FACTORS IN BACK PAIN - World Massage...
Transcript of FACTORS IN BACK PAIN - World Massage...
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A B M P B a ck Pa i n S u m m i t
With Clint Chandler
FACTORS IN BACK PAIN Framing the Discussion from a
Clinical and Anatomical Perspective
FACTORS IN BACK PAIN in t roduct ion
Back pain affects 8 out of 10 people at some point in their lives.
Back
Pain
27%
Facial
Ache or
Pain 4%
Neck Pain
15%
Migraine
Pain 15%
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Americans spend at least $50 billion each year on back pain.
31 million Americans experience low-back pain at any given time.
Most causes are mechanical and not caused by a serious pathology.
Low back pain is the
leading cause of Years
Living with a Disability in
45 of 50 developed
countries.
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Massage Therapy Makes
a Difference!
This Session
Part1: The Dynamics of Soft-Tissue Injury
Part 2: Back Pain – The Big Picture
Part 3: Treating Non-Specific Low
Back Pain
PART 1: THE DYNAMICS OF SOFT-
TISSUE INJURY
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Part 1: The Dynamics of Soft-
Tissue Injury
Forces that Load Tissue
Tissue Deformation
Tissue Strain
Mechanical Strength
Factors in Tissue Failure and Tissue
Damage
TISSUE LOAD The amount of stress soft-tissue
structures are under due to forces.
FORCES A force is something that causes the
movement of the body to change or
body structures to deform.
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FORCE Tissue Load
Body Tissue
GRAVITY
COMPRESSION
TENSION
SHEAR
TORSION
BENDING
FRICTION
Gravity Adductor longus Adductor magnus
Erector spinae group Gastrocnemius
Hamstrings Iliopsoas
Levator scapula
Pectoralis major Piriformis
Quadratus lumborum Rectus femoris
Soleus Sternocleidomastoid
Upper trapezius
DISTORTED
POSTURE
Displaced
Center of
Gravity
Hypertonic
Postural
Muscles
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COMPRESSION A force in which the tissue is loaded when
structures are pressed together.
Example: Football players collide; contact at the crown of the head causes the
cervical spine to be compressed between the head and torso.
TENSION A force in which the tissue is loaded when
two ends of a structure are pulled apart.
(Tensile Force)
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Example: If the tensile force exceeds the strength of the
soft tissue structure and its ability to elongate, tears or
ruptures result in the structure.
SHEARING A force in which parallel forces that act perpendicular
to a structure load the tissue by creating tensions
that pull in opposite directions.
Example: A head-
forward position
causes shear stress
in the lower cervical
vertebrae.
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TORSION A twisting force (also called torque)
that occurs along a shaft or axis.
Example:
Asymmetrical
contractures of the
muscles on either
side of the spine can
cause torsion in the
spine in which
vertebrae rotate
slightly in opposite
directions.
Shoveling snow: The
spine is flexed and
rotated placing both
shearing and torsion
loads on the spine.
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BENDING A force where the inner surface experiences
compressive force while the outer surface
experiences tensile force causing a structure to bend.
Example: Spinal
deformities like
scoliosis displace the
vertebral discs in a
way that subjects the
body to constant
bending forces.
FRICTION A low magnitude force where resistance is created
when one structure of the body contacts another as
the structures move in opposite directions.
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FORCE Tissue Load
Body Tissue
GRAVITY
COMPRESSION
TENSION
SHEAR
TORSION
BENDING
FRICTION
.
. . .
.
.
.
Part 1: The Dynamics of Soft-
Tissue Injury
Forces that Load Tissue
Tissue Deformation
Tissue Strain
Mechanical Strength
Factors in Tissue Failure and Tissue
Damage
.
Tissue Deformation:
The change in shape a
tissue undergoes when
subjected to a load.
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TISSUE STRAIN The amount of deformation
experienced by the tissue.
TENSILE LOAD TENSILE STRAIN
COMPRESSIVE LOAD COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
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Mechanical
strength: The
amount of force
a tissue can
absorb or resist
before failure.
TISSUE FAILURE
When a tissue is deformed by a load past
the point where it can absorb or resist
and breaks down.
FACTORS IN TISSUE FAILURE
LOCATION
MAGNITUDE
RATE
DIRECTION
POSITION
FREQUENCY
DURATION
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LOCATION Where is the force applied?
MAGNITUDE How much force is applied?
RATE How quickly is the
force applied?
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DIRECTION
& POSITION Where is the force directed and
what position is the body in when
it experiences tissue loading?
DURATION Over what period of time is the
force applied?
FREQUENCY How often is the force applied?
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FACTORS IN TISSUE FAILURE
LOCATION
MAGNITUDE
RATE
DIRECTION
POSITION
FREQUENCY
DURATION . .
.
.
. . .
TISSUE DAMAGE
When tissue is deformed (strained) by loads
(forces acting on tissue) past the point where it
can absorb or resist the load (stress), it fails,
and tissue damage results.
Part 1: The Dynamics of Soft-
Tissue Injury
Forces that Load Tissue
Tissue Deformation
Tissue Strain
Mechanical Strength
Factors in Tissue Failure and Tissue
Damage
.
.
.
.
.
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This Session
Part1: The Dynamics of Soft-Tissue Injury
Part 2: Back Pain – The Big Picture
Part 3: Treating Non-Specific Low
Back Pain
.
Part 2: Back Pain - The Big Picture
Conditions that Cause Back Pain
Structures That Fail
Back Pain Tissue Failure Scenarios
CONDITIONS CAUSING BACK PAIN
Terminology related to back pain can be confusing!
• Back sprain
• Back sprain
• Discogenic low back pain
• Lumbar facet joint pain
• Mechanical low-back pain
• Non-specific low back pain
• Sacroiliac joint
dysfunction
• Sciatica
• Scoliosis
• Spinal stenosis
• Spondylolisthesis
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RISK FACTOR Risk factors are particular internal and external
conditions that increase the potential for an injury to
occur. Risk factors influence the mechanical strength of
the tissue and its ability to resist a load without failure,
and the frequency with which the body is exposed to
loads that could cause tissue damage.
RISK FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BACK PAIN:
RISK FACTORS YOU PROBABLY
CAN’T CHANGE
• Being 50 or older
• Being male
• Having a family history of back pain
• Having spine problems since birth
• Having a history of back injury
• Being pregnant
RISK FACTORS YOU PROBABLY
CAN CHANGE
• Weak muscles and lack of flexibility
• Smoking
• Excess body weight
• Poor posture
• Stress and emotion
• Working conditions
Part 2: Back Pain - The Big Picture
Conditions that Cause Back Pain
Structures That Fail
Back Pain Tissue Failure Scenarios
.
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STRUCTURES THAT FAIL
BONES
CARTILAGE
LIGAMENTS
DISCS NERVES
MUSCLES
WHEN BONES FAIL
Pars Interarticularis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis
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Ostephyte
WHEN CARTILAGE FAILS
1. Collagen fibers break
2. Proteoglycans depleted
3. Cartilage softens and thins
4. Facet joints become misaligned
5. Bone on bone contact
6. Osteophyte formation
WHEN LIGAMENTS FAIL
Sprains are defined as
ligament failure caused
when fibers are
overstretched or torn due
to traumatic or repetitive
loads that twist a joint, or
force a joint to move
beyond it’s normal range
of motion.
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WHEN LIGAMENTS FAIL
THICKENING OF LIGAMENTS HYPERMOBILITY
SACRAL ILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION
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WHEN DISCS FAIL - Degenerative Disc Disease
Disc Herniation
WHEN MUSCLES FAIL
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Quadratus Lumborum (QL)
Erector Spinae
WHEN NERVES FAIL
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SCIATICA
PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME
BACK PAIN: It is likely that multiple tissues are being overloaded
and failing to varying degrees at the same time.
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STRUCTURES THAT FAIL
BONES
CARTILAGE
LIGAMENTS
DISCS NERVES
MUSCLES . . .
. . .
Part 2: Back Pain - The Big Picture
Conditions that Cause Back Pain
Structures That Fail
Back Pain Tissue Failure Scenarios
.
.
A Traumatic Event
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Motor Control System Caught Off Guard
Cumulative Trauma from
“Small Loads”
This Session
Part1: The Dynamics of Soft-Tissue Injury
Part 2: Back Pain – The Big Picture
Part 3: Treating Non-Specific Low
Back Pain
.
.
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Part 3: Treating Non-Specific Low Back
Pain
Non-Specific Low Back Pain Defined
Red Flags During the Health Intake
Process
Treatment Goals
Video Demonstration
Non-specific low back
pain is pain that is not
attributed to a
recognizable
pathology. It is pain
associated with muscle
strain, muscle tension,
sprain, hypermobility,
or joint fixation. It is
highly responsive to
massage therapy
intervention.
Where is the Low Back?
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Red Flags When
Evaluating
Low-Back Pain
Unresponsive Fever
with Back Pain
Significant Recent Trauma
Significant Recent Trauma
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Pronounced
Numbness and Prickly
Tingling
Loss of Bowel or
Bladder Function
Medical history of cancer, suppressed immune
system, osteoporosis, or chronic steroid use.
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Treatment Planning for Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Acute Sub-Acute Chronic
Injury up to 6
Weeks
Pain, achiness,
burning, sharp,
dull, and stiff
Unable to
straighten up or
walk without
increasing pain Recurrent
4 Weeks to 12
Weeks
Pain, muscle
tension, stiffness
localized
Decrease in
quantity/ quality
of movement
12 Weeks or
More
Pain quantity and
quality varies
Theory of central
sensitization
Treatment Planning for Non-Specific Low Back Pain
ACUTE TREATMENT GOALS ACUTE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
• Decrease pain
• Decrease
inflammation
• Decrease muscle
contracture
• Maintain pain free
range of motion
• Lymphatic facilitation
• Passive Positional Release
• Strain Counterstain Strain
• Relaxation massage
• Energetic bodywork
practices (with client consent)
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Treatment Planning for Non-Specific Low Back Pain
SUB-ACUTE TREATMENT GOALS SUB-ACUTE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
• Decrease pain
• Decrease inflammation
• Decrease muscle adaptation
• Increase range of motion
• Maintain core strength
• Soft-tissue manipulation
• Fascial release
• Trigger and tender point
release
• Post-Isometric Relaxation
Treatment Planning for Non-Specific Low Back Pain
CHRONIC TREATMENT GOALS CHRONIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
• Decrease pain
• Decrease residual
inflammation
• Restore range of motion
• Improve function
• Increase core strength
• Reduce scar tissue
• Soft-tissue techniques
• Cyriax Cross Fiber Friction
• Muscle Energy Technique
• Active Isolated Stretching
• Active Muscle Release
• Contract Relax Technique
DEPTH
DIRECTION
DURATION
A key component of all application of technique:
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CLIENT
SCENARIO
TREATMENT GOALS
• Reduce muscle contracture
• Release fascial restrictions
• Reduce adhesions
• Improve muscular balance
Part 3: Treating Non-Specific Low Back
Pain
Non-Specific Low Back Pain Defined
Red Flags During the Health Intake
Process
Treatment Goals
Video Demonstration
.
.
.
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S-Bends
Palmar Compression
Reinforced Fingertip Friction
Iliolumbar Ligament
Cross-Fiber (3 levels)
Passive Positional Release QL
Passive Position Release
(Lumbar Spine)