-label” Use of Levamisole in GoatsLevamisole in Goats
• 6 mL/100 lb orally
– 1.5X sheep dose
• Meat withdrawal
– 4 days
• Milk withdrawal
– not established
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LevamisoleLevamisoleProblems - ConcernsProblems - Concerns
• Narrow margin of safety
• Weigh animals– Especially with goats
• Do not withhold feed
• Do not use in debilitated or dehydrated animals
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Only effective against adult worms
Not much is known about efficacy or resistance
StrongidPyrantel
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Use Proper TechniqueUse Proper Technique
• Ensure proper dose is delivered• Proper technique when drenching sheep
and goats is very important
– drench should be delivered over the back of the tongue– critical that full dose lodges in the rumen
• drench delivered to the mouth may stimulate esophageal groove to close
– significant drench bypasses the rumen – efficacy is reduced
Injectable dewormers select for drug resistance and have longer withdrawal periods.
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Parasite Dewormers CLASS OF DRUG
– Ivermectin– Moxidectin– Morantel
– Levamisole
– Fenbendazole– Albendazole– Oxfendazole
TRADE NAME– Ivomec– Cydectin– Rumatel, Positive Pellet,
Strongid– Levasol, Tramisol– Prohibit– Safeguard, Panacur– Valbazen– Synanthic
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Dewormer SavvyDewormer Savvy Give the Give the RightRight Dose Dose
• Goats: 2X sheep dose • Exception• Levamisole
• 1.5X sheep dose
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Only effective against Haemonchus (the barber pole worm)
Not effective with NCSU goats in 3experiments when analyzing FEC, perhaps because our goats have a mixed worm Population (barber pole and black scour worms)
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Duddingtonia fragrans, a soil fungus that grows on feces
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Duddingtonia fragrans ensnares and kills worm larvaeThe dewormer of the future?
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Rotation of DewormersRotation of DewormersIs This a Good Idea ???Is This a Good Idea ???
• Although recommended for many years there are new arguments against using rotation
– Rotation is NOT a replacement for proper resistance prevention measures
• On many farms, rotation is not possible because of resistance
• If effective, use dewormer until resistance develops, then switch to other class, or rotate dewormers on a yearly basis
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Drug CombinationsDrug Combinations• Use of combinations of drugs simultaneously have
been shown to– Decrease rate with which resistance develops– Increase the effectiveness of treatment
• Drugs not useful on their own can achieve reasonable therapeutic results if combined
• BUT – very dangerous if:– Do not use selective treatment
• FAMACHA
– Do not do efficacy testing to monitor resistance situation (fecal egg counts)
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Parents How We Select forDrug resistance
Res
ista
ntS
usce
p tib
le
Next Generation
Res
ista
nt
Drug Treatment
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““Refugia”Refugia”In refuge from the drugIn refuge from the drug
What is refugia?What is refugia?– Worms in pasturesWorms in pastures– Worms in untreated animalsWorms in untreated animals
The goalThe goal– Increase the population of Increase the population of
susceptible worms.susceptible worms.
How?How?– Selective treatment: Selective treatment:
FAMACHA, leaving some FAMACHA, leaving some animals untreated.animals untreated.
– After deworming, After deworming, do notdo not move animals to a clean move animals to a clean pasture.pasture.
You do not have to deworm every animal.
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““Smart Drenching”Smart Drenching”
• Using what we have learned to develop deworming strategies that maximize the effectiveness of treatments while at the same time decreasing the rate at which we create drug resistance
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Components of a Smart Components of a Smart Drenching ProgramDrenching Program• Sound pasture management• Keep resistant worms off the farm• Selective treatment -- FAMACHA• Know the resistance status of the
herd/flock• Utilize host physiology• Administer the proper dose
– DO NOT UNDERDOSE: dose for heaviest animal in the group
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Know the Resistance Status of Know the Resistance Status of the Herd/Flockthe Herd/Flock
• Perform FECRT – Conduct fecal egg count before deworming
– Additional fecal egg count 10-12 days after deworming
– Control group to confirm resistance/efficacy.
• DrenchRite©– (Univ. of GA)– Larval development assay (LDA)
• Repeat every 2 years
Drug resistance
< 95 % egg reduction
Severe Resistance
< 60 % egg reduction
** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **
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Utilize Host Physiology to Utilize Host Physiology to Maximize Drug EfficacyMaximize Drug Efficacy
• Restrict feed intake for 24 hours prior to treatment (benzimidazoles and ivermectin)– Withholding feed decreases digesta flow rate
leading to an increase in drug efficacy – Never in late pregnancy
• Repeat dose in 12 hours (benzimidazoles)• These simple measures can substantially
improve efficacy when resistance is present and can help to delay resistance if not yet present
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FenbendazoleFenbendazole“Panacur”“Panacur”
27 Wethers
Control PM & AM
PM
Fecal samples prior to dosing (Pre-dose)
Access to water only for 24 hours
Fecal samples 12 days post-dosing (Post-dose)
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FenbendazoleFenbendazole“Panacur”“Panacur”
414
683606
130
611
500
200
400
600
800
Control
PM PM+AM
Pre-dosePost-dose
65% 81% 93%
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Genetics and Worms
Resilience– The ability to cope with
a worm challenge
Resistance– The ability to limit the
establishment of a worm infection
Sire influence
Parasite traits are moderately heritable: 20-40%
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Slowing Down Drug ResistanceSlowing Down Drug Resistance
DO NOTDO NOT overuse drugs, especially overuse drugs, especially Levamisole and Moxidectin.Levamisole and Moxidectin.
DO NOTDO NOT introduce resistant-worms to introduce resistant-worms to your farmyour farm– Isolate new animals and deworm Isolate new animals and deworm
them with anthelmintics from three them with anthelmintics from three different chemical classes.different chemical classes.
DO NOTDO NOT underdose underdose– Weigh animals or dose for heaviest Weigh animals or dose for heaviest
animals in group.animals in group.
DO NOTDO NOT rotate dewormers after each rotate dewormers after each treatmenttreatment– Rotate dewormers annually or after Rotate dewormers annually or after
effectiveness waneseffectiveness wanes– Rotate among drug familiesRotate among drug families– Use specific dewormers for specific Use specific dewormers for specific
situations. situations.
DO NOTDO NOT treat everybody - FAMACHA treat everybody - FAMACHA– Leave some animals untreatedLeave some animals untreated
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Parasite control requires an integrated approach.
Pasture Rest/Rotation
Strategic deworming
Fecal egg counts
Mixed species grazing
Alternative forages
Good nutritionZero grazing
Genetic selection
Manage anthelmintic resistance
Browsing
Resistant breed(s)
Good management
FAMACHA© and selective deworming
Proper Anthelmintic UseClean(er) Pastures
Manage grazing height
Protein supplementation
Test for anthelmintic resistance
Early or out-of-season lambing/kidding
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Susan’s Ten commandments for worm control
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# 1I will not deworm all of my
livestock on a regular schedule.
It’s expensive, it’s not necessary, and it’s what’s caused worms to develop resistance to the drugs.
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# 2I will not let my livestock graze pastures
that are shorter than 3 inches.
It ‘s estimated that 80 percent of infective worm larvae is found in the first 2 inches of vegetative growth.
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# 3I will administer all dewormers
orally.
Injectable dewormers select for drug resistance and have longer withdrawal periods.
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# 4I will deposit worming medicine into the animal’s esophagus, not mouth.
Medicine deposited in the mouth may by-pass the rumen and reduce the effectiveness of the drug.
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# 5I will test for drug resistance.
Otherwise I won’t know what works and animals may die. I’ll be wasting my money by giving ineffective drugs.
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# 6I will weigh my
livestock so I know how much medicine
to give them.
If you don’t know what your livestock weigh, you may be over-
or under-dosing them. Under-dosing leads to drug resistance.
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# 7I will not feed on the ground
or in dirty feeders.
Infective worm larvae and coccidia spores are spread in the feces. Good sanitation helps to prevent disease problems.
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# 8Though they look disgusting, I will
not let tapeworms bother me.
Most veterinary experts consider tapeworms to be non-pathogenic. Research has shown no benefit to treatment for tapeworms.
I do
not n
eces
saril
y ag
ree
with
Sus
an
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# 9
I will o
bserve proper
withdrawal periods
for anti-parasitic
drugs.
It’s the law. It’s the right thing to do. Extend the withdrawal period when using drugs extra-label.
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# 10I will not rely on unproven methods or
products for controlling worm parasites.
So far, no natural or herbal dewormers have been proven to be effective.
But, researchers continue to evaluate natural substances for their potential anthelmintic activity.
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Other worms and protozoas
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Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
• Parasite of White Tail Deer
• Small ruminants are abnormal hosts.
– sheep, goats, llama, alpaca, horse
• Parasite has indirect life cycle– Deer pass larvae in feces – Snails and slugs needed for life cycle– Cycle repeats itself when snails and slugs
are ingested.
• Once ingested, larva travel from intestinal tract to spinal cord to brain, causing progressively worse symptoms . . .
– Lameness– Gait abnormality– Hind quarter weakness – Paralysis – DEATH
– Animals maintain appetite
Cannot diagnose in a living sheep/goat (necropsy or spinal fluid)
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Treatment
High doses of anthelminticsIvermectinFenbendazole
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Some recover on their own.Cannot repair damaged tissue.
Prevention
Restrict access to certain areas of pasture.
• Fence off wet areas
Control deer populationControl snail/slug populationMonthly deworming
Only if problem is severe!
Meningeal worm
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CoccidiaEimera sp. (species-specific)
• Single-cell protozoa that damage lining of small intestines.– Causes bloody diarrhea that
may be smeared with mucous– Damage can be permanent
• Prevent with good sanitation and proper stocking
• Can use feed or water additives to prevent:– Lasalocid (Bovatec)1
– Monensin (Rumensin)2
– Decoquinate (Deccox)1,2
– Amprolium (Corid) in water• Treat with Amprolium and/or
sulfa drugs
1FDA-approved for sheep2FDA-approved for goatsDrugs to treat may be deadly to horses/donkeys
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Liver flukesFasciola hepatica
• Generally not considered to be a problem in Mid-Atlantic area.
– Gulf states and Pacific Northwest.
• Requires open water and aquatic snails (wet conditions) to complete life cycle.
• Can kill adult liver flukes with Albendazole (Valbazen®) or Ivomec® Plus).
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Tapeworms– Visible in feces– Has indirect life cycle
(requires pasture mites)– Tend to be non-pathogenic– Treat with benzimidazoles
(Fenbendazole, Albendazole)
Lungworms– Can have direct or indirect
life cycle– Severe infestations cause
respiratory symptoms– Controlled by same
dewormers as for stomach worms.
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Questions?