English for Academic Purposes 1 (EAP 1)

Project Based Work : Report Writing

F8 Group

Lidya Marlien K (102012080)

Teo Wijaya (102012121) (Leader)

Valenchia Jeandry (102012221)

Dian Tri Putri (102012257)

Text 10

Concepts, Challenges, and ControversiesStrokes: A Deadly Domino Effect

Faculty of Medicine Christian Krida Wacana University

Arjuna utara no.6 Jakarta 11510

Phone : (021) 56942061 and email : www.ukrida.ac.id

Outline

The text ten (10) is discuss about stroke have deadly domino effect. there are two (2) paragraphs. in paragraph one, the topic is the main cause of the brain death is a stroke. And the sub topic is Stroke happens when the brain cell blocked by clumps then by time the cell will broke, resulting in reducing supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain, Cell death will spread to nearby cells and Stroke is a cell that killed itself in response to the death of a cell because lack of oxygen supply. the last paragraph have a topic is the Doctor couldn’t do anything to stop the loss of nerves with mixture of unexpected nerve deficits after stroke.And for the subtopic is Doctors began to organize drug destruction frozen in the first three hours after a stroke to restore blood flow through the vessels of the clogged brain and No one new neuroprotective medicine because that has been found to cause serious effect.

Report

The most common cause of brain damage is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke). It happened because there is blood clot shattered or blocked the brain vessel, so brain vessel lost O2 supply and glucose. If brain vessel lost O2 supply, it caused lost tissues or death. A new discovery shows the damage and the loss of nerve function is the result of a neurotoxic effect, also causes cell death with them. The beginning of cell death is necrosis which causes the neighboor to suffer apoptosis. Lack of O2 is a prelude to release of glutamate in excess, and stimulates neurotransmitters in general. Glutamate and the other neurotransmitters are formed from part of neuron and the function as chemical communication between brain cells. The damage of brain cells caused by an overdose of glutamate neurons related to that. In particular, glutamate bound with NMDA receptor, which serves as the channel Ca 2+. The result of an open channel receptors too much long is the toxin be active because Ca2+ entered neighboring neurons. This elevated intracellular Ca2+ triggers these cells to self-destruct is produced the free radical. These particel are very reactive, so when the shortage, it will lead to cell damage caused bycelectrons from other molecules. The collateral damage, researched that apoptosis Ca2+ signal can spread from dead cells into healthy cells through the border crossing of the gap, Ca2+ and other small ions diffuse freely between cells. This action kill neuronal,so that neuron will be dead or wounded about 18 cells after a stroke. It occurs due to the release of glutamate is toxic when lacked O2.

Until the last decade, doctorc couldn’t do anything to stop the loss of nerves with mixture of unexpected nerve deficits after stroke. Therapy recovery very limited if severe damage occurs. In recent years, with new knowledge of neuronal death factor due to a stroke, the medical community has been looking for a way to stop the killer cells that is a domino effect. The goal is to limit the nerves damage and reduce or prevent clinical symptoms, such as paralysis. In the early 1990s, doctors began to organize drug destruction frozen in the first three hours after a stroke to restore blood flow through the vessels of the clogged brain. Clots buster is the first medicine which used for therapy of stroke beginners. Other methods are

researched to prevent blood cells adjacent to the neurotoxic glutamate. These include, blocking NMDA recipients through death, giving responses to glutamate, sto apoptosis that generates its own executin, and prevented the death Messenger Ca2+ to spread everywhere. This way hold much promise to treat stroke, which is the most prevalent disability in adults and this is the thrid leading death cause in United States. But, so far no one new neuroprotective medicine because that has been found to cause serious effect.

Glossary

Academic Wordlist

1. Function : the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used or for which a thing exists : purpose

2. Release : allow news, ect to be made known3. Ion : An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing

one or more electrons.

4. Channel : a path over which electrical signals can pass.

5. Research : systematic investigation to establish fact.

6. Radical : of or relating to or constituting a linguistic root

7. Reactive; React: act against or in opposition to

8. Recovery; Recover : get or find back; recover the use of

9. Occur : come to one's mind; suggest itself.

10. Goal : the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey)

11. Response : a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent.

12. Adult : a fully developed person from maturity onward

13. Restore : bring back a situation or feeling that existed before.14. Adjacent: to next something15. Found : come upon unexpectedly or after searching (adj.all)

Content Spesific Wordlist

1. Vessel : any channel for carrying a fluid, such as blood or lymph.2. Blood : It consists of the liquid portion (the plasma) and the formed elements

(erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).3. Glucose : It is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of

energy for living organisms, its utilization being controlled by insulin4. Death : Death is defined as the cessation of all vital functions of the body including

the heartbeat, brain activity (including the brain stem), and breathing5. Electron : an elementary particle with the unit quantum of (negative) charge,

constituting the negatively charged particles arranged in orbits around the nucleus of an atom and determining all of the atom's physical and chemical properties except mass and radioactivity

6. Collateral : secondary or accessory; not direct or immediate.

7. Clot : a semisolid mass, as of blood or lymph.8. Toxic : manifesting the symptoms of severe poisoning.9. Block : to obstruct.10. Ca2+ : Calsium ions11. O2 : Oxygen12. Glutamate : A salt of glutamic acid; in biochemistry, the term is often used

interchangeably with glutamic acid.13. destruction : of living animals; see euthanasia14. Clinical : pertaining to a clinic or to the bedside; pertaining to or founded on actual

observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or basic sciences.

15. Brain : that part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain); it develops from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube

16. Damage : a sum of money awarded to a plaintiff by a court as compensation for any loss, detriment, or injury to the plaintiff's person, property, or rights caused by the malfeasance or negligence of the defendant.

17. Tissue : an aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain special functions.

18. Wound : an injury, usually restricted to a physical one with disruption of normal continuity of structures.

19. Nerve : a cordlike structure comprising a collection of nerve fibers that convey impulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region.

20. Effect : the result produced by an action.21. Necrosis : the morphological changes indicative of cell death caused by progressive

enzymatic degradation; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ.22. Communication: An opening or a connecting passage between two structures.23. Cells : a small, more or less closed space.24. Healthy : a condition of physical, mental, and social well-being and of absence of

disease or another abnormal condition.25. Receptor : a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stimuli.26. Neuron : any of the conducting cells of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body,

containing the nucleus and its surrounding cytoplasm, and the axon and dendrites.27. Gap : an unoccupied interval in time; an opening or hiatus.28. Deficit : A lack or deficiency of a substance.29. Therapy : the treatment of disease.30. Neuronal : pertaining to or emanating from a neuron.31. Medical : Requiring treatment by medicine.32. Symptoms : any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition, i.e., such

evidence as perceived by the patient; a change in a patient's condition indicative of some bodily or mental state.

33. Paralysis : Paralysis is defined as complete loss of strength in an affected limb or muscle group.

34. Stroke : A stroke is the sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow.

35. Drug : a chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body.36. Frozen : turned into, covered by, or surrounded by ice.37. Toxin : especially a protein or conjugated protein produced by some higher plants,

certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, that is highly poisonous for other living organisms.

38. Medicine : the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.39. Method : the manner of performing any act or operation; a procedure or technique.40. neuroprotective : guarding or protecting against neurotoxicity.

Paragraph 1

Main Idea

The main cause of the brain death is a stroke.

Supporting details

1. Stroke happens when the brain cell blocked by clumps then by time the cell will

broke, resulting in reducing supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain.

2. Cell death will spread to nearby cells.

3. Stroke is a cell that killed itself in response to the death of a cell because lack of

oxygen supply.

Paragraph 2

Main idea: Doctor couldn’t do anything to stop the loss of nerves with mixture of unexpected nerve deficits after stroke.

Supporting detail :

1. Doctors began to organize drug destruction frozen in the first three hours after a stroke to restore blood flow through the vessels of the clogged brain

2. No one new neuroprotective medicine because that has been found to cause serious effect

Summary

The most common cause of brain damage is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke). It happened because there is blood clot shattered or blocked the brain vessel, so brain vessel lost O2 supply and glucose. . If brain vessel lost O2 supply, it caused lost tissues or death. Until the last decade, doctorc couldn’t do anything to stop the loss of nerves with mixture of unexpected nerve deficits after stroke. Therapy recovery very limited if severe damage occurs. In recent years, with new knowledge of neuronal death factor due to a stroke,

the medical community has been looking for a way to stop the killer cells that is a domino effect. The goal is to limit the nerves damage and reduce or prevent clinical symptoms, such as paralysis. In the early 1990s, doctors began to organize drug destruction frozen in the first three hours after a stroke to restore blood flow through the vessels of the clogged brain. Clots buster is the first medicine which used for therapy of stroke beginners. But so far no one new neuroprotective medicine because that has been found to cause serious effect.

References

1. Sherwood L. Fundamentals of human physiology. USA: Brooks/cole cengage learning 2007;98.