Factors Influencing Child Development.pptx

7/28/2019 Factors Influencing Child Development.pptx

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Factors Influencing Child

DevelopmentBy :

Muhammad Zulfadhli b. Mohd ZamriMohd Zulfahmi b. JasniNurul Husna bt. Hassan


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Nature (Genetic)

Going From One Cell to Trillions

The sperm and ovum each contain chromosomesthat act as a blueprint for human life. The genescontained in these chromosomes are made up ofa chemical structure known as DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the geneticcode, or instructions, that make up all life. Exceptfor the sperm and ova, all cells in the bodycontain 46 chromosomes. As you might guess,the sperm and ova each contains only contain 23chromosomes. This ensures that when the twocells meet, the resulting new organism has thecorrect 46 chromosomes.


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From Genotype to Phenotype

A genotype refers to all of the genes that a person

has inherited. The actual express of these traits isthe person's phenotype.

The phenotype can include physical traits, such as

height and color or the eyes, as well as nonphysical

traits such as shyness, a high strung temperament ora thirst for adventure


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Influences on Gene Expression

Genetic Interactions: Genes can sometimes contain

conflicting information, and in most cases, one genewill win the battle for dominance. Some genes act inan additive way.

For example : if a child has one tall parent and one

short parent, the child may end up splitting thedifference by being of average height.

In other cases, some genes follow a dominant-recessive pattern. Eye color is one example ofdominant-recessive genes at work. The gene for

brown eyes is dominant and the gene for blue eyes isrecessive. If one parent hands down a dominantbrown eye gene while the other parent hands downa recessive blue eye gene, the dominant gene willwin out and the child will have brown eyes.


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Gene - Environment Interactions: Theenvironment a child is exposed to both in uteroand throughout the rest of his or her life can alsoimpact how genes are expressed. For example,exposure to harmful drugs while in utero canhave a dramatic impact on later childdevelopment. Height is a good example of agenetic trait that can be influenced byenvironmental factors. While a child's genetic

code may provide instructions for tallness, theexpression of this height might be suppressed ifthe child has poor nutrition or a chronic illness.


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Genetic Abnormalities

Genetic instructions are not infallible and can go offtrack at times. Sometimes when a sperm or ovum is

formed, the number of chromosomes may divideunevenly, causing the organism to have more or lessthan the normal 23 chromosomes. When one of theseabnormal cells joins with a normal cell, the resultingzygote will have an uneven number of chromosomes.Researchers suggest that as many as half of all zygotesthat form have more or less than 23 chromosomes, butmost of these are spontaneously aborted and neverdevelop into a full-term baby.

In some cases, about 1 in every 200 births, a baby isborn with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Inevery case, the result is some type of syndrome with aset of distinguishing characteristics.


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Down Syndrome

The most common type of chromosomal disorder

is known as trisomy 21, or Down syndrome.In this case, the child has three chromosomes atthe site of the 21st chromosomes instead of thenormal two.

Down syndrome is characterized by:- facial characteristics including a round face,- slanted eyes

- a thick tongue.- may also face other physical problems includingheart defects and hearing problems.


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Abnormalities of the Sex Chromosomes

Kleinfelter'ssyndrome is caused by an extra Xchromosome and is characterized by a lack of development

of the secondary sex characteristics and as well as learningdisabilities.

Fragile X syndrome is caused when part of the Xchromosome is attached to the other chromosomes bysuch a thin string of molecules that it seems in danger of

breaking off. It can affect both males and females, but theimpact can vary. Some with Fragile X show few if any signs,while other develop mild to severe mental retardation.

Turner syndrome occurs when only one sex chromosome(the X chromosome) is present. It affects only females and

can result in short stature, a "webbed" neck and a lack ofsecondary sex characteristics. Psychological impairmentsassociated with Turner syndrome include learningdisabilities and difficulty recognizing emotions conveyedthrough facial expressions.


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Nurture (Enviroment)

The prenatal environment:

The chemical balance of the mother's body and

the presence of conditions or potentially toxic

substances that can alter development

processes. Examples are the mother's use of

drugs or alcohol, viral or bacterial diseases,

and direct traumatic injury to the fetus


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The physical environment

The air the child breathes, the nutritional value offood the child eats.

Exposure to conditions that can lead to disease,accident, or injury, including child abuse andneglect.

The social/cultural environment

Consists of the norms, values, belief systems andmorals.

Standards of behavior that regulate life in thecultural group in which the child is raised


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The learning environment

The degree and type of stimulation available in the

child's immediate environment.Sensory input promotes and shapes cognitive

development.

Stimulation, in adequate quantity and intensity,

promotes establishment of, and "shapes," neural

pathways in the brain.


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The emotional environment

The nature of the child's interpersonal

relationships.

The degree of nurturance available to the child.

The emotional environment shapes personality

and affects the development of self-esteem,

identity, trust, the ability to enter into

intimate relationships, and personal resilience.


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Individual Differences (Physical) Nutrition

A one-size-fits-all nutritional guide doesnt apply forchildrens rapidly evolving dietary needs. Even

though eating a variety of healthy foods is important

for every childs development, a childs height,

amount of activity and how her body utilizes calories

will individualize her nutritional needs.


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Trauma

Whether a child suffers a single or multiple

traumatic experiences, a negative impact onbrain development may result from the

trauma.

Childhood trauma such as abuse or neglectmultiplies the probability of developmental

delay for the victim. Children with

developmental delays struggle to achievemilestones in one or more areas of childhood

development.


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Multiple Intelligence

According to Howard Gardener, there are eight types

of multiple intelligence.

Linguistic Sensitive to sound, meaning and different function of

words in a language.

Music Ability to produce and appreciate rhythm and music.

Spatial Capabilities to imagine in the form of pictures and

figures.Logic-Mathematics Capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns, solve

Mathematical problems.

Kinesthetic Abilities to control ones body movement and to handle

objects skillfully.

Interpersonal Capability to understand and interact with otherindividuals.

Intrapersonal Understanding one self and to deciding future paths.

Naturalistic Possess keen observation skills; able to identify and

classify things in the environment.


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Emotional Intelligence

An individuals ability to understand and interprethis own feelings and to use this information to

guide his actions and thinking.

An individuals ability to manage his emotions ina proper manner.

The concept of emotional intelligence is

elaborated by Peter Salovey and John Mayer andpopularized by Daniel Goleman.


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Concept of Emotional Intelligence

Potential is an individuals talent or hiddencapability and ability.

Background. The child upbringing, love,

discipline or freedom will influence hisdevelopment. Socioeconomic status, home,

urban or rural areas, peer groups, media will

also influence childs development.

Factors Influencing Child Development.pptx

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