FABRICATED FIELDSAGRICULTURE IN THE CITY

MYVONWYNN HOPTONJENNIFER REGNIERADRIAN SUZUKI

USC SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTUREARCH 432: architecture in the public realmSPRING 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AGRICULTURAL ART IN THE CITY 5 “THE WAY WE SEE IT”

PATTERNS OF PRODUCTION 11“THE WAY WE EAT IT”

FIELDS OF PRODUCTION 21“THE WAY WE GROW IT”

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 29

PHOTO INDEX 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

ABSTRACT

With over half the world’s population living in cities, many people do not have the opportunity to experience agriculture directly; yet we are all dependent on what it produces. With the exhibition Fabricated Fields: Agriculture in the City, the relation-ship urban populations have with agriculture will be explored. Many cities have lost any direct rapport with agriculture, while others are in the process of rediscovering ways in which agriculture and urban dwelling can coexist. This exhibition examines three facets of agriculture as it exists in the urban sphere: agriculture represent-ed as art, agriculture as food, and actual working urban agriculture. These images are interwoven together, to highlight co-existing connections and contradictions.

Agricultural art placed in urban spaces can provide an amusing juxtaposition of subject and surroundings, as well as a reminder of the sustaining force agriculture plays in our lives. This is typified by the popular Cow Parades seen in cities all over the world. Cow Parades display uniquely painted fiberglass cows in public spaces, and depending on the artist, can be a pro-vocative, tacky, or charming way of bringing an awareness of agriculture to urban streets.

Agriculture as food is explored through a series of images that take the viewer from

farm to supermarket, following the processed meat industry in particular. This in-dustry is one where the glossy plastic packaging on sandwich meats can easily make a consumer forget the overcrowding of livestock, the blood in slaughterhouses, and the grinding of meat into paste that are required to get bologna from farm to plate

Shifting the viewer from images of the industrial food complex, are hopeful images of urban agriculture and farmers' markets supplying local foods to urban residents. People are shown connecting with the earth, their food, and their neighbors. In contrast to these images are photos of the conflict and destruction of the South Central Farm in Los Angeles, which underlines that changing urban land-use is not necessarily a smooth or copacetic process.

By looking from these three perspectives, the urban experience of agriculture looks incred-ibly varied, with some people experiencing only images and by-products of the industry, while others have a rich and intimate knowledge of how the urban environment with tending and care, can produce bountiful produce. Fabricated Fields: Agriculture in the City hopes to serve as a catalyst for discussion regarding the origin of food, how urban populations connect with those origins, and how agriculture can be reintegrated into the urban fabric.

AGRICULTURAL ART IN THE CITY“THE WAY WE SEE IT”

JENNIFER REGNIER

6

Animal Art parades such as the infamous Cow Parade and Pigs on Parade have trans-formed into a fast-growing, popularly embraced phenomena. This fiberglass phenomena has been referenced as the new international art movement to hit the urban landscape. These impressive international public art exhibitions are decorated by local artists and distributed all over the city center in the most utilized and popular public places. These fiberglass pieces of art tend to incorporate designs specific to the specific cities his-tory, culture and other relevant themes of that city. They installations tend to feature on average about 300 art pieces and the installation typically lasts between 3 to 6 months. At the end of the installation, the pieces are auctioned off and proceeds are then donated to charity. The following essay will discuss the history, methods, people involved as well as the implications that these public art parades have on the city.

The trend of art parades began with Cow Parade in 1998. The original event was founded by Walter Knapp, a former president of the International Asso-ciation of Window Dressers. The first cow parade took place in Knapp’s home-town of Zurich, Switzerland in 1998. The city of Chicago and American entrepre-neur Jerome Elbaum, chairman of CowParade Holdings, first brought Cow Parade to America in 1999. Since then it has emerged and grown into a massive sensation.

The method behind this phenomena seems to be straightforward: to pick an interesting animal that represents the community. Businesses sponsor the costs of these exhibits and local artists are invited to design these pieces of fiberglass. By placing these pieces strategically among the city, the goal is to attract locals and visitors to interact and en-joy these items. In a way, it is a smart tactic to invite the community to approach this art parade like a visual treasure hunt through the city. Challenging the viewer to embark on a journey and embrace as many of these pieces as possible. The goal was to have art at the core of these cities and also have these pieces of art act as a catalyst to bring these different communities together. Businesses, cities, organizations and local artists come together to start partnerships and alliances centering around art in their city.

Each city starts with a blank canvas. With each cities, the parade continues to evolve, not only in size but also creativity. Even though the fiberglass sculptures remain the same each artist puts their own take on the cities cultural influences as well as be-ing inspired by the cow itself as an interpretive art as well. The artists tend to be local to each city event. Artists submit applications that are reviewed by a local com-mittee. The artists are strongly encouraged to submit proposals that have to do with the individual cities culture and events in particular. As far as sponsors go, anyone

8

can become a sponsor. Sponsors are important in adding to the success of an event. Four levels of sponsorship are available ranging from $7,500 to $500,000. Sponsor-ing is a wonderful marketing tool for businesses. CowParade not only adds col-or and fun to each city it visits, but it also raises a good deal of funds for charity. Not only did these amazing pieces of artwork spark excitement in cities that were beginning to drop off the radar, but it also revitalized cultural tourism as well as redevelopment in some of the cities. For example, the Chicago Cow parade alone generated $500 million in economic impact. As well as bringing communities together, another added bonus was the money these art exhibitions were raising and donating to local health, art, educational, an-imal, environmental, and social organizations in need. These projects have given cities an identity that they were lacking and therefore has turned these cities into vibrant hot spots for tourism and visitation injecting a large amount of income into these local economies. Even more fascinating is that it has even seemed to desecrate the notion of public art as something that must be experienced in a gallery or museum. It has given the public eye something to interact with and is conceptually very imaginative. If this is not art, what is? The community and neighborhood can identify and recognize cultural examples in this dis-play of public art. The city also gains identity with these pieces of artwork and for many cit-ies begin a wave of tourism causing people to venture to a specific city just in hopes of being able to find these different animal art nestled throughout the city. The agricultural indus-

try also seems to be getting recognition of the importance of these agricultural elements not only in our individual daily lives but also in how they play a part in our public realm. Cow parade made history as one of the most successful art and civic spirit programs ever in the history of art events. Though in most senses this installation is quite suc-cessful, their has been some controversy over these animal art parades. People’s opin-ions run the gamut. Some people tend to think its all about advertising rather than art and are acting out in a violent manner. At times, they have defaced the fiber-glass pieces as well as stolen them. Fires have been set to factories that manufac-ture them. Others seem to be annoyed at placement of these art fixtures and question the appropriateness of some of the places chosen to display these fiberglass figures. Others enjoy the public art and find it invigorating and an attraction to their city.

In short, these wonderfully temporary exhibitions leave the city with mostly positive memories, strengthened community bonds, invigorated economies and a staple for their city as well as donating proceeds of the exhibition to a good cause. This new and fresh expression of art has united individuals in a very creative way and the ele-ment at the center of it all was art in the public realm. By sharing these animal public art installations in our catalog we hope to acknowledge the fact that agriculture is present in many forms and it is definitely seen through public art in the urban realm.

10

PATTERNS OF PRODUCTION“THE WAY WE EAT IT”

MYVONWYNN HOPTON

I still like bologna on white bread now and thenAnd the sound of a whippoorwill down a country road

The grass between my toes and that sunset sinking lowAnd a good woman's love to hold me close

Alan Jackson, from I Still Like Bologna

12

14

The Bologna sandwich, made with a piece of bologna, a slice of American cheese, and two fluffy pieces of white bread (condiments optional), is an American sandwich classic with cultural power and resonance. For many, the famous Oscar Mayer advertising jingle sung by a curling-headed boy in 1973 has forever cemented B-O-L-O-G-N-A with Oscar Mayer, summer afternoons, and the simplicity of childhood. Whether you eat bologna sandwiches regularly or left them behind in elementary school, the smell and flavor has the power to conjure very specific memories and feelings. Recently, Alan Jackson played on the emotion bologna evokes in his hit country song “I Still Like Bologna,” recalling simpler times and a rural America that is disappearing. Like the hot dog and the PB&J, the bologna sandwich is loaded with nostalgia.

But of course the bologna sandwich has this kind of resonance, because after all “you are what you eat” and according to Oscar Mayer, American’s eat over 6 million bologna sandwiches daily. We are physically built out of the food we consume, and somewhere most of us are a little bit of bologna. However, the bologna sandwich like other convenience or fast foods is anything but simple. It is a complex food item that has been created by a huge industrial food complex, dependant more on science and technology than on the American farmer. Michael Pollan states in his book The Omnivore’s Dilemma that the food we eat has changed more in the last 50 years than in the previous 10,000. He

goes on to describe how the same processes used to fix nitrogen for bombs during World War II, made nitrogen available for chemical fertilizers. The same industrial processes used to mass-produce war equipment were translated to increase food production and uniformity. These advances in combination with the emergent driving culture of the 1950’s, as well as changes to traditional domestic roles in the 1960’s and 70’s, created the perfect conditions for fast and convenience foods to become a major part of American life.

While the changes in what we eat have happened rapidly, our ideas about where our food comes from and how it is produced have been slower to catch up. The notion that farming families are working the land, framed by a red-barn, silo, and picket fence is leftover from the 1930’s, but is still used to market numerous products in supermarkets today (Kenner, 2009). In 1935, there were approximately 7 million family-run farms dotting the American countryside. By the end of the 1990’s, there were only 1.9 million left (USDA, 2002). Large private and corporate farms bought up and consolidated farmland, or farmland changed use as suburbia expanded. The consolidation of small farms into large ones was made possible by the new industrial system, where fewer workers were required to successfully run a farm. In 1890, it took one worker to farm 27.5 acres of land. A century later, it takes only one worker to farm 740 acres (US EPA, 2009). This increase in efficiency and mechanization makes it harder to earn a living wage farming, but it creates cost savings that benefit both company and consumer.

16

Currently less than 1% of the US population makes a living farming (US EPA, 2009). This means that the vast majority of Americans no longer have any direct connection to the land, plants and animals we eat. Without this connection, it becomes easier to eat through a day without consciously knowing what is going into our bodies. And as food is shipped hundreds of miles from source to consumer, it becomes necessary to add chemical preservatives and colors to create and maintain food’s freshness and appeal.

So what does keep bologna looking pretty and pink after it is trucked around the nation? According to its package, Oscar Mayer Bologna contains mechanically separated chicken, pork, water, corn syrup, less than 2% of salt, sodium lactate, flavor, sodium phosphates, autolyzed yeast, sodium diacetate, sodium erythorbate, sodium nitrate, dextrose, extractives of paprika, potassium phosphate, sugar, and potassium chloride. This list requires a second look to truly understand what all of these things are. The USDA defines mechanically separated meat as “a paste-like and batter-like meat product produced by forcing bones, with attached edible meat, under high pressure through a sieve or similar device to separate the bone from the edible meat tissue” (USDA, 2009). Pork pieces are added to the mechanically separated chicken and comminuted, ground into minute particles to make a meat paste (USDA, 2009). As for the other ingredients, salt refers to common table salt, sodium chloride; corn syrup, dextrose, and sugar are all different forms of glucose added as sweeteners

(Wikipedia, 2009); autolyzed yeast, flavor, and extractives of paprika are added for taste, although “flavor” is some proprietary additive that only Oscar Mayer knows about. Sodium lactate, sodium diacetate, potassium chloride, sodium phosphates and potassium phosphate are salts that work as preservatives, with the last two also serving as emulsifiers, which prevent separation of fat from solids (Katz, 1998). Sodium erythorbate and sodium nitrate are adding to speed curing time of the meat, and help it maintain its pink color (Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2009). Interestingly enough, looking so good comes at a price. Due to associated health risks, the Center for Science in the Public Interest recommends cutting back from consuming corn syrup, dextrose, sugar, and salt, while trying to avoid eating sodium nitrate altogether.

A growing amount of research is showing that diets that include high amounts of processed or red meats, dairy, and low-fiber carbohydrates have been linked to various types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, which is currently the nation’s number one cause of preventable death (Adams, 2005; Brunner, 2008; Krenner, 2009; & Schulze, 2003). This sickening of the population on processed and fast food is also being reflected in the overall health of our environment. The consolidation of farmland, the use of large petroleum-powered equipment, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, has allowed for greater efficiency and cost savings for companies and consumers, but the consolidation of agricultural wastes and fertilizer run-off in massive quantities is causing major pollution problems (Union

18

of Concerned Scientists, 2008 & Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 2008). An example is the agricultural run-off from Midwestern farms that drain into the Mississippi River and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico, which cause algal blooms so extreme that as they die and decompose, all of the oxygen in the water column below is used, creating a hypoxic or dead-zone where very little marine life can exist (Turner, 2008).

When all of this is laid on the table, it makes it harder to swallow that bite of bologna. To regain control of our health and environment, it is necessary for people to fight for the knowledge of what is in their food and how it is made. This is especially true in the urban environment, where it is easy to allow food production to stay out-of-sight and out-of-mind. It is time to move beyond singing nostalgic songs and jingles about our processed meats, and demand better.

20

FIELDS OF PRODUCTION“THE WAY WE GROW IT”

ADRIAN SUZUKI

22

The term agriculture traditionally characterizes open fields and grazing animals, fields of grain and plowing tractors; which once characterized America’s heartland. At a time when 193,000,000 people are living in America’s urban areas, agriculture is presumed to have a distant relationship to many urban dwellers. Surprisingly enough, however, agriculture has a well-defined presence within the urban setting. Farmer’s markets, Urban Farms, a new found green-awareness and a steep increase in urban population have each helped redefine America’s heartland; and the urban dweller’s perception of the qualities and benefits of their food.

Amidst the humming of automobiles, air-conditioned spaces of buildings and sterilized concrete sidewalks urban dwellers seek food in the most fundamental of ways: the quickest of options. Fast-food consumption and convenience stores are commodities within the urban setting, and are commercialized as simply being part of the urban lifestyle. The average American has been known to purchase fast food 16 days of the month, according to Quick-Track® research conducted by the consumer tracking group Sandelman & Associates. And as tomatoes are turned into ketchup, potatoes turned into French fries and chicken turned into chicken fingers, urban dwellers consume such goods without acknowledgement or question of the form and processes their foods transpire.

Today there are approximately 4,800 farmers markets operating throughout the nation,

a 13% increase from 1994, with a consistent continued growth expected to occur. In Chicago there are 19 farmers markets within a 300-mile radius, each showcasing local vendors that produce and promote locally grown and minimally processed alternative foods. These farmers markets blanket the city - from the front of museums in neighborhoods to the courtyards of downtown federal plazas. Illinois is a state that produces enough corn each year to fill a train of boxcars stretching from Chicago to Hong Kong, and increasingly, a portion of that corn is delivered directly to it’s urban dwellers.

In Seattle, alternative foods are uniquely produced and promoted by a local urban farm agent called Seattle Urban Farm Company. As a catalyst for urban farming in Seattle’s urban setting, Seattle Urban Farm Co. provides knowledge and services to local, urban residents in order to facilitate the establishment of productive organic vegetable and livestock farms directly in their backyards. Through garden consultation, revitalization of ignored garden space and installation and maintenance of ready-to-go vegetable gardens, Seattle Farm Co. has effectively created an urban agricultural spirit. In addition to assisting a property owner with establishing their own vegetable garden, Seattle Farm Co. serves as a link between a network of urban farmers, providing a variety of vegetables weekly throughout the growing season. Organic tomatoes, peppers, beans, and salad greens, butternut squash, brussels sprouts, celery and leeks are a few of the many vegetables shared among the Seattle urban farming community.

24

Seattle Farm Co. also highly encourages the maintenance of livestock and flowers as a way to make an urban yard a desirable place to be. These efforts are all in the belief that an urban farm can help foster a connection to food, environment and community.With organizations such as the Seattle Urban Farm Company and the farmer’s markets of Chicago agricultural produce is more often represented in its natural form within the urban realm, encouraging the adapted sense of agriculture to urban constraints. Along with a variety of encouraging factors, urban farming also faces particular urban opponents such as land-use and property right regulation. The South Central Farm of Los Angeles illustrates this quite dramatically, and also reinforces the passion urban dwellers have for a connection to their food source. The following is a historical overview of the tormented urban farm: The land on which the South Central Farm sat was a failed development site that was unused until July 1994 when the Harbor Department granted a revocable permit to the L.A. Regional Food Bank to occupy and use the site as a community garden. Through the 1990s the farm grew, with few but pungent stints with the political and fiscal powers of the city. In April 2002, as development alongside the South Central Farm fostered an increase in real estate value, the site gained potential for commercial or industrial use; setting a face-off between the environmental and social value of the community garden against the profit potential of commercial or industrial use.In 2003, the City of L.A. sold the land for just over $5 million, but guaranteed to donate

2.6 acres of the site for a public soccer field. The City Council approved the agreement as Council member Jan Perry, who represents the 9th Council District, in which the farm is located, sought alternate sites for the South Central Farms. Documents detailing the negotiations that led up to the signed settlement agreement have never been exposed.Shortly after the settlement the Food Bank received written notice to that their revocable permit to occupy the land would "terminate as of February 29, 2004.” The farmers filed a lawsuit arguing that the city violated their rights in not making deal negotiations public, and were granted an injunction allowing them to remain on the land until the case was resolved. When an appellate court ruled against them in June 2005, they appealed to the California Supreme Court, which in October 2005 refused to hear their case.Currently, the lands legal owner is currently in negotiations with the Trust for Public Land, which hopes to buy the land for the reinstatement of public community-garden use.

It is in the case of the South Central Farm that we see how green-awareness has changed the urban setting. It is the relentless advocating for a valued community farm that stands as proof that urban dwellers understand the importance of ecology within the city for the better interest of the community, local culture and urban life. It is without the awareness of how to cultivate fruits and vegetables that urban dwellers fail to become so passionate about what they eat. Exposure to alternative food products and resources has contributed to the

26

popularity of alternative food production methods and values. Green-awareness and an interest in communal wellbeing have become national headlines, and urban dwellers continue to facilitate the transport and cultivation of locally grown, organic produce directly in front of their museums and downtown federal plazas.

The fabricated fields of the urban setting made up of farmers markets, urban farms and green-awareness have proven to be embraced by urban dwellers, along with the ideas of where their food comes from and in what form they consume it.

28

GLOSSARY OF TERMSAmerican Cheese is any of the group of U.S. cheeses made with emulsifiers to increase smoothness and pasteurized milk to increase storage life; 51% of the final weight must be cheese (http://www.recipebits.com/p_dictionary.php).

Bologna is a large American sausage derived from and somewhat similar to the Italian mortadella, and is usually made with beef and/or pork pieces. Hypoxic zone is an area of coastal ocean defined by its low oxygen content due to the death and decom-position of large algael blooms Oscar Mayer is a well-known American meat and cold cut production company, currently owned by Kraft Foods.

Sodium Nitrate is the sodium salt of nitric acid, NaNO3; used as a food preservative, and as an oxidizing agent in explosives.

White bread is bread made from wheat flour from which the bran and germ have been removed.

Warren Knapp-founded the first original event of the Cow Parade which orginated in his homeland of Zur-ich, Switzerland. He was also the former president of the International Association of Window Dressers. Jerome Elbaum-An American entrepeneur and chairman of Cow Parade Holdings brought Cow Parade to America in 1999.

Animal art parade-Public art exhibitions that feature a specific fiberglass animal that is replicated and painted by local artists and then distrubuted throughout that city. Cow parade holdings- Cow parade corporation that was founded in 1997.

Community partnerships-these art parades tend to facilitate a community bond and allows for local art-ists, business owner and charities to all work together to better their community and strive towards a common goal. Agriculture: the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products. www.merriam-webster.com/

Urban dweller: urbanite: a person who lives in a city. www.merriam-webster.com/

Urban Farms: the growing, processing, and distribution of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and animal husbandry in and around cities.

green-awareness: awarness of any imbalance or disparity among inhabitants of the same living environ-ment deemed inappropriate, unjust or detrimental to that environment’s integrity. www.eionet.europa.eu

alternative foods: natural production of plants and animals useful to man, involving soil cultivation and the breeding and management of crops and livestock within a city as an alternative to food manufactured or packaged for human consumption. www.eionet.europa.eu

30

PHOTO INDEXCover PhotoEarly growth grain corn crop (Illinois) http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-16785990&caller=searchPage iLos Angeles Route 10 at Sunset http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=JS002884&caller=searchPage iiWagon blast wheat harvest in Washington http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=IH026727&cf=1&mt=2&caller=searchPage iii/ivCornfield http://www.lightflows.com/blog/galleries/corn_field_3.phpPage 5Corn Harvest http://www.flickr.com/photos/rsgreen89/111017541/Page 6Wheat cow installation in Boston http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=AAFY001158&cf=1&mt=2&caller=searchPage 7Street cow installation in Chicago http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=AAFY001158&cf=1&mt=2&caller=searchPage 8Crossbred beef cattle in feedlot http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-21196959&caller=searchPage 9Sundae cow installation in Chicago http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=AAFY001158&cf=1&mt=2&caller=searchPage 10Machine milking cows http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=AAKH001347&caller=searchPage 11World hamburger eating competition in Tennessee http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-17615909&caller=searchPage 12Mixed breed cattle feeding on silage at feedlot http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-21193293&caller=searchPage 13 & 14Mixed herd of beef cattle in feedlot http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-21188849&caller=searchFeedlot in Texas http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=HS009312&caller=searchPage 15Calf halves hanging in slaughterhouse http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-15411588&caller=searchPage 16Sausage manufacturing in slaughterhouse http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-21310452&caller=searchPage 17 & 18Bologna in supermarket http://199.237.236.200/blog/BelmontBalogna.jpg

Page 19 & 20Packaged food aisles http://www.jeremylockphotos.comPage 21 & 22Castro Farmers Market http://ynottony1.blogspot.com/2009/07/castro-farmers-market.htmlPage 23Police evict farmers and protesters from Los Angeles’ South Central Farm http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-16940743&caller=searchPage 24South Central Farm protest sign http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/South_Central_Farm_31.jpgPage 25Seattle Farmers’ Market http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=IH135034&caller=searchPage 26The Greenhorns http://thegreenhorns.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/keeping-you-in-the-nyc-urban-farming-loop/Page 27School children harvesting lettuce as part of Edible Schoolyard Program http://civileats.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tammy-nguyen-harvests-lettuce.jpgPage 28Taqwa Community Farm in Bronx, New York http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-22816187&caller=searchPage 29Dinner table cow http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-17615909&caller=searchPage 30Wayne food initiative http://waynefoods.wordpress.com/our-work/farmers-mini-market/Page 31Cow Parade installment in New York City http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=AAFY001158&cf=1&mt=2&caller=searchPage 32Crossbred cattle in feedlot http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=42-21197847&cf=1&mt=2&caller=searchPage 33Cows on parade http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=IH135034&caller=searchPage 34Herd of calf and cattle http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=IH135034&caller=searchBack CoverChicago at night http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=US-227-0112&caller=search

32

BIBLIOGRAPHYAdams, M. (2005, August 21). The real reason why processed meats are so dangerous to your health. Natural News.com. Retreived March 10, 2010, from http://www.naturalnews.com/011148_processed_meat_meats.html

Brunner, E.J., et. al. (2008). Dietary patterns and 15-y risks of major coronary events, diabetes, and mortality. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 87, pp. 1414-1421. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.ajcn.org Center for Science in the Public Interest. (2009). Food additives- CSPI’s Food Safety. Retreived March 11, 2010, from http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm

Epstein, S.S. (1996). Unlabeled milk from cows treated with biosynthetic growth hormones: A case of regulatory abdication. Interna-tional Journal of Health Services. Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 173-185.

Heyhoe, K. (2001, May). Remembering the sandwich: great moments, great sandwiches in history. Retrieved March 7, 2010, from http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/kgk/2001/0501/kgk051901.html

Horrigan, L., Lawerence, R.S., & Walker, P. (2002, May). How sustainable Agriculture can address the environmental and human heath harms of industrial agriculture. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 110, no. 5, pp.445-456. Retrieved March 9, 2010, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3455330

Jackson, A. (2009). I still like bologna. On Good Times [CD]. Nashville, Tennessee: Artista Nashville.

Katz, D. (1998). Food additives and what they do. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.chymist.com/Food%20Additives-What%20they%20do.pdf

Kenner, R. (producer/director), Pearlstein, E. (producer), & Schlosser, E. (co-producer). (2009). FOOD, Inc. [Motion picture]. United States: Magnolia Pictures.

Kraft Foods. (2010). Oscar Mayer Brand website. Retrieved March 9, 2010, from http://brands.kraftfoods.com/oscarmayer/main.aspx?s=product&m=product/product_display&Site=1&Product=4470000857

Krebs, J.R. (2005, June 29). The Croonian Lecture 2004: Risk: Food, Fact and Fantasy. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, vol. 360, no. 1458. pp. 1133-1144. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30041334

Pentecost, C. (2002, Autumn). What did you eat and when did you know it? Art Journal, vol. 61, no. 3, pp.47-62. Retrieved March 9, 2010, from http://www.jstor.org/stab;e/778212

Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production. (2008, April). Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America. Executive Summary. Author. Retrieved from http://www.ncifap.org/

Pollan, Michael. (2006). Omnivore’s dilemma; A natural history of four meals. New York, NY: Penguin Press.

Schafer, K.S. & Kegley, S.E. (2002, November). Persistent toxic chemicals in the US food supply. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 813-817. Retrieved March 11, 2010, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25569841

Schlosser, Eric. (2002) Fast food nation; The dark side of the all-American meal. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.

Schulze, M.B. et.al. (2003). Processed meat intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Diabetologia, vol. 46, pp. 1465-1473. doi 10.1007/s00125-003-1220-7

Turner, R.E., N.N. Rabalais & D. Justic. (2008). Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia: Alternate States and a Legacy. Environmental Science Technol-ogy, vol. 42, no. 7, pp 2323-2327. doi 10.1021/es071617k

Union of Concerned Scientists. (2008, August 24). Hidden costs of industrial agriculture. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/impacts_industrial_agriculture/costs-and-benefits-of.html

United States Department of Agriculture. (2009). Hot Dogs and Food Safety. Fact Sheets, Meat Preparation. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/hot_dogs/index.asp

United States Department of Agriculture. (2002). Agricultural Fact Book 2001-2002, chpt 3. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http:www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter3.htm

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2009, September). Agriculture, Ag 101; Demographics. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/demographics.html

Wikipedia. (2009). Glucose. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose

34