Fact Sheet Introduction - University of...

Fact Sheet Introduction

Conventional wisdom has it that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to master a given subject (Gladwell 2008). The majority of biologists who have recently begun using acoustic survey methods do not have a long history of field experience or the luxury of time to master identification of bats by their unique vocal signatures. The promise of automatic identification of bat calls with the plethora of acoustic identification software providing accurate identifications remains a work in progress (e.g., Lemen et al. 2015). This is especially true for Neotropical species where one of us (B. Miller) provided verified bat call files representing >100 species and five families to Wildlife Acoustics (Wildlife Acoustics 2018) for use in creating automatic classifiers for species. When these classifiers were challenged with new verified data that was not part of the training set correct identifications generally fell in the range of less than 40%.

In the absence of freely available robust call libraries bat biologists have lacked resources to learn important details of identification of vocal signatures to both assist with their own manual identifications as well as vet the auto-ID algorithms. With more than 20 years of field experience of recording bats and teaching > 25 acoustic workshops from the U.S. to Bolivia and Cuba it became clear bat biologists needed resources to assist their own identifications. To this end, call fact sheets and interactive identification keys have been under development to be freely distributed to those who may need them.

The Fact Sheets are being developed using the Fact Sheet Fusion (Identic Pty Ltd. 2018a) and the LucId identificatrion key (Identic Pty Ltd. 2018b) software platforms licensed to B. Miller. Call parmeters have been extracted from the master call database that includes > 1,886,000 call records recorded from the U.S. south to Argentina and Caribbean Islands. Call paramters from published sources are also included.

Fact sheets are under development for U.S. states, Caribbean islands and New World countries. Belize fact sheets were released in May, 2018 (Miller 2018) and the draft Costa Rican fact sheets were presented at the 48th Annual conference of the North American Society for Bat Research, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico (Miller et al. 2018). The English version of the Peruvian fact sheets authored by Bruce W. Miller and Farah Carrasco Rueda are included here as a working draft. A Spanish version is also in draft format.

The Fact Sheets have been created using the key vocal signature components determined to be useful for species identifications and discrimination. Each species fact sheet includes eleven topics and an interlinked glossary of relevant terms users may be unfamiliar with.

The Fact Sheet topics are listed below with a brief description of the content.

• Scientific name with author. Currently recognized name.

• Common names and synonyms. Local common names and relevant synonyms • Family. The family the species belongs to. • Database species code. A six-letter code used in the master database and frequently used

in the metadata for bat call files in the varied call software viewing and analyses packages. This is comprised of the first three letters of the genus and first three letters of the species.

• Call shape. Call shapes are diagnostic for species identification and frequently includes genera and familial attributers. Graphics are provided showing the call shapes and examples of potential confusing overlaps and or similarity with other taxa.

• Vocal signature parameters. These include 10 key call parameters useful for species identification. Each call parameter includes values for the number of call pulses measured: N with Min, Max, Mean, St.Dev, and percentage bins showing the values for 10%, 25%, 75% and 90% of the call values. Additionally two harmonic values of the characteristic frequency (Fc) are provided for the fundamental (H1) and third harmonic (H3) are also provided.

• The parameters include: ! Dur – duration of each call pulse measured in milliseconds ! TBC – the time between call pulses also known as the interpulse time

measured in milliseconds ! Fmin – the minimum frequency recorded measured in kHz ! Fmax – the maximum frequency recorded measured in kHz ! BW – bandwidth of the call pulses measured in kHz ! Fmean – the mean frequency measured call sequence measured in kHz ! Fk – the frequency of the knee of the call pulse measured in kHz ! Fc – the characteristic frequency of the calls measured in kHz ! Sc – the characteristic slope of the call pulses measured as octave per

second ! Pmc – a calculated parameter defined as the Proportion of Maximum

frequency to Characteristic frequency. Pmc = 100 * (Fmax - Fc) / Fc. Published call parameters with citations are included when available

• Source of acoustic data. Listing of data sources of acoustic data • Known distribution. This includes the known distributions by each country’s

administrative regions, such as state, district of province and has been extracted from eh I.U.C.N. Global Mammal Assessment G.I.S. spatial data.

• Conservation status is provided and include both I.U.C.N categories and national categories when available

• Notes – this section includes relevant notes when appropriate on a given taxa that may realty to taxonomy, confusing calls of other species etc.

• Citations – this includes citations for all published sources • Authors – these are the authors and collaborators of the specific country fact sheets.

Auto Id not yet reliable

Lemen et al (2015) compared 4 programs designed to identify species of bats based on their echolocation calls (Bat Call ID, EchoClass, Kaleidoscope Pro, and SonoBat). They used >29,000 call files recorded in Nebraska, USA. The initial assumption was there would be agreement between software packages when identifying the same call sequences. They found that identification agreement only averaged approximately 40% and varied by software package, species, and data set. They demonstrated that results of the auto identifications were not consistent with the high accuracy often claimed by some software packages (Lemen et al. 2015).

References

Arias-Aguilar, A., Hintze, F., Aguiar, L. M. S., Rufray, V., Bernard, E., & Pereira, M. J. R. (2018). Who’s calling? Acoustic identification of Brazilian bats. Mammal Research, 63, 231-253.

Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: the story of success. Little, Brown and Co., New York. Pp. 309

Lemen, C., Freeman, P. W., White, J. A., & Andersen, B. R. (2015). The Problem of Low Agreement among Automated Identification Programs for Acoustical Surveys of Bats. Western North American Naturalist, 75, 218-225.

Miller, B. W., LaVal, R. K., Gutierrez, B. L., & Broadbent, E. (2018). Developing Freely Available Neotropical Bat Call Fact Sheets with a Costa Rican Focus. Page 1 in 48th Annual conference of the North American Society for Bat Research, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.

Miller, B. W. (2018). Fact Sheets for the vocal signatures of the bats of Belize. Download link: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/7zize1reqnz7gv2/AAC0LTmm56aD98AOnDsyp3-Za?dl=0

Wildlife Acoustics. (2018). Kaleidoscope Pro Kaleidoscope ProUser Guide. http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/support/documentation

Kaleidoscope full spectrum display

Bat Call Fact SheetsBat Call Fact Sheets

Amorphochilus schnabliiAmorphochilus schnablii

Common names and synonymsCommon names and synonyms

Amorphochilus osgoodi

Smoky Bat

Scientific nameScientific name

Amorphochilus schnablii Peters, 1877

FamilyFamily

Furipteridae

Database species codeDatabase species code

Amosch

Call shapeCall shape

Call shape is very broad band decreasing FM pulses.Shown in both full spectum (Kaleidoscop 4.3.2) and zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n).

Search phase

AnalookW zero crossing display

Vocal signature parametersVocal signature parameters

Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90%

Dur 18 2.06 4.65 3.65 0.62 3.11 3.34 4.01 4.39

TBC 16 23.07 85.32 48.14 15.95 28.89 37.19 59.20 60.17

Fmin 18 65.04 111.11 76.53 9.51 70.69 72.73 78.43 79.69

Fmax 18 131.15 156.86 145.56 6.16 137.93 142.86 148.15 151.81

BW 18 26.82 84.13 69.03 12.68 61.69 64.96 76.40 79.36

Fmean 18 102.29 124.39 113.64 4.80 109.39 111.03 115.82 118.62

Fk 18 114.29 156.86 134.55 9.20 125.81 131.15 137.93 143.64

Fc 18 112.68 150.94 130.58 9.20 119.13 126.98 135.59 139.41

Sc 18 -139.80 265.53 135.79 106.62 0.00 78.29 211.10 247.05

Pmc 18 3.40 32.10 11.89 7.86 3.57 4.23 16.63 19.61

Source of acoustic dataSource of acoustic data

Call file couresty of Joaquín Ugarte, Asociación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo SostEnible Sallqa, Peru

Conservation statusConservation status


Vulnerable; Ver.3.1 A2c; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)

Known distributionKnown distribution

Known distributions are based on I.U.C.N. Mammterr and relevant papers on range extensions noted in citations.

Chile

Ecuador

Peru

NotesNotes

Species in this family appear to emit very quiet echolocation calls. It is unlikely, based on present knowledge that they will be readily detected

as free flying bats in the field.

CitationsCitations

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.orgwww.iucnredlist.org >. Downloaded on 06 August 201706 August 2017 .

AuthorsAuthors

The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets:

Bruce W. Miller

Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the

Source of acoustic data topic.

Copyright © 2018. Bruce Miller and Farah Carrasco Rueda All rights reserved.


Centronycteris centralisCentronycteris centralis


Murciélago peludo de Centroamérica

Thomas's Shaggy Bat


Centronycteris centralis Thomas, 1912

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Cencen


Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n).

Search phase

Search phase

Feeding buzz



Dur 5226 2.50 7.59 4.15 0.90 2.94 3.46 4.79 5.31

TBC 4771 4.23 11219.3 407.2 744.9 110.1 120.6 342.2 842.3

Fmin 5226 38.00 41.34 39.32 0.71 38.37 38.83 39.80 40.30

Fmax 5226 38.93 42.67 40.78 0.62 39.80 40.40 41.24 41.56

BW 5226 0.20 3.62 1.46 0.54 0.81 1.10 1.75 2.20

Fmean 5226 38.75 41.99 40.43 0.60 39.55 40.05 40.84 41.21

Fk 5226 38.00 42.11 40.15 0.69 39.22 39.70 40.61 41.03

Fc 5226 38.74 42.67 40.62 0.63 39.70 40.20 41.03 41.34

Sc 5226 -19.00 2.00 -6.21 4.55 -12.98 -8.85 -2.87 -1.02

Pmc 5226 0.00 1.30 0.39 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.80


Bruce Miller


Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Costa Rica

Ecuador

Guatemala

Peru

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlis t.orgwww.iucnredlis t.org >. Downloaded on 06 A ug ust 201706 A ug ust 2017 .

O'Farrell, M. J., and B. W. Miller. 1997. A New Examination of Echolocation Calls of Some Neotropical Bats

(Emballonuridae and Mormoopidae). Journal of Mammalogy. 87: : 954-963.

O’Farrell, M. J., and B. W. Miller. 2003. Application of Acoustic Survey Methods for Inventorying Free-flying, Non-

phyllostomid Bats in Belize. Journal of Belizean Affairs. 5: : 46-59.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Centronycteris maximilianiCentronycteris maximiliani


Shaggy Bat


Centronycteris maximiliani (J. Fischer, 1829)

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Cenmax


Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n).

Feeding buzz

Search phase



Dur 2778 2.18 7.87 5.07 1.31 3.23 4.04 6.17 6.74

TBC 2595 2.79 12201.7 275.2 708.1 67.4 82.4 200.1 424.2

Fmin 2778 49.08 53.87 52.20 1.07 50.79 51.45 52.98 53.51

Fmax 2778 50.31 56.74 54.29 1.19 52.46 53.33 55.17 55.75

BW 2778 0.18 6.60 2.09 0.95 1.11 1.45 2.54 3.43

Fmean 2778 49.87 56.00 53.78 1.13 52.03 52.88 54.59 55.05

Fk 2778 49.23 55.94 53.32 1.16 51.61 52.29 54.24 54.61

Fc 2778 50.00 56.74 54.20 1.19 52.46 53.33 54.98 55.56

Sc 2778 -18.87 4.55 -6.50 3.38 -11.24 -8.38 -4.02 -2.96

Pmc 2778 0.00 3.80 0.16 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.33


Bruce Miller, Jose Ochoa, Michael O'Farrell




Brazil

ColombiaPeru

Suriname

French Guiana

Guyana

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlis t.orgwww.iucnredlis t.org >. Downloaded on 06 A ug ust 201706 A ug ust 2017 .

Ochoa, J., M. J. O'Farrell, and B. W. Miller. 2000. Contribution of acoustic methods to the study of insectivorous

bat diversity in protected areas from northern Venezuela Acta Chiropterologica. 2: : 171-183.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Full spectrum serach phase - H1,dominant harmonic (H2) and H3 can bee seen


Cormura brevirostrisCormura brevirostris


Chestnut Sac-winged Bat

Murciélago castaño de sacos alares


Cormura brevirostris (Wagner, 1843)

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Corbre


2-3 QCF inverted "U" pulses with higher frequency pulses following the lower frequency pulses. An example from a full spectrum WAV file

(displayed with Kaleidoscope 4.3.2). While the calls superficially appear similar to species in the genus Molossus (Molossidae) note the black

dots super imposed over the full spectrum view to indicated the zero crossing view that show the subtle curving "inverted U" shape of typical

of Emballonurid the call pulses.

The zero-crossing format images (AnalookW 4.2.2) show both paired pulses followed by groups of 3 pulses.

Search phase zero crossing display

Search phase zero crossing display



Dur 492 5.01 13.23 8.12 2.23 5.58 6.24 9.81 11.47

TBC 470 8.91 7153.8 284.8 654.3 76.7 94.2 214.9 336.3

Fmin 492 22.10 33.61 27.69 2.86 23.92 24.54 30.59 31.36

Fmax 492 24.7 36.3 29.8 3.01 25.6 26.3 32.7 33.4

BW 492 1.07 8.31 2.12 0.98 1.33 1.55 2.33 3.05

Fmean 492 24.16 34.83 29.04 2.87 25.01 25.83 31.95 32.65

Fk 492 23.39 35.79 28.45 2.87 24.32 25.36 31.07 32.06

Fc 492 24.32 34.41 29.53 2.96 25.40 26.23 32.59 33.33

Sc 492 -97.78 30.16 -10.83 6.92 -15.37 -12.97 -8.99 -7.46

Pmc 492 0.00 15.50 0.94 1.72 0.00 0.00 1.20 2.60


Courtesy Michel Barataud as FS wav file




Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

NotesNotes

Several full spectrum WAV files were converted to ZC to extract call parameters.

CitationsCitations

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.orgwww.iucnredlist.org >. Downloaded on 06 August 201706 August 2017 .

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Cynomops abrasusCynomops abrasus


Cinnamon Dog-faced Bat

Molossops abrasus


Cynomops abrasus (Temminck, 1827)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Cynabr


No call data available. A large majority of New World Molossids do not have vocal signatures verified. Primarily, as they are often high flying

and may be difficult to capture for confirmation. When sufficient data exists for confirmed species within a genus call parameters may be

estimated based on size Fc regression or other methods. Presumed to be similar to known species in the genus: QCF paired high and low

pulses both decreasing in frequency.


No verified calls for this species

Predicted by Collen (2012)

Parameters Imputed values

Dur 10.67

Fmin 16.68

Fmax 23.03

BW 7.05

Fmean 19.855

Fc 18.84

Peak Freq 20.31

DomSlope 0.45

Total Slope 0.11


NA


Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Guyana

Panama

Paraguay

Ecuador

French Guiana

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432::

University College London, London.The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Cynomops greenhalliCynomops greenhalli


Greenhall's Dog-faced Bat

Molossops greenhalli


Cynomops greenhalli (Goodwin, 1958)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Cyngre










Dur 8.99

Fmin 20.55

Fmax 31.11

BW 8.94

Fmean 25.83

Fc 23.2

Peak Freq 24.78

DomSlope 0.15

Total Slope 0.34




Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

NotesNotes

Initial recordings made by Bruce Miller in northern Central America presumed to be Molossops greenhalli then with a subsequent taxonomic

changes suggesting revised distribution for M. greenhalli and assigned to C. mexicanus, were later verified as those of Promops centralis.

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Cynomops milleriCynomops milleri


Cynomops paranus (Thomas, 1901



Cynomops planirostrisCynomops planirostris


Molossops planirostris

Southern Dog-faced Bat


Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1866)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Cynpla










Dur 8.51

Fmin 23.1

Fmax 36.17

BW 10.08

Fmean 29.635

Fc 26.05

Peak Freq 27.69

DomSlope 0.05

Total Slope 0.63


NA




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Guyana

Panama

Paraguay

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Cyttarops alectoCyttarops alecto


Murciélago gris

Short-eared Bat.

Thomas's Shaggy Bat


Cyttarops alecto Thomas, 1913

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Cytale


Single QCF inverted "U" pulses

Approach to feeding buzz

Search phase

Search phase



Dur 51 2.15 7.45 4.48 1.33 2.85 3.34 5.55 6.17

TBC 46 79.9 3214.1 465.6 880.2 93.3 109.1 149.4 2387.8

Fmin 51 29.91 36.87 35.50 1.42 34.33 35.52 36.20 36.45

Fmax 51 36.53 37.74 37.11 0.32 36.61 36.87 37.38 37.47

BW 51 0.60 7.56 1.62 1.36 0.86 1.02 1.59 2.28

Fmean 51 35.94 37.32 36.67 0.38 36.23 36.42 37.02 37.12

Fk 51 35.56 37.04 36.19 0.40 35.71 35.83 36.53 36.70

Fc 51 36.53 37.74 37.09 0.31 36.61 36.87 37.30 37.47

Sc 51 -18.23 -3.47 -10.10 3.20 -14.77 -12.12 -7.95 -6.69

Pmc 51 0.00 0.70 0.07 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20


Richard LaVal




Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

French Guiana

Guyana

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Dasypterus egaDasypterus ega


Lasiuro amarillo

Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1856)

Southern Yellow Bat


Dasypterus ega (Gervais, 1856)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Dasega


FM reversed J broadband short duration

The Lasiurines have a distinctive Fc, Fmin that irregularly changes frequency up and down.

Note that Lasiurine commute calls are flat looking pulses of longer duration and narrow band.

All zero-crossing images are displayed in AnalookW as a compressed view with empty space removed to display the call sequence pattern.

The X-axis is in milliseconds and the Y-axis is a logarithmic scale in kHz.

Search phase

Search phase

Full spectrum search phase



Dur 2367 3.50 11.39 5.86 1.63 3.89 4.59 6.86 8.14

TBC 2176 5.3 10297.2 471.1 937.8 102.3 126.2 356.8 844.5

Fmin 2367 29.04 33.97 31.13 1.13 29.66 30.25 31.94 32.72

Fmax 2367 31.13 59.48 39.49 5.24 33.68 35.63 42.22 46.92

BW 2367 0.88 27.98 8.37 4.83 3.25 4.82 10.63 15.36

Fmean 2367 29.72 37.97 33.18 1.64 31.16 31.92 34.24 35.45

Fk 2367 31.01 38.65 33.76 1.42 31.94 32.72 34.71 35.71

FcH1 2367 14.52 17.66 15.71 0.59 14.98 15.24 16.10 16.53

Fc 2367 29.04 35.32 31.43 1.18 29.96 30.48 32.19 33.06

FcH3 2367 43.56 52.98 47.14 1.77 44.94 45.72 48.29 49.59

Sc 2367 3.82 103.16 35.37 13.73 20.76 25.77 42.77 53.41

Pmc 2367 1.00 89.80 25.56 15.14 9.60 14.50 32.50 47.14


Bruce Miller

Brock Fenton: full spectrum file




Amazonas

Ancash

Cajamarca

Cusco

Huánuco

Junín

La Libertad

Lambayeque

Loreto

Madre de Dios

Pasco

Piura

Puno

San Martín

Tumbes

Ucayali

NotesNotes

Baird, et al. (2015) make a strong case for elevating the subgenera of Lasiurus to full genera. This change results in the "yellow bats" being

elevated to the genus Dasypterus, hoary bats being elevated to the genus Aeorestes and red bats remaining in the genus Lasiurus.

CitationsCitations

Baird, A. B., et al. 2015. Molecular systematic revision of tree bats (Lasiurini): doubling the native mammals of the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of

Mammalogy 96:1255-1274.

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist .orgwww.iucnredlist .org>. Downloaded on 06 August 201706 August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Diclidurus albusDiclidurus albus


Diclidurus virgo

Murciélago fantasma/Murciélago blanco común

Northern Ghost Bat

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Dicalb


Narrow band QCF sloping single pulses

Clutter calls - often mistaken as Molossid calls

Feeding buzz

Feeding buzz

Search phase



Dur 2836 1.50 10.00 5.99 2.13 2.94 4.41 7.67 8.88

TBC 2408 2.17 11934.9 770.5 1222.1 180.9 299.7 692.4 1476.1

Fmin 2836 20.03 23.99 21.91 0.91 20.83 21.19 22.57 23.31

Fmax 2836 20.33 25.97 22.69 0.98 21.59 21.95 23.29 24.13

BW 2836 0.03 3.30 0.78 0.37 0.36 0.53 0.97 1.21

Fmean 2836 20.25 24.96 22.26 0.93 21.22 21.55 22.86 23.68

Fk 2836 20.30 25.81 22.63 0.96 21.56 21.92 23.19 24.06

Fc 2836 20.15 25.24 22.15 0.93 21.11 21.42 22.73 23.56

Sc 2836 0.00 10.00 6.94 1.98 4.32 5.63 8.58 9.43

Pmc 2836 0.00 5.80 2.41 1.08 1.10 1.60 3.20 3.90

Reported by Kalko (1995) BF = Best frequency of QCF or CF component

Parameters N Min Max Mean +/-

Dur 17 7.20 16.20 11.30 2.40

TBC 17 69.9 365.7 183.3 96.1BF 20 22.50 26.70 24.30 1.20




Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

NotesNotes

The "flat" (narrow band width) commuting call pulses are frequently mistaken for low frequency Molossid calls by those with limited

experience in real time recording.

CitationsCitations

IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

Kalko, E. K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae) Pp.

259-273 in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats (P. A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). The Zoological Society of London, Oxford.

Zorpette, G. 1999. Chasing the Ghost Bat. Scientific American. 280: : 82-89.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Diclidurus scutatusDiclidurus scutatus


Lesser Ghost Bat

Murciélago blanco menor


Diclidurus scutatus Peters, 1869

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Dicscu


Not yet verified. Presumed narrow band QCF sloping single pulses as other spcies in the genus


No verified calls, not yet known. Predicted values are based an averge FA size of 54 mm and compared to acoustically known speceis within

the genus.

Parameters Predicted values

Dur 7.5

Fmin 23.2

Fmax 23.8

BW 0.6

Fmean 23.5

Fc 23.7

Peak Freq. 25.4


Parameters Imputed values measurement

Dur 9.59 milliseconds

Fmin 23.59 kHz

Fmax 23.62 kHz

Bandw 1.82 kHz

Fmean 23.605 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5

Fc 25.61 kHz

Peak Freq 25.82 kHz

DomSlope 0.85 kHz/ms

Total Slope 0.72 kHz/ms




Brazil

Colombia

French Guiana

Guyana

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation :1-432: University College London, London.


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Predicted call sequence with red frequency lines differentiating from verified call files with blue lines.


Eptesicus andinusEptesicus andinus


Little Black Serotine


Eptesicus andinus J. A. Allen, 1914

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Eptand




No verified calls




Fmin 32.17 kHz

Fmax 56.18 kHz

BW 22.60 kHz


Fc 32.92 kHz

Peak Freq 36.31 kHz






Colombia

Ecuador

Panama

Peru

Venezuela

NotesNotes

No known verified calls; however calls may be identified in the future from the archive of unknown/unidentified Vespertilionid calls.

CitationsCitations

Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: : University College London, London.


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Searh phase


Eptesicus brasiliensisEptesicus brasiliensis


Brazilian Brown Bat

Eptésico de Brasil

Eptesicus argentinus

Eptesicus melanopterus

Eptesicus thomasi


Eptesicus brasiliensis (Demarest, 1819)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Eptbra



Search phase



Dur 1062 1.52 9.86 5.28 1.84 2.79 3.96 6.47 7.76

TBC 1032 4.45 7466.8 323.6 739.5 81.71 102.0 199.6 378.1

Fmin 1062 27.40 35.96 33.07 1.20 31.81 32.59 33.76 34.33

Fmax 1062 35.24 75.83 47.94 8.50 38.65 40.30 54.79 59.93

BW 1062 1.92 42.55 14.87 8.63 5.39 7.41 21.74 26.65

Fmean 1062 33.05 44.27 36.94 2.14 34.38 35.23 38.38 39.98

Fk 1062 30.42 53.51 36.58 1.88 34.48 35.48 37.65 38.74

Fc 1062 28.37 51.61 33.76 1.61 32.19 32.99 34.41 35.32

Sc 1062 9.23 242.64 60.92 26.96 29.44 42.15 75.38 93.62

Pmc 1062 4.60 128.40 42.25 25.90 14.10 20.30 62.30 78.30


Ricahrd LaVal




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Search phase


Eptesicus chiriquinusEptesicus chiriquinus


Chiriquinan Serotine



Search phase


R


Eptesicus furinalisEptesicus furinalis


Argentinian Brown Bat

Eptésico furioso

Eptesicus carteri

Eptesicus findleyi

Eptesicus gaumeri


Eptesicus furinalis (D'Orbigny, 1847)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Eptfur



Search phase

Search phase



Dur 5638 2.00 10.19 4.44 1.65 2.40 3.08 5.58 6.80

TBC 5348 2.7 10887.5 378.0 807.2 95.5 113.3 272.1 632.3

Fmin 5638 34.04 41.99 37.22 1.18 35.71 36.45 38.00 38.65

Fmax 5638 36.04 55.56 43.90 3.40 39.70 41.24 46.38 48.63

BW 5638 0.26 19.13 6.67 3.36 2.39 3.92 9.18 11.44

Fmean 5638 34.87 43.84 39.13 1.31 37.48 38.23 40.01 40.85

Fk 5638 36.04 42.90 40.10 1.40 38.28 39.12 41.13 41.99

Fc 5638 34.04 41.99 37.38 1.11 36.04 36.61 38.10 38.74

Sc 5638 -54.21 109.82 37.31 15.72 19.32 26.53 46.52 58.52

Pmc 5638 0.00 53.90 17.49 9.09 6.10 10.00 24.30 30.50


Bruce Miller





Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Curaçao

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Predicted call sequence with red frequency lines differentiating from verified call files with blue lines.


Eptesicus innoxiusEptesicus innoxius


Harmless Serotine


Eptesicus innoxius Gervais, 1841

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Eptinn




No verifed vocal sigantures




Fmin 36.49 kHz

Fmax 63.43 kHz

BW 24.48 kHz


Fc 37.30 kHz

Peak Freq 40.89 kHz




Near threatened; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Ecuador

Peru

NotesNotes

No known verified calls; however calls may be identified in the future from the archive of unknown/unidentified Vespertilionid calls.

CitationsCitations


The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.orgwww.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 August 201706 August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Eumops auripendulusEumops auripendulus


Black bonneted bat

Eumopo oscuro


Eumops auripendulus (Shaw, 1800)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Eumaur


QCF single decreasing frequency pulses. Search phase calls are generally longer duration and narrow bandwidth. Calls while arriving at and

departing roosts are clutter type calls and are not diagnostic. These are generally wide bandwidth and considerably shorter duration pulses.

Eumops commuting call pulses have a very narrow bandwidth and long duration, generally lower in frequency than search phase calls.



Dur 45 5.53 19.75 14.17 4.11 6.80 12.32 17.45 18.57

TBC 44 35.69 1164.38 313.86 253.42 116.29 166.09 353.35 637.01

Fmin 45 15.04 17.78 16.55 0.78 15.57 15.84 17.20 17.55

Fmax 45 17.86 22.73 20.49 1.08 19.02 19.66 21.11 21.80

BW 45 1.43 5.64 3.95 1.18 1.95 3.57 4.85 5.26

Fmean 45 16.67 19.63 18.34 0.66 17.48 17.93 18.84 19.10

Fk 45 17.43 21.28 19.45 0.83 18.44 18.96 20.00 20.44

Fc 45 15.63 18.82 17.31 0.81 16.11 16.88 17.98 18.26

Sc 45 11.32 33.71 18.83 3.61 15.51 17.15 20.67 22.20

Pmc 45 5.30 28.70 18.49 6.07 8.12 15.00 22.30 24.76




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Jamaica

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Uruguay

Guyana

Honduras

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Eumops chiribayaEumops chiribaya


Chiribaya's bonneted bat


Assumed to be QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency



Eumops delticusEumops delticus


Delta Bonneted Bat


Assumed to be QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency



Eumops hansaeEumops hansae


Eumopo alemán

Hansa bonneted bat

Sanborn's bonneted bat


Eumops hansae Sanborn, 1932

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Eumhan


Presumed to be QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency


Predicted or imputed values reported by Collen (2012)


Dur 10.5

Fmin 19.99

Fmax 30.34

BW 8.39

Fmean 25.165

Fc 22.69

Peak Freq 24.22

DomSlope 0.57

Total Slope 0.18




Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Eumops maurusEumops maurus


Guianan bonneted bat


QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency



Eumops nanusEumops nanus


Dwarf bonneted bat





Eumops patagonicusEumops patagonicus


Eumops beckeri

Patagonian bonneted bat

Patagonian Dwarf Bonneted Bat


Eumops patagonicus Thomas, 1924

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Eumpat


QCF single pulses decreasing in frequency





Fmin 16.09 kHz

Fmax 22.16 kHz

Bandw 6.44 kHz


Fc 18.28 kHz

Peak Freq 19.71 kHz



Measured values


Dur 6 9.54 14.26 12.08 1.68 10.29 11.21 13.02 13.67

TBC 5 612.08 2436.47 1120.61 797.01 612.50 613.12 1323.05 1991.10

Fmin 6 19.42 20.25 19.77 0.29 19.52 19.62 19.90 20.10

Fmax 6 25.08 27.49 26.11 0.90 25.16 25.45 26.54 27.08

BW 6 5.29 7.24 6.34 0.80 5.38 5.70 6.92 7.13

Fmean 6 21.32 22.38 21.74 0.38 21.36 21.48 21.82 22.11

Fk 6 20.10 22.66 21.67 0.97 20.55 21.17 22.35 22.54

Fc 6 19.95 20.67 20.27 0.28 20.00 20.06 20.41 20.54

Sc 6 4.54 26.93 17.65 8.48 8.96 14.07 24.53 26.77

Pmc 6 23.70 33.00 28.87 4.02 24.25 25.63 32.40 33.00


Miranda Collett -

Collett Trust for Endangered Species

Imputed values from Allana Collen, 2012


Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Paraguay

Uruguay

Peru

NotesNotes

The only verified calls as of Oct. 17, 2017 are from hand released light tagged bats in Argentina. Most of the call fliles were typical high clutter

calls seen with hand releases that are similar to bats leaving or entering a roost. The examples shown in the call shape section include the

clutter calls between search phase pulses.

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Eumops perotisEumops perotis


Greater bonneted bat


Eumops perotis (Schniz, 1821)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Eumper


QCF single decreasing frequency pulses. Search phase calls are generally longer duration and narrow bandwidth. Calls

while arriving at and departing roosts are clutter type calls and are not diagnostic. These are generally wide bandwidth

and considerably shorter duration pulses. Eumops commuting call pulses have a very narrow bandwidth and long duration,

generally lower in frequency than search phase calls.



Dur 4387 2.0 46.7 11.5 8.5 2.3 3.7 17.6 23.3

TBC 4183 2.7 6896 431 513 9 38 619 990

Fmin 4387 1.7 22.1 9.8 1.9 7.5 8.5 10.9 12.1

Fmax 4387 5.0 26.6 13.4 3.8 8.6 10.2 16.7 18.9

BW 4387 0.0 18.0 3.6 2.8 0.6 1.2 5.8 8.0

Fmean 4387 2.9 23.4 10.9 2.5 7.8 9.2 12.8 14.2

Fk 4387 1.7 26.6 11.4 2.8 8.4 9.6 13.0 14.9

Fc 4387 5.1 24.8 10.5 2.6 7.7 8.7 12.0 13.8

Sc 4387 -1234 817.3 42.0 84.4 3.8 10.9 62.7 101.9

Pmc 4387 -32.2 257.1 27.8 26.2 3.3 8.6 41.2 66.0


Chirs Corben recordings


Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - decreasing; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Mexico

Paraguay

Peru

United States

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Eumops trumbulliEumops trumbulli


Colombian bonneted bat

Trumbull's bonneted bat


Eumops trumbulli (Thomas, 1901)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Eumtru


QCF single decreasing frequency pulses. Search phase calls are generally longer duration and narrow bandwidth. Calls

while arriving at and departing roosts are clutter type calls and are not diagnostic. These are generally wide bandwidth

and considerably shorter duration pulses. Eumops commuting call pulses have a very narrow bandwidth and long duration,

generally lower in frequency than search phase calls.




Fmin 16.09 kHz

Fmax 22.16 kHz

Bandw 6.44 kHz


Fc 18.28 kHz

Peak Freq 19.71 kHz






Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

French Guiana

Guyana

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Eumops wilsoniEumops wilsoni


Wilson's bonneted bat





Furipterus horrensFuripterus horrens


Furipterus coerulescens

Murciélago sin pulgar

Thumbless Bat


Furipterus horrens (F. Cuvier, 1828)

FamilyFamily

Furipteridae


Furhor


Calls are very high frequency, low amplitude, realtivley narrow band and short duration.



Dur 117 1.00 2.72 1.64 0.43 1.14 1.25 1.91 2.28

TBC 112 2.00 3580.17 162.38 510.33 8.52 14.10 68.13 327.00

Fmin 117 121.21 153.85 132.76 8.83 123.08 125.00 137.93 143.90

Fmax 117 170.21 190.48 177.47 6.00 170.21 170.21 181.82 181.82

BW 117 16.36 67.40 44.71 11.50 29.86 36.88 54.70 58.74

Fmean 117 147.98 166.39 156.89 4.21 150.93 154.15 159.30 162.70

Fk 117 135.59 170.21 152.35 7.20 145.45 148.15 153.85 163.27

Fc 117 131.15 166.67 148.21 7.95 139.38 142.86 153.85 158.12

Sc 117 -306.67 928.60 241.17 179.53 0.00 131.95 376.20 424.27

Pmc 117 2.10 39.50 20.06 7.30 10.60 15.20 25.00 29.50


Least Concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated . (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

French Guiana

Guyana

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Histiotus macrotusHistiotus macrotus


Big-eared Brown Bat


Histiotus macrotus (Poeppig, 1835)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Hismac







Fmin 31.72 kHz

Fmax 55.65 kHz

BW 22.72 kHz


Fc 32.43 kHz

Peak Freq 35.84 kHz






Argentina

Bolivia

Chile

Peru

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller


Histiotus montanusHistiotus montanus


Small Big-eared Brown Bat


Histiotus montanus (Philippi and Landbeck, 1861)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Hismon




Paramaters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90%

Dur 30 1.64 5.67 3.33 1.20 1.87 2.29 4.45 4.79

Fmin 30 35.09 42.11 37.11 1.43 36.04 36.36 37.38 38.91

Fmax 30 41.67 81.63 57.20 10.40 47.62 48.93 66.40 71.43

Fmean 30 40.37 50.10 43.94 2.89 40.68 41.27 46.12 47.72

Fk 30 38.10 44.94 40.79 2.03 38.79 39.22 41.67 44.01

Fc 30 37.04 44.44 39.02 2.02 37.38 37.74 39.12 41.51

Sc 30 -115.94 178.02 94.95 61.99 40.34 68.29 140.58 154.96

Pmc 30 2.10 98.00 47.21 28.82 20.98 25.30 74.50 91.10




Fmin 28.36 kHz

Fmax 49.59 kHz

BW 21.1 kHz


Fc 28.99 kHz

Peak Freq 32.2 kHz






Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Ecuador

Panama

Peru

Chile

Colombia

Uruguay

Venezuela

CitationsCitations



Ossa, G., F. Diaz, O. O'hrens, J. Laker, and C. Bonacic. 2010. Conociendo los murciélagos a través de sus

ultrasonidos. La Chiricoca. 11: : 26-31.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Histiotus velatusHistiotus velatus


Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat




Feeding buzz


Lasiurus blossevilliiLasiurus blossevillii


Lasiuro de Blosseville

Lasiurus

Lasiurus

Lasiurus frantzii

Red Bat

Vespertilio blossevillii

Western Red Bat


Lasiurus blossevillii (Lesson, 1826)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Lasblo


FM reversed J broadband short duration - Fmin moving up and down

Search phase



Dur 1142 2.01 14.59 6.32 2.68 2.67 4.19 8.33 9.90

TBC 1044 2.4 9421.8 185.6 378.8 58.5 91.9 196.1 275.7

Fmin 1142 25.52 55.36 42.42 4.32 37.04 39.51 45.45 48.19

Fmax 1142 28.57 90.91 54.63 10.67 42.33 46.38 61.30 69.57

BW 1142 0.45 45.82 12.21 8.30 3.57 5.81 16.88 24.53

Fmean 1142 27.86 63.47 45.78 5.31 38.96 42.19 49.41 52.87

Fk 1142 28.57 62.50 45.91 4.92 39.80 42.55 49.23 52.46

Fc 1142 27.21 55.94 43.11 4.32 37.57 40.20 45.98 48.78

Sc 1142 -25.48 328.07 32.60 30.11 10.82 16.62 37.64 59.10

Pmc 1142 0.00 93.40 26.24 18.08 6.41 12.20 36.60 53.48


Bruce Miller, Chris Corben




Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Canada

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

NotesNotes

Baird, et al. (2015) make a strong case for elevating the subgenera of Lasiurus to full genera. This change results in the "yellow bats" being

elevated to the genus Dasypterus, hoary bats being elevated to the genus Aeorestes and red bats remaining in the genus Lasiurus.

The Mexican and Central American subspecies of L. blossevillii (L. b. teliotis and L. b. frantzii) are genetically quite divergent from the

remaining L. blossevillii from South America (Baird et al., 2012)

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Molossops neglectusMolossops neglectus


Rufous Dog-faced Bat


Molossops neglectus Williams and Genoways, 1980

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Molneg


Molossops QCF pulses with decreasing frequency and higher frequncy pulses increasing FM to QCF

Search phase call with fragment of the higher frequency descending FM pulse typical of the genus

Search phase call




Dur 7.46

Fmin 38.24

Fmax 53

BW 10.08

Fmean 45.62

Fc 43.82

Peak Freq 43.25

DomSlope 0.32

Total Slope 0.36




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Typical Molossops with deceasing frequency FM pulses above increasing FM pulses


Molossops temminckiiMolossops temminckii


Dwarf Dog-faced Bat

Molossops griseiventer

Molossops sylvia


Molossops temminckii (Burmeister, 1854)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Moltem


Molossops QCF pulses with decreasing frequency and higher frequncy pulses increasing FM to QCF

Typical Molossops with deceasing frequency FM pulses above increasing FM pulses

Feeding buzz

Transition from feeding buzz to search phase



Dur 193 2.01 8.77 5.48 1.91 2.78 3.64 7.14 7.74

TBC 169 70.89 2011.3 248.0 306.6 86.9 96.6 254.7 455.1

Fmin 193 45.07 50.00 47.35 1.33 45.45 46.24 48.34 49.08

Fmax 193 48.05 54.79 51.54 1.49 49.54 50.47 52.63 53.33

BW 193 1.08 7.73 4.19 1.14 2.80 3.42 4.92 5.71

Fmean 193 47.45 52.88 50.32 1.32 48.40 49.31 51.33 51.94

Fk 193 45.07 52.12 49.07 1.49 47.20 48.05 50.16 50.93

Fc 193 47.90 54.79 51.51 1.51 49.54 50.47 52.63 53.33

Sc 193 -63.97 -1.31 -19.19 11.81 -35.52 -26.58 -10.33 -7.12

Pmc 193 0.00 1.30 0.06 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30


Ochoa, O'Farrell, andMiller (2000)




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Uruguay

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Molossus coibensisMolossus coibensis


Coiban Mastiff Bat

Moloso de Coiban


Molossus coibensis J. A. Allen, 1904

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Molcoi






Dur 7.06

Fmin 26.74

Fmax 37.3

BW 8.43

Fmean 32.02

Fc 30.88

Peak Freq 31.66

DomSlope 0.95

Total Slope 1.25


Recorded in the village of Gamboa in Panama. Individuals confrimed by DNA.

Gager, Y. et al, 2016.




Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Molossus molossusMolossus molossus


Moloso moloso

Pallas's Mastiff Bat


Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Molmol



Search phase

Clutter calls

Transitioning from approach to search phase

Feeding buzz

Feeding buzz

Feeding buzz overlapping with Dasypterus ega


Upper pulses


Dur 1604 5.00 19.96 8.07 2.63 5.43 6.10 9.09 11.44

Fmin 1604 35.01 43.36 37.97 1.71 35.87 36.70 39.02 40.40

Fmax 1604 36.61 44.94 41.02 1.98 38.46 39.41 42.55 43.84

Fmean 1604 36.07 44.41 39.55 1.64 37.52 38.32 40.68 41.95

Fk 1604 35.71 44.94 40.46 1.81 38.28 39.02 41.67 43.01

Fc 1604 36.04 43.96 38.69 1.69 36.61 37.30 39.83 41.03

Sc 1604 -80.69 59.29 11.47 7.27 4.68 7.16 14.79 20.32

Pmc 1604 0.00 22.70 6.06 4.12 2.30 3.40 7.10 12.77

Lower pulses


Dur 1048 5.00 19.86 8.90 3.03 5.68 6.56 10.39 12.97

Fmin 1048 31.01 34.93 32.88 0.97 31.50 32.19 33.61 34.21

Fmax 1048 34.04 36.95 35.35 0.80 34.26 34.69 35.96 36.53

Fmean 1048 32.28 35.98 34.20 0.75 33.24 33.63 34.77 35.24

Fk 1048 34.04 36.95 35.18 0.78 34.19 34.48 35.79 36.28

Fc 1048 31.13 34.93 33.35 0.84 32.26 32.72 33.90 34.56

Sc 1048 0.00 43.68 11.53 4.26 7.29 8.75 13.52 16.76

Pmc 1048 0.70 16.60 6.03 2.20 3.60 4.50 7.23 9.20




Anguilla

Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina

Barbados

Belize

Bolivia

Bonaire

Brazil

Cayman Is.

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Curaçao

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guatemala

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Jamaica

Martinique

Mexico

Montserrat

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

Saint Martin

Sint Maarten

St. Kitts & Nevis

St. Lucia

St. Vincent & the Grenadines

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Uruguay

Venezuela

Virgin Islands

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Molossus rufusMolossus rufus


Black Mastiff Bat

Moloso negro

Molossus ater

Molossus castaneus

Molossus nigricans


Molossus rufus E. Geoffroy, 1805

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Molruf



Calls with mix of clutter pulses

Feeding buzz transition

Commute calls

Feeding buzz

Typical search phase



Dur 72748 2.50 39.42 8.62 4.39 3.16 4.59 12.13 14.79

TBC 65187 2.7 23732.7 471.3 937.6 19.1 128.4 377.5 803.6

Fmin 72748 19.00 30.95 26.33 2.49 22.99 24.54 28.32 29.68

Fmax 72748 23.02 33.97 29.17 2.25 26.14 27.54 30.95 32.06

BW 72748 0.07 14.90 2.84 1.69 0.97 1.53 3.81 4.96

Fmean 72748 22.00 32.00 27.87 2.20 24.89 26.25 29.66 30.78

Fk 72748 19.51 33.97 28.88 2.26 25.81 27.26 30.65 31.75

FcH1 72748 10.51 15.49 13.60 1.11 12.07 12.76 14.52 15.10

Fc 72748 21.02 30.98 27.20 2.21 24.13 25.52 29.04 30.19

FcH3 72748 31.53 46.47 40.80 3.32 36.20 38.28 43.56 45.29

Sc 72748 -308.92 415.66 13.98 15.85 7.19 10.08 16.02 20.86

Pmc 72748 0.00 57.10 7.36 4.46 2.50 4.10 9.80 12.60


Bruce Miller




Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Peru

Suriname

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

NotesNotes

taxonomic note: "Called ater by many authors, but see Carter and Dolan (1978) and Dolan (1989), who argued, based on

descriptions of head and ear shape of both taxa, and examination of the specimens labeled as types of rufus in the

Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, that Molossus ater Geoffroy, 1805, is really an Eumops, and that rufus is

really the correct name for the large Molossus often incorrectly called ater." Simmons, N. 2005. in Wilson and Reeder. 2005.

CitationsCitations

Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed) Johns

Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist .orgwww.iucnredlist .org>. Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Molossus sinaloaeMolossus sinaloae


Moloso de Sinaloa

Sinaloan Mastiff Bat





Mormoops megalophyllaMormoops megalophylla


Peters's Ghost-faced Bat


Mormoops megalophylla (Peters, 1864)

FamilyFamily

Mormoopidae


Mormeg


FM narrowband long dur single pulses

Clutter calls at cave roost

Clutter and social calls at cave roost

Typical feeding buzz

Approach phase

Search phase with typical pulse shape for genus

Search phase with simple pulse shape

Search phase



Dur 301 2.03 8.57 3.61 1.28 2.25 2.57 4.15 5.38

TBC 204 27.73 9723.53 314.14 790.75 58.51 85.51 271.76 496.12

Fmin 301 43.36 51.12 46.93 1.77 44.57 45.58 48.34 49.23

Fmax 301 48.63 55.56 51.72 1.17 50.31 50.96 52.29 53.16

BW 301 2.02 9.91 4.80 1.71 2.70 3.27 5.95 7.09

Fmean 301 47.62 53.20 50.15 0.96 49.03 49.48 50.71 51.41

Fk 301 48.34 54.98 51.60 1.10 50.16 50.79 52.29 53.16

Fc 301 47.48 53.51 50.32 1.04 49.08 49.69 50.96 51.61

Sc 301 2.46 36.92 17.17 7.72 8.56 11.21 22.33 28.68

Pmc 301 0.60 8.00 2.79 1.17 1.60 2.00 3.30 4.20



Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - decreasing; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Aruba

Belize

Bonaire

Colombia

Curaçao

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Trinidad & Tobago

United States

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Mormopterus kalinowskiiMormopterus kalinowskii


Kalinowski's Mastiff Bat


Mormopterus kalinowskii (Thomas, 1893)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Morkal


Search phase calls are narrow band FM pulses

Full spectrum above and zero crossing below.

Displayed with Analook Insight

Feeding buzz: full spectrum above and zero crossing below.

Displayed with Analook Insight



Dur 933 1.02 20.28 6.42 3.28 1.96 3.43 9.00 10.39

TBC 875 1.0 3399.0 228.8 257.2 48.5 117.4 270.9 435.9

Fmin 933 21.86 35.40 32.20 2.06 30.53 31.50 33.61 34.19

Fmax 933 28.17 35.71 33.82 1.37 32.00 33.06 34.78 35.40

BW 933 0.23 13.24 1.62 1.59 0.55 0.84 1.82 2.48

Fmean 933 19.06 35.56 30.51 3.35 25.81 28.85 32.96 34.09

Fk 923 24.10 35.71 33.51 1.57 31.75 32.52 34.78 35.40

FcH1 923 5.82 17.86 16.32 1.14 15.39 16.00 16.95 17.24

Fc 923 11.63 35.71 32.64 2.28 30.77 32.00 33.90 34.48

FcH3 923 17.45 53.57 48.96 3.41 46.16 48.00 50.85 51.72

Sc 923 -47.23 2708.61 15.72 128.04 0.00 2.35 10.28 18.81

Pmc 923 -2.00 201.00 3.73 11.26 0.00 1.00 4.00 6.00


Joaquín Ugarte, recorded in Peru


Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Amazonas

Ancash

Apurímac

Ica

Junín

Lima

Arequipa

Ayacucho

Callao

Cajamarca

Huancavelica

Huánuco

La Libertad

Lambayeque

Moquegua

Pasco

San Martín

Tacna

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Mormopterus phrudusMormopterus phrudus


Incan Little Mastiff Bat


Mormopterus phrudus (Handley, 1956)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Morphr


Calls shapes are not yet verified; unknown


Vulnerable; Ver.3.1 D2; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Peru

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis albescensMyotis albescens


Mioto blanquecino

Silver-tipped Myotis


Myotis albescens (E. Geoffroy, 1806)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myoalb




Parameters N Min Max Mean StDev 10% 25% 75% 90%

Dur 149 1.83 7.75 5.34 1.32 3.32 4.45 6.31 6.80

Fmin 149 43.13 47.90 46.60 1.07 44.94 46.11 47.34 47.62

Fmax 149 47.90 80.81 58.72 7.67 51.75 53.16 62.75 70.61

Fmean 149 46.33 51.93 48.89 1.00 47.77 48.21 49.47 50.37

Fk 149 46.78 51.61 48.74 0.87 47.59 48.19 49.23 49.69

Fc 149 45.71 48.63 47.40 0.64 46.51 46.92 47.90 48.19

Sc 149 -21.07 39.73 12.74 9.21 3.89 7.06 16.54 26.51

Pmc 149 1.50 75.30 23.93 16.54 8.36 12.00 31.80 49.44


Richrd LaVal recordings from Costa Rica




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

Guatemala

French Guiana

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Paraguay

El Salvador

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis atacamensisMyotis atacamensis


Atacaman Myotis

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myoata




Calls are not yet known.




Fmin 38.63 kHz

Fmax 77.21 kHz

Bandw 37.46 kHz


Fc 39.57 kHz

Peak Freq 47.32 kHz




Endangered; Ver.3.1 B2ab(ii,iii); Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis caucensisMyotis caucensis





Myotis keaysiMyotis keaysi


Hairy-legged Myotis

Myotis pilosotibialis


Myotis keaysi J. A. Allen, 1914

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myokea






Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Peru

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis nigricansMyotis nigricans


Black Myotis

Mioto negruzco


Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myonig




Parameter N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90%

Dur 57 3.00 6.92 4.74 0.82 3.71 4.15 5.17 5.92

Fmin 57 51.28 53.87 52.66 0.59 51.95 52.29 52.98 53.58

Fmax 57 56.14 72.07 63.03 4.06 57.55 60.61 65.31 68.79

Fmean 57 53.55 57.34 55.22 0.95 53.98 54.32 55.92 56.43

Fk 57 53.69 57.97 55.84 0.91 54.98 55.17 56.34 56.94

Fc 57 51.61 55.75 53.32 0.91 52.46 52.63 53.87 54.31

Sc 57 4.59 47.42 22.07 8.54 12.44 16.83 26.90 32.59

Pmc 57 3.20 35.60 18.22 7.59 8.48 11.70 22.30 29.70




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

NotesNotes

Lasrsen et al. (2012) note that the expansive geographic distribution of M. nigricans is likely a result of failing to distinguish unrecognized

species. DNA sequence data (Lasrsen et al., 2012)indicated that M. nigricans likely has a more restricted distribution than previously thought.

Myonig may only be found in a small region of South America (i.e., south-eastern Brazil). They state that “If this hypothesis is accurate, then the

identification of all little brown Myotis as ‘M. nigricans’ (although convenient) does not accurately reflect the diversity of small, brown, and

morphologically similar Neotropical Myotis” (Lasrsen et al., 2012).

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis oxyotusMyotis oxyotus


Mioto de oreja roja

Montane Myotis


Myotis oxyotus (Peters, 1867)

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myooxy





Dur 320 2.01 6.00 4.22 0.91 3.01 3.55 4.97 5.43

TBC 320 0.00 4523.67 191.35 480.24 9.60 69.02 148.07 278.58

Fmin 320 43.01 47.34 45.75 0.79 45.07 45.45 46.24 46.51

Fmax 320 48.34 73.73 55.02 4.94 50.16 51.45 57.35 61.78

Fmean 320 46.08 51.82 47.61 0.90 46.61 47.05 48.05 48.65

Fk 320 45.45 49.69 47.68 0.74 46.65 47.20 48.19 48.50

Fc 320 45.07 47.62 46.08 0.52 45.45 45.71 46.51 46.78

Sc 320 0.00 37.97 19.60 8.45 8.68 14.15 25.57 31.26

Pmc 320 4.00 58.50 19.40 10.65 8.77 11.98 24.63 34.11

BW 320 2.12 27.22 9.27 4.91 4.36 5.84 11.59 16.03


Richard LaVal recordings from Costa Rica




Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

Guyana

Panama

Peru

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis ripariusMyotis riparius


Mioto riberino

Riparian Myotis


Myotis riparius Handley 1960

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myorip





Dur 145 2.08 6.70 3.77 1.12 2.46 2.93 4.54 5.36

Fmin 145 52.12 57.55 54.58 0.99 53.33 54.05 55.17 55.86

Fmax 145 58.39 108.11 74.20 13.41 60.47 64.00 80.81 96.39

Fmean 145 55.15 64.83 58.86 2.42 56.28 57.23 60.16 62.89

Fk 145 53.33 59.93 57.57 1.74 54.79 56.34 58.82 59.48

Fc 145 54.05 57.76 55.65 0.85 54.42 55.17 56.34 56.74

Sc 145 -34.19 104.91 31.26 28.11 -10.12 16.10 50.21 62.91

Pmc 145 4.80 91.90 33.33 23.97 9.58 14.90 46.50 75.90


Richard LaVal recorded in Costa Rica

Baratraud recorded in French Guiana




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

NotesNotes

Small sample size, more calls are necessary for a more robust set of parameters

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Myotis simusMyotis simus


Velvety Myotis


Myotis simus Thomas, 1901

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Myosim





Dur 47 0.00 5.87 1.93 1.55 0.36 0.88 2.66 4.47

TBC 47 0.00 212.03 47.07 50.69 1.34 2.03 67.11 92.79

Fmin 47 47.90 66.12 54.37 4.00 50.31 51.61 56.94 58.74

Fmax 47 53.33 82.47 62.46 7.28 54.79 56.34 66.68 73.66

Fmean 44 51.28 63.75 56.92 3.63 52.65 53.35 59.81 61.51

Fk 47 52.98 66.12 58.51 3.80 53.33 55.37 61.31 64.21

Fc 47 50.00 62.99 55.60 3.46 52.15 52.46 58.39 60.15

Sc 47 9.00 1625.94 175.33 336.61 28.70 51.67 131.41 222.69

Pmc 47 1.30 53.60 12.37 11.54 3.24 4.60 16.80 28.38

BW 44 1.04 30.86 8.65 6.95 2.73 4.11 10.88 19.55

Imputed values from Collen 2012

Dur 3.1 ms

Fmin 49.55 kHz

Fmax 89.08 kHz

Fc 51.11 kHz

Peak Freq. 57.74 kHz

Dominant slope 10.38 kHz/ms

Total slope 13.85 kHz/ms

BW 38.61 kHz


Single recorded file inthe Department of Loereto in Peru and iumputed values extracted from Collen 2012.




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

Paraguay

Peru

CitationsCitations


University College London, London.

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.orgwww.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 0606

August 2017August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Noctilio albiventrisNoctilio albiventris


Lesser Bulldog Bat

Noctilio minor

FamilyFamily

Noctilionidae


Nocalb


QCF continuing as broad band decreasing FM pulse

Frequently recorded incomplete pulses

Seach sequence

Search phase



Dur 1248 1.00 14.20 4.12 2.41 1.36 2.04 5.66 7.30

TBC 1218 1.2 2665.7 110.7 225.0 6.8 24.3 110.3 201.7

Fmin 1248 30.02 69.26 40.94 6.40 33.47 37.21 43.60 48.38

Fmax 1248 40.00 72.73 50.77 8.25 41.88 44.44 55.41 64.78

BW 1248 0.21 39.04 9.83 7.05 2.65 4.37 13.56 20.08

Fmean 1248 35.65 69.57 46.18 6.39 40.07 41.86 48.74 53.31

Fk 1248 40.00 69.87 48.50 6.91 41.56 43.72 51.28 56.54

Fc 1248 38.00 70.18 45.13 6.69 39.28 40.92 46.51 51.61

Sc 1248 -677.38 815.04 75.19 102.01 9.14 15.56 112.23 182.23

Pmc 1248 0.00 72.70 12.82 12.76 2.20 4.30 17.10 30.56




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

French Guiana

Guatemala

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Search phase


Noctilio leporinusNoctilio leporinus


Greater Bulldog Bat

FamilyFamily

Noctilionidae


Noclep


QCF continuing as broad band decreasing FM pulse

Frequently recorded incomplete calls



Dur 278 5.06 14.14 9.36 2.40 6.06 7.20 11.24 12.30

TBC 236 30.5 8386.4 285.3 629.0 48.6 61.5 275.1 481.2

Fmin 278 30.08 54.79 48.83 5.42 41.18 47.76 52.25 53.33

Fmax 278 52.12 56.34 54.54 0.85 53.33 54.05 55.17 55.56

BW 278 0.36 25.48 5.71 5.52 1.18 2.09 6.84 13.14

Fmean 278 47.36 55.36 53.41 1.36 51.86 53.07 54.27 54.71

Fk 278 51.28 56.14 54.11 0.92 52.98 53.51 54.79 55.17

Fc 278 50.96 56.14 54.03 0.91 52.81 53.51 54.79 54.98

Sc 278 -15.60 19.67 0.30 3.94 -2.90 -1.30 1.32 2.76

Pmc 278 0.00 7.30 0.95 1.04 0.00 0.30 1.00 2.00




Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina

Barbados

Belize

Bolivia

Haiti

Honduras

Jamaica

Martinique

Mexico

Brazil

British Virgin Is.

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Curaçao

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guatemala

Guyana

Montserrat

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

Saint Martin

Sint Maarten

St. Kitts & Nevis

St. Lucia


Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

Virgin Islands

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Nyctinomops aurispinosusNyctinomops aurispinosus


Incan Little Mastiff Bat

Peale's Free-tailed Bat


Nyctinomops aurispinosus (Peale, 1848)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Nycaur






Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Panama

Peru

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Searhc phase


Nyctinomops laticaudatusNyctinomops laticaudatus


Broad-eared Free-tailed Bat

Murciélago de cola libre labipartido


Pulses generally are low frequency FM to QCF decreasing in frequency

Search phase calls are only slightly variable, although approach and feeding buzz sequecnees may be confused with other Molossids.

Also note search phase calls of Embalonurids in the genus Diclidurus are a shorter duration but may be confused.

Search phase

Search phase

Clutter calls near roost

Hand release

Approach

Feeding buzz

Diclidurus albus may be confusing w/o experience



Nyctinomops macrotisNyctinomops macrotis


Big Free-tailed Bat

Nyctinomops aequatoralis J. A. Allen, 1914


Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray, 1840)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Nycmac





Dur 2909 4.00 24.08 8.75 3.55 4.66 5.78 10.91 13.59

TBC 2294 4.7 12165.3 960.9 1058.7 17.8 355.2 1233.4 2052.0

Fmin 2909 10.46 21.86 13.37 1.98 11.48 11.89 14.31 15.90

Fmax 2909 12.01 25.97 16.63 3.98 12.48 13.18 19.18 23.26

BW 2909 0.15 13.54 3.27 2.63 0.77 1.21 4.68 7.43

Fmean 2909 11.51 23.58 14.56 2.54 11.96 12.45 16.11 18.17

Fk 2909 11.20 25.72 14.98 2.69 12.18 12.78 16.56 18.82

Fc 2909 11.00 23.67 14.15 2.39 11.82 12.27 15.41 17.54

Sc 2909 -144.71 138.51 27.50 21.57 5.43 12.76 39.57 53.98

Pmc 2909 0.00 81.60 16.80 14.76 3.60 6.10 23.10 38.10




Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Haiti

Jamaica

Mexico

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

United States

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Peropteryx kappleriPeropteryx kappleri


Greater Dog-like Bat

Murciélago de Kappler

Murciélago grande cara de perro


Peropteryx kappleri Peters, 1867

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Perkap


Narrow band FM sloping single pulses


Search phase transitioning into a feeding buzz

Multiple feeding buzzes



Dur 4549 3.00 15.67 7.77 2.47 3.96 5.75 9.81 10.71

TBC 3875 4.8 8952.5 652.7 854.1 213.2 254.7 672.5 1146.4

Fmin 4549 22.01 33.33 29.63 1.39 27.97 29.04 30.42 30.89

Fmax 4549 30.02 33.97 31.33 0.75 30.59 30.83 31.62 32.59

BW 4549 0.19 9.37 1.70 1.38 0.56 0.75 2.42 3.62

Fmean 4549 28.06 33.62 30.77 0.68 30.10 30.33 31.02 31.90

Fk 4549 30.02 33.97 31.28 0.74 30.53 30.77 31.56 32.52

Fc 4549 28.12 33.76 30.66 0.67 29.96 30.19 30.95 31.75

Sc 4549 -7.87 172.15 5.14 5.97 2.94 3.48 5.55 7.48

Pmc 4549 0.00 14.40 2.18 1.04 1.10 1.50 2.60 3.30




Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller




Peropteryx leucopteraPeropteryx leucoptera


Murciélago cara de perro de alas blancas

White-winged Dog-like Bat


Peropteryx leucoptera Peters, 1867

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Perleu


Presumed narrow band FM sloping singlepulses as in other species in the genus


Parameters N Mean

Dur Estimated 8.00

Fmin Estimated 29.46

Fmax Estimated 32.74

Fmean Estimated 32.20

Fc Estimated 32.23



Dur 8

Fmin 29.46

Fmax 32.74

Bandw 3.37

Fmean 31.1

Fc 32.2

Peak Freq 32.23

DomSlope 0.42

Total Slope 0.22




Bolivia

BrazilGuyana

Peru

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations



AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Peropteryx macrotisPeropteryx macrotis


Lesser Dog-like Bat

Murciélago menor cara de perro

Murciélago orejón


Peropteryx macrotis (Wagner, 1843)

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Narrow band FM sloping single pulses

Search phase of female

Search phase of male

Hand release

Feeding buzz



Dur 4549 3.00 15.67 7.77 2.47 3.96 5.75 9.81 10.71

TBC 3875 4.2 8952.5 652.7 854.1 213.2 254.8 672.5 1146.5Fmin 4549 22.01 33.33 29.63 1.39 27.97 29.04 30.42 30.89

Fmax 4549 30.02 33.97 31.33 0.75 30.59 30.83 31.62 32.59

BW 4549 0.19 9.37 1.70 1.38 0.56 0.75 2.42 3.62

Fmean 4549 28.06 33.62 30.77 0.68 30.10 30.33 31.02 31.90

Fk 4549 30.02 33.97 31.28 0.74 30.53 30.77 31.56 32.52

Fc 4549 28.12 33.76 30.66 0.67 29.96 30.19 30.95 31.75

Sc 4549 -7.87 172.15 5.14 5.97 2.94 3.48 5.55 7.48

Pmc 4549 0.00 14.40 2.18 1.04 1.10 1.50 2.60 3.30




Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Grenada

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Peropteryx pallidopteraPeropteryx pallidoptera


Murciélago cara de perro de alas pálidas

White-winged Dog-like Bat


Peropteryx pallidoptera Lim et al., 2010

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Perpal


Presumed narrow band FM sloping singlepulses as in other species in the genus


NA

Predicted values based on Comparison of FA size with other species in genus

FA Predicted Dur Predicted Fc Predicted Fmax Predicted Fmin

40.8 4.94 35.16 43.93 41.99


Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Brazil

EcuadorPeru

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller




Search phase with decreasing upper FM pulses


Promops centralisPromops centralis


Big Crested Mastiff Bat

Murciélago de cola libre Centroamericana

Promops occultus Thomas, 1915


Promops centralis Thomas, 1915

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Procen


Frequently calls include paired pulses of increasing frequency low/fm up qcf pulses at one narrow range with higher frequency pulses well

above the lower pulses that decrease from as a high fm down to a qcf pulses.

Note that it is common to only record the only lower increasing frequency pulses during the search phase.

The commute phase calls have a very distinctive long duration CF component followed by an increasing fm component at the end of each

pulse.

Feeding buzzes are typical of Molossids with a very short pulse duration and large band width.

Very long duration >75 ms commute calls

Feeding buzz

Long duration commute calls

Feediing buzz transitioning back to search phase

Search phase: note upper FM pulses are not always present



Dur 483 1.11 20.12 2.71 2.86 1.21 1.48 2.40 5.00

TBC 457 1.91 8988.07 160.85 512.45 2.52 2.92 237.99 362.12

Fmin 483 24.02 28.73 26.23 0.73 25.28 25.66 26.76 27.07

BW 483 0.00 2.87 0.42 0.53 0.09 0.13 0.43 1.03

Fmax 483 25.16 28.93 26.65 0.71 25.68 26.19 27.03 27.44

Fmean 483 25.13 28.80 26.49 0.65 25.60 26.05 26.92 27.23

Fk 483 25.00 28.93 26.33 0.71 25.40 25.76 26.80 27.16

Fc 483 25.08 28.88 26.52 0.67 25.64 26.02 26.98 27.30

Sc 483 -14.81 7.88 -5.25 4.11 -10.09 -7.84 -2.99 0.00

Pmc 483 0.00 8.90 0.52 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.20


Bruce Miller recordings




Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

Jung K, Molinari J, Kalko EK (2014) Driving factors for the evolution of species-specific echolocation call design in

new world free-tailed bats (molossidae). PLoS One 9: e85279. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085279

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.orgwww.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 0606

August 2017August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Full spectrum


Promops davisoniPromops davisoni


Promops centralis Thomas, 1915


Promops davisoni Thomas, 1921

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Prodav


Presumed to be

Increasing frequency QCF pulses at one narrow range with higher frequency QCF pulses decreasing

Search and feeding buzz


NA


Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Ecuador

Peru

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Full spectrum search phase. The fundamental harmonic can be seen below the dominant harmonic


Pteronotus davyiPteronotus davyi


Davy's Naked-backed Bat

Murciélago de Davy

Pteronotus davyi calvus

Pteronotus davyi fulvus

Pteronotus davyi incae


Pteronotus davyi Gray, 1838

FamilyFamily

Mormoopidae


Ptedav


QCF-FM-QCF broad band reversed S or lazy Z

It is not uncommon to only record the lower frequencies

As a very gregarious species jamming avoidance frequency shifts are frequently seen

Calls of both P. davyi and P. gymnonotus

Calls of both P. davyi and P. personatus



Dur 1058 1.01 7.77 4.36 1.39 2.39 3.19 5.41 6.10

TBC 798 6.83 7068.09 412.31 933.78 59.93 64.64 204.02 786.02

Fmin 1058 52.29 67.80 58.79 3.41 56.14 56.94 60.15 64.60

Fmax 1058 59.04 69.26 67.76 1.27 67.23 67.51 68.38 68.67

BW 1058 0.26 15.51 8.97 3.67 2.20 6.63 11.15 11.83

Fmean 1058 58.02 68.31 64.30 1.94 62.52 63.00 66.08 67.17

Fk 1058 57.55 67.80 62.78 3.92 58.61 59.26 67.23 67.51

Fc 1058 54.42 68.97 61.87 4.93 57.14 57.55 67.51 67.80

Sc 1058 -404.37 369.56 16.92 33.19 -5.38 -2.54 30.34 48.67

Pmc 1058 0.00 24.40 10.18 8.91 0.00 0.40 18.50 19.10


Bruce Miller ZC files

Brock Fenton full spectrum




</TABLE

Belize

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Curaçao

Dominica

El Salvador

French Guiana

Grenada

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Martinique

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Pteronotus gymnonotusPteronotus gymnonotus


Big Naked-backed Bat

Murciélago de oído

Pteronotus suapurensis


Pteronotus gymnonotus Natterer, 1843

FamilyFamily

Mormoopidae


Ptegym



Calls of both P. gymnonotus and P. personatus

Calls of both P. gymnonotus and P. davyi

Typical feeding buzz

Frequently only the upper portions of the calls are recorded




Dur 3962 1.50 9.08 4.40 1.48 3.08 5.54 2.33 6.12

TBC 3317 3.27 8302.22 337.40 564.60 134.30 289.11 94.42 558.51

Fmin 3962 43.01 54.79 48.03 3.32 45.71 50.79 44.57 53.69

Fmax 3962 50.16 57.76 55.00 0.62 54.79 55.36 54.05 55.56

BW 3962 0.17 12.82 6.97 3.43 3.95 9.27 0.93 10.54

Fmean 3962 48.02 55.00 52.86 1.22 52.05 53.93 51.46 54.60

Fk 3962 48.34 56.54 54.42 0.63 54.24 54.79 53.69 54.98

Fc 3962 44.57 55.94 54.64 0.93 54.42 55.17 53.69 55.36

Sc 3962 -22.85 215.17 -1.76 12.05 -6.12 0.00 -8.60 2.32

Pmc 3962 0.00 14.00 0.66 1.26 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.00




Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Pteronotus personatusPteronotus personatus


Murciélago enmascarado

Pteronotus personatus psilotis

Wagner's Mustached Bat


Pteronotus personatus (Wagner, 1843)

FamilyFamily

Mormoopidae


Pteper



Calls of both P. personatus and P. davyi

Search phase with fundamental harmonic

Feeding buzz

Typical search phase sequence



Dur 12877 2.00 9.54 3.90 1.31 2.31 2.76 4.88 5.77

TBC 10361 2.3 13623.4 452.8 1205.9 47.4 58.3 240.2 752.1

Fmin 12877 64.00 80.81 67.50 1.90 65.57 66.39 68.38 69.26

Fmax 12877 72.07 85.56 78.67 2.90 74.42 76.56 80.81 82.05

BW 12877 1.30 19.72 11.17 3.55 5.98 8.42 13.86 15.22

Fmean 12877 69.00 82.78 72.12 2.54 69.32 69.89 73.91 75.69

Fk 12877 67.23 84.66 70.82 2.80 68.38 69.26 71.43 74.77

Fc 12877 66.67 82.90 69.07 2.63 67.23 67.80 69.26 72.07

Sc 12877 -97.22 149.99 29.61 30.76 0.00 9.61 41.17 69.79

Pmc 12877 0.00 28.30 14.05 5.91 5.00 9.80 18.80 20.20





Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Pteronotus rubiginosusPteronotus rubiginosus


Mustached Bat 53 kHz


Pteronotus rubiginosus Wagner, 1843

FamilyFamily

Mormoopidae


Pterub


CF long duration horizontal calls at the same frequency


As Pteronotus parnellii - Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Brazil

French Guiana

Colombia

Costa Rica

French Guiana

Guyana

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

Dávalos, L. M. 2006. The geography of diversification in the mormoopids Chiroptera: (Mormoopidae). Biological Journal of Linnean Society.88::

101-118.


Thoisy, B. D., Et al. 2014. Cryptic Diversity in Common Mustached Bats Pteronotus cf. parnellii (Mormoopidae) in French Guiana and Brazilian

Amapa. Acta Chiropterologica.16: : 1-13.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Rhogeessa hussoniRhogeessa hussoni


Husson's Yellow Bat


Rhogeessa hussoni Genoways and Baker, 1996

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Rhohus


Calls shapes are not yet verified;presummed to be FM reversed J broadband short duration




Brazil

Peru

Suriname

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Rhogeessa ioRhogeessa io


Murciélago io

Thomas's Yellow Bat


Rhogeessa io Thomas, 1903

FamilyFamily

Vespertilionidae


Rhoio






Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Rhogeessa velillaRhogeessa velilla


Ecuadorian Little Yellow Bat


Calls shapes are not yet verified;presummed to be FM reversed J broadband short duration



Rhynchonycteris nasoRhynchonycteris naso


Murciélago narigón

Proboscis Bat


Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Rhynas


Broad band QCF pulse followed by steep FM sloping long or short dur

Social calls recorded at a roost as bats took flight.

Hand release showing both Fc at the second harmonic as well as at the third harmonic.

Fc at the 2nd harmonic with two individual bats using jamming avoidance frequency shift.

Fc at the third harmonic



Dur 1369 0.17 7.75 1.96 2.19 0.19 0.30 3.25 5.88

TBC 1261 0.26 11732.9 436.1 1383.6 0.59 1.8 158.7 697.9

Fmin 1369 65.04 89.89 79.65 5.81 71.75 75.47 84.21 86.49

Fmax 1369 80.00 96.39 88.68 3.29 83.33 86.49 91.43 92.06

BW 1369 0.00 28.01 9.03 5.94 1.64 5.00 13.16 18.37

Fmean 1369 75.24 94.58 86.21 3.82 80.27 83.61 88.89 90.40

Fk 1369 65.04 95.24 85.86 6.05 76.92 83.33 89.89 91.43

Fc 1369 80.00 94.67 87.11 3.83 81.22 83.77 89.89 91.43

Sc 1369 -2711.40 1015.06 -151.60 505.59 -883.79 -128.19 46.18 196.62

Pmc 1369 0.00 15.00 1.87 2.71 0.00 0.00 2.20 6.30

Reported by Kalko, 1995. BF = Best frequency of QCF or CF component

ParametersParameters NN MinMin MaxMax MeanMean +/-+/-

Dur 31 3.20 6.70 5.00 0.80TBC 82 27.5 107.4 53.8 19.8

BF 70 100.00 103.60 102.50 0.90




Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


259-273 in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats (P. A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). The Zoological Society of London, Oxford

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Saccopteryx bilineataSaccopteryx bilineata


Greater Sac-winged Bat

Greater White-lined Bat

Murciélago listado

Murciélago negro de listas


Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838)

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Sacbil


Paired QCF inverted "U" ascending pulses higher freq. pulse follows lower pulse

Feeding buzz, note the drop in frequencies

Search phase pulse shapes may be more exaggerated

Typical paired search phase calls



Dur 32802 3.00 8.50 6.05 1.35 4.05 5.10 7.09 7.79

TBC 30247 3.8 11772.9 301.2 699.6 61.5 81.8 230.3 489.8

Fmin 32802 42.11 48.63 45.09 1.44 43.13 43.96 46.24 46.92

Fmax 32802 43.24 50.00 46.93 1.30 45.20 45.98 47.90 48.63

BW 32802 0.24 7.56 1.84 0.89 0.99 1.24 2.21 3.10

Fmean 32802 42.83 49.00 46.45 1.29 44.68 45.53 47.42 48.12

Fk 32802 42.11 50.00 45.98 1.35 44.08 44.94 47.06 47.76

Fc 32802 43.01 50.00 46.86 1.31 45.07 45.98 47.76 48.63

Sc 32802 -309.78 13.76 -6.60 10.98 -10.31 -7.50 -3.91 -2.81

Pmc 32802 0.00 0.60 0.16 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30



Dur 41 7.00 12.40 9.40 1.30

TBC 41 68.2 114.8 85.5 20.1 First

BF 60 43.80 45.80 45.10 0.50


Dur 38 5.30 11.60 9.00 1.70

TBC 38 27.7 65.3 52 9.1 Second

BF 57 46.10 48.10 47.10 0.60



Parameters reported by Kalko (1995)




Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

Guatemala

French Guiana

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Paraguay

El Salvador

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations




AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Saccopteryx canescensSaccopteryx canescens


Frosted Sac-winged Bat

Saccopteryx pumila Thomas, 1914


Saccopteryx canescens Thomas, 1901

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Saccan


Wav file from French Guiana courtesy of Vincent Rufray, Directeur de l’Agence Amazonie, 30 Domaine de Montabo - 97300 Cayenne

Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing (AnalookW v 4.2.n) and WAV format (Kaleidoscope 4.5.1). The latter showing multiple

harmonics with the maximum call energy being on the H2. These pulses are similar to both species of Centronycteris.

This single pulse pattern is also occasionally seen in S. bilineata when hanging stationary on vegetation. When actively flying Sacbil reverts to

the stepped alternating high/low two frequency pulses.



Dur 54 0.86 8.74 4.51 1.98 1.98 3.11 5.57 7.19

TBC 53 14.02 220.36 85.54 35.33 55.07 68.14 94.84 101.63

Fmin 54 39.80 50.63 45.92 2.38 43.48 44.02 47.27 49.60

Fmax 54 50.63 54.42 52.74 0.72 51.95 52.38 52.98 53.69BW 54 0.98 13.18 6.83 2.48 3.32 5.49 8.78 9.58

Fmean 54 48.62 52.50 51.46 0.63 50.91 51.34 51.80 51.97

Fk 54 49.38 52.63 51.71 0.78 50.73 51.28 52.29 52.63

Fc 54 49.08 52.98 52.12 0.78 51.28 51.95 52.63 52.98

Sc 54 -98.10 96.34 -2.64 30.97 -25.17 -9.65 0.00 27.21

Pmc 54 0.00 9.50 1.21 1.69 0.00 0.00 1.98 3.27


Vincent Rufray, Directeur de l’Agence Amazonie




Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations

Barataud, M., Et al. 2013. Sonar signals and acoustic ecology of French Guiana bats. Rhinolophe. 19: : 103-145.


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Feeding buzz, note drop in frequencies


Saccopteryx lepturaSaccopteryx leptura


Lesser Sac-winged Bat

Murciélago de ala delgada

Murciélago marrón de listas


Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber, 1774)

FamilyFamily

Emballonuridae


Saclep


QCF paired inverted U pulses low to high freq.

Typical paired search phase calls


Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 0.10 0.25 0.75 0.90

Dur 12900 1.00 8.68 4.37 1.69 1.78 3.06 5.64 6.38

TBC 12329 1.4 11023.5 308.0 798.1 44.9 54.3 198.7 484.1

Fmin 12900 48.05 59.93 53.32 1.91 50.96 51.78 54.79 55.75

Fmax 12900 52.12 61.54 55.23 1.64 53.16 53.87 56.54 57.35

BW 12900 0.00 8.09 1.91 0.85 0.77 1.33 2.41 2.97

Fmean 12900 51.05 60.57 54.66 1.66 52.58 53.25 56.01 56.83

Fk 12900 50.00 59.93 54.07 1.74 51.78 52.63 55.56 56.34

Fc 12900 52.12 61.54 55.08 1.64 52.98 53.69 56.34 57.14

Sc 12900 -20.00 36.94 -8.63 4.66 -15.25 -11.47 -5.55 -3.66

Pmc 12900 0.00 3.40 0.26 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.70



Dur 31 3.50 6.50 5.30 1.00

TBC 25 25.4 107.1 60.1 20.5 FirstFirst

BF 41 51.10 53.70 52.70 0.60


Dur 29 3.90 8.30 5.40 0.80TBC 38 31.9 90.4 49.6 17.1 SecondSecond

BF 57 46.10 48.10 47.10 0.60



Parameters reported by Kalko (1995)




Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Trinidad & Tobago

Venezuela

CitationsCitations




AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Tadarida brasiliensisTadarida brasiliensis


Brazilian Free-tailed Bat

Mexican Free-tailed Bat

Tadárida de Brasil


Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824)

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Tadbra


QCF single pulses of decreasing frequency may include short FM pulses



Dur 10624 2.00 31.53 9.88 4.13 3.38 6.53 13.01 14.51

TBC 10322 2.2 3469.1 236.8 159.4 71.4 156.0 302.8 369.6

Fmin 10624 10.94 56.34 23.39 2.43 20.62 21.86 24.84 26.40

Fmax 10624 18.41 66.67 29.79 7.06 22.99 24.84 33.20 40.20

BW 10624 0.11 40.42 6.40 6.33 1.10 2.03 8.66 15.62

Fmean 10624 15.51 59.90 25.78 3.26 22.07 23.49 27.67 30.17

Fk 10624 18.08 62.50 26.66 3.75 22.73 24.28 28.47 30.59

Fc 10625 16.74 56.34 24.71 3.26 21.51 22.70 26.19 27.87

Sc 10624 -212.27 499.75 33.76 58.14 3.88 8.13 28.68 80.07

Pmc 10624 0.00 152.40 19.95 20.11 3.20 6.50 26.50 46.70




Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina

Bahamas

Bolivia

Brazil

Cayman Is.

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Jamaica

Martinique

Mexico

Montserrat

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Puerto Rico

Saint Martin

Sint Maarten

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guadeloupe

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

St. Kitts & Nevis

St. Lucia


Trinidad & Tobago

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Zero crossing


Thyroptera disciferaThyroptera discifera


Peters's Disk-winged Bat



Full spectrum



Thyroptera lavaliThyroptera lavali


LaVal's Disk-winged Bat


Zero crossing


Thyroptera tricolorThyroptera tricolor


Spix's Disk-winged Bat


FM short duration broadband reversed J.

Full spectrum shows multiple harmonics. The harmonics are not evident in the compressed zero crossing display.

Full spectrum



Thyroptera wynneaeThyroptera wynneae


Patricia's Disk-winged Bat


Thyroptera wynneae Velazco, Gregorin, Voss and Simmons, 2014


Thywyn


Data Deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Brazil Peru

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller






Tomopeas ravusTomopeas ravus


Blunt-eared Bat


Tomopeas ravus Miller, 1900

FamilyFamily

Molossidae


Tomrav


Calls shapes are not yet verified; unknown


Endangered; Ver.3.1 B2ab(ii,iii); Population trend - decreasing; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.)


Peru

CitationsCitations


AuthorsAuthors


Bruce W. Miller





Fact Sheet Introduction - University of...

Documents

Transcript of Fact Sheet Introduction - University of...