Faba Bean Production 101 Agriculture and Agri-Food Research Station

Lacombe, Alberta

April 1, 2014

Mark Olson Unit Head – Pulse Crops

Robyne Bowness

Research Scientist – Pulse Crops

Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Crops Research and Extension Division

Food and Bio-Industrial Crop Branch

Outline -background/uses

-field selection

-seeding management

-fertility

-weed control

-insects

-diseases

-harvest management Tannin variety

Low tannin variety

Background

species seed size range of 200 to 1000+ g 1000-1

large seeded (> 800 g 1000-1) types known as broadbean

broadbeans are eaten fresh while still young and tender and young leaves of the plant can also be eaten either raw or cooked like spinach.

200 to 800 g 1000-1 are called faba or fava bean(Europe)

crude protein of 28% - 32%.

large seeded tannin types are preferred for a human edible market (falafel, canned) in Middle East(Egypt) and Asia.

falafel is equivalent of fast food, street food in the Middle East Falafel is so popular is offered on McDonald’s menu in some countries.

Faba bean types

Tannin

Containing

Tannin Free

Background

livestock feed - inclusion was limited due to high

tannin content (for monogastrics) but now have low

(zero) tannin varieties. Prairie Swine Research Trials

2003-2004 up 60% inclusion in the diet.

fractions (protein 60%)for fish feed and starch for

the food market.

Alliance Grain Traders (AGT) and Parkland Alberta

Commodities are active in faba bean markets.

signed production contracts a must.

historically competition has been France, UK and

Australia.

Fractions

Hulls or fiber Split seed

Whole seed

Protein Starch

Olson, M.A., AARD

Breeding Programs

Canadian breeding programs began in the early 1970s

SSNS-1(Dr. Gordon Rowland, Crop Development Center, University of

Saskatchewan)

mid 1980s - to present Limagrain (Netherlands)

Restarted program (late 2000s) at the Crop Development

Center, University of Saskatchewan (Dr. Albert Vandenberg)

U of S goals:

develop a small seeded, low tannin variety for animal feed or silage

develop a large seeded variety of appropriate color and shape for

Middle Eastern human consumption markets.

early maturing and disease resistant.

Source : Dr. Bert Vandenberg,

University of Saskatchewan,

Pulse Days 2013

Source : Dr. Bert Vandenberg,

University of Saskatchewan

Faba bean

the highest nitrogen fixing annual grain legume.

requires cool and moist growing conditions….cool season pulse.

early seeding highly recommended.

excellent stand-ability.

high yielding.

Source:

Dr. Fran Walley, U of S

PulsePoint magazine

March 2006

Lupwayi et al AAFC, Beaverlodge, AB

Kg ha-1

2008

2009

2010

cv. Snowbird

50%

23%

10%

11%

6%

Annual Insured Acreage of Faba bean in Alberta

Crop Year

Acreage Total insured acres

Estimated total acres* Dryland Irrigated

2004 2033 35 2068 2757

2005 2134 271 2405 3027

2006 4112 685 4797 6396

2007 1626 410 2036 2715

2008 3612 520 4132 5509

2010 2943 1336 4279 5709

2011 2289 2011 4300 5733

2012 3662 2497 6159 8212

2013 11402 4100 15502 20669

* Extrapolated based on only 75% of acres are insured

Source: AFSC 2013

Lots of new growers

Where was faba bean grown

in 2013?

• 64% were grown: • from Olds to Westlock,

• from Stony Plain to Vegreville

• 25% in Southern Alberta • under irrigation

• Remainder were scattered • Legal

• Peace region

• Eastern Alberta

Field Selection

avoid manured fields unless you are looking for biomass(silage)

herbicide residues to be aware of 2,4-D/MCPA(under dry conditions), Accent, Accord, Ally,

Amber, Assert, Attain, Atrazine, Banvel II/Oracle, Curtail M, Eclipse, Everest, Glean, Infinity, Laddock, Lontrel, Muster, Poast Flaxmax, PrePass, Prestige, Prevail, Primextra II Magnum, Primextra Magnum, Shotgun, Simplicity, Simazine, Spectrum, Sundance, Triton C, Tordon, Trophy Prism, Ultim, Unity and Velpar DF.

avoid fields with perennial and hard to kill weeds examples -Canada thistle, sow thistle, narrow leaf hawks’

beard, quackgrass

Huge Biomass

July 20, 2013 July 5, 2013

Pictures courtesy of Dr. Sheri Strydhorst

Lontrel(clopyralid) residue

Seeding management • Need to seed early… really!

• Seed by May 7th

• Aim for about 45 plants m-2 (4 -5 plants ft-2)

• If it’s getting late could consider increasing the seeding rate to push maturity

• After May 15th – switch to another crop kind

• Watch for plugging…large seed can get hung up

• Don’t seed too shallow - seed into moisture (1.5 – 2” depth, can go deeper)

Seeding Date Research

four cultivars seeded early and late

early was a soon as physically possible to get equipment on the

land

late was two weeks after the first seeding date

two locations for three years(2004-2006)

double disc opener on 8” row spacing

minimum tillage

data on yield, 1000 seed weight(TSW) and plant height

seeding date did not affect TSW or plant height

Effect of time of seeding and variety on faba bean yield avearaged

acros years and locations

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Ben Snowbird CDC Blitz VM 214 Tonyvariety

Kg · Ha-¹

Early

Late

averaged across

100 bu/acre

Effect of time of seeding and location on faba

bean yield (across years)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Namao Westlock

Location

Kg · Ha-¹

Early

Late100 bu/acre

Effect of time of seeding and year on faba bean yield

(across locations)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

2004 2005 2006

Year

Kg · Ha-¹

Early

Late100 bu/acre

Yields of Early verses Late Seeding

32% yield advantage with early seeding

94 bu/ac

71 bu/ac

Seeding rate

targeting 4 plants ft-2 or more

seeding rate calculation is critical because of the huge variation in seed size between varieties (325 to 750 g 1000 seeds-1), locations and years.

i.e.

500 g 1000-1 variety would be seeded at 235 lbs acre-1or approximately 4 bushels per acre -1.

700 g 1000-1 variety would be seeded at 329 lbs acre-1or approximately 5.5 bushels per acre -1.

assume 60 lb bushel weight

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800FB

18

-20

FB 9

-4

Imp

osa

Sno

wb

ird

FB 1

8-2

0

FB 9

-4

Imp

osa

Sno

wb

ird

2011 2012

g

1000 s

eeds

-1

Mean 1000 - seed weight of faba bean cultivars in Alberta Faba Bean Trial

2011& 2012

Seeding rateManagement

Seeding rate formula

# of plants ft-2 X 1000 TSW (g 1000-1) ÷10

% viability

What is viability?

Germination % (95) - mortality% (10) =

% viability (85% or .85)

ie. 4 plants ft -2 X 500 g ÷10 = 235 lbs/acre

0.85

Seeding rate calculator www.agric.gov.ab.ca

Regional Faba Bean Variety Trials

Snowdrop Zero Tannin University of Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan Pulse Growers

Variety Release Program

Snowbird Zero Tannin Limagrain Nederland BV

Imposa Zero Tannin Limagrain Nederland BV

Malik (9-4) Tannin University of Saskatchewan

Contract Variety

Saskcan Pulse Trading

FB 18-20 Tannin University of Saskatchewan

Contract Variety

Saskcan Pulse Trading

Tabasco Tannin NPZ Lemke

DL seeds

Cultivar, type and breeding stream

100 bu/acre

Malik

Snowdrop was developed by Dr. Albert Vandenberg University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

white flowered, zero tannin faba bean. yield in co-ops was (10%) lower than the check

Snowbird (three year summary 2009-2011) and 15% lower in Regional Variety Trials(2013, 1 year data)

mean days to flower were at 55 days compared to the

check Snowbird at 54 days and maturity was equal at 117 days.

1000 seed weight 335 g 1000-1compared to Snowbird

450g 1000-1.

Snowdrop (FB 34-2)

Faba 65 plants m-2 Faba 86 plants m-2

Faba 22 plants m-2 Faba 43 plants m-2

ACIDF, Strydhorst 2004

Seeding Management

Seed treatments

tannins are a natural seed protectant and many farmers

growing tannin types(only) do not seed treat.

Apron Maxx RTA(fludioxonil + metalaxyl m) is

registered for use on faba bean

Crusier Maxx Pulses RTA(fludioxonil +metalaxyl m

+thiamethoxam) has been used by farmer in areas

where field pea leaf weevil is of concern.

Seeding Management

Inoculate with correct strain

visibly red or pink nodules, 3-5 weeks after

seeding

faba bean unique in that the crop continues to fix

nitrogen up until harvest

Formulations

granular

liquid

peat powdered

Inoculant products

BeckerUnderwood

self-adhering peat based specific for faba bean -

Nodulator® is registered

Farmers are also using the products below on faba bean with

very good success.

Novozymes

Cell-Tech inoculant for pea (GRANULE only)

granule rates would be the same for faba beans as peas

Tag team specific to faba bean in process of registration

Loveland Products

EstablishTM granular (pea)

Photo courtesy of Gary Hnatowich

Fertility

nitrogen requirements taken care of by inoculating with rhizobia

five fertility treatments: 20 lbs P2 O5 ,

40 lbs P2 O5, 30 lbs K2 O, 15 lbs S, complete blend and a check

0-45-0-0 fertilizer (triple super) was phosphorous source, no nitrogen added

six locations over three years(2004-2006)

examined yield, 1000 seed weight, plant height and maturity

Fertility

Conclusions

all sites and years combined there was no

response fertility for yield, plant height,

1000 seed weight or maturity

however, at two sites, there was increased

yield to the first 20 lbs P2 O5 and increase in

yield with an additional 20 lbs P2 O5 in one

instance and decrease in yield in the other

case

3000

3450

3900

4350

4800

5250

5700

6150

6600

7050

CHECK 22.4 P2O5 44.8 P2O5 33.6 K2O 16.8 S Complete

Yie

ld (

kg

· h

a-1

)

75 bu/acre

* all sites and years combined there was no response fertility for yield, plant height,

1000 seed weight or maturity

Source: Lopetinsky, K.J., and Olson, M.A. AARD

Faba bean – Weeds and Herbicides

faba bean has a similar competitive ability to field pea

target density 45 plants m-2

limited number of herbicides registered for faba bean in Western Canada Basagran/Forte, Edge, Sencor (pre-emergent), Poast

Ultra, Hoe-Grass 284, Treflan, are registered

Odyssey was approved spring 2013

Viper ADV (imazamox and bentazon with 28% UAN) is on National Minor Use Priority List

do not use MCPA(Na Salt), Tropotox or Sencor in crop

MCPA & Sencor

MCPA(Na Salt) Sencor

Twisting and

flattening of crop

Olson, M.A. AARD

Blackening of leaf

margin and crinkling

Insects

Lygus

Pea leaf weevil?

Grasshoppers?

Bertha Army Worm?

Blister beetles?

Insect concerns… Lygus bugs

• Move in from surrounding canola fields

• Suck on developing pods

• Creates an injury on seed that turns black

• Quality is downgraded

• Insecticide application does not improve grade – not economic

Photos: Patty Reid

Lygus Bug Control in Faba Bean Crops in Northwest Alberta

Dosdall, L. , Lopetinsky, K.J., Strydhorst, S., Olson, M.A. and Sowiak, V.

3 year study, two locations per year = 6 site years

Matador (lambda-cyhalothrin)

1) control(no insecticide applied)

2) Matador® application July 2;

3) Matador® application July 2 and July 15;

4) Matador® application July 2, July 15 and July 30;

5)Matador® application July 2, July 15, July 30, and August 13.

Application of Matador® in all years (with the exception of one location) decreased the mean number of Lygus bug perforations compared to the control but was insufficient for samples to grade #1 Canada.

Insect concerns… Bertha armyworm

• Seen in some fields around central and southern Alberta

• Caused significant damage to pods

• Seed was destroyed and not marketable

• Damage was not widespread

Photos: Patty Reid

Insect concerns… Bertha armyworm

• Common thing in all fields was volunteer canola

• Were they just opportunistic??

• Canola was drying down and faba beans were still very leafy / green

• Could be a potential problem in the future…

Chocolate spot Botrytis fabae (fungal

pathogen)

Pictures courtesy of Sheri Strydhorst & Robyne Bowness, AARD

Disease survey confirmed it was chocolate spot

Botrytis fabae (fungal pathogen)

Had limited impact on yield

Fungicides

Lance (boscalid)is registered for control of sclerotinia on

faba bean and controls botrytis on pea, lentil and

chickpea)

disease helped to “dry down” leaf material to hasten

harvest

Reports of Poor Pod Set are Wide Spread

Report of no pods, few pods … yikes

Aug 9 - Linden, AB Aug 30 - Lacombe, AB

Pictures courtesy of Sheri Strydhorst AARD

Expert Advice – Dr. Fred Stoddard -

Finland

It looks to me like a very familiar story.

It looks like conditions have been relatively damp (or that there is ready access to water). The plants are tall and lanky. I saw this a few times in the early 80s in the UK but seldom since. You can emulate this in a glasshouse.

When the growing conditions are so good the assimilate is allocated to the growing tip instead of to pods.

Inadequate pollination *may* contribute to the problem in the field, but I don't really believe it.

The plant needs a little bit of stress to make it divert resources into the fertilized flowers.

Harvest Management

Pictures courtesy of Ken Lopetinsky, AARD

Harvest Management

excellent stand ability, great crop to straight cut

Pre-harvest weed control Roundup WeatherMAX registered

do not keep seed for next year

Desiccation Reglone registered

80% -90% natural defoliation and when at least 80% of pods have turned yellow, top immature green pods okay

desiccate no later than September 7, use high water volume

pod shatter can occur under wet/dry/wet/dry and for this reason some growers swath

Picture courtesy of Ken Lopetnsky , AARD

Harvest Management Swathing(Source: Sask Ag)

crop should be swathed when about 25 per cent of the plants in the field have the lowest one to three pods turning dark.

uppermost pods should be fully developed and the middle pods turning to a lighter green.

at this stage the moisture content of the most mature seeds may be over 40 per cent and the seeds in the upper part of the plant may be over 60 per cent.

a light narrow swath should be used as the crop may take up to three weeks to dry in the swath

Cons of swathing

swaths can be difficult to pick up

if it snows, a standing crop can still be harvested

snowed under crops - mycotoxins

Harvest Management

approximately 115 -120 days to maturity

expected yield is 50-60 bushels acre-1 (10 year average is 39

bushels acre-1)

have had farmers report yields of 100 bushels acre-1 under dryland and 125 bushels acre-1 under irrigation

many growers talked about 70-80 bushels acre-1 in 2013.

straight cut approximately 5”- 6” ft off the ground

shorter stubble allow easier seeding(no plugging between shanks)

the next spring.

do not use lifters as can pop pods and cause seed yield loss.

combines at a nice speed

4 miles/hour

can go faster if there is no seed loss

Harvest Management

Combining

faba bean considered dry at 16% moisture

many farmers will start combining at 18-20% and

aerate down if have clean sample( i.e. not a lot of

Canada thistle heads, etc, etc,)

usually start with setting for field pea or soybean as

per manufacturer’s manual and adjust from there.

pea concaves are nice, but not necessary. Can pull very

second wire or 2 out of every 3 wires.

Harvest Management

Combining

faba bean is a large seed so can crank up the wind.

300 rotor speed.

JD rotary machines set concaves to start at 20 and

adjust from there.

watch discharge beater when conditions get tough

because of plugging.

Pictures courtesy of Olson, M.A, AARD

Sabourin 2012

Input Canola Faba Beans

Seed 5 lbs /a $ 58.00 4 bu/a treated $ 56.00

innoculant $ - $ 9.00

Fert 100-20-15-25 $107.00 100 lbs 8-38-15 $ 37.00

pre emerge .33L/a transorb $ 9.00 .33L/a transorb $ 9.00

In crop 2 shot Liberty $ 32.00 Viper $ 24.00

Fungicide Astound $ 27.00 - $ -

Pre-Harvest $ - Reglone $ 28.00

Total $233.00 $ 163.00

Revenue 45 bu @ $13.50 $607.50 74 bu @ $8.90 $ 659.00

Net $374.50 $ 496.00

Courtesy SVF – Tom Carleton, Agronomist

Input $/a

Canola

Faba Beans

Seed

$ 58.00

$ 48.00

Innoculant

$ -

$ 9.00

Fert

100-20-15-25

$ 107.00

$ 37.00

pre emerge

.33L/a transorb

$ 9.00

$ 9.00

In crop

2 shot Liberty

$ 32.00

$ 24.00

Fungicide

Astound

$ 27.00

$ -

Pre-Harvest

$ -

$ 28.00

Revenue

50 bu @ $13.50

$675.00

$630.00

Net

$ 442.00

$ 475.00

Tri “M” Farms - 2013

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Input Canola Faba Beans

Seed 4 lbs/a L130 $ 40.88 4 bu/a treated $ 70.00

Innoculant $ - $ 10.50

Fert 135-30-15-48 $126.06 70 lbs 8-38-15 $ 24.30

Pre plant Edge $ 23.50

Pre emerge Transorb $ 3.00 Transorb $ 3.00

In crop 2 shot Liberty $ 17.30 Viper $ 16.50

Fungicide Proline $ 21.15 - $ -

Pre-Harvest $ - Reglone $ 18.50

Total Exp $208.39 $ 166.30

Revenue 57 bu/a @ $10.50 $598.50 68 bu/a @ $8.00 $ 544.00

Net $390.11 $ 377.70

Courtesy SVF – Tom Carleton, Agronomist

Contact Information

Mark Olson

mark.olson@gov.ab.ca

Phone 780-968-3556, cell 780-246-5363

Robyne Bowness

Phone 403-782-8023. cell 587-876-1757

robyne.bowness@gov.ab.ca