Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan

7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan

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Topic:

Factor of Effective Production of Wheat

Prepared By:

Shamila Ali

ID: shamilaali2003

Submitted To:

Sir, Mustafa Haider

Dated: June 13, 2011


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Table of ContentsLetter of Authorization ..................................................................................................... 3

Letter of Transmittal ........................................................................................................ 4

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6

2 Factors of Wheat Production .................................................................................... 6

2.1 Land Preparation ................................................................................................ 7

2.2 Soil requirement: ................................................................................................ 7

2.3 Irrigation: ............................................................................................................ 8

2.3.1 Types ........................................................................................................... 8

2.4 Seeds ................................................................................................................. 9

2.5 Mechanization .................................................................................................... 9

2.5.1 Terminology ................................................................................................. 9

2.5.2 Agriculture usage ....................................................................................... 10

2.6 Fertilizers.......................................................................................................... 10

2.6.1 Benefits of Organic Fertilizer ..................................................................... 11

2.6.2 Organic Fertilizer Sources ......................................................................... 11

2.7 Weeding ........................................................................................................... 112.7.1 Weed control ............................................................................................. 12

2.8 Harvesting ........................................................................................................ 12

3 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 13

4 Findings of the Study ............................................................................................. 13

5 Summary ................................................................................................................ 19

6 Suggestions / Recommendations........................................................................... 19

Appendices ................................................................................................................... 20


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Letter of Authorization


Department of Public Administration

University of Karachi

Subject:Letter of Authorization

Refer to initial proposal for understanding the study of Factors of effective

production of wheat, I hereby authorize Miss. Shamila (Regd ID: Shamilaali2003) to

conduct a research on the topic.

Regards,

_______________________

Mr. Mustafa Haider

Supervisor/Teacher


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Letter of Transmittal


Mr. Mustafa Haider

Supervisor /Teacher

Department of Public Administration

University of Karachi

Respected Sir,

Enclosed is the project report regarding Factor of Effective Production of wheat.

This report is the summary of my findings from the study which I have completed during

the spring semester 2011 of BSPA Second Year Program.

I have tried to cover all the aspects and requirements that you demanded, and those

that were essential for compilation of this report. As per your advice, this report includes

introduction, Findings, Summary, Recommendations and Suggestions.

I have completed this report with my best knowledge and capabilities. I hope this report

will come up to the mark.

Yours Sincerely,

Shamila

ID: Shamilaali2003


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1 Introduction

Wheat is a type of grass grown all over the world for its highly nutritious and useful

grain. It is one of the top three most produced crops in the world, along with corn and

rice. Wheat has been cultivated for over 10,000 years and probably originates in the

Fertile Crescent, along with other staple crops. A wide range of wheat products are

made by humans, including most famously flour, which is made from the grain itself.

Today, wheat is a grass that grows between two and four feet ( to 1 meters) tall.

The physical appearance of the grain is familiar to most consumers, with a long stalk

that terminates in a tightly formed cluster of plump kernels enclosed by a beard of bristly

spikes. Wheat is an annual, which means that at the end of each year, fields must be

plowed and prepared again to grow the grass.

Ancestral wheats probably looked very different, with much smaller kernels. The early

domesticators of wheat obviously wanted to select for plants with particularly largekernels, since more nutrition could be eked out from each stalk. Because wheat is

generally a self pollinating plant, each plant tends to produce clones of it. When farmers

want to hybridize a wheat strain, they must physically pollinate the different plants.

Farmers blending wheat for various purposes usually combine different seeds at

harvest time and spread them evenly over the field.

2 Factors of Wheat Production

Land Preparation

Soil Condition

Seeds

Irrigation Water

Fertilizers


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Mechanization

Management Practices

Weeding

Harvesting

2.1 Land Preparation

Land preparation typically involves plowing, harrowing, and leveling the field to make it

suitable for crop establishment. Draft animals, such as buffalo and oxen, 2-wheel

tractors or 4-wheel tractors can all be used as power sources in land preparation. The

initial soil tillage can also be performed with a rotovator instead of a plow.

The land can actually be prepared by using a rototiller, a spade, or a tractor. Regardlessof the method used, the soil should be turned at least 6 - 8 inches deeppreferably

deeper if the equipment will do it. The land should be left smooth with all clods

eliminated and should be free of non-decomposed litter so that the seed can germinate

without interference from the clods or other lumps of material

A well-leveled field is a prerequisite for good water and crop management. When field

are not level, water may stagnate in the depressions whereas higher parts may fall dry.

This results in uneven crop emergence and uneven early growth, uneven fertilizer

distribution, and possibly additional weeds. Effective land leveling will improve crop

establishment and care, Reduce the time and water required to irrigate the field, andEnsure more uniform distribution of water in the field Land preparation for dry seeding

typically involves consists of plowing or rotovating followed by harrowing and leveling of

dry and friable soil. The crop is established by broadcasting or drilling seed that has not

been pre germinated.

Farmers can reduce water use by shifting from puddled to non-puddled land

preparation. Large amounts of water (2040% of total water use) are consumed during

land preparation of flooded soils because of the need to initially soak dry and cracked

soil, and to keep the field continuously flooded. Most of the wasted water is lost by

drainage through soil cracks. Dry land preparation does not require irrigation waterbecause it can be done when the soil has the correct water contact and is friable for

plowing or rotovating and harrowing.

2.2 Soil requirement:


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Loamy soil with high organic matter, this soil is also called medium texture soil. Loamy

soil consists of clay 30 percent, silt 40 percent, and sand 30 percent. Wheat grows well

in neutral soil which pH is 7 but it can grow in slightly alkaline soil and saline soil.

2.3 Irrigation:

Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land or

soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes,

and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate

rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which

include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and

helping in preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on directrainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming. Irrigation systems are also used for

dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together

with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water

from a given area. Irrigation is also a term used in medical/dental fields to refer to

flushing and washing out anything with water or another liquid.

2.3.1 Types

2.3.1.1 Flood Irrigation

When the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically,this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural land.

2.3.1.2 Localized irrigation

It is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, ina pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to

it.

2.3.1.3 Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. Water is

delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop. This method can be the most

water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_%28soil%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_%28soil%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science


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are minimized. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic

mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The

process is known asfertigation.

2.4 Seeds

Seed is mean of dispersal for plant population in space and time, representing

continuity and change, and thus adaption to the local environment. Seed has played a

critical role in agriculture development since prehistoric humans domesticated the first

crops. In modern agriculture, seed is vehicle to deliver almost all agriculture-based

technological innovations to farmers so that they can exploit the genetic potential of new

varieties. The availability, access and use of seed of adaptable modern varieties is,therefore, determinant to the efficiency and productivity of other packages(irrigation,

fertilizers, pesticides) in increasing crop production to enhance food security and

alleviating rural poverty in developing countries.

Seed crops must b meet specific quality standards prescribed by the national seed

regulations. The seed quality control and certification agency is responsible for ensuring

variety, purity, identity and other seed quality attributes, such as physical purity,

germination and health.the3 official seed quality control agency carries out inspection in

the field and tests the seed in the laboratory to conform that seed meets national

certification standards.

2.5 Mechanization

Mechanization or mechanization (BE) is providing human operators with machinery that

assists them with the muscular requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of

machines to replace human labor or animal labor. A step beyond mechanization is

automation. Even the use of manually powered tools is an example of mechanization as

it reduces the work of screwing, drilling, inserting nails, punching, or even washing a

surface.

2.5.1 Terminology
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The term is most often used in industry. The addition of powered machine tools, such as

the steam powered lathe, dramatically reduced the amount of time needed to carry out

various tasks, and improved productivity.

2.5.2 Agriculture usage

Similarly refers to the replacement of manual labor or animal labor and simple hand

tools with electrical, steam, or internal combustion enginepowered machinery. This can

be as simple as foot-powered open-drum threshers, to more complex two-wheel

tractors, to larger four-wheel tractors, to GPS-guided combine harvesters.

Mechanization of agriculture has been so prolific and ingenious that the percentage of

the population employed in producing a country's food plummeted over the course of

the 20th century in developed nations, and a comprehensive list of agriculture.

2.6 Fertilizers

Fertilizer (or fertiliser) is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin

(other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients

essential to the growth of plants. A recent assessment found that about 40 to 60% of

crop yields are attributable to commercial fertilizer use.

Mined inorganic fertilizers have been used for many centuries, whereas chemicallysynthesized inorganic fertilizers were only widely developed during the industrial

revolution. Increased understanding and use of fertilizers were important parts of the

pre-industrial British Agricultural Revolution and the industrial Green Revolution of the

20th century.

Inorganic fertilizer use has also significantly supported global population growth it

has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result

of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.

Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions:

six macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca),

magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S); six micronutrients: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper

(Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool


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Organic fertilizers include naturally occurring organic materials, (e.g. manure, worm

castings, compost, seaweed, guano), or naturally occurring mineral deposits (e.g.

saltpeter).

2.6.1 Benefits of Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizers have been known to improve the biodiversity (soil life) and long-term

productivity of soil, and may prove a large depository for excess carbon. Organic

nutrients increase the abundance of soil organisms by providing organic matter and

micronutrients for organisms such as fungalmycorrhiza, (which aid plants in absorbing

nutrients), and can drastically reduce external inputs of pesticides, energy and fertilizer,

at the cost of decreased yield.

2.6.2 Organic Fertilizer Sources

Animal:

Animal-sourced and human urea, are suitable for application organic agriculture, while

pure synthetic forms of urea are not.

Plant:

Leguminous cover crops are also grown to enrich soil as a green manure through

nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere; as well as phosphorus (through nutrient

mobilization) content of soils.

Mineral:

Mined powdered limestone, rock phosphate and sodium nitrate, are inorganic (not of

biologic origins) compounds which are energetically intensive to harvest and are

approved for usage in organic agriculture in minimal amounts.

2.7 Weeding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure


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Weeds are unwanted plants which affects the crop production process. They are harm

because they taking all the nutrients, up taking water and occupying space. To increase

yield we have to control on them.

2.7.1 Weed control

Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, using physical and chemical

methods to stop weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be

harmful to domesticated plants and livestock. In order to reduce weed growth, many

"weed control" strategies have been developed in order to contain the growth and

spread of weeds.

The most basic is ploughing which cuts the roots of annual weeds. Today, chemical

weed killers known as herbicides are widely used. The effects of weeds on other plants

Weeds can compete with productive crops or pasture, or convert productive land into

unusable scrub. Weeds are also often poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or

other damaging body parts or otherwise interfere with the use and management of

desirable plants by contaminating harvests or excluding livestock.

Weeds tend to thrive at the expense of the more refined edible or ornamental crops.

They provide competition for space, nutrients, water and light, although how seriously

they will affect a crop depends on a number of factors.

2.8 Harvesting

The process of cutting and gathering of crop after it is matured, is called harvesting. In

agriculture, the harvest is the process of gathering mature crops from the fields.

Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe,sickle, or

reaper. The harvest marks the end of the growing season, or the growing cycle for a

particular crop, and this is the focus of seasonal celebrations of many religions. On

smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-intensive activity

of the growing season. On large, mechanized farms, harvesting utilizes the mostexpensive and sophisticated farm machinery, like the combine harvester. Harvesting in

general usage includes an immediate post-harvest handling, all of the actions taken

immediately after removing the cropcooling, sorting, cleaning, packingup to the

point of further on-farm processing, or shipping to the wholesale or consumer market.

Important factors:
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Harvest timing is a critical decision that balances the likely weather conditions with the

degree of crop maturity. Weather conditions such as frost, rain (resulting in a "wet

harvest"), and unseasonably warm or cold periods can affect yield and quality. An

earlier harvest date may avoid damaging conditions, but result in poorer yield andquality. Delaying harvest may result in a better harvest, but increases the risk of

weather problems. Timing of the harvest often amounts to a significant gamble.

3 Methodology

To conduct this study I developed a Questionnaire containing 10 different questions. By

the help of this survey I have collected the information about the effective methods and

processes of wheat production. This questionnaire was developed under the guidance

of supervisor. To collect the data I used convenience method and all the data has been

collected from the 25 university students of agricultural department.

4 Findings of the Study

To represent the finding of our survey, I have used different graphs. In below I have

presented all questions and results of the survey for a specific question.

Qs1: How the land can be prepared for the production of wheat?

a) Irrigation

b) Plowing

c) Weeding

d) Fertilizers
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Qs2: Which type of soil is best suitable for wheat?

a) Saline soil

b) Dry soil

c) Fertile soil

d) Wet soil

Qs3: should different varieties of seeds be best to have yield difference?

a) Yes

b) No

Irrigation Plowing Weeding Fertilizer

7

19

2 2

2

0

23

0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Saline soil

dry soil

fertile soil

wet soil


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Qs4: is the irrigation water available in Pakistan is enough for wheat cultivation?

a) Yes

b) No

Qs5: What steps governments take to make irrigation system better?

a) Constructions of dams

b) Proper channel system

c) Drip irrigation

d) All above

88%

12%

Yes3 No3

Yes4

52%

No4

48%


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Qs6: how the fertilizers can promote the growth of wheat?

a) By applying it proper time

b) By giving it in bulk quantity

c) By applying according to recommendation

d) Both a and c

Qs7: what government can do for farmers to provide farm mechanization?

a) Low cost machineries

b) Latest machineries

c) Long run machineries

d) All above

0

2

4

68

10

12

14

16

Constraction

of Dams

Proper

Channel

System

drip

irrigation

All Above

9

1 1

15

By Applying accorrding to

recommendation

By giving it in bulk

By applying it according to

recommendation

Both B & C

1

2

0

22


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Qs8: Should the management practices be changed to have good yields?

a) Yes

b) No

Qs9: how the weeds (unwanted plants) can be harm for wheat crop?

a) By up taking nutrients

b) By up taking water

c) By occupying space

d) All above

2 21

20

0

5

10

15

20

25

Low cost

machineries

Latest

Machineries

long run

machinesries

All Above

23

2

0 5 10 15 20 25

YES8

No8


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Qs10: how damage could be minimized during harvesting?

a) Harvesting practices

b) By improved harvesting practices

c) By proper management

d) By mechanical harvesting

By Up taking nutrients

By Up taking Water

By Occupying Space

All Above

4

0

2

20

1 4

14

7

02468

10121416


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5 Summary

Our study is to find out what are the best practices or effective methods to enhance the

production of wheat in Pakistan. During this study we have found different opinions of

different peoples. This survey was given to 25 university students of agriculture

department. According this study we can enhance wheat production in the country by

preparing land with new developed methods. For preparation land of wheat production,

plowing is the best suitable way. In this study I have found that 88% students are

agreed, that the different varieties of seeds be best to have yield difference.

In this study I have found that the government should take serious steps of constriction

of dams, proper channel systems, drip irrigation to make better systems. Also according

to this study the government can do for farmers by providing different facilities such as

Low cost machineries, Latest machineries, Long run machineries to farm

mechanization.

One another factor that is management practices, which badly effect wheat production

in the country. 92% agrees that these practices should be change and new developed

methods can be beneficial to enhance the production of the wheat in the country.

6 Suggestions / Recommendations

This study is based on questionnaire on the topic of factors of wheat production. All the

information has been collected by surveying 25 university students of agriculture

department. To get best result on the topic this study can be conducted by collecting

the data from field of work, agriculture specialist and concern companies.

Some of suggestions for further research on the topic can be as under.

To get best results from the study the sample of survey should be increased.

To get best and reliable results from the study it should be conducted survey

through specialist of agricultures and from field of work.


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Appendices

QUESTIONNAIRENAME: ________________________GENDER: ______________________AGE: __________________________QUALIFICATION: ______________

OBJECTIVE:The main purpose of this questionnaire is to study the main factors that effect the

wheat production/or the factors through which we can improve our wheat production.

QUESTIONS:

Qs1: How the land can be prepared for the production of wheat?a) Irrigationb) Plowingc) Weedingd) FertilizersQs2: Which type of soil is best suitable for wheat?a) Saline soilb) Dry soilc) Fertile soild) Wet soil

Qs3: should different varieties of seeds be best to have yield difference?a) Yesb) NoQs4: is the irrigation water available in Pakistan is enough for wheat cultivation?

a) Yesb) No

Qs5: What steps governments take to make irrigation system better?

a) Constructions of dams

b) Proper channel systemc) Drip irrigationd) All aboveQs6: how the fertilizers can promote the growth of wheat?a) By applying it proper timeb) By giving it in bulk quantityc) By applying according to recommendationd) Both a and c


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Qs7: what government can do for farmers to provide farm mechanization?a) Low cost machineriesb) Latest machineriesc) Long run machineriesd) All above

Qs8: Should the management practices be changed to have good yields?a) Yesb) No

Qs9: how the weeds (unwanted plants) can be harm for wheat crop?a) By up taking nutrientsb) By up taking waterc) By occupying spaced) All aboveQs10: how damage could be minimized during harvesting?a) Harvesting practices

b) By improved harvesting practicesc) By proper managementd) By mechanical harvestinge) By old


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Data of the Study

Irrigation 7

Plowing 19Weeding 2

Fertilizer 2

Saline soil 2

dry soil 0

fertile soil 23

wet soil 0

Yes3 22

No3 3

Yes4 13

No4 12

Construction of Dams 9

Proper Channel System 1

drip irrigation 1

All Above 15

By Applying according torecommendation

1

By giving it in bulk 2

By applying it according torecommendation

0

Both B & C 22

Low cost machineries 2

Latest Machineries 2

long run machineries 1

All Above 20

YES8 23

No8 2

By Up taking nutrients 4

By Up taking Water 0

By Occupying Space 2

All Above 20

Harvest practices 1

By Improved HarvestingPractices

4

By Proper Management 14By Mechanical Harvesting 7

Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan

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