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Faculty of Engineering

WATER PIPING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A BUILDING

Domincie Anak Winston Bale

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)

2006

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

R13a BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS


____________________________________________________________________________

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005/2006

DOMINCIE ANAK WINSTON BALE (8138) Mengaku membenarkan tesis *ini disimpan di pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk mambangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan Tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila Tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) 622, Lorong B1, Taman BDC Stampin, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak 7th April 2006

DR. AZHAILI BAHARUN Nama Penyelia Tarikh: Tarikh:

Alamat tetap:

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

SULIT TERHAD TIDAK TERHAD

Saya:

Judul:

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan sarjana Muda. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir berikut:

Tajuk: WATER PIPING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A BUILDING

Nama Penulis: DOMINCIE ANAK WINSTON BALE

Matrik: 8138

Telah dibaca dan disahkan oleh:

______________________ ___________________

Dr. Azhaili Baharun Date


by

Domincie Anak Winston Bale

A Case Study Report Submitted

To Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

In partial fulfillment for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil Engineering

2006

To my beloved family

DECLARATION

No portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support

of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university of

higher learning.

___________________

(Domincie Anak Winston Bale)

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank father, Winston Bale Utot, my mother, Bagline Melana and my

siblings Danny, Marvin and Beatrice, who prays for my success and provide me with

enough courage in completing this thesis research.

Special thanks are especially dedicated to my supervisor, Dr. Azhaili Baharun who

also happens to be the Dean of Department of Engineering UNIMAS, for his ideas,

guidance and motivation during the preparation of the thesis research: thanks for your

concern. Not forgetting Mr. Awang Mohd. Fadilah from Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR)

Building section for providing valuable resources in assisting the research.

Last but not least to my entire course mate for giving assistance and support in

providing the information and whole-hearted support till the end.

iv

ABSTRAK

Sistem saliran dan perparitan merupakan sebahagian dari sistem bangunan yang perlu

diberi perhatian sepenuhnya terutama daripada jurutera bangunan, arkitek dan pihak-

pihak yang terbabit dalam memelihara kedua-dua sistem tersebut. Sistem saliran air

biasanya terbahagi kepada sistem saliran air sejuk dan sistem saliran air panas yang

membekalkan pengaliran air ke seluruh bangunan terutamanya ke saluran keluar yang

paling tinggi semasa keadaan kemuncak. Penentuan saiz paip yang tepat adalah perlu

untuk mengelakkan berlakunya peningkatan tekanan disebabkan oleh ketidaktentuan

dalam halaju air semasa pengaliran. Oleh itu penentuan kadar aliran air untuk setiap

peralatan dan pepasang yang terdapat pada setiap bangunan adalah penting bagi

membantu menentukan saiz paip yang digunakan, seperti yang terkandung dalam

Kriteria Rekaan dan Piawaian dalam Sistem Aliran Air JKR (1994). Hasil

penyelidikan yang terkandung dalam kertas ini melibatkan penentuan saiz paip pada

setiap asrama dengan mengetahui unit bebanan pada setiap pepasang dan peralatan

yang sedia ada. Untuk penentuan saiz paip sisa, paip bolong dan paip pengudaraan,

setiap unit luahan untuk setiap pesang yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan Piawaian

British BS 5572: 1978.

v

ABSTRACT

Water piping and drainage system are the 2 most important building systems that

require much attention to all engineers, architects and those related in the field. Water

piping are usually include hot and cold water distribution system that are supplied

throughout the entire building the means of pumping or applying the water main to

maintain the water pressure in order to assure that the highest outlet has an adequate

water flow during crucial time. Determination of the right size of a pipe is essential to

avoid excessive water pressure due to inadequate velocity in pipes. By doing so, is

vital to determine the design flow rate of each fixture in buildings which has been

stated in JKR Design Criteria and standards for Water Supply System. This

dissertation is about the determination of pipe size used in the hostels by knowing its

loading unit that assigned to each of the fixtures available. For sanitary drainage

fixture unit, the fixtures are assigned based on British Standard 5572: 1978 revision,

which used to determine the pipe size of soil pipe, vent pipe and waste pipe.

vi

CONTENTS

Declaration iii

Acknowledgements iv Abstrak v

Abstract vi

Contents vii

List of tables x

List of Figures xiv Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Water Supply System in a Building 1

1.2 Drainage System in a Building 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Aim 3

1.5 Scope of study 4

Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 General 5

2.2 Distribution System in a Low Rise Building 5

2.3 Pressure differential 6

2.4 Problems in Water Piping System in the Building 8

vii

2.4.1 Noise 8

2.4.2 Water Hammer 8

2.4.3 Velocity 10

2.4.4 Pulsation 10

2.4.5 Leakage 11

2.5 Pipes of Water Distribution System in a Building 12

2.5.1 Cast Iron (C.I) or Grey Iron Pipes 12

2.5.2 Ductile Iron (D.I) Pipes 13

2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) Pipes 14

2.5.4 Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) Pipes 14

2.6 Selection of Type of Pipes 16

2.7 Joints 16

2.7.1 Flanges Joint 16

2.7.2 Welded Joint 17

2.7.3 Single Gland – Mechanical Joint 18

2.8 Pipe Fittings in a Building 19

2.8.1 Tapers 21

2.8.2 Flange Adaptors 21

2.8.3 Bends 22

2.8.4 Tees 23

2.8.5 Angle Branches and Crosses 24

2.8.6 Puddle Flange 25

2.8.7 Bellmouth 25

viii

2.8.8 Rose Strainer 26

2.8.9 Blank Flanges 26

2.9 Minor losses 27

2.10 Storage Cisterns 29

2.11 Rate of flow of Fittings and Appliances 30

2.12 Estimating the Total Demand of A supply System in a Building 31

2.12.1 Load Values (WSFU) Assigned to Fixtures 31

2.13 Effective Length of Pipe Run 32

2.13.1 Loss of Head through Pipes, Fitting and Valves 32

2.14 Drainage System in a Building 34

2.14.1 Sanitary Drainage System 34

2.14.2 Vent System 35

2.14.3 Roof Drainage System 37

2.15 Sanitary Drainage Fixture Units 38

Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Introduction 40

3.2 Design of a Pipework System in a Building 40

3.3 Detailed Method of Sizing Systems in Buildings of Any Height 41

3.4 Method of Sizing of Sanitary Piping System in Buildings

At Any Height 45

ix

Chapter 4: Analysis, Result and Discussion 4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 Pipe Sizing Calculation for Apartment Type A and B 66

4.3 Sizing of sanitary drainage pipe for Apartment Type A and B 80

4.4 Discussion 85

4.4.1 Factors Determine the Required Water Supply

Pipe Size in Buildings 85

4.4.2 Factors Determine the Required Sanitary Drainage

Pipe Size in Buildings 86

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 88

5.2 Recommendation 89

References 90

Appendices 92

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.0 : Thickness and Diameter Specification for Cast Iron Pipe 13

Table 2.1 : Comparison between UPVC and HDPE Pipes

(Taken from Env. Canada, PVC-Free Pipe Purchasers’ Report) 15

Table 2.2 : Joint and Specials for Selected Pipe Materials 19

Table 2.3 : Minor Loss Coefficients (K) 28

Table 2.4 : Minimum Storage Capacity 29

Table 2.5 : Storage Requirements Per Person 30

Table 2.6 : Storage Requirement Per Fittings in a Building 30

Table 2.7 : Minimum Recommended Flow 31

Table 2.8 : Loading Units in Buildings 32

Table 2.9 : Equivalent Pipe Length for Copper 33

Table 2.10 : Equivalent of Pipe Length through Resistance 33

Table 2.11 : For Frictional Resistance of draw-off taps

(Equivalent Pipe Length) 34

Table 2.12 : Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit Values

(Taken from BS 5572: 1978) 38

Table 2.13 : Maximum Permissible Loads for Sanitary

Drainage Piping (In terms of fixture units)

(Taken from BS 5572: 1978) 38

xi

Table 2.14 : Maximum Permissible Concentrated Waste

Drainage Piping (Taken from BS 5572: 1978) 39

Table 4.0 : Flow rate requirement for buildings 3 Storey and

above – For Supply to Sinks Showers, WCs and

Wash Basins (Type A) 63

Table 4.1 : Flow rate requirement for buildings 3 Storey and

above – For Supply to Sinks Showers, WCs and

Wash Basins (Type B) 63

Table 4.2 : Flow rate Requirement for Building 3 Storey and

above – For Filling Roof Tank (Type A and Type B) 64

Table 4.3 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for

Branch No. 1 67


Branch No. 2 68


Branch No. 3 69


Branch no. 4 70


Branch No. 5 71


Branch No. 1 72

xii


Branch No. 2 73


Branch No. 3 74


Branch No. 4 75


Branch No. 5 76

Table 4.13 : 4th Floor Level Sizing 80

Table 4.14 : 3rd Floor Level Sizing 81

Table 4.15 : 2nd Floor Level Sizing 82

Table 4.16 : 1st Floor Level Sizing 83

Table 4.17 : Sizing of Main Pipes 84

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.0 : An upfeed water distribution system in a low rise

building using single pressure zone 6

Figure 2.1 : Graphic illustration of shock wave 9

Figure 2.2 : Flanges Joint 17

Figure 2.3 : Welded Joint 18

Figure 2.4 : Single Gland – Mechanical Joint 18

Figure 2.5 : Tapers 21

Figure 2.6 : Flange Adaptors 22

Figure 2.7 : Bends 23

Figure 2.8 : Tees 24

Figure 2.9 : Angle Branches and Crosses 24

Figure 2.10 : Puddle Flange 25

Figure 2.11 : Bellmouth 26

Figure 2.12 : Rose Strainer 27

Figure 2.13 : Branch Vent 35

Figure 2.14 : Continuous Vent 36

Figure 2.15 : Common Vent 37

Figure 2.16 : Loop Vent 38

Figure 4.0 : Branch no.1 (Apartment type A)

Figure 4.1 : Branch no.2 (Apartment type A)

xiv

Figure 4.2 : Branch no.3 (Apartment type A) 50



Figure 4.5 : Branch no.1 (Apartment type B) 56





Figure 4.10 : Soil and Waste Schematic Diagram for Apartment

Type A and Type B (From 4th floor to 3rd floor

continued next page) 77

Figure 4.11 : Soil and Waste Schematic Diagram for Apartment

Type A and Type B (From 2nd floor to 1st floor) 78

xv

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Water Supply System in a Building

Piping system can be defined as a series of pipe networks that connect with one

after another from one junction known as nodes distributing water supply to all parts

of the building. In most cases, water supply system includes water service pipe and

the water-distributing pipe. More specifically piping system in a building covers

much on categories such as kind of piping networks used, selection of pipes from

manufacturer, code of practice used in installing and servicing the pipes and

maintenance of piping system in a building itself. As a building engineer, one must

know the criteria needs for a building to keep its water flows steady without any

problem or errors occurred during its lifetime period.

In buildings, pipe engineering plays a vital part in understanding the regularities

of building services so that each of the aspect safety, maintenance and life span of the

building can be elongated. Criteria that need to be emphasized in determining the

right pipe to be installed in a building are the diameter of pipes used, the flowrates

from each inlets and outlets, headloss and pressures where ‘water flows in a pipe

from a high point of high pressure to a point of lower pressure’ [3]. Crucial as before,

2

the variety of pipes need to be identified to determine whether or not the pipe is

suitable for all climates. Pipe system also needs maintenance throughout its entire

life. Maintenance included detection of possible problems encountered such as

corrosion, water hammers, unsteady pressures (shock wave) and leakage.

Knowing the past records of water consumption demand and the peak factor, we

could possibly sort out the approximate the peak demand for each of the building and

predict the how much it consumes for a day. Each pipe is serviced, analyze and

monitor to determine the life span of pipes in each network system.

1.2 Drainage System in a Building

Another vital aspect of building services is drainage system. It can be defined as

a system of piping within private or public premises that conveys sewage (i.e., any

liquid waste containing animal, vegetable, or chemical wastes in solution), rainwater,

or other liquid wastes to an approved point of disposal, which does not include the

mains of a public sewer system. The presence of the drainage system in all buildings

is to ensure proper drainage clean, sanitary condition of human life. The gravity

drainage system is commonly used in all building all over the world and a trap to

eliminate stench and vermin is introduced in sanitary facilities. Actual discharge of a

drainage pipe is complex phenomenon may consist of water air and solids; airflow in

drainage stack is promoted through mixing and friction from the falling water. It

causes negative pressure originated from the upper floor and positive pressure on the

lower floor in the building. The impact of inconsistency may create the destruction of

3

water seals in the trap and causes many sanitary problems in a building drainage

system in a building [2]. Further explanation of drainage system in a building can be

referred in chapter 2.

1.3 Objectives

As part of the requirement in conducting the final year project, the objectives are:

a) To determine the required standards used in servicing and installing pipes in

pipe system and recognizing the type of pipe were used;

b) To give detail data analysis on flowrate on selected buildings by determining

the loading unit of each fixtures;

c) To give detail data analysis on Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit (SDFU) for

sizing the sanitary pipes in a building.

1.4 Aim

The specific aim for this project is to come out with a data that can improve the

current piping system in the building thus gives solution towards the corresponding

problem. It is to ensure adequate water supply to all fixtures at all times and to

achieve economic sizing of piping.

4

1.5 Scope of study

This study covers 2 current hostels in UNIMAS temporary campus. The chosen

one is Kenari Collage. Kenari College was situated on the right side of the main

temporary campus which accommodate up to 120 students per hostel. The figures are

estimated based on number of student per apartment (1 apartment = 8 students).

Numbers of apartment are 5 per floor which for the entire 4-storey building is 120

students in total, excluding the ground floor. The provision of cold water supply

were channeled through out the entire building using an upfeed system, elevating the

water through a series of pumping booster from the ground originated from the pre-

steel tank with a dimension of [2400 x 3600 x 1200 (H) ] mm3 . The pre-steel water

tank is able to supply up to 2400 gallons of water for both blocks during crucial

times.

5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General

Most buildings are equipped with domestic water system with the sole purpose

to provide a safe, healthy supply of potable water, at an adequate temperature and

pressure, to all plumbing fixtures within a building. Furthermore the water

distribution system varies materially from the drain, waste and vent system.

2.2 Distribution System in a Low Rise Building

Distribution system for 4 to 5 storey high buildings is using an upfeed system

where the pressure is sufficient enough to distribute water throughout an entire

building. Distributions to all floors are done by implementing a single pressure zone

in which it uses the water main as the source of water supply for continuous

supplying. The height that served without pumps to boost the water pressure depends

on the available pressure in the water main, the requirement of the fixtures, and

applicable plumbing code. When there is no flow in the building, the condition is

known as static pressure but once the water flows in the system the pressure will

subsequently loss due to friction losses. From here the residual pressure is obtained

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