Fabrication & Characterisation of sisal /glass fiber as ...
Transcript of Fabrication & Characterisation of sisal /glass fiber as ...
Fabrication & Characterisation of sisal /glass fiber as
reinforcement epoxy hybrid composites Dissertation -II
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree
Of
Master of Technology
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
GYAN SHANKAR PANDEY
(11604552)
Under the guidance of
Mr. KAMLESH KUMAR MISHRA
(14703)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
PUNJAB
TOPIC APPROVAL PERFORMA
School of Mechanical Engineering
Program : P17L::M.Tech. (Manufacturing Engineering) [Full Time]
COURSE CODE : MEC604 REGULAR/BACKLOG :
Regular GROUP NUMBER : MERGD0045
Supervisor Name : Kamlesh Kumar UID : 14703 Designation : Assistant ProfessorMishra
Qualification : ________________________ Research Experience :________________________
SR.NO. NAME OF STUDENT REGISTRATION NO
BATCH SECTION CONTACT NUMBER
1 Gyan Shankar Pandey 11604552 2016 M1672 9501793319
SPECIALIZATION AREA :Manufacturing Engineering Supervisor Signature: ___________________
PROPOSED TOPIC : Preparation of jute/green epoxy composites: Investigation of micro-structure and mechanical properties.
Qualitative Assessment of Proposed Topic by PAC
Sr.No. Parameter Rating (out of 10)
1 Project Novelty: Potential of the project to create new knowledge 6.00
2 Project Feasibility: Project can be timely carried out in-house with low-cost and available resources in the University by the students.
5.00
3 Project Academic Inputs: Project topic is relevant and makes extensive use of academic inputs in UG program and serves as a culminating effort for core study area of the degree program.
5.00
4 Project Supervision: Project supervisor’s is technically competent to guide students, resolve any issues, and impart necessary skills.
7.00
5 Social Applicability: Project work intends to solve a practical problem. 5.00
6 Future Scope: Project has potential to become basis of future research work, publication or patent. 6.00
PAC Co mmittee Members
PAC Member 1 Name: Ankur Bahl UID: 11108 Recommended (Y/N): NA
PAC Member 2 Name: Jasvinder Singh UID: 15854 Recommended (Y/N): NA
PAC Member 3 Name: Dr. Uday Krishna Ravella UID: 18604 Recommended (Y/N): NA
PAC Member 4 Name: Anil Kumar UID: 20296 Recommended (Y/N): NA
DAA Nominee Name: Kamal Hassan UID: 17469 Recommended (Y/N): Yes
Final Topic Approved by PAC: Fabrication and characterization of sisal and glass fiber as a reinforced epoxy hybrid composite
Overall Remarks: Approved (with major changes)
PAC CHAIRPERSON Name: 12174::Gurpreet Singh Phull Approval Date: 14 Nov 2017
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work being presented in the dissertation entitled “Fabrication
and characterization of sisal/glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites”in
partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the Degree of master of technology
and submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the
supervision of Mr Kamlesh Kumar Mishra Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Lovely Professional University. The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been
submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.
28 November, 2017
Gyan Shankar Pandey
Regd no. 11604552
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge.
28 November, 2017
Mr Kamlesh Kumar Mishra
COD (ME)
________________________________________________________________________
the external viva-voce examination of the student was held on successfully
_______________
Signature of Examiner
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“The true method of knowledge is experiment.”
— William Blake
I feel very immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude to my thesis supervisor Mr.
Kamlesh Kumar Mishra whose inspiring guidance and support has helped me a lot in
carrying on my research work. I feel very thankful to him for sharing the inspirational
thoughts, motivations and giving me too much time for my study and help.
Moreover explanations and discussions with my mentor and other faculties of
lovely professional university, conferences and inspirations from my friends, seniors and
paper presenters have motivated me to take an initiative for this study. I would like to
thank my mentor and corresponding author Mr. Kamlesh Kumar Mishra for his helpful
support and discussions at every stage of my study.
I would like to thank my parents who have supported in carrying on my studies
and research work in this field. I am very obliged to them because without their support
and motivation it would not be possible for me to reach at this extent.
(Gyan Shankar Pandey)
ii
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the natural fiber polymer composite mix with the glass fiber, to
enhance the mechanical property of composite. In this thesis, sisal and glass fiber will
reinforce into the epoxy matrix. In present study acytelated sisal fiber use as a reinforce in
the composite, to increase the interfacial bonding between reinforced and matrix material.
Glass fiber is also used to enhance the mechanical property. In the study, two fixed layer
of glass fibre with different weight percentage of sisal fiber (2%, 4%, 6%%, and 8%) will
reinforce with epoxy matrix composite. And the mechanical property of all hybris
composite will be studied, like tensile, flexural strength,impact strength and will analyse
internal structure of hybrid composite with te help of SEM.
iii
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………….……..i
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….…...ii
INDEX……………………………………………………………………………….……iii
LIST OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….……iv
iv
LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………….………..1
Chapter 2: Scope of the study…………………………………………………………....7
Chapter 3: Objective of the study……………………………………………...….……..8
Chapter 4: Literature Survey……………………………………………………………..9
Chapter 5: Research Methodology……………………………………………….……...14
Chapter 6: Proposed work plan with timeline ……………………………………….….16
Chapter 7: Expected Outcome………………………………………………….…….….17
Chapter 8: References……………………………………………………………..…….18
1
1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1 General
Composite material also can be found in our households. E.g. concrete is made up of
cement, sand, and gravel. It can also be reinforced with steel which improves around
10000BC the houses were made up of straw bricks, and then in around 4000BC the
writing material was fabricated from the papyrus plant. The writing material was prepared
in the form of laminates by arranging the fibers of the fabulous plant in a particular
direction. Egyptians also made fibers by heat treating the glass material to very high
temperature. In an around 1200BC Mongols develop the first modern composite bow. The
bow was made from various materials such as wood, leather, bamboo, horn, antler and
tendon. The horn and antler were used to make the main body of the bow because it has
good flexibility. Tendon was used to adhere and cover the horn and antler. All the pieces
are joined together to used glue which is obtained from the bladder of the fish. The string
of the bow had made from horse hair, silk along with tendon. The bow was very powerful
which shoot within a range of 1.5km.the modern composite can develop after world war-2
because the world war-2 was mostly fought with fighter planes, which requires material to
be lightweight and strong. Therefore phenolic resin was used for the first time in the
fighter planes by The British royal air force in its mosquito bomber aircraft. Further, the
use of radar technology resulted in the development of glass fiber reinforced plastics
which were used to make the covering of radar equipment. Modern-day the strength of
concrete is high. Another example is wood which is made up of cellulose and lignin.
Plywood is also a form of good composite used for making furniture. Our bone is also a
composite material containing collagen fiber and hydroxyl appetite matrix.
1.2 COMPOSITE
Composite material is nothing but two or more constituent materials with different
physical or chemical properties combine together to make a new material, but the
individual material process individual properties. The new material may be preferred for
many reasons: common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter, or less
expensive when compared to traditional materials.
2
1.2.1 TYPES OF COMPOSITE
i. Fibrous Composite
ii. Laminated Composite
iii. Particulate Composite
iv. Hybrid Composite
1.2.1.1 Fibrous Composite
In fibrous composite is mainly consists of fiber as a reinforcement in the matrix. This
fiber can be continues fiber or discontinues fiber. Long fibers in various forms are
inherently much stiffer and stronger than the same material in the bulk form.
1.2.1.2 Laminated Composite
Laminated composite is mainly made up of at least two or more layer of different
materials that are stuck together. These are mainly classified into three categories:
a) Bimetals
These are the laminates of two different metals that having different coefficient of thermal
expansion.
b) Clad metals
These are the materials they combine the properties of two or more metals. In this process
of cladding or sheathing, one metal is covered by another to obtain the best properties of
both. E.g. Aluminum alloy
c) Fiberglass or safety glass
It is a layer of polyvinyl butyl which is a sandwich between two layers of glass. Therefore
the brittle behavior of the material is reduced because of the plastic layer in between the
layer..
1.2.1.3 Particulate Composite
It contains particles of metals or non-metals suspended in a matrix of another material
which can be metallic or non-metallic depends on the particles and matrix which we used
in the matrix. This is mainly classified into four types:
a) Non-metallic particle in a metallic matrix
3
b) Metallic particles in a non-metallic matrix
c) Metallic particles in a metallic matrix
d) Non-metallic particles in metallic matrix
e) Cremates
Examples:
a) Concrete, it’s a particulate composite in which sand and gravel particles are combined
with mixture of cement and water.
b) Aluminium paint in which Al-particles are suspended in polymer resin when
aluminium paint is applied on a surface the Al-particles align themselves giving a good
surface finish.
c) Lead particles used in copper alloys and steel to improve machinability.
d) Tool steels are generally made from a combination of oxide particles on metal matrix.
1.2.1.4 Hybrid Composite
In the case of concrete it has both particulate and fibrous. Concrete contains gravel in
cement paste and because of steel reinforcement it is fibrous.
1.2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE
Composite is classified based on the types of reinforcement and the types of matrix used.
1.2.2.1 Matrixes
Matrix acts as a binding agent and different types of matrixes are given below:
a) Polymer matrix
b) Metal matrix
c) Ceramics matrix
d) Carbon matrix
1. Polymer Matrix:The Polymer is defined as the substance which has a molecular
structure made from a large number of similar units bonded together. These are
mainly classified into two types:
Thermoplastics Polymers: Thermoplastics are the material which has a linear and
branch chain and this can be given different shape by reheating.
Thermosetting Polymers: Thermosetting plastics are crossed linked chain
polymers which has a property that once heated it forms a permanent shape by
destroys their cross-linked structure
4
2. Metal matrixes: Metal matrixes are nothing but the metals which are used as
matrixes. Metal matrixes are used where the conducting properties are required..
3. Ceramicmatrixes: Ceramic matrixes are the one which uses ceramics as matrix
material. These are used where the heat resistant properties are required..
4. Carbon matrixes: Carbon matrixes are used along with the carbon fibers for higher
temperature applications are required generally in the range of 1000°C to 2000°C.
1.2.2.2 Reinforcement
Reinforcement is the main load carrying constituent. It should have significantly higher
properties in comparison to matrix because it carries most of the load.
1. Fiber reinforcement composite: The composite material which consists of fiber as
the reinforcement here in this type of reinforcement’s fiber will carry the total load
and matrix materials play as binding agents
2. Whiskers: It is also a fiber but it is very short, stubby and rigid in nature when
compared with fiber. These are single crystals having very short length
3. Flakes: Flakes are spheroid in shape and they can be packed more densely in
comparison with fibers but because of surface defects flake reinforced composites
have less strength.
1.3 GREEN COMPOSITE
This thesis report mainly deals with the green composite. The green composite is nothing
but the composite material which is made up of green materials in the sense environment-
friendly. In this case, it can be bio-degradable or non-bio degradable according to the
matrix we are using.
Fiber reinforced polymers are very common especially in the engineering applications.
But most of the normal composites are hazardous to the environment. There comes the
application of green composite, in this the matrix as well as the fibers also bio-degradable.
Most common fibers are plant fibers used to make a green composite. Because not only it
5
is environmental friendly but also no negative health hazard made this as very interesting
now a days for the researchers. The beauty of green composite is it is very easy to fit into
any size and shape according to the requirement and wide range applications. In the
meantime, it is very difficult to find bio degradable resins and epoxy materials. This made
a great interest in PLA (poly lactic acid), about this material it a fully bio degradable
material and eco-friendly. The research has been going on this material and researchers
have not found any health hazard about PLA .It is produced from lactic acid by
fermentation process. PLA can be made from two methods, first is condensation and
second is ring opening polymerization.
Talking more about PLA, it is a derived naturally from the starch. In this case, starch can
be from any of the plants outcomes for example starch from potato, tapioca, rice, corn etc.
But the most suitable material to make PLA is corn starch. The PLA which is made from
corn starch is showing very good properties.
The synthesis of PLA from corn starch is shown below:
This is a short description of the process of the PLA in this we can easily identify the
making process of the PLA. But in the further making of the Green composite with
natural fibers along with PLA is still facing difficulties.
1.4 FIBERS AS REINFORCEMENT
In the case of fibers, we have many options but they are mainly classified into two types
natural and synthetic a classification is given below fig 1.3. Talking about the fibers there
are vast varieties are already available in the market as well as in some of the papers
researchers tried to extract the fibers from the plants. This made an interest to think about
a new direction to extract fiber from the Castor Plant. The methods which we used
different molar values of NAOH solution and varied temperature this has given a positive
feedback for the further processing. The jute fiber also has taken for consideration.
The classification has given a wide variety of options to work on it from that a few
commonly used fibers are discussed below:
Types of fibers:
1. Natural fiber
6
2. Advanced fiber
1.4.1 Natural Fiber
It is again classified into three categories:
a) Plant (or) vegetable fibers
b) Animal fibers
c) Mineral fibers
1. Plant (or) Vegetable Fibers: Start with examples Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Raffia Palm,
Maize/Corn, Abaca fiber, Kenaf fiber, Bamboo fiber, Sisal fiber, Banana, Kapok,
Coir, flax, Sugar cane and Ramie fiber.
Cotton: It is obtained from seeds of cotton plant and it contains cellulose. America
is the largest exporter of cotton, while china is the largest producer. Worldwide
production of cotton is 25 million tons per year. Cotton is used to make jeans,
shirt, Towels, undergarments, Bed sheets etc. It has a density of 1.5µm. It contains
90% cellulose 8% water and the rest is combination of fatty substance and waxes.
Jute fiber: It is produced from the phloem of the plant. It is used the second most
commonly used fiber after cotton. It is 100% biodegradable and recyclable. It has
high tensile strength and used for making Jute bags, Doormats etc.
Hemp fiber: It is obtained from Cannabis plant. Hemp is refined into various
products such as oil, wax, cloth, paper, fuel etc. It has properties similar to silk and
is used to soil canvas.
Abacas fiber: It is also known as Manila hemp, it is extracted from leaves and
stem of Manila hemp plant. It is used for making ropes, tea bags, bank notes, filter
paper etc. It is found in Philippines, Ecuador and Costa Rica. The above-given
fibers except cotton fiber are the area of interest along with Castor plant for the
research. The Castor plant is mostly available in India and India is the second
largest producers in the world. This plant is most commonly used for extracting
oil.
7
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Many aerospace and marine based components are made from this hybrid composite
which is made from sisal/glass fibres epoxy. Which can perform in vigorous conditions
like in case of many mechanical action.
Also the ongoing demand of these hybrid composites in boards for partitions, celing
and wall panel solid.
8
OBEJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to make hybrid composite with he help of sisal/glass
fiber reinforcement epoxy composite by hand-layup method. And to enhance mechanical
properties. Because natural hybrid composites are renewable,ecofiendly etc.
9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
The use of material fibers in organic matrix materials is highly beneficial compare to
unreinforced materials. natural fibers in organic matrix conduct good strength, toughness,
light in weight, cheap, abundant and renewable. With the help of chemical and physical
composition determined the physical properties of natural fibers. Many researchers
worked on natural fibers and research is also going on nowadays.
G. Hemant Kumar et al. (2017) presented a paper on mechanical properties of glass and
sugarcane fibers polymer matrix composite. First thing, they told about importance of
chemical importance. Cause of chemical treatment, there is good bonding between in
fibers and matrix. With the help of hand layup method, they prepared hybrid composite,
and they determine impact test, flexural test and tensile test. They found that sugarcane
has good flexible strength between compare to glass fibers. And also seen in case of
impact test. And increase of weight fraction of silver fibers both flexible and impact
strength will increase.
Tajvidi et al(2011): studied the effect of natural fibres of mechanical properties, they
compose polypropylene with different-different natural fibres like rice hulls, kenaf fibres,
wood flour and newsprint fibres. They found that natural fibres filled polyprolines behave
more elastically compare to pure plastic.
M. Jawed et al (2010) presented a paper on the basis of oil palm empty food bunches and
jute fibers with reinforced epoxy. They made hybrid composite with help of hand layup
method. They conducted test and analyzed flexural strength, impact strength and with the
help of SEM, they studied micro structures of fractures surface. They told that, the
flexural strength of pure EFB composites slighter less than the hybrid composites. And
pure jute composite has more strength compare to hybrid composites. In case of impact
strength, the impact strength of hybrid composite is less than pure EFB composites.
So, it’s cleared to say that natural fibers have good impact strength. And when the
fractured surface was seen by SEM, then it was very smooth, and between fibers and
matrix have poor bonding and some crack was also seen over there.
B Vijaya Ram Nath et al (2013): Presented a paper on analysis of mechanical properties
of abaca-jute-glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. And analysed tensile, flexural, shear
and impact strength. And also analysed internal structure with the help of scanning
10
electron microscope. The tensile strength of jute composite less than mixture of abaca and
jute composite. And compared with only abaca composite, the strength of abaca and jute
composite is much more. And in case of flexural strength B. Vijaya et al found that
composites are in increasing order jute composite, abaca and jute hybrid, abaca.
It means, we can say that jute composite has the lowest flexural strength. And flexural
modules for abaca-jute-GFRP composite in case of double shear strength all three
composites are approximately same.
In case of shier strength, jute and hybrid composite have less impact strength compare to
abaca composite.
In case of internal structure with the help of scanning electron microscope they found that
fibres orientation is important for mechanical properties. Abaca and jute fibres is cheaper
compared to conventional natural fibres like sisal. And jute and abaca more mechanical
properties compare to other conventional natural fibres.
Moe Moe et al(2011): published the paper on bamboo glass fibres. They made composite
first mix of bamboo fibres reinforced PP matrix is none BFGP and bamboo-glass
reinforced pp composite is known as BGRP.
In case of tensile strength, with increase of bamboo fibres content then tensile strength
also increased slightly. And addition of MAPP both tensile and modules of BGRP is also
increased. It means we can say that mechanical properties depend on fibres content and
it’s length and also depends on what adhesive is used.
BRAGA et al. (2015) published a paper on jute and glass fibres, with the help of epoxy
resin, jute and glass fibres. They made hybrid composites. And they analysed density,
tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modules and impact strength. They found that
increasing percentage of glass fibres increased tensile strength and flexural strength is
approximately same. And in case of density, it will increase on increasing glass fibres
content and decreasing percentage of jute fibres. It means that we can say addition of jute
fibres and glass fibres in epoxy increases density, the impact strength, the tensile strength
and flexural strength.
11
Asaithambi et al. (2014) published a paper on banana/sisal fibres reinforced polylactic
acid. With the help of injection moulding method they made hybrid composite and also
they told importance of heat treatment of fibres surface. It was seen that flexural strength
and modules values are more for treated banana/sisal fibres compare untreated
banana/sisal fibres. And also it was found that impact strength of untreated banana/sisal
fibres is less than compared to treated banana/sisal fibres. In case of tensile strength,
tensile strength is more for treated banana sisal fibres compared to untreated banana/sisal
fibres.
Yeng-Fong Shih et al (2010) presented a paper on biodegradable green composites
reinforced by the fibres recycling. In presence of MRDCF, for the biodegradable plastic
(PLA), any increases the mechanical properties of reinforced materials.
Shrivastava et al. (2017) made hybrid composite with the help of coir, glass fibres and
epoxy resin. they made hybrid composite by hand layup method. first of all chemical
treatment was done of coir. they analysed internal bonding between fibres and matrix
increased only causes of chemical treatment. and it removes -OH coating from the surface
and make it rough. in case of natural fibres chemical treatment is done mainly with the
help of Alkili. in case of tensile strength, it increased with increased weight percentage of
coir fibres. and tensile strength is also depend on length of coir fibres. For 10 mm coir
fibres, tensile properties is more compare to 15 mm coir fibres. And glass fibres is also
effect the properties. It also increased the mechanical properties like tensile strength,
flexural strength and impact strength.
Jawaid et al (2017) made hybrid composite with the help of oil palm empty fruit
bunches, jute fibres and epoxy. They analysed impact strength, flexural strength, internal
structure of hybrid composite with the help of scanning electron microscope. Due to
natural fibres, hybrid composites have good mechanical properties and also it’s eco-
friendly. In case of flexural strength, pure empty fruit bunches have less strength
compared to hybrid composite, pure jute composite have more flexural strength compared
to hybrid composites. Hybridization was done between jute and oil palm in 1:4. Due to
hybridization internal bonding was good of hybrid composites. And in case of impact
strength, hybrid composite has less impact strength compare to pure EFB composites. It
mean we can say that natural fibres have more impact strength. And the internal structures
was analysed by scanning electron microscope. It was seen that hybrid composites have
12
smooth surface of impact fractured and in case of fibres it was seen that after fracture
their internal structure have poor interaction between matrix and fibres. Halder et al
(2017) presented a paper with the help of sisal-epoxy and aluminium powder. with the
help of hand-layup method and compression moulding process, they composed two
composites. first one is without aluminium powder and another is with aluminium
powder. They analysed mechanical properties like density, impact strength, tensile
strength and micro hardness. With the help of hand layup method, they made hybrid
composites. It is discovered that sisal epoxy composites with aluminium powder indicates
more thickness than plane one. Since aluminium powder has less void substance than the
plane one.
Raj Kumar et al (2014) presented a paper. They made hybrid composite from silk and
fibres setup by hard forming system utilizing propylene as matrix minerals. It was
concluded that the tensile flexural and impact properties is higher with more percentage of
silk and polypropylene. It was discovered that they warm conductivity of composite was
low at higher silk and fibres strands constant. The silk/wool mixture fibres of fibres
polypropylene were observed to be light in weight and would be wise to mechanical
properties.
Kumar et al (2016) presented the paper and checked mechanical properties of woven
alovera, sisal, kenaf. They discovered that sisal-kenaf mix gives elastic properties. And
alovera-kenaf shows better flexural properties. And alover-sisal kenaf shows good impact
strength.
A Shahzad et al (2017) made hybrid composites with the help of fibres, synthetic fibres
reinforcement. It was discovered that, with increasing of synthetic fibres the mechanical
properties will increase of hybrid composites at a certain level. Fatigue sensitivity
increase with content of higher natural fibres.
J. Znang et al (2016) made hybrid composite with the help of hand layup method using
glass-carbon fibres. It is demonstrated that hybrid composite with 50% carbon fibres give
the best flexural properties. And another composite which is made from carbon glass
gives higher compressive strength. This hybrid composite contains light-weight structural
properties.
Jawaid et al (2011) )made hybrid composite with the help of oil palm empty fruit
bunches, jute fibres and epoxy. They analysed impact strength, flexural strength, internal
13
structure of hybrid composite with the help of scanning electron microscope. Due to
natural fibres, hybrid composites have good mechanical properties and also it’s eco-
friendly. In case of flexural strength, pure empty fruit bunches have less strength
compared to hybrid composite, pure jute composite have more flexural strength compared
to hybrid composites. Hybridization was done between jute and oil palm in 1:4. Due to
hybridization internal bonding was good of hybrid composites. And in case of impact
strength, hybrid composite has less impact strength compare to pure EFB composites. It
mean we can say that natural fibres have more impact strength. And the internal structures
was analysed by scanning electron microscope. It was seen that hybrid composites have
smooth surface of impact fractured and in case of fibres it was seen that after fracture
their internal structure have poor interaction between matrix and fibres.
Khanam et al (2011) worked on sisal fibres reinforced polymer composites. They made
composites with the help of hand layup method. Chemically treated sisal fibres show
higher tensile flexural strength. Bonding is increased of sisal fibres due to chemically
treatment.
M Sexena et al (2011) presented a paper on bio composites. Sisal fibres contain many
mechanical properties like high stiffness, light weight, biodegradable and renewable. Sisal
fibres contains high moisture. It is used automobile industry, aerospace etc.
Athijayamani et al (2010) presented a paper on natural fibres reinforced composites.
They analysed mechanical properties. The tensile and flexural strength are not depend on
sisal fibres, It’s depends on mainly on the content of roselle fibres and its length. Sisal
also effected the impact strength. With increasing fibres length and content impact
strength is decreased. It’s cleared to say that with increasing fibres length and content
increased tensile and flexural strength and decrease impact strength.
A Chaudhary et al (2011) presented a paper on banana and bagasse-silica-glass fibres.
They made hybrid composite and checked mechanical properties. It was seen that mixing
of banana and bagasse shows good strength with different weight percentage.
Carlo Santulli et al (2016) presented a paper. They made hybrid composite with glass-
plant fibres. And they told importance of chemical treatment. Chemically treated natural
fibres show good mechanical properties compared to untreated chemically natural fibres.
14
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Tensile Test
Flexural Test
Impact Test SEM Analysis
Development of Composite
Matrix Fiber Reinforcement
Fabrication of composite by Hand-layup method
Testing of fabricated hybrid composite
Mechanical Surface Morphology
15
Mechanical testing
Tensile test
ASTM D3039 standards are used for tensile testing of the samples. Tensile Tests will
performe on a universal testing machine, INSTRON 3382 with load capacity of 100kN.
Specimen
Flexural test
ASTM D3039 standards are used for flexural testing of the samples. flexural Tests will
performe on a universal testing machine, INSTRON 3382 with load capacity of 100kN
Impact test
For analyzing the impact strength of hybrid composite Izod test will use for impact
testing. The samples clamped into the tester will hit by a pendulum, release from a height.
Dial indicator attache to the pendulum rod directly shows the impact strength.
Surface morphology
SEM Analyses
it is electron scanning microscopewith the help of this we will see internal structure of
fabricated composites.
16
7. PROPOSED WORKPLAN:
The materials have been ordered right now and will arrive by mid-December.
The experimental work will be started from first week of January and will end with results
in two weeks.
17
8. EXPECTED OUTCOME:
Present study and experiment work will show that successful fabrication of sisal /glass
fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composite. Proper homogeneous mixing of sisal, glass fiber
with epoxy composite also very important in fabrication of hybrid composite otherwise
some non-uniformity will occur like air trapped between it or porosity. It will be seen that
the property like tensile, flexural, impact will increase at some certain composition of
hybrid composite.
18
REFERENCES
1. G. Hemath Kumar, H. Babuvishwanath, Rajesh Purohit, Pramod Sahu and R.S.
Rana,Investigations On Mechanical Properties Of Glass And Sugarcane Fiber
Polymer Matrix Composites, Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 5408–5420
2. M.Tajvidi,,M.shejad, G.Ehrahimi and R. H. Falk.,2004, Dynamic Mechanical
Analysis of Compatiblize Effect on The Mechanical Properties of Wood Flou-
High-Density Polyethylene Composites, IJE Transactions B: Applications, VoI.
17, No 1, PP. (95- 104).
3. Jawaid, M., Khalil, H. A., & Bakar, A. A. (2010). Mechanical performance of oil
palm empty fruit bunches/jute fibres reinforced epoxy hybrid
composites. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527(29), 7944-7949
4. Saxena, M., Pappu, A., Haque, R., & Sharma, A. (2011). Sisal fiber based polymer
composites and their applications. In Cellulose fibers: Bio-and nano-polymer
composites (pp. 589-659). Springer Berlin Heidelberg..
5. Shahzad, A., & Nasir, S. U. (2017). Mechanical Properties of Natural
Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites. In Green
Biocomposites (pp. 355-396). Springer International Publishing.
6. Chaudhary, A. K., Gope, P. C., & Singh, V. K. (2011). Studies on fracture
performance of bio-fiber-silica-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid
composites. Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 6, 363-368.
7. Zhang, J., Chaisombat, K., He, S., & Wang, C. H. (2012). Glass/carbon fibre
hybrid composite laminates for structural applications in automotive vehicles.
In Sustainable Automotive Technologies 2012 (pp. 69-74). Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg.
8. Braga, R. A., & Magalhaes, P. A. A. (2015). Analysis of the mechanical and
thermal properties of jute and glass fiber as reinforcement epoxy hybrid
composites. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 56, 269-273.
9. Asaithambi, B., Ganesan, G., & Kumar, S. A. (2014). Bio-composites:
Development and mechanical characterization of banana/sisal fibre reinforced
poly lactic acid (PLA) hybrid composites. Fibers and Polymers, 15(4), 847-854.
19
10. Haldar, P., Modak, N., & Sutradhar, G. (2017). Comparative Evaluation of
Mechanical Properties of Sisal-Epoxy Composites With and Without Addition of
Aluminium Powder. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2), 3397-3406.
11. Ramnath, B. V., Manickavasagam, V. M., Elanchezhian, C., Krishna, C. V.,
Karthik, S., & Saravanan, K. (2014). Determination of mechanical properties of
intra-layer abaca–jute–glass fiber reinforced composite. Materials & Design, 60,
643-652.
12. Jawaid, M., Khalil, H. A., & Bakar, A. A. (2010). Mechanical performance of oil
palm empty fruit bunches/jute fibres reinforced epoxy hybrid
composites. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527(29), 7944-7949.
13. Santulli, C. (2007). Impact properties of glass/plant fibre hybrid
laminates. Journal of Materials Science, 42(11), 3699-3707.
14. Thwe, M. M., & Liao, K. (2000). Characterization of bamboo-glass fiber
reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composite. Journal of materials science
letters, 19(20), 1873-1876.
15. Shih, Y. F., Huang, C. C., & Chen, P. W. (2010). Biodegradable green composites
reinforced by the fiber recycling from disposable chopsticks. Materials Science
and Engineering: A, 527(6), 1516-1521.
16. Khanam, P. N., Khalil, H. A., Reddy, G. R., & Naidu, S. V. (2011). Tensile,
flexural and chemical resistance properties of sisal fibre reinforced polymer
composites: Effect of fibre surface treatment. Journal of Polymers and the
Environment, 19(1), 115-119.
17. Ramesh, M., Palanikumar, K., & Reddy, K. H. (2016). Evaluation of mechanical
and interfacial properties of sisal/jute/glass hybrid fiber reinforced polymer
composites. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 69(10), 1851-1859.
18. Rana, R. S., Rana, S., & Purohit, R. (2017). Characterization of Properties of
epoxy sisal/Glass Fiber Reinforced hybrid composite. Materials Today:
Proceedings, 4(4), 5445-5451.
19. Sivakumar, D., Ng, L. F., Lau, S. M., & Lim, K. T. (2017). Fatigue life behaviour
of Glass/Kenaf Woven-Ply polymer hybrid biocomposites. Journal of Polymers
and the Environment, 1-9.
20
20. Gupta, A., Singh, H., & Walia, R. S. (2016). Hybrid filler composition
optimization for tensile strength of jute fibre-reinforced polymer
composite. Bulletin of Materials Science, 39(5), 1223-1231.
21. Pavithran, C., Mukherjee, P. S., Brahmakumar, M., & Damodaran, A. D. (1988).
Impact performance of sisal-polyester composites. Journal of materials science
letters, 7(8), 825-826.
22. Ornaghi, H. L., da Silva, H. S. P., Zattera, A. J., & Amico, S. C. (2011).
Hybridization effect on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of
curaua composites. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(24), 7285-7289.