Slide 1/31March 2010

Research Summary

Department of Fire Protection EngineeringUniversity of Maryland

College Park, MD 20742, USA

http://www.fpe.umd.edu

March 2010

Slide 2/31March 2010

Faculty Research Areas

M. di Marzo suppression (water- or foam-based)

A.W. Marshall fire flows, combustion, suppression

J.A. Milke structures, detection, egress

J.G. Quintiere fire dynamics, scaling, flammability

S.I. Stoliarov pyrolysis, flammability, fire growth

P.B. Sunderland soot, fire dynamics, diagnostics

A. Trouvé turbulent combustion, fire modeling

Full-Time Faculty

Slide 3/31March 2010

Faculty Research Areas

H. Baum applied math, CFD

V. Brannigan regulation and law

T. Kashawagi material flammability

F.W. Mowrer flammability, detection, fire modeling

Other Faculty

Slide 4/31March 2010

Ignition and Flame Spread Flame Spread on Polymers (Stoliarov) Modeling UL 94V (Quintiere) Spontaneous Ignition for Investigation (Quintiere)

Burning Rate Burning Rates of Charring Polymers (Stoliarov) Candle Flames (Quintiere/Sunderland) Emulated Burning Rate (Quintiere/Sunderland) Flame-Wall Interactions (Trouvé) N-Heptane Pool Fires (Quintiere) Spill and Burning Behavior of Flammable Liquids (Quintiere) Tools for Numerical Experiments (Trouvé)

Heat Transfer Near Wall Mixing and Heat Transfer (Marshall/Trouvé)

Fire Chemistry Flame Design (Sunderland) Pyrolysis Modeling (Trouvé) Smoke Points in Microgravity (Sunderland) Soot Oxidation (Sunderland)

Outline

Slide 5/31March 2010

Outline

Plumes Dispersion (Marshall/Quintiere) Flame Length Under a Ceiling (Quintiere) Modeling of Turbulent Wall Fires (Trouvé)

Detection Smoke Detection (Milke)

Compartment Fires New MQH Formula for Temperature (Quintiere) Physical Scale Modeling for Investigation (Quintiere/Marshall) Under-Ventilated Fires (Quintiere) Vent Flows (Quintiere)

Human Behavior Egress (Milke)

Suppression Spray Suppression (Marshall/Baum)

Slide 6/31March 2010

Faculty: Stoliarov M.S. Students: I. Leventon Title: Two-Dimensional Burning Model for Aircraft Materials Sponsor: FAA Objective: Understand and predict the initial rate of flame spread

on typical representative aircraft interior or body materials.

Ignition and Flame Spread

Flame Spread on Polymers

x

y

mat

eria

l HFrad(mF)HFconv(mF)

mF

x

HFrad(MF, y)

HFconv(MF, y)

yy mFMF

mFy

1D

2D

Slide 7/31March 2010

Ignition and Flame Spread

Modeling UL 94V

Faculty: Quintiere, with R. Lyon, FAA M.S. Student: B. Downey, currently with SAIC Title: An Investigation of the UL 94V Plastics Flammability Test, 6th

Int. Sem. on Fire and Explosions (2010) Sponsor: FAA Objective: Predict rating for UL 94V in terms of properties.

Slide 8/31March 2010

Faculty: Quintiere, with T. Minnich, U Cent Fla M.S. Student: J. Worden Title: Spontaneous Ignition (Oven Test Method) Sponsor: NIJ Objective: Help fire investigators better assess

spontaneous ignition.

Baskets with Thermocouples

Supercritical

Subcritical

Linseed Oil with Cotton Rags

Ignition and Flame Spread

Spontaneous Ignition for Investigation

Slide 9/31March 2010

Faculty: Stoliarov Ph.D. Students: TBD Title: Prediction of the Burning Rates of Charring Polymers Sponsor: Minta Martin Funds Objective: Develop and validate a detailed numerical model for burning

of charring and intumescing polymers in a cone calorimeter.

Burning Rate

Burning Rates of Charring Polymers

Slide 10/31March 2010

W f / D 2.710.70 /

L f / D Cxn , x Ra1/4 (L / D) – 2

C as 0.526 and 0.470, and n as 0.75 and 0.60 for

tetracosane and paraffin, respectively

Burning Rate

Candle Flames

Faculty: Quintiere, Sunderland M.S. Student: Tabaka, Visiting Scholars: Lian/Chiu Title: Analysis and Measurement of Candle Flame Shapes Submitted: Combustion Symposium, Beijing (2010) Objectives: Measurements, theory and correlations for flame

height and flame width as a function of wick dimensions.

Slide 11/31March 2010

Faculty: Quintiere, Sunderland Ph.D. Student: K.T. Dotson Title: Experimental Investigation of Emulated Burning Rate at Various

Gravity Levels Sponsor: NASA Glenn Objective: Measure and correlate the steady burning rates of a range of

fuels as a function of orientation and gravity.

NuBfk

xcm p ,''

RafNu 3Txg

Ra

L

TTcYrHB spoxrc )(1 ,

Heat of Combustion, ΔHc: 5 – 50 MJ/kg

Heat of Gasification, L: 0.5 – 5 MJ/kg

Surface Temperature, Ts: 50 – 500°C

Gravity, g: 10-4 – 1.5gAngle, θ: 0 – 180°

Fuel''m

''q'''' qm Heat Flux Gage

Experiment Theory Parameters

Fuel Properties

Burning Rate

Emulated Burning Rate

Slide 12/31March 2010

Burning Rate

Flame-Wall Interactions

Faculty: A. Trouvé, with U. Piomelli (Queens U.) PhD Students: L. Bravo, A. Voegele Title: Numerical Modeling of Non-Premixed Flame-Wall Interactions in Turbulent

Boundary Layer Flows Sponsors: NSF, NASA Objective: Develop a high-fidelity, parallel, LES solver for turbulent combustion.

Application to simulations of boundary layer combustion (fundamental studies; CFD model development and validation).

2009 Results: Extension of initial constant density code to variable mass density and combustion.

LES simulation of a film cooling configuration

Slide 13/31March 2010

Faculty: Quintiere, with Bing Chen Collaborator: L.S. Lu (USTC, China) Title: Pool fire under different initial fuel temperatures Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China Objective: Study the effects of initial fuel temperature on

pool fire behavior. Application to fire hazards of high-temperature fuel.

Burning Rate

N-Heptane Pool Fires

Slide 14/31March 2010

SL

SG

Faculty: Quintiere M.S. Student: M. Benfer Collaborators: D. Gottuk and C. Mealy (Hughes) Sponsor: NIJ Objective: Develop and validate a flammable liquid spread

and burning behavior model by assessing the spreading dynamics and burning behavior of liquids over a flat surface.

Spill Formation Substrate

Preliminary Spill Results

Burning Rate

Spill and Burning Behavior of Flammable Liquids

Slide 15/31March 2010

Burning Rate

Tools for Numerical Experiments

Faculty: A. Trouvé, PhD student: P. Narayanan, Post-doc: V.R. Lecoustre Collaborators: H.G. Im (UMich), D. Haworth (PSU), T. Lu (UConn), R.

Sankaran (ORNL), K.-L. Ma (UC-Davis) Title: Petascale Computing, Visualization, and Science Discovery of

Turbulent Sooting Flames Sponsor: NSF Objective: Develop a massively-parallel, high-fidelity, DNS solver to

simulate soot-flame-radiation interactions in turbulent combustion. 2009 Results: Basic study of radiation extinction in sooting, luminous,

laminar and turbulent diffusion flames.

temperatureextinction

soot mass fraction

Radiation extinction in a turbulent diffusion flame

Increasingsoot levels

Slide 16/31March 2010

Faculty: Marshall, Trouvé Ph.D. Students: A. Voegele, F. Raffan Collaborator: C. Cadou (UMD) Title: Detailed Experiments and Model Development for Thrust

Chamber Film Cooling Sponsor: NASA Marshall Objective: Characterize the detailed mixing and transport processes near

film cooled surfaces to support near-wall CFD model development.

Film cooling effectiveness and near wall diagnostics

Heat Transfer

Near Wall Mixing and Heat Transfer

Slide 17/31March 2010

Faculty: SunderlandPh.D. Student: V.R. LecoustreCollaborators: V. Lecoustre, R.L.

Axelbaum, D.L. Urban, B.H. ChaoTitle: Flame Design: A Novel Approach

to Clean Efficient Diffusion FlamesSponsor: NASA GlennObjectives: Study the effects of fuel

and oxidizer dilution on soot formation and flame extinction. Application to smoke and extinction.

Preparing for testing aboard the International Space Station.

(a) 18% C2H4 27% O2 (b) 18% C2H4 28% O2

30 mm30 mm

(c) O2 12% C2H4 (d) O2 13% C2H4

Fire Chemistry

Flame Design

Slide 18/31March 2010

Fire Chemistry

Pyrolysis Modeling

Faculty: A. Trouvé, MS students: R. Webster, M. McKeever, Z. Ghorbani Collaborator: M. Lázaro (U. Cantabria, Spain) Sponsor: NIJ Objectives: Develop thermal properties and burning item database (the database

has a material property component populated by cone calorimeter test data and an object property component populated by furniture calorimeter test data). Develop models to describe the formation of flammable vapors from pyrolysis of solid fuel sources.

2009 Results: Construction of preliminary version of database. Evaluation of limitations of current methodologies for pyrolysis modeling.

Slide 19/31March 2010

Faculty: SunderlandM.S. Student: K.T. DotsonCollaborators: D.L. Urban, Z.G.

YuanTitle: Smoke Points in Coflow

Experiment (SPICE)Sponsor: NASA GlennObjectives: Study the effects of

fuel type and coflow on soot emissions. Application to spacecraft fire safety.

Images shown are from the International Space Station.

Fire Chemistry

Smoke Points in Microgravity

75% C3H6

1.6 mm Burner

uf = 41.9 cm/s

75% C3H6

1.6 mm Burner

uair= 50.5 cm/s

uf = 28.2 32.9 37.6 42.3 cm/s

uair = 59.0 55.2 47.7 36.4 cm/s

30 mm

Slide 20/31March 2010

Faculty: Sunderland

Title: Soot Oxidation in Hydrocarbon-Free Flames

Sponsor: NSF

Objectives: Establish soot oxidation kinetics for OH, O2, O, CO2 and H2O. Application to smoke emission and radiation.

Measurements to be performed include soot volume fraction, soot temperature, soot structure, and gas compositions.

Fire Chemistry

Soot Oxidation

hydrogen diffusion

flame

propylene diffusion

flame

70 m

m

Wide View Close-Up

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*

Faculty: Marshall, Quintiere M.S. Students: C. Haus, A. Goodman, T. Layton Title: Characterizing Buoyancy Induced Dispersion via Scale Modeling Sponsors: NIJ, Combustion Science and Engineering Objective: Apply PLIF, PIV, and other non-intrusive diagnostics for use in

dispersion studies. Current focus is salt-water dispersion experiments (used for: applied studies of smoke transport and detector response; plume dispersion studies; CFD model validation).

Dispersion measurements; impinging plume (above); centerline unconfined plume (right)

Preliminary visualization of a plume in cross-flow

Plumes

Dispersion

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Plumes

Flame Length Under a Ceiling

Faculty , J. G. Quintiere Title: Prediction of the flame length under a ceiling Sponsor: JL Bryan funds Objective: Develop a theoretical basis for correlating

a wide range of data for ceiling flame length

cj

jc

p

p hsn

mh

sn

mQ

52*62.1 D

f QD

r

Slide 23/31March 2010

Plumes

Modeling of Turbulent Wall Fires

Faculty: A. Trouvé PhD Student: A. Ojofeitimi, Intern: F. Collonval Sponsor: FM Global Objectives: Develop next-generation CFD tool for fire modeling

(OpenFOAM framework) - Adapt FireFOAM (developed by FMG) to treat wall fire configurations.

2009 Results: Validation study focused on convective heat transfer in classical buoyancy-driven turbulent vertical wall boundary layer flow.

Wall model to calculate convective heat flux in buoyancy-driven turbulent boundary layer

Slide 24/31March 2010

Faculty: Milke Title: Comparative loss of life and injury analysis between: fully

sprinklered occupancies, smoke detector-only occupancies and sprinklered in combination with smoke detector-protected occupancies

Sponsor: NEMA Objective: Conduct a literature review and statistical analysis of the losses

that have occurred in fire incidents in U.S. buildings with sprinklers and smoke detectors.

Death rates/ 100 U.S. Resid. Fires,

2003-06

Sprinkler performance in U.S. Resid. Fires (2003-06) (% of fire

incidents)

Detection

Smoke Detection

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0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

y

Q*2/3 / H* 1/3 MQH w=0.43

w=0.67 w=1.00

Type X Gypsum Wall Board

For H*=0.025

• Faculty: Quintiere• M.S. Student: P. Sharma• Publication: “Compartment Fire Temperatures,” JFPE (2010)• Objective: Use new vent flow formula to compute compartment fire

temperatures and compare to MQH formula.

y T T

T

Q Q

cp,T g A

oH

o

DimensionlessTemperature

&HRR

Compartment Fires

New MQH Formula for Temperature

Slide 26/31March 2010

Full Scale 1/8th Scale

Faculty: Quintiere M.S. Student: A.Carey Collaborators: Marshall, C. Chan, D.T. Sheppard

(ATF) Title: Scale Modeling of Static Fires in a Complex

Geometry for Forensic Fire Applications Sponsor: NIJ Objective: Apply Froude scaling to various fuels

to develop a methodology for fire investigators. Presented at 2009 ESSCI Conference.

2/5*

gTc

QQ

p

Compartment Fires

Physical Scale Modeling for Investigation

Slide 27/31March 2010

• Faculty: Quintiere, with B. Chen• Collaborators: L.S. Lu (USTC, China)• Title: Flow through ceiling vents in enclosure fire• Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China• Objective: Investigate the smoke flowing through the horizontal vent in

enclosure fires. Understand the critical condition of the unidirectional and bidirectional flow, and compute the volumetric flow.

Compartment Fires

Under-Ventilated Fires

Slide 28/31March 2010

Faculty: Quintiere, with L. Wang, China U Mining & Tech. “The Mixture Fraction to Predict Product Species in Fire,” Int J Eng Perf

Fire Codes (2007) “An analysis of compartment fire doorway flows,” FSJ (2009) “A general formula for the prediction of vent flows,” FSJ (2009) Sponsor: Chinese government Objective: Develop new analytical formulas to estimate vent flows in

compartment fires, and a new algorithm for predicting species in a zone model.

Schematic of flows Doors Windows

Compartment Fires

Vent Flows

Slide 29/31March 2010

Faculty: Milke Title: Analysis of Observations of People Movement

Characteristics during Evacuation of High Rise Office Buildings Sponsor: NIST Objective: Assess the linear relationship commonly assumed

between stairwell width and the speed and flow of occupants evacuating from high-rise buildings.

Evacuation Times for 24 Story Building-A

Human Behavior

Egress

Slide 30/31March 2010

Faculty: Marshall, Baum Ph.D. Students: N. Ren, P.Y.H. Zheng M.S. Student: B. Salyers Collaborator: P. Tartarini (U. Modena) Title: Fire Suppression Spray Characterization Sponsors: NSF, FM Global Objective: Characterize the initial sprinkler spray for analysis/simulation

of water-based fire suppression systems. Application to sprinkler systems and integration into CFD solvers (e.g., FDS).

Atomization experiments for fire suppression devices

Ddef = 25 mm

Suppression

Spray Suppression

Slide 31/31March 2010

• …has many state-of-the-art capabilities Advanced diagnostics (PIV, PLIF, etc) High-fidelity numerical solvers (FDS, LES, DNS) Analysis and scaling

• …is a leading institution in Fire Science Fluid mechanics and heat transfer in fires Fire modeling (scale modeling, zone modeling, CFD modeling)

• …is a leading institution in FPE professional practice Evaluation and development of standards Testing combined with analysis

Summary

The FPE Department…