26:3 Cold War at Home. Spread of Communism China North Korea Eastern Europe USA????
Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
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The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
Transcript of Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
The West: Post World War I
The Roaring ’20s1. Economic Boom led by the U.S. creates _________________. (Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928)
2. Rise of ____________– radios, automobiles, appliances, advertisements
3. Women lost place in labor force, gained suffrage in Britain, Germany, and the U.S.
consumerism
stability and peace
The Great Depression 1. Proved that economic
achievements were not stable
2. Effects:______________________
____________________________
3. Dealing with Depression:
- U.S. – New Deal, increased power of the federal government
- Rise in socialism and communism
- Rise of fascism and totalitarianism
The Great Depression 1. Proved that economic
achievements were not stable
2. Effects:______________________
____________________________
3. Dealing with Depression:
- U.S. – New Deal, increased power of the federal government
- Rise in socialism and communism
- Rise of fascism and totalitarianism
Economic problems led to _________________ World War II
High unemployment,
inflation, raised national tariffs
Democratic Political Systems: The Spread of Liberal Democracy1. Many nations develop Parliamentary governments (West Germany, Italy, France, Spain,
Portugal, Greece)
Democratic Political Systems: The Spread of Liberal Democracy1. Many nations develop Parliamentary governments (West Germany, Italy, France, Spain,
Portugal, Greece)
Post WWII: Cold War Era
KOREAN WAR 1950 - 1953
A) Communist North Korea crossed the ________________ and invades democratic South Korea.
B) North Korea is driven back by UN peacekeeping forces led by the U.S.C) In 1953, UN forces and North Korea sign a cease-fire agreement
38th Parallel
STALIN DIES IN 1953
Changes After the Death of Stalin
A) ______________________ comes to power.Nikita Khrushchev
B) Begins ______________________ - purging the country of Stalin’s memory- Publically denounces Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens- monuments are destroyed. His body is reburied outside the Kremlin Wall
De-Stalinization
Calls for “peaceful competition” with capitalist states
The Cold War World!The Cold War World! Eastern European
Nations began to push for more
freedoms!
Eastern European
Nations began to push for more
freedoms!
Modification of Nation-State Rivalry:
1. NATO and Warsaw Pact: Alliance systems of democratic West and communist East.
Modification of Nation-State Rivalry:
1. NATO and Warsaw Pact: Alliance systems of democratic West and communist East.
I. Hungary – October 1956
• ____________ formed a new government which promised free elections and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary.
• Hungarian army joined with protesters to overthrow the Soviet-controlled gov’t.
Imre Nagy
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USSR Crushes Rebellions
• Soviet _______ rolled into Hungary and killed 30,000 Hungarians.
• Soviets replaced the Hungarian government with Soviet leaders.
• Imre Nagy was ______________.• US and UN did nothing to help.
tanks
executed
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USSR Crushes Rebellion
II. Cold War TensionA. 1960 – The ____________________
• Khrushchev cancels summit meeting with Kennedy when a US air force plane is captured in the USSR
U-2 Incident
C. 1962 - __________________________________“We’re eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just
blinked.”• President Kennedy warns the Soviets to remove
missiles from Cuba.• After a tense week, the Soviets pulled missiles out.
B. 1961 - ____________________ erected to prevent the flow of East Germans into West Berlin.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Berlin Wall
What underlining factors do you feel
will be the reason for the downfall of the
Soviet Union? Explain why.
East German border guard Conrad Schumann jumpingover the Berlin Wall on August 15, 1961
East German border guard Conrad Schumann jumpingover the Berlin Wall on August 15, 1961
D. 1964 – Khrushchev voted out, _________________ in!Leonid Brezhnev
E. The United States, under President Johnson, increases its presence in South Vietnam, accusing the Soviets of supporting the communist North.
• In 1968, Prague Spring - Czech communist leader, Alexander Dubcek introduced reforms into the country – Socialism with a human face
• Including freedom of speech and press; freedom to travel aboard. • Promised a gradual movement toward democracy • Soviets invaded, crushed the reforms and replaced Dubcek.
III. Prague Spring - Czechoslovakia – 1968
Prague Spring Revolt
• Unemployment insurance
• National healthcare
• Family housing
• Educational scholarships and grants.
• Nationalism of some industries
• Unemployment insurance
• National healthcare
• Family housing
• Educational scholarships and grants.
• Nationalism of some industries
Increased Government
involvement in economic planning
Increased Government
involvement in economic planning
Belief: Government must provide more to create a stable middle class and prevent mass uprisings.
The Welfare State: _______________________________________________________
The Welfare State: _______________________________________________________Goal was to limit social and economic inequalities
Planning offices developed (except U.S.) led by technocrats
Provided aid for citizens at many income levels – reduction of political protest until the 1960s
Government played a large role and spawned bureaucrats whose existence depended on the growing state structure that runs welfare
U.S.: Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society – created programs for social welfare. Medical care, unemployment insurance, public housing, family assistance.
Planning offices developed (except U.S.) led by technocrats
Provided aid for citizens at many income levels – reduction of political protest until the 1960s
Government played a large role and spawned bureaucrats whose existence depended on the growing state structure that runs welfare
U.S.: Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society – created programs for social welfare. Medical care, unemployment insurance, public housing, family assistance.
The War on Poverty
Deputy Prime Minister of France, Jules Moch
Deputy Prime Minister of France, Jules Moch
The Affluent Society
The Common market and welfare state helped economic recovery after WWII. Increase in agricultural and industrial output results in the need for less workers.
The Common market and welfare state helped economic recovery after WWII. Increase in agricultural and industrial output results in the need for less workers.
-Rise in ______________________________________-Rise in middle class and consumerism created the “______________” – shopping malls and supermarkets-Rise in leisure activities increased (sports, vacations, hobbies), advertising and investing-Rise in immigrant workers – did NOT immediately share in general affluence.
-Rise in ______________________________________-Rise in middle class and consumerism created the “______________” – shopping malls and supermarkets-Rise in leisure activities increased (sports, vacations, hobbies), advertising and investing-Rise in immigrant workers – did NOT immediately share in general affluence.
service industries and state bureaucracies
Affluent Society
The Affluent Society The Whitgift Centre, pictured in 1969 shortly after it opened.
President Nixon helps lessen Cold War tensions- First President to visit Soviet Union and Communist China- Nixon and Brezhnev have a series of meetings called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
Détente, Tension and Economic Strain
1. June 1979 – President Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement
2. The Soviets invaded _____________________ that year – the U.S. refused to ratify SALT II and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.
Afghanistan
Due to the oil crisis of 1973, the U.S. and U.K. suffered a series of recessions and low economic growth.
Economic Problems
Communist EconomyA. Command Economy – Means of production are controlled by the ___________________:
Very inefficient system, focus on heavy industry NOT ____________________________B. Successful in producing weapons and space technologyC. Failure of collectivized agriculture led to shortages, poverty, and corruptionD. Soviet products were inferior, Workers more concerned about quantity (quotas) than quality. Workers had little incentive to work hard. (No raises, promotions, rewards)
A. Command Economy – Means of production are controlled by the ___________________: Very inefficient system, focus on heavy industry NOT ____________________________
B. Successful in producing weapons and space technologyC. Failure of collectivized agriculture led to shortages, poverty, and corruptionD. Soviet products were inferior, Workers more concerned about quantity (quotas) than quality. Workers had little incentive to work hard. (No raises, promotions, rewards)
governmentconsumer goods
Led to economic stagnation: A lack of economic growth starting in 1970s.
-Led by ___________________ __________________________
-Reduced the impact of the welfare state due to oil crisis and recession during the 1970s.
-Returned many public programs back to the private sector, dismantled big government, lowered taxes.
-Did not end all social programs.
-Led by ___________________ __________________________
-Reduced the impact of the welfare state due to oil crisis and recession during the 1970s.
-Returned many public programs back to the private sector, dismantled big government, lowered taxes.
-Did not end all social programs.
And Ronald Reagan
Clip
Economic Recovery of the West: Conservative Movement
Margaret Thatcher
Belief: Government is too big, spends and taxes too much, and has violated people’s individual rights.
The Gorbachev Years (1985-1991)
After the death of Brezhnev in 1982, followed by the deaths of the next two General Secretaries, Mikhail Gorbachev would become the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985.
First goal – Strengthen Economy:
Gorbachev
•Began rapid technological modernization•Tried to make Soviet Bureaucracy more efficient and responsive•Created incentives to increase worker productivity
The Gorbachev Revolution
1.________________(Openness) –
Gorbachev gave freedom of
expression and information, freedom of the press, right to
criticize the government
Glasnost
Major Reforms
2. _________________ (Restructuring) – Reforms to democratize Soviet political system by allowing multi-candidate elections, secret ballots, and limited free market capitalism, more supply and demand, consumer goods.3. Arms Talks – agreed with United States to destroy all intermediate range Nuclear Missiles – Major thaw in Cold War tension4. Withdrew Soviet troops from ________________ after 9 years of war and occupation.
Perestroika
Afghanistan
Freedom of Eastern Europe: The Crumbling of the Soviet Bloc
What impact will Gorbachev’s reforms have on the Eastern European nations? Why?
What impact will Gorbachev’s reforms have on the Eastern European nations? Why?
Solidarity in Poland
2. __________________ - 1989 allowed free elections – gov’t renounces communist partyHungary
1. Poland – Government allows more freedom and free elections: 1989 – Trade Union ________________ under Lech Walesa wins majority.Solidarity
President Ronald Reagan
3. East Germany – 1989 – East German Communist Politburo resigns. Travel restrictions are lifted and _________________________________. Free Elections lead to unification of Germany in 1990
Berlin Wall comes down!
”It is as if many have again
ignored the fact that an attack on
the freedom of individuals
threatens the freedom of all.”
- Vaclav Havel
4. Czechoslovakia – Politburos resign and free elections lead to collapse of Communism. _______________________________ - Peaceful democratic takeover led by Vaclav
Havel who becomes new president. 5. Bulgaria – Free Elections lead to Communist leader, Todor Zhivkov, to be ousted
Velvet Revolution
6. Romania – Violent revolution over Totalitarian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu Protests gained support of the army and secret police who sided with the people. After a quick trial, Ceausescu was tried and executed on Christmas Day, 1989.
How did Gorbachev’s new reforms affect the Eastern European nations?
How did Gorbachev’s new reforms affect the Eastern European nations?
Changes with Eastern Bloc Nations: The Power of the Powerless!
Numerous ethnic groups – languages, customs, religions. Only half of 285 million were RussianDifficult to unite into one nation without fear or force
Nationalism was stronger than communism – people wanted to rule themselves
NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY
WORKER MORALE
Lack of motivation to produce quality goods
Workers were not given enough to buy basic goods
Many workers became alcoholics – crime rate increased
Mortality rate, divorce rate, inflation, corruption increased
Standard of living declined
Workers were now allowed to criticize the government
FOOD SHORTAGES
Economic reforms were not enough – 1990 rationing
Food was scarce and prices were too high
Long lines for simple goods
Riots broke out
Mass poverty existed
Began import of grain from US and Canada
GlasnostGlasnost means Openness. • It allowed free flow of ideas, no
censorship• Religious freedom• Public criticism of gov’t• Contested elections (secret
ballots)• Release of political prisoners• Books freely printed
“Socialism with a Human Face”
PERESTROIKA
Allowed the following:• Some private property• Some small business – profits• Some Free trade• Local managers more control and authority over farms and factories
Film
Decentralization of economic control
McDonalds in Moscow
•Arms Race was too costly•Conflicts were costly (Afghanistan 1979)•Total employment – no goods•National healthcare – poor coverage•Pressure from Pope John Paul II and Ronald Reagan “Evil Empire” – Star Wars plan
COST OF THE WAR GLOBAL PRESSURE
ATTEMPTED COUP- High level officials (communist hard-liners) wanted Gorbachev to resign in 1991- He refused – the group staged a coup in Moscow by placing Gorbachev under house arrest and sent tanks into Moscow to seize control.- Boris Yeltsin called to the people to resist the coup and gained the support of the military- The Coup was foiled and the USSR soon split into 15 republics – the CIS
Attempted Coup
Attempted Coup Fails
How did Gorbachev’s policies eventually lead to the downfall of his own leadership and the Soviet Union
End of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev was forced to resign.
He was the leader of a country that
no longer existed. After 74 years, the Soviet Union had collapsed. The Cold War was
over.
Gorbachev was forced to resign.
He was the leader of a country that
no longer existed. After 74 years, the Soviet Union had collapsed. The Cold War was
over.
End of the Soviet Union
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
1. European Economic Community: Economic unity – reduced tariffs, free movement of labor and investments2. 1993 – Becomes European Union (EU)3. 2002 – Eurozone -Euro Dollar introduced.
1. European Economic Community: Economic unity – reduced tariffs, free movement of labor and investments2. 1993 – Becomes European Union (EU)3. 2002 – Eurozone -Euro Dollar introduced.
Post Cold War
Not an Easy Transition
Not an Easy Transition
End of Communism?
