Faba Beans
description
Transcript of Faba Beans
Food Security and Climate Changein Dry Areas
Amman, Jordan1‐4 Feb 2010
FABA BEAN AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO FOOD SECURITY
IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
J I C b (U i f Có d b )J. I. Cubero (Univ. of Córdoba) Carmen Ávila (IFAPA)Ana Mª Torres (IFAPA)Córdoba, Spain
An increasing populationis the strongest challenge
t d t l f dto produce not only more foodbut also
more plant-derived products
According to FAO, the world agrarian production should duplicate for 2050should duplicate for 2050
to guarantee food for a world population of about9.000 million inhabitants
TO FULFILL THE NEEDS,WE HAVE TO
INCREASE THE PRODUCTIONIN A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
MAINTAINING THE POTENTIAL OF THEENVIRONMENT AND EVEN IMPROVING IT
IS A MUST
INCREASING FOODINCREASING FOODCHALLENGES
Impact on climatic changeE i t l i t f i ltEnvironmental impacts of agricultureRising cost of food productsFood safetyPublic resistance to chemical usePublic resistance to chemical use
NEW CROPS ARE INDEED NEEDED,
BUT WHY NOT TO START WITHIMPROVING AND EVEN REMODELLING
TRADITIONAL CROPS…?
ESPECIALLY THOSE THATESPECIALLY THOSE THAT DO MAINTAIN AND IMPROVETHE FERTILITY OF THE SOILTHE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL
WHILE PROVIDING FOOD AND FEED
FOR EXAMPLE, PULSES
Pulses: world cultivated areaBUT...
80
90
100
Mill
ones
haSoya NO
60
70
80
GarbanzosHabasGuisantesAlt20
08) M h CHANGES
Pulses
40
50ha
AltramuzCaupíFrijoles secosGuandúLentejasre
a (200
0‐ Pulses (faba
beans)still are
20
30
LentejasVezaSoja
Cultivated a Common beans (dry) the poor
man food
Other pulses
0
10
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
C
Faba beans2000 2008
Other pulses
FAOSTAT, 2009
The reason is a very low research work on pulses
M ha Main crops at world level
250WheatRiceMaize
150
200MaizeSoya (oil crop)Barley Sorghum
100
SorghumMilletCottonB (Ph l )
0
50Beans (Phaseolus)SunflowerSugar cane0Potato
Yields, in general <1t/ha
M haM ha
Yields, in general <1t/ha
25
30
But faba bean >1t/ha
1015
20ha
t
/
0
5
10
beans
chickpea s
cowpea
peas
lentils
Faba bea
lupins
vetch
s ns
WHAT IS REQUIREDWHAT IS REQUIRED
R i t t t
Adaptability
Agronomic performance
Resistance to stresses
Nutritional value
XXth century
2000 BP
>1500 AC
>8000 BP
XXth century
Faba bean problems
Low yields BUT
Lack of improved varieties
BUT
WE WILL SEE THAT
Poor mechanization THERE HAVE BEEN
Biotic and abiotic stresses
N t iti l t i t
ADVANCES IN ALL
THESE FIELDSNutritional constraints THESE FIELDS
TO
SUCCEEDSUCCEED
IS
POSSIBLE
AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL REFORMS…
AND BREEDING…AND BREEDING EFFORTS
NEVER FORGET THEIR
ROLE IN THE SOIL ROLE IN THE SOIL:
THE NATURAL nodules
AND UNLIMITED
SOURCE OF NITROGENSOURCE OF NITROGEN N
C
rhizobiumAt f i N
Chickpeas 24‐84
Beans 12‐215
Faba bean 178-251 N (kg/ha/year) rhizobiumAtmosferic‐ N
NH4+
Faba bean 178-251
Peas 174‐196
Lentils 167‐189
N (kg/ha/year)
It can be used as a forage crop
or as a green manure
Forage yield
70000
40000
50000
60000
a Trat 1
10000
20000
30000
40000
kg/h
a Trat 1
Trat 2
Trat 3
0
10000
barbecho habas vezas narbonensisfallow Faba bean vetch narbonensis
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURESUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREIS IMPOSSIBLE
WITHOUT LEGUMES:WITHOUT LEGUMES:
Faba beans are among the bestgN-fixing crops
Th h b dThere have been many advances…
Traditional (indeterminate) habit Determinate habit
Determinateplusplus
Low tannin content
NEW TYPESNEW TYPES HAVE BEENOBTAINED
91.5 99.6 148.8111
Indeterminate FCF F50FA FTFF1VM
91.5 99.6 148.811191.8 97.8 108.6Determinate 107.9February April JunePODDING
FCF F50FA FTFF1VM
Rapid maturity allowsRapid maturity allowsto “escape” from
a dry spring
Resistance toOrobanche crenata
(broomrape)(broomrape)
“Baraca”Rebaya 40 x F 216
F 402 EgyptF 402 Egypt
F 402 (Vf 1071) x ‘Alameda’
Spain
‘Baraca’
RUSTRUSTASCOCHYTABOTRYTIS:
Genes for resistanceare knownare known
Pathogen Stress factor
Antinutr. factor
Genotype with favourable trait
(examples) Findings Contact
Orobanche 2 QTL: Oc2 (OPAC06 )
Eufaba findingsOrobanche
crenata Giza402; Baraka; Vf136 2 QTL: Oc2 (OPAC06342), Oc3(OPAA07807)
Botrytis fabae BPL710, B261 In progress Monogenic ge2ruozd@uco es
2N52 Monogenic
hypersensitivity Uvf-1(OPI20900) Uromyces fabae
B261 Slow rusting, quantitative resistance; in progress
[email protected] anam.torres.romero@jun-
tadeandalucia.es resistance; in progress
Vf6 2 QTL; Af1(OPAB071026), Af2(OPE171272) Ascochyta fabae
29H 2 QTL; Af3(OPG041131), Af4(OPJ18655)Af4(OPJ18655)
Drought ILB938/2 Winter frost Côte d’Or, Hiverna
Quantitative genetic traits with heterosis; in progress
[email protected] [email protected]
Monogenic recessive lowVicin, Convicin Mélodie, Disco
Monogenic recessive low content vc-; white seed
hilum at < 10cM distance
Tannin Gloria, DiscoMonogenic recessive zero content “zt1”, “zt2”; white
[email protected] anam.torres.romero@jun-
tadeandalucia.es
24
, , ;flower at 0,0 cM
Source: W.Link, 2006
Advances…
The availability of model species:Medicago truncatula y Lotus japonicus
Mapping and DNA sequenciation of the M. truncatula genome
Progress in MAS (marker-assisted selection)
Although still in the first steps:
Active work on sinteny, Studies on gene expressionChromosome “walking”gIdentification of candidate genes
And even…
In vitro regeneration
and
Transformation
Agrobacterium – Mediated transformation of Vicia faba embryo axes
Agrobacterium
g f y
S d T1 f b
Embryonic axes explants
DirectTransformation(Particle GUN PDS1000 Helium)
Seeds, T1 after abouttotal 10-11 months
Selection on 2 mg/l PPT and Agrobacterium elimination
by timienteny
In vitro grafting
(Hanafy et al. 2005)
H.Kiesecker, Cordoba Oct. 2006
Shooting on MS medium + B5 vit.+4.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1mg/l NAAunder selection pressure (6 months)
Limitations of genetic engineering in d f b bpea and faba bean
Low transformation efficiency between 0,3 and 0,6%
MAB for transformability
Expression instability of transgenes
•Enhancement of transformation efficiency•Co‐expression of silencing suppressors
H.Kiesecker, Cordoba Oct. 2006
STILL UNEXPLORED VARIABILITYSTILL UNEXPLORED VARIABILITY
Ana Mª Torres
Carmen Ávila
31MBead
30
31
%)
r=-0.03
Gobo
Pistache
Increasing the seed protein content:
29
ent (
NIR
S,
Styria
Gloria
P l
MusicMars
Just the motivation to do the breeding job is
missing. 28
otei
n co
nte Scirocco
Maya AlfredKarna
Pelep
Troy
27
Seed
pro
L2(Min. x CEx.)L1(Min. x CEx.)
HFreyaVictor
261 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yield performance (t/ha)
Merkur
32
Yield performance (t/ha)
Zeid et al., 2004Source: W.Link, 2006
77
HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY
6
7
6
7
sr = 0.85**
5
6
5
62
cros
se
Zeid et al.,2002Heterosis
HYBRIDS
4
5
4
5
eld
of 6
2
Faba bean data4 i 2 4
Heterosis
33
Hyb
rid y
ie 4 environm. r = 2-46m² plot size
Heterosis
22
H
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 02 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 02.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.02.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0Parental means of 62 crosses
Source: W.Link, 2006
HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY
SYNTHETICS
Fouad Maalouf
52
HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY
46
48
50
40
42
44
(q/h
a) SYNTHETICS
36
38
40
Yiel
d (
32
34
Syn 0P Syn 1 Syn 2 Syn 3 Syn 4
Synthetic generation
Superiority of synthetic populations over their homozygous t (St lli t l 1994)components (Stelling et al., 1994)
Source: W.Link, 2006
Nutritional value “Vikinga”
(from Amcor x ZT)
White hilum
White flower (low t i t t)tannin content)
High yieldAmcor
Closed flowers
Wild type Wild type flowers
WHAT ABOUT DROUGHT TOLERANCE?
2000
2500
3000
Córdoba
Drought tolerance
0
500
1000
1500
kg/h
a (S. Spain)
0
w ithout glyphosate w ith glyphosate
A hi h
Logroño
A very high
GxE interactionEUFABA trial in Spain: the same cultivars
kg/ha
300035004000
g
(N. Spain)
0500
10001500200025003000
0
Drought Stress Trial 2005 at GöttingenDrought tolerance
500
stre
ssMediterr. cvs.ICARDACondor x ILB938German genotypes
Yield (g/plot)
Th400
drou
ght German genotypes There are
possibilitiesof maintaining
200
300
ot u
nder
MélodieFuego
CI15
Alameda
B k
BA712
CI37 CI41Lobo
of maintaining the potential
under dry
100
200
d pe
r plo Condor/1
r=0 65
Fr.xEnantia CI15
CI29
ILB938ILB2282/1
Enantia
Barakay
conditions
0
Yie
ld
0 100 200 300 400 500
ILB2282/2 r 0.65
LSD(5%)
0 100 200 300 400 500Yield per plot with irrigation
Source: W.Link, 2006
Advances…
MOLECULAR METHODS ARE AVAILABLE(INCLUDING MICROCHIPS),
ALTHOUGH NOT IN SUCH A STANDARD ALTHOUGH NOT IN SUCH A STANDARD WAY AS IN OTHER CROPS:
THERE ARE ONLY A FEW TEAMS...
PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysisPROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis
TANNIN CONTENT VICINE-CONVICINE
L H L H M L H M
OPB9
OPH1
Fig. 1 DNA patterns for primers OPP17
OPP17 OPU2
OPH1
gand OPU2. Polymorphic bands withincontrasted bulks for tannin content (L:low; H: high), are indicated by arrows.
M: molecular-weight marker φx174/Hae III.
Fig. 2 DNA patterns for primers OPB9 and OPH1 in the 7 F2individuals of each contrasted bulk. RAPD markers linked tohigh (H) vicine-convicine content are indicated by arrows.M: molecular weight marker φx174/Hae III
EUFABA- Córdoba, 6-7 March 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCO
M: molecular-weight marker φx174/Hae III.
PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysisPROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis
A ti t iti l f t t i d i i i iAntinutritional factors: tannins and vicine-convicine Cross 6 x zt2
- 39 polymorphic markers identified in the pools (white vs normal flower)- Test for consistent detection and subsequent analysis on the individuals- Test for consistent detection and subsequent analysis on the individuals
that formed each bulk
Cross 6 x zvc
- 48 RAPD markers present in only one of the pools8 a e s p ese t o y o e o t e poo s- Up to now, 4 of them displayed consistent detection in each of the F2
individuals of the bulk
EUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCO-
Previous results from QTL analysis (F )Previous results from QTL analysis (F )
WP 5 DNA marker analysisWP 5 DNA marker analysis
Previous results from QTL analysis (F2)Previous results from QTL analysis (F2)- Orobanche crenata
3 QTLs identified (Or1, Or2 and Or3; R2 = 74%)Roman et al. (2002). Genome 45:1057-1063
- Ascochyta fabae6 136 Af1 (Ch 3 R2 25%)6x136 Af1 (Chrom. 3, R2 = 25%)
Af2 (Chrom. 2; R2 = 21%)
29H X 136 Af1 (Chrom. 3, R2 = 20%)Af2 (Chrom. ?; R2 = 22%)
Roman et al. (2003). Australian J. Agric. Res. 54:85-90Avila CM, (2002) PhD. Thesis Distance (cM) Marker name
5 RAPDs linked to Uvf-1Monogenic traits: rust resistanceMonogenic traits: rust resistance
OPR07930
OPP021172
OPD13736
OPL181032
1.6
2.8
0.0
7.1
EUFABA- Córdoba, 6-7 March 2003 Partner 2: UCO
Avila CM et al. (2003). TAG 107: 353-358 OPI20900
Uvf 10.0
EUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCO
Distance (cM) Marker name
MAPPINGDistance (cM) Marker name
OPR07930
OPP021172
OPD13736
1.6
2.8
0.0
OPL181032
OPI20900
Uvf 1
7.1
0.0
GENE EXPRESSION
New UsesNew Uses
Legumes (other than soya)Legumes (other than soya)
Nutritional value:
Chickpeas (0.69)
Peas (0 67)Peas (0.67)
Faba beans (0.65)
Lentils (0.52)
Whole wheat – legum. flour (0.85)g ( )
Not only
ProteinsMoisture
nutritionbut
Minerals
NEW USES:
Lipid PrebioticsNutraceuticals
Carbohydrate
Nutraceuticals
ADDED VALUE
OTHER PULSES DID IT…
Pea Protein
Food Ingredients distribution of...
Pea Starch Pea Fiber Bamboo Fiber Natural and GMO free ingredientsNatural and GMO free ingredients Natural Fibers Micronized Products Low Carbohydrate Formulations Low Fat Formulations Custom Blends Natural Flavor Enhancers Probiotic and Prebiotic Ingredients Probiotic and Prebiotic IngredientsSeasoning Blends
N b C I PO B 766 Will hb OH 44096Norben Company, Inc. • P.O. Box 766 • Willoughby, OH 44096
Source: J. I Boye, 2008
Protein isolate/concentrate alternatives
Proteins of
soy/pea/ricesoy/pea/rice
Protein shakes
Protein powders
(just add water)
Protein powders
Source: J. I Boye, 2008
Gel/Film
WHY NOT FROM
FABA BEANS?
Designed to heal the wounds Pea starch
… Cliff Hedley and colleagues from JIC have developed a processfor producing a range of novel film materials from pea starch that may be suitable for use in wound dressing applications…
Patent Reference: International Patent Publication No. WO 05/118729 E‐contact: [email protected] Source: J. I Boye, 2008
Our pea and bean products are all non‐GMO, gluten‐free,low allergenic, lactose free, natural and very functional. Our pea starch, pea fibre and pea protein concentrates are available in Organic as well
HERE THEY ARE…!available in Organic as well.
Prestige ProteinPropel Protein
Field Pea protein (50%)Yellow field pea (44% )p
Fababean ProteinProgress Protein
Great Northern ProteinB l P t i
Yellow field pea (44% )
Yellow or green field pea (56%)
Barley Protein
THIS IS ADDED VALUESource: J. I Boye, 2008
THIS IS ADDED VALUE
BUT VERY LITTLE CAN BE ACHIEVED
WORKING IN ISOLATION
THE GREATER SUCCESS ON FABA BEAN IN THE PAST
WAS POSSIBLE WITHINWAS POSSIBLE WITHIN
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS
0 80’ C ( ) CIN THE 70-80’s: EEC (=EU) and ICARDA
SINCE LATE 70s: NILE VALLEY PROJECTSINCE LATE 70s: NILE VALLEY PROJECT
LATE IN THE 80s-90s: EU projectsLATE IN THE 80s 90s: EU projects
CAMAR (coord. Univ. Córdoba)TRANSLEG (coord. Univ. Berlín)EUFABA (coord. IAS, España)GLIP (coord JIC Norwich GB)GLIP (coord. JIC, Norwich, GB)
ALL THESE PROGRAMS PRODUCED
NEW MATERIALSNEW MATERIALS,NEW GENES,
NEW KNOWLEDGENEW KNOWLEDGE,NEW METHODS…
…AND THE FEELING OFBELONGING TO BELONGING TO
ONE SINGLE BUT GREAT TEAM
A good example of collaboration
3 QTLs (Torres et al., 2006)
59
Orobanche crenataF.A. Lohmüller, 2005
Zeid, Ghazy and Link, 2006
AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Development of faba bean productivity and production in the Nile Valley, Red Sea and sub-Saharan region
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009
COLLABORATION… IT CAN BE DONE…
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009
WHAT FABA BEAN CAN DO FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
PRODUCING A NATURAL N FERTILIZERPRODUCING A NATURAL N-FERTILIZER
INCREASING THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE SOIL
ROTATIONS, CROP DIVERSIFICATION
SUSTAINABLE FARMING
FOOD AND FEED DRY AND GREENFOOD AND FEED, DRY AND GREEN
GREATER NUTRITIONAL VALUE ALONE OR BLENDED
NEW FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
TO SUM UP: AGRICULTURAL AND HEALTH BENEFITS
BUT TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS,
THE MAGICAL WORD IS…
COOPERATION
THANK YOUTHANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION