Factors that help us to understand why change took place...

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Key Topic 2.1500–1700: The Medical Renaissance.To what extent did the ideas about the causes of illness

change 1500-1700, and how did they impact on approaches to treatment and prevention?

John Dunstall:Account of the Great Plague of London in 1665

Case Study:William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood.

Dealing with the Great Plague in London, 1665: approaches to treatment and attempts to prevent its spread.?

Thomas Tallis School, History Department. Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9-1) in History (1HI0)1


Language and Literacy Key Terms and their meanings in Medicine 1500-1700.

apothecary A person who made medicines using herbs and spices.

Change To make or become different

Christian Church From the 1530s Reformation had two branches, the Protestant and Catholic churches

Continuity To remain the same

Great Plague A bubonic plague of 1666

anatomist A researcher of anatomy who discovered how the heart worked like a pump pushing blood around the body.

Impact The result of something

Licensed doctors Permission to treat from those in authority over the medical profession

Midwife A woman who assists women in childbirth

Physician A trained doctor

Public health The standard of living conditions and general health of the people

Quack A doctor without a licence who diagnosis illness and prescribes medicine

Reformation The division in the Christian Church between Catholics and Protestants in the 1530s

Renaissance The rebirth of learning by analysing ancient thinkers and arriving at new ideas

Royal Society A group set up in 1660 to enable educated people to discuss scientific ideas.

Scientific Revolution Changes in the 1600’s in all branches of the sciences and technology which led to the development of new ideas in medicine.

Supernatural Not belonging to the natural world

Surgeon Someone who deal with wounds or treatments that involve cutting the body

Unlicensed doctors Doctors without a licence from those in authority over the medical profession.

Vesalius Professor of surgery and anatomy who experimented and questioned Galen’s work.



(I) In a Nutshell: Overview of Medicine 15-1700

Content overview

1 Ideas about the cause of disease and illnessContinuity and change in explanations of the cause of disease and illness. A scientific approach, including the work of Thomas Sydenham in improving diagnosis. The influence of the printing press and the work of the Royal Society on the transmission of ideas.

2 Approaches to prevention and treatmentContinuity in approaches to prevention, treatment and care in the community and in hospitals.Change in care and treatment: improvements in medical training and the influence in England of the work of Vesalius.

3 Case studyKey individual: William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood.Dealing with the Great Plague in London, 1665: approaches to treatment and attempts to prevent its spread.



(II) Causes and Analysis of developments:What factors help us to understand change and continuity in Medical

developments 1500-1700?Focus : Factors of change and continuity in Medical developments 1500-1700.

Activity 1 Factors that help us to understand why change took place in Medicine 1500-1700.

Role of IndividualsVesalius discovered that Galen’s work about how blood moved through the heart was incorrect. Later Harvey was to discover how the heart worked like a pump, pumping the same blood around the body. Thomas Sydenham adopted a scientific approach to improve diagnosis.

New IdeasThe Medical Renaissance witnessed the study and questioning of the Greek and Roman doctors, which looked to the natural world for answers. The Scientific Revolution, of 1600 onwards, led to a search for empirical evidence and the importance of enquiry. There was a decline in supernatural explanations by the very end of this period

Role of GovernmentEuropean countries developed more coherent systems of government that began to accept some responsibility for public health. At moments of crises eg Great Plague 1665, the authorities made regulations.

CHANGE 1500-1700

Science and Technology

New technology was developed in the 1600s like microscopes to analyse matter more closely. The development of the pump and clocks inspired new ideas about the functioning of the body. Developments in Chemistry also enabled analyses of chemicals that made up the human body

WarDuring the period there were numerous wars in Europe, and this gave opportunities for surgeons like Pare to practise their jobs on the battlefields where new injuries led to experimentation and new methods in surgery.

Communication and Education

As a result of the Medical Renaissance and Scientific Revolution, new groups were founded to discuss medical matters. In Britain The Royal Society was founded in 1645 which published pamphlets about new ideas



Activity 2Factors that help us to understand why continuity took place in Medicine 1500-1700

Role of IndividualsThe influence of the Greek doctor Hippocrates and Roman doctor Galen continued to be strong in terms of diagnosis and treatment. They remained important in medical education, for the first half of this time period.

Old IdeasIdeas on the causes of illness continued to be based on the Greek theory of the four humours, along with other general ideas about miasma (bad air) and astrological causes. The influence of the Church remained great, for the first half of this period.

Role of GovernmentIt was widely considered that it was not the role of government to become too involved in managing the lives of people. This was often the case in public health and private companies stepped in to solve local problems such as water and sanitation.

FACTORS OF CONTINUITY 1500-

1700


The power of new technology like microscopes was very limited, and could not lead to new treatment until after 1800. There was still much to be discovered in Chemistry and biology

WarWar, such as the English Civil War and the time of the Republic 1642-1660 caused general disruption to society and divert resources away from medical learning. This along with the destruction of ancient medical books was a significant barrier to progress in medicine.

Communication and Education

The Church retained its position as the centre of academic provision and keeper of Ancient texts. Despite the development of printing in the 1500’s access to medical texts and learning remained the privilege of the few.



Activity 3What was reborn in the Medical Renaissance?During the Medieval period the Church had restricted the spirit of rational and scientific enquiry. The Renaissance challenged this. p64-65

The Renaissance

Impact of the Black death

1

2

Wealth and education 1

2

Galen translated 1

2

Changing attitudes 1

2

So what was re-born 1

2

Not everyone agreed 1

2



Activity 4What was the scientific revolution and what was its impact on medicine? Complete the following thinking matrix on the scientific revolution using DBL SHP Medicine tect p74-75.

What was this new science?Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stepping stones to the future

1

2

3

4

5



Activity 5A scientific revolution but no better health!Explain why the discoveries of the scientific revolution didn’t make people any healthier by 1700.



Activity 6 How far did changing ideas impact on medicine in the period 1500-1700?Analyse how far changing ideas impacted on medicine by plotting your own living graph and labelling some of the significant points related to changing ideas on it.

Even by the late 1700’s microscopes were not powerful enough to see some of the tiny micro organisms that need to be analysed to understand illness.

Descartes ideas on deductive reasoning to explain things in the natural world had had an important impact by 1650, and resulted in learned societies.

Up to 1500 there had been very little questioning of the work of the Ancient doctors Hippocrates and Galen. Their ideas were still dominant in the medical schools.

There was little development in the ideas about the causes and treatment of illness despite the work of Vesalius and Harvey.

Breakthroughs in scientific thinking in Physics and Chemistry did not result in new approaches to medicine and treatment of illness till well after 1800.

More knowledge of Chemistry as needed by 1700 to understand the complexity of the human body. Even the gases that made up the air were not discovered until 1777.



Activity 7 Exam style questions2 Explain one way in which people’s reactions to the plague in Britain were similar in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. 4 marks

3 Explain why there was a scientific revolution in Medicine by the 17th Century.You may use the following in your answer:

● Andreas Vesalius● William Harvey

You must also use information of your own. 12 marks

Answer EITHER Question 4 OR Question 5.

EITHER4 ‘There was little progress in medicine in Britain during the Renaissance period (c1500–c1700).’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 16 marks + 4 SPAG. You may use the following in your answer:•the work of William Harvey•bloodletting and purgingYou must also use information of your own



Focus 1. How far did ideas about the causes of illness change 1500-1700?Focus : Changing ideas about the Causes of illness.

Continuity and change in explanations of the cause of disease and illness. A scientific approach, including the work of Thomas Sydenham in improving diagnosis. The influence of the printing press and the work of the Royal Society on the transmission of ideas.

Activity 1Activity 1: How far did ideas on the causes of disease from the Medieval period continue to be used in the period 1500-1700? Describe the idea and tick if it continued in the period 1500-1750 by completing the following thinking matrix using DC SHP Medicine text p88

Ideas of causes Description of ideas Still believed in 1500-1700?

The Four Humours

Astrological ideas

Spiritual explanations

Bad Air



Activity 2How far were beliefs about the causes of the Great Plague 1665 the same as those for the Black Death in the 14th century?Analyse the extent of change in explanation of causes of epidemics between the Black Death 1348 and the Great Plague 1665, using DC SHP Medicine text p71, and inference from how people responded, p72

Explanations of the causes of the Black Death in 1348

Evidence that this continued to be seen as a cause during the Great Plague

More or less significant by the time of the Great Plague?

Punishment from God- Most common reason given for outbreaks in general & specific cases

The positioning of planets- the unusual positioning of Jupiter, Mars and Saturn

Poisonous fumes or Miasma (bad air)- Rubbish in the streets was discussed

Imbalance of Four Humours- Seen to explain why some got it and not others.

The influence of a minority group in society (Jews, strangers, witches)

Evidence of other explanation, which shows a change from explanations of the causes of the Black Death: Person to person contact-



Activity 3Vesalius’s research leads to different conclusions than Galen! Complete the following fact file on Vesalius using DBL SHP Medicine text p70-71.

Vesalius 1514-64Biography

The story of anatomy so far

Vesalius Achievements

1

2

3

4

5



Activity 4: How important is Vesalius in the development of Medicine?Complete the following questions using DBL SHP Medicine text p71. The answers will enable you to understand the impact of Vesalius work in the development of medical knowledge.

How did he do it?

How did he do it?

1.Technology

2.Individual Genius

3. Art

4. Attitudes

Don’t Exaggerate

Many doctors refused to accept Galen could be wrong

Nobody was healthier as a result of Vesalius work


1

2

3



4

Activity 5What was the Royal Society and what was its impact? Use DBL SHP Medicine text p74

The Work of the Royal Society? Top 5 points1

2

3

4

5

Activity 6Thomas Sydenham Read through you copy of the following text and underline key words.

English physician Thomas Sydenham stressed the importance of bedside practice and observation. Sydenham was a zealous puritan. His studies at Oxford were cut short by the Civil War, during which he served with the parliamentary army. He was probably seriously injured during the war, which may have prompted his interest in medicine. Sydenham continued to work in government service after the war. He also pursued medical studies, possibly largely self-taught. Sydenham was finally licensed in 1663 and favoured practical experience over book learning. He rejected on religious grounds attempts such as pathological anatomy and microscopic analysis to uncover the hidden causes of disease. He argued God only gave man the ability to perceive the outer nature of things with his senses. Sydenham valued methodical observation and practical experience of medicine over a search for causes. He developed the concept of ‘species’ of disease to improve medical diagnosis by describing and classifying different illnesses. Sydenham’s classification of diseases was incorporated into learned medicine.

Answer the following questions: a)What factors aided Sydenham with his work?



b)What contribution to medicine did Sydenham make?

Activity 7Why did things begin to change in ideas about the causes of illness?Explain why ideas about the causes of illness began to change 1350-1750 by completing the following mind map using the sorting activity below.

IndividualsVesalius proved that Galen could be wrong about human anatomy.This encouraged research and development in the search for the causes of illness.

Harvey shown how the heart worked like a pump to push the same blood around the body and that this undermined the idea of balancing the humours as a cause.

Sydenham developed the classification of different types of diseases

New ideasThe Medical Renaissance encouraged new research into anatomy and physiology of the human body and the cause of illness.

The Scientific Revolution and the encouragement of Descartes deductive reasoning encouraged the questioning of old assumptions about the causes of illness

The Church’s control over ideas declined with the Reformation and dissolution of the monasteries

GovernmentDuring times of epidemics local and central government began to become increasingly involved in regulating health, and these were informed by new ideas.

Government became increasingly involved in regulating the education and training of licensed doctors in diagnosing and treating illness from 1600.

Reasons why ideas about the causes of

illness began to change 1500-1700.

Science and TechnologyA greater understanding of Chemistry led to greater understanding of Chemical processes and reactions inside the human body eg stomache.

Microscopes began to emerge in the 1600’s that were powerful enough to begin to analyse matter previously naked to the human eye.

WarThe disruption brought about by war and ensuing disease led to ideas about the causes of illness possibly lying in regulating public health.

Peace and stability often meant that resources could be focussed on research and discovery of the causes of illness through education.

Communication and education

Learned societies such as the Royal Society in Britain led the way in research and discussion on the causes of illness.

The control and influence of the Church was increasingly in decline in education, and this, along with the invention of printing, encouraged new ideas into causes

Activity 8



How far did ideas about the causes of disease change in the period 1500-1700?Analyse how far ideas about the causes of disease began to change by plotting your own living graph and labelling some of the significant points related to changing ideas about the causes of disease on it.

The Reformation and Renaissance together resulted in a climate when old ideas were questioned. Although new explanations of the causes of disease did not yet appear, more natural ideas such as the spread of ideas by human to human contact developed importance in this period

The impact of the Scientific Revolution led to new knowledge in Chemistry and Physics that were used to understand the body. This was an important stepping stone to future understanding of causes of disease.

The Church continued to be very influential in education on causes of illness, and that they were linked to the spiritual world and demons.

The deductive reasoning of Descartes was increasingly used tin research and the results were spread by the Royal Society from 1650. This provided a context and approach for future researc into the causes of disease.

Traditional explanations such as the 4 humours, supernatural explanations, the influence of the stars and planets and bad air all continued through much of this period

By 1700 microscopes were still not powerful enough to identify the micro- organisms that were essential to the understanding of the causes of illness.

Activity 9



Exam style questions3 Explain one way in which people’s reactions to the plague in Britain were similar in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. 4 marks








Focus 2. How far did approaches to treatment of illness change 1500-1700?Focus Change in treatments and preventions.

Continuity in approaches to prevention, treatment and care in the community and in hospitals.Change in care and treatment: improvements in medical training and the influence in England of the work of Vesalius.

Activity 1How far and in what ways did the Medical Renaissance change hospitals? Complete the following thinking matrix using DBL SHP Medicine text p78-79.

Hospitals

Hospitals before the Renaissance

1

2

The effects of the Renaissance on hospitals

1

2

Patients 1

2

Treatments 1

2

Doctors and nurses

1

2



Activity 2Physician training DBL SHP Medicine text p76

Physician’s and their training

A physician’s training c1500

1

2

3

4

William Hunter 1

2

3

A physician’s training in the late 1700s

1

2

3

4



Activity 3Where else could you go for help? DBL SHP Medicine text p79.

What care could they offer you?

1 Apothecary. 1

2

3

2 Women and everyday medicine.

1

2

3

3 Quacks and healers 1

2

3



Activity 4Every day treatments changing? p80

Were every day treatments changing?

1 Bleeding and purging.

1

2

3

2 Herbal remedies. 1

2

3

3 New ingredients from abroad

1

2

3

4 Spiritual and Magical cures

1

2

3



Activity 5Why did things begin to change in approaches to treatment and prevention of illness by 1700?Explain why ideas about approaches to treatment and prevention of illness began to change 1500-1700 by completing the following mind map using the sorting activity below.

IndividualsVesalius and Harvey’s disproof of Galen’s teachings and improvements in anatomical understanding meant that others were more willing to question and experiment.

William Hunter had a big impact on the fields of obstetrics (managing childbirth) and general medical training. They encouraged students to carefully observe patient’s symptoms and to experiment to test treatments.

New ideasThe Medical Renaissance encouraged new research into anatomy and physiology of the human body. The Scientific Revolution and the encouragement of Descartes deductive reasoning encouraged the questioning of old assumptions about the treatment of illness.These developments led to an emphasis on natural responses to illness and a decline in magical and spiritual cures by the end of this period.

GovernmentDuring times of epidemics local and central government began to become increasingly involved in regulating health, and these were informed by new ideas.

Government became increasingly involved in regulating the education and training of licensed doctors in diagnosing and treating illness from 1600.

Reasons why approaches to treatment and prevention of

illness began to change 1500-1700.

Science and TechnologyA greater understanding of Chemistry led to greater understanding of Chemical processes and reactions inside the human body eg stomach.

War

The limited outbreaks of war in the 17th and 18th centuries led to peace and stability. This meant that resources could be focussed the domestic needs of the country

Education and communicationLearned societies such as the Royal Society in Britain led the way in research and discussion on the treatment of illness.Training moved from being



Microscopes began to emerge in the 1600’s that were powerful enough to begin to analyse matter previously naked to the human eye and impact of treatments.

and investment was made in education and an increased focus went on development and innovation.

controlled by the Church to being developed by surgeons and physicians. Students were encouraged to think for themselves. Training schools were set up in Edinburgh and in London by the Hunter family

Activity 6How far did ideas about the treatment and prevention of disease change in the period 1500-1700?

Analyse how far ideas about the treatment and prevention of disease began to change by plotting your own living graph and labelling some of the significant points related to changing ideas about the treatment and prevention of disease on it.

Treatments based on the theory of the four humours continued to be used eg bloodletting, throughout the period.

With the voyages of discovery and increase trade, herbal treatments altered with the access to new herbal ingredients and remedies from abroad.

Harvey showed by 1628 that the same blood was pumped around the body by the heart so that treatments like bloodletting had little effect as a treatment.



The scientific revolution and deductive reasoning led to greater careful observation of patients and their symptoms and, therefore, a gradual refinement of treatments. This approach was encouraged by the Hunter’s in their training.

By 1750 microscopes were still unable to identify the micro- organisms that cause illness, and therefore treatments could not advance very much.

Chemistry was developing as a science to analyse the human body, but there was still much to discover before effective treatments could be established.

Activity 7









Focus 3. Case studyKey individual: William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood.Dealing with the Great Plague in London, 1665: approaches to treatment and attempts to prevent its spread.

Activity 1Harvey’s research leads to different conclusions than Galen! Complete the following fact file on Vesalius using DBL SHP Medicine text p72-3.

Harvey 1578-1657Biography

The story of anatomy so far

Harvey’s Achievements

1

2

3

4

5



Activity 2: How Important is Harvey in the development of Medicine?Complete the following questions using DBL SHP Medicine text p72. The answers will enable you to understand the impact of Vesalius work in the development of medical knowledge.

How did he do it?

How did he do it?

1 Technology

2 Attitudes

3 Individual Genius

4 Communications

Don’t Exaggerate

There was still much more to discover about the blood.

Harvey’s discovery was only gradually accepted

Harvey’s discovery did not make anyone better.


1

2

3



Activity 3The Great Plague 1665.Complete the following scroll to record the events of the great plague of 1665 using DC SHP Medicine text p71-72 and WB SHP text p90-91

The Great Plague 1665

When and where did the Great Plague occur?

How many people died as a result of the Plague?

What actions did the Mayor and his Council make in order to deal with the Great Plague?

What were the limitations to the effectiveness of the authorities’ responses?

Why were most of the measures taken ineffective?



Activity 4400 years and little improvement in Public Health.

Individuals

Local individuals largely did not want to fund or pay taxes to make a provision to make better public health provision.

Monarchs did not consider it their responsibility to make adequate provision for public health, water supply, sewers and refuse collection.

New ideas

Ideas about the causes and treatment of disease were still largely based on balancing the Four Humours or bad air and not linked strongly enough to public health. Therefore, they did not understand what should be done, to deal with the problem effectively

Government

There was no adequate national government body established to organise and co-ordinate the work of making towns cleaner places. Even during epidemics, the authorities’ actions were very limited in effect.

Local authorities did little to tackle problems, as there was local resistance from those who would have to pay rates or taxes to cover the cost.

Reasons why public health provision showed

little improvement1500-1700.


The technology of providing and ensuring the provision of clean water supply had not been sufficiently developed to deal with the problems of large towns.

The technology of water closets and drainage systems had not been sufficiently developed to deal with the problems of larger towns

War

Wars often diverted government expenditure away from schemes and ideas to improve public health.

Wars could often disrupt what little local provision there already was eg The English Civil War 1642-49.

Communication and education

There was no research or education on the public health problems of towns.



Activity 5How far did public health change in the period 1500-1700? Analyse how far ideas about public health began to change by plotting your own living graph and labelling some of the significant points related to changing public health on it.

Before 1350 little progress had been made in public health. No one expected local government to provide water, sewers or collect rubbish. People had to pay for cesspits to be emptied. Any improvements were paid for by local individuals.

The Black Death of 1348 encouraged some towns to introduce by-laws like fines for rubbish and mess, digging ditches as drainage, making privies available and trying to locate water supply away from cesspits.

As towns grew bigger after the Black Death of 1348, public health became a bigger problem with no wide provision for water supply, sewers and drainage or rubbish collection. Some places had by-laws that regulated some aspects of public health eg public baths.

The Great Plague of 1665 saw more regulations of public health by government including making people responsible for sweeping and cleaning streets, controlling the sale of food, and fumigating areas.

By 1613 the project of supplying fresh water to London was complete after receiving funding from private individuals and King James I. However the quality of the water could not be monitored effectively.

Flushing toilets and adequate sewers were not able to develop comprehensively until the mid 1800s, cesspits and privies at to be cleared by local businesses and there was no local or national health authorities.



Activity 6









SECTION B: Medicine in Britain, c1250–presentAnswer Questions 3 and 4. Then answer EITHER Question 5 OR 6.

3 Explain one way in which people’s reactions to the plague in Britain were similar in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. 4 marks



4 Explain why there was rapid change in the treatment of illness in Britain during the twentieth century.You may use the following in your answer:•magic bullets•high-tech treatmentYou must also use information of your own. 12 marks



(Iii) Assessment for Learning Puzzle practise : Medicine and Public Health 1500-1700

In the puzzle there will be three compulsory questions and two optional questions covering the core content of Medicine and public health 50-2000. The content will come from either one or a combination of the key themes (ideas, causes, treatments and public health) covered in each of the key questions;· The impact of changing ideas on the development of Medicine 1250-2000.· The understanding of the causes of disease 1250-2000.· The understanding of the methods of treatment and prevention 1250-2000.· The development of public health provision 1250-2000. The following examples are focussed on content from the second key question medicine 1250-1500.

Exam Practise

There are two sections in this question paper. Answer all Parts of Question 1 from Section A. From Section B, answer Questions 2 and 3 and then EITHER Question 4 OR Question 5.


4 Explain why there was little change in the treatment of illness in Britain during the 17th Century.You may use the following in your answer:

● new ingredients for medicines from the new world● balancing the four humours






SECTION B: Medicine in Britain, c1250–presentAnswer Questions 2 and 3. Then answer EITHER Question 4 OR 5.

3 Explain one way in which people’s reactions to the plague in Britain were similar in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. 4 marks



4 Explain why there was little change in the treatment of illness in Britain during the 17th Century.You may use the following in your answer:

● new ingredients for medicines from the new world● balancing the four humours




Trigger Memory Activity for Medicine 1500-1700Trigger Words Trigger Picture Add Trigger

Points from your notes

Factors of Change and Continuity with Medieval World

●●●●

Reasons for Continuity with Medieval World

●●●●

Vesalius and impact.

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Harvey and impact.

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Medical Renaissance and impact

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Scientific Revolution and impaact

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The Royal Society ●●●●



Thomas Sydenham

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Great Plague1665

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Treatments 1500-1700

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Training and methods of doctors and healers by 1700

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Trigger Memory Story Medicine 1500-1700

The story must be very imaginative. It must involve you seeing, talking and doing things. It must link the ten trigger words together in the form of a continuous story. You should then rehearse the story and commit it to your long term memory to be recalled when necessary. This will take some effort but will be very useful! Use different colours to write the trigger words in your story.



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Factors that help us to understand why change took place...

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