Faculty of Engineering - ir.unimas.my of temporal rainfall... · Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di...

DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPORAL RAINFALL PATTERNS FOR

SABAH AND SARAWAK

Mohd.Azkarmin Bin Mohd.Adenan

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

2010

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPORAL RAINFALL PATTERNS

FOR SABAH AND SARAWAK

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005/2006

Saya MOHD.AZKARMIN BIN MOHD.ADENAN

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia

Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.

4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis

ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan

Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/

badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: QTRS. NO. 68, KM 2 ½,

JALAN OYA, 96400

MUKAH,SARAWAK. PN ROSMINA AHMAD BUSTAMI

(Nama Penyelia)

Tarikh: Tarikh:

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.

** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi

berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai

SULIT dan TERHAD.

APPROVAL SHEET

Final Year Project Report below:

Title : Development of Temporal Rainfall Patterns for Sabah and Sarawak

Author : Mohd.Azkarmin Bin Mohd.Adenan

Metric No. : 14531

This thesis been read and certified by:

__________________________ ________________________

Pn. Rosmina Ahmad Bustami Date

Supervisor

DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPORAL RAINFALL PATTERNS FOR

SABAH AND SARAWAK

MOHD.AZKARMIN BIN MOHD.ADENAN

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with

Honours (Civil Engineering)

ii

Dedication to......

My Father and Mother,

Mohd.Adenan& Habsah

My Sibling sisters,

Especially my late sister, Kak Azizah

All my friends,

Especially Lukman and UNIMAS community

My Dear,

Thanks for supporting me with love and encouragement,

May Allah S.W.T blessed all of us…

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, Thank you to Allah S.W.T for blessing, the lesson, the

tears and the joy. Firstly, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude

to my supervisor, Mdm Rosmina Bt Ahmad Bustami. Her wide knowledge and

her logical way of thinking have been of great value for me. Without her help

and kindness it is impossible to complete this report. Thank you again.

I am grateful to all my family members, who played the major role in

giving me an endless guidance and support throughout my study in UNIMAS.

Without their encouragement and understanding it would have been impossible

for me to finish this paper. My acknowledgment also goes to Department of

Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Sabah and Sarawak for providing me the data.

Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge each and every person

who has contributed directly or indirectly to the success of this report. Thank

you from the bottom of my heart and May Allah bless you all.

iv

ABSTRAK

Umumnya, purata hujan tahunan bagi Sabah dan Sarawak di antara 1500mm-

4000mm yakni sekurang-kurangnya 20% hingga 40% lebih hujan daripada

Semenanjung Malaysia. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan tujuan membangunkan

corak hujan ‘temporal’ untuk Sabah dan Sarawak kerana tidak sesuai

merekabentuk sistem perparitan banjir berpandukan corak hujan ‘temporal’

Semenanjung Malaysia. Data hujan 5 minit selama 2000-2008 diperolehi dan

dianalisa untuk menyediakan corak hujan temporal melalui ‘Method of Average

Variability’ yang digunapakai dari Australian Rainfall and Runoff (AR&R) 1987

dan cara dalam Hydrological Procedure No.1-1982. 11 stesen kaji hujan yang

terdiri daripada 5 stesen dari Sabah dan 6 stesen dari Sarawak dipilih

berdasarkan kelengkapan dan pertindihan data dari segi pekali tersedia dan

tempoh rekod yang panjang. Beberapa kriteria dalam pemilihan stesen utama

dibuat bagi merekabentuk dan menghasilkan corak yang lebih persis. Hasil dari

kajian ini menunjukkan corak hujan temporal di antara Pantai Timur

Semenanjung Malaysia dengan Sabah dan Sarawak adalah sangat berbeza iaitu

kira-kira 10% perbezaan perbandingan. Apabila jumlah keseluruhan hujan

secara relatifnya tinggi, perbezaan itu memberi kesan yang ketara. Maka,

penghasilan corak hujan temporal untuk Sabah dan Sarawak disyorkan kerana

ianya lebih relevan dan mewakili kawasan ini secara khusus.

v

ABSTRACT

In general, average annual rainfall for Sabah and Sarawak ranges from 1,500

mm to 4,000 mm which are about 20 % to 40 % more rainfall than Peninsular

Malaysia. This study carried out in order to develop temporal rainfall pattern

for Sabah and Sarawak as it is not applicable for designation of Sabah and

Sarawak flood drainage system in accordance to Peninsular Malaysia temporal

pattern. 5 minutes rainfall dataset in period of 2000-2008 collected and analyzed

to determine temporal rainfall pattern through Average Variability Method

(AVM) which utilized from Australian Rainfall and Runoff (AR&R) 1987 and

method in Hydrological Procedure No.1-1982. 11 rainfall stations which consist

of 5 stations from Sabah and 6 stations from Sarawak were selected with

complete and overlapping data in terms of available variables and long period of

observation. Several criteria for choosing the key stations were made in order to

precisely construct and generate the patterns. The result of this study showed

that the temporal rainfall patterns between East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

with Sabah& Sarawak was very much different which indicates roughly about

10% in comparison. When the total rainfall amount is relatively high, this

difference will give significant impact. Thus, the development of temporal

rainfall pattern for Sabah and Sarawak would be best recommended as it is

more relevant and represent the region specifically.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstrak iv

Abstract v

Table of Content vi

List of Tables ix

List of Figures xi

List of Abbreviations and Notations xv

List of Appendices xvi

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction of Study 1

1.2 Objective 3

1.3 Problem Statement 3

1.4 Temporal Rainfall Pattern Based on

Regionalization Zone 5

1.5 Outline of Chapters 6

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 General Overview 7

2.2 Rainfall 8

2.3 Rainfall Characteristics 9

2.3.1 Size and Shape 9

2.3.2 Intensity and Duration 9

vii

2.3.3 Intensity and Area 10

2.3.4 Intensity and Drop Size 10

2.3.5 Drop Size and Terminal Velocity 10

2.3.6 Rainfall Distribution and Supply 10

2.4 Rainfall Scenario in Malaysia 10

2.4.1 Monsoon Rains 11

2.4.2 The North East Monsoon 12

2.5 Design Rainfall Temporal Patterns 13

2.6 Temporal Rainfall Pattern in Malaysia 14

2.7 Temporal Pattern for Standard Duration 17

2.8 Methods Applied 24

2.9 Regionalization Zone of Temporal Rainfall

Pattern 32

2.10 Summary of Literature Review 35

Chapter 3 Methodology

3.1 Overview of the Research Methodology 36

3.2 Scope of Study 37

3.3 Record of Rainfall Data 41

3.4 Rainfall Duration 43

3.5 Extraction of Data 43

3.6 Designing Temporal Rainfall Patterns 46

3.7 Application of Average Variability M ethod

(AVM) 47

3.8 Comparison of Temporal Rainfall Patterns 51

3.9 Summary of Methodology 51

viii

Chapter 4 Result and Analysis

4.1 Rainfall Data Analysis 53

4.2 Derivation by using Method of Average

Variability 54

4.3 Mean Temporal Rainfall Patterns for Sabah

and Sarawak 67

4.4 Temporal Rainfall Pattern Comparison 84

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion 97

5.2 Recommendation 100

References 102

Appendix A 105

Appendix B 111

Appendix C 115

Appendix D 126

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Categorization of Rainfall Intensity 13

2.2 Standard Durations for Urban Stormwater

Drainage

17

2.3 Time interval for distribution of rainfall 19

2.4 Temporal Rainfall Patterns of Peninsular

Malaysia (West Coast)

21

2.5 Temporal Rainfall Patterns of Peninsular

Malaysia (East Coast)

22

2.6 AR&R 1987 temporal patterns for 30

minutes duration

25

2.7 Method of Average Variability (Pilgrim et

al., 1969)

27

2.8 Temporal rainfall pattern for Sarawak 31

2.9 Regional climatic groups of Borneo 33

3.1 Selected rainfall stations 39

3.2 First ten ranked storm for Kuching Third

Mile Rainfall Station (1503083)

45

3.3 Method of Average Variability for 15

minutes Duration of Sri Aman Airport

Rainfall Station

50

4.1 Percentage (%) Rainfall in each time period

for individual station (10 minutes duration)

55



56



57



59

x


for individual station (120 minutes

duration)

61


for individual station (180minutes duration)

63


for individual station (360 minutes

duration)

65

4.8 Temporal Rainfall Patterns for 11 selected

Rainfall Stations of Sabah and Sarawak

69


Rainfall Stations of Sabah

74


Rainfall Stations of Sarawak

79

4.11 Comparison of Temporal Rainfall Patterns

between Sabah & Sarawak and East Cost of

Peninsular

86

5.1 Temporal Rainfall Patterns for Sabah and

Sarawak

99

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 Example of the under-estimation of a

Hydrograph by Discretisation

16

2.2 Rainfall stations used in the temporal storm

pattern study

18

2.3 Work Breakdown Structure for Developing the

Temporal Rainfall Patterns

29

2.4 Final regional climatic groups for Borneo 34

3.1 Sabah and Sarawak River Basins 38

3.2

Location of Selected Rainfall Station in Sabah

and Sarawak

40

3.3 Methodology Flow Chart 52

4.1

Temporal Rainfall Patterns in 10 minutes

duration for individual station

55

4.2

Temporal Rainfall Patterns in 15 minutes


56

4.3 Temporal Rainfall Patterns in 30 minutes


58



60



62



64



66

4.8 Sabah and Sarawak temporal Rainfall Patterns

for 10 minutes duration

70



70

4.10 Sabah and Sarawak temporal Rainfall Patterns 71

xii




71



72



72



73

4.15 Sabah temporal Rainfall Patterns for 10

minutes duration

75


minutes duration

75


minutes duration

76


minutes duration

76


minutes duration

77


minutes duration

77


minutes duration

78

4.22 Sarawak temporal Rainfall Patterns for 10

minutes duration

80


minutes duration

80


minutes duration

81


minutes duration

81


minutes duration

82


minutes duration

82

xiii


minutes duration

83

4.29 Comparison of temporal rainfall pattern for

Sabah and Sarawak to east coast of peninsular

Malaysia for 10 minutes

87




87




88




88




89




89




90


Sabah, Sarawak and east coast of peninsular


92




93




93




94




94

xiv




95




95

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS

ARI Average Recurrence Interval

AR&R 1987 Australian Rainfall and Runoff 1987

AVM Average Variability Method

DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage

HP Hydrological Procedure

MASMA Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia

MMD Malaysian Meteorological Department

min Minute

mm Millimeters

WRP Water Resources Publication

˚C Degree Celsius

No. Number

% Percent

m2 Meter square

xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Temporal Patterns for Peninsular Malaysia

(Hydrological Procedure No. 1) 105

Appendix B Temporal Patterns - West Coast and

East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (MASMA) 111

Appendix C First 10 ranked storm for each duration

for selected rainfall station 115

Appendix D Method of average variability for each

duration for selected rainfall station 126

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Study

In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky

as part of the weather. This includes snow, rain, sleet, freezing rain and hail.

Precipitation is a major part of the hydrologic cycle, and is responsible for

depositing most of the fresh water on the planet.

Rainfall is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena. It has a

strong impact on the global-scale atmospheric circulation as well as on local

weather. As Rahman, A. et al. (2005) stated, a rainfall event is distinguished by

its rainfall duration, average rainfall intensity of a particular average

recurrence interval (ARI) and rainfall temporal pattern.

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Water/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Weather/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Snow/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Rain/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Sleet/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Freezing_rain/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Hail/

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Fresh_water/

2

A temporal rainfall pattern is the distribution of total rainfall depth over

certain time interval within a given rainfall duration. Temporal rainfall pattern

is important in flood estimation study. In an engineering field of work, It is very

useful in practically such as designing of hydrology structures, studies of

irrigation or drainage, flood emaciation and flood insurance studies.

According to MASMA (2000), the temporal distribution of rainfall within

the design rainstorm is an important factor that affects the runoff volume and

the magnitude and the timing of the peak discharge. Rainfall temporal patterns

design is used to represent the typical variation of rainfall intensities during a

typical storm burst. In preparing an adequate drainage and stormwater

management designs, there is a need to know and studies of rainfall processes

and the significance of the rainfall design data is a necessary.

Malaysia has much higher frequency and intensity of rainfall compared

in most countries, especially those with temperate climates. As Ramzah D. and

Jones, P. (2008) stated, a regional climate classification is an attempt to divide a

region into several homogenous groups based on long-term average climatic

behavior. The changes in climate should not affect the result of the regional

classification. Temporal classification is to group each individual day into one of

several identified modes. These modes, which will be changing on daily basis,

are described by specific spatial patterns of climatic variables which are

precipitation and temperature. Although these two classifications are created

from different variables and different methods, they are mutually

3

complementary and describe the local climate in Borneo that includes Sabah

and Sarawak. Certain types of weather might be more associated with certain

groups of climatic divisions.

1.2 Objective

The objectives of this project are:

a) To develop a temporal rainfall pattern for Sabah and Sarawak

b) To compare it with temporal rainfall patterns for East Coast of

Peninsular Malaysia.

1.3 Problem Statement

Malaysia consists of two large land masses separated over 500 km apart,

by the South China Sea. West Malaysia or peninsular Malaysia is a continuum

of the Asia continent while East Malaysia, comprising the states of Sabah,

Sarawak and the Federal Territory of Labuan, is situated on the island of

Borneo. The country occupies about 330,000 km2 of land area, of which 40% is

the Peninsula and 60% East Malaysia. (River Basin Initiative Malaysia, 2002)

4

As River Basin Initiative Malaysia (2002) stated, the annual mean

rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia is approximately 2,540 mm, with most

precipitation occurring during the southwest monsoon (September to December)

as opposed to East Malaysia which receives most of its rainfall during the

northeast monsoon (October to February). Sabah's average rainfall is 2,630 mm

and Sarawak's is approximately 3,850 mm.

As MASMA (2000) stated, no temporal pattern data is available in

Hydrological Procedure No. 26 for Sabah and Sarawak (1983) (HP No. 26).

MASMA (2000) explained that as the climatic behavior for Sabah and Sarawak

are nearest to the East Coast than the West Coast, the pattern for the East

Coast could be used as for preliminary studies. However, In general, Sabah and

Sarawak receive a greater amount of rainfall than Peninsular Malaysia (Ayu

W.A. et al, 2008). As International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage, ICID

(2009) stated, average annual rainfall for Sabah and Sarawak ranges from 1,500

mm to 4,000 mm which are about 20 % to 40 % more rainfall than Peninsular

Malaysia. Thus, it is not applicable for designation of Sabah and Sarawak flood

drainage system in accordance to East Coast temporal rainfall pattern. Sabah

and Sarawak, with an average annual rainfall of 3000 mm (Jesselton

Communications, 2000) indicates that there is a need for further study on the

design rainfall event in this region.

5

1.4 Temporal Rainfall Pattern Based on Regionalization Zone.

Rainfall distribution is a result of many factors, including the

atmospheric circulation, the continental pattern, the coastal design, the location

of major mountainous massifs, the distance from the ocean, and other site

factors. (Descroix, L. et al, 2001)

The regionalization of precipitation has been the subject of much

research for almost all types of climates. The influence of zonal and regional

factors is also determined in regional monographs where the role of local

variables such as relief, vegetation, general roughness of landscape and others,

is described in relation to the large-scale circulation scheme.

A regionalization zone is an attempt to spatially divide Sabah and

Sarawak into several climatic divisions according on distinct surface climatic

features. On the other hand, temporal classification is to determine the most

significant weather features on daily basis, thus classify all days into one of the

identified modes.

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