F4MR-ch2(5-20)

5

WORD UP!• Axon – Akson• Endocrine gland – Kelenjar endokrin • Involuntary action – Tindakan luar kawal • Receptor – Reseptor • Reflex action – Tindakan refleks • Voluntary action – Tindakan terkawal

Body Coordination

Chapter 2

The BIG Picture!

2005 Q5 – Q7 Q5

2006 Q6 – Q8 Q5

2007 Q1 – Q5

2008 Q1 – Q3 Q5

2009 Q1 – Q4 Q5

Year Paper 1Paper 2

SPM Past-year Questions

Sec. A Sec. B Sec. C

Body coordination

Nervous systemDrug Endocrine system

Peripheralnervoussystem

Centralnervoussystem

Brain Spinal cord

Autonomicnervoussystem

Somaticnervoussystem

Pituitary gland

Thyroid

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

involvesinvolves

affect affect

dividedinto

consistsof

consistsof

consistsof

e-ch2(5-20).indd 5e-ch2(5-20) indd 5 8/12/10 2:13:51 PM8/12/10 2:13:51 PM

5

ISTILAH!• Akson – Axon• Kelenjar endokrin – Endocrine gland • Tindakan luar kawal – Involuntary action • Reseptor – Receptor• Tindakan refleks – Reflex action • Tindakan terkawal – Voluntary action

Konsep PENTING!

Koordinasi Badan

Bab 2

Tahun Kertas 1Kertas 2

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM

Bhg. A Bhg. B Bhg. C

2005 S5 – S7 S5

2006 S6 – S8 S5

2007 S1 – S5

2008 S1 – S3 S5

2009 S1 – S4 S5

Koordinasi badan

Sistem sarafDadah Sistem endokrin

Sistemsaraf

periferi

Sistem sarafpusat

Otak Saraf tunjang

Sistemsaraf

autonomiSistemsarafsoma

Kelenjar pituitari

Kelenjar tiroid

Kelenjar adrenal

Pankreas

Testis

Ovari

melibatkanmelibatkan

mengganggu mengganggu

dibahagikepada

terdiridaripada

terdiridaripada

terdiridaripada

M-ch2(5-20).indd 5M-ch2(5-20) indd 5 8/11/10 10:30:22 AM8/11/10 10:30:22 AMF4MR-ch2(5-20).indd 5F4MR-ch2(5-20).indd 5 8/23/10 9:02:11 AM8/23/10 9:02:11 AM

Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

66

6

2B

AB

2.1 HP • Menghuraikan maksud koordinasi badan • Mengenal pasti sistem dalam badan yang mengawal dan

menyelaras koordinasi badan • Menyatakan kepentingan koordinasi badan

2.2 HP • Mengenal pasti bahagian dalam sistem saraf manusia• Menyatakan fungsi setiap bahagian dalam sistem saraf

manusia

Isi tempat kosong dalam carta di bawah dengan perkataan yang sesuai.

1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem saraf manusia. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web yang berikut:

http://universe-review.ca/R10-16-ANS.htm

Kaji rajah di bawah dengan teliti dan labelkan sistem saraf manusia.

Koordinasi badan

Koordinasi saraf Koordinasi hormon

Sistem saraf Sistem endokrin

Berjalan, menulis Pertumbuhan badan, pembiakan

Koordinasi badan membolehkan semua organ badan untuk mengesan rangsangan

dan bergerak balas terhadapnya.

dikelaskan kepada

dikawal oleh

mengawal aktiviti seperti mengawal aktiviti seperti

dikawal oleh

Sistem endokrin Koordinasi saraf PembiakanMenulis Bergerak balas Sistem saraf

Objektif Pembelajaran2.1 Memahami koordinasi badan

Objektif Pembelajaran2.2 Memahami sistem saraf manusia

sistemsarafpusat

sistem sarafsoma sistem saraf

periferi

sistem saraf autonomi

saraftunjang

otak saraf kranium

saraf spina

Saraf kranium Sistem saraf periferi Saraf tunjangSaraf spina Sistem saraf soma Otak

Sistem saraf manusia adalah seperti suatu ‘lebuh raya maklumat biologi’, dan bertanggungjawab untuk mengawal semua proses dan pergerakan biologi dalam badan. Ia juga menerima maklumat dan mentafsirkannya dengan menggunakan isyarat elektrik.

2.1Koordinasi badan

Masteri

AktivitiPERBINCANGAN

2.2Sistem saraf manusia

STM

Aktiviti ICT

PENYELIDIKAN

M-ch2(5-20).indd 6 8/11/10 10:30:22 AM

6

CH

APTER

22.1 LO • Describe what body coordination is

• Identify the body systems that control and regulate coordination• State the importance of body coordination

2.2 LO • Identify the component parts of the human nervous system

• State the function of each component part of the nervous system

Fill in the blanks in the chart below with suitable words.

1 The diagram below shows the human nervous system. For more information, please refer to the following website:

http://universe-review.ca/R10-16-ANS.htm

Study the diagram below carefully and label the human nervous system.

centralnervoussystem

somatic nervoussystem peripheral

nervous system

autonomic nervous system

spinalcord

brain cranial nerves

spinal nerves

Endocrine system Nervous coordination ReproductionWriting Respond Nervous system

Cranial nerves Peripheral nervous sustem Spinal cordSpinal nerves Somatic nervous system Brain

Body coordination

Nervous coordination Hormonal coordination

Nervous system Endocrine system

Walking, writing Body growth, reproduction

Body coordination enables all body organs to detect stimuli and respond towards them.

classified into

controlled by

controls activities like controls activities like

controlled by

Learning Objective2.1 Understanding body coordination

Learning Objective2.2 Understanding the human nervous system

DISCUSSIONActivity2.1

Body coordinationMastery

2.2Human nervous system

STSRESEARCH

Activity ICT

The human nervous system is like a ‘biological information highway’, and is responsible for controlling all the biological processes and movements in the body. It also receives information and interprets it using electrical signals.

e-ch2(5-20).indd 6 8/12/10 2:13:52 PM 4 State two components of the central nervous system. (Brain and spinal cord) 5 State two types of peripheral nervous system. (Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system) 6 State two types of nerves in the somatic nervous system. (Spinal nerve and cranial nerve) 7 State the nerve system that controls voluntary actions. (Somatic nervous system)

2.1 Understanding body coordination2.2 Understanding the human nervous system

DISCUSSIONActivity2.1 1 State the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards any stimulus around us and from the inside of our

body. (Body coordination)RESEARCH

Activity ICT2.2 2 Name the messages carried by the nervous system in the form of electrical signals. (Impulses) 3 State the nervous system that is the control centre of the body. (Central nervous system)

F4MR-ch2(5-20).indd 6F4MR-ch2(5-20).indd 6 8/23/10 9:02:11 AM8/23/10 9:02:11 AM

Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

77

11 State the part of the nervous system that controls the refl ex actions. (Spinal cord) 12 State the type of nerve that controls the actions like walking and running. (Spinal nerve) 13 State the type of nerve that controls the actions like smelling and hearing. (Cranial nerve) 14 State the type of nerve that controls the actions like heartbeat and peristalsis. (Autonomic nerve)

7

CH

APTER

2

2 Based on Question 1, complete the chart below to show the classification of the human nervous system and examples of activities involved.

3 Based on the given information, complete the flow chart below to show the correct pathway of body coordination.

Writing Seeing Dancing Smelling Enzyme secretionBreathing Running Heartbeat Hearing Food digestion

Receptor Stimuli Effector Central nervous system

detected by impulse impulse

Examples of activities

Human nervous system

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Somatic nervous system

(controls voluntary action)

Autonomic nervous system

(controls involuntary action)

Brain Spinal cord

Cranial nerves(above the neck)

Spinal nerves(below the neck)

Enzyme secretionBreathingHeartbeatFood digestion

Examples of activities Examples of activities

SeeingSmellingHearing

WritingDancingRunning

Auditory nerves and optical nerves are examples of cranial nerves.

Stimuli Receptor Effector ResponseCentral nervous system(brain or spinal cord)

Food, smell, sound, light or touch

In sensory organs like tongue, nose, ear, eye or skin

Organ like muscle or gland which responds to the stimuli

Carries by neurone (nerve cell)

e-ch2(5-20).indd 7 8/12/10 2:13:53 PM

7

2B

AB

2 Berdasarkan Soalan 1, lengkapkan carta di bawah untuk menunjukkan pengelasan sistem saraf manusia dan contoh-contoh aktiviti yang terlibat.

3 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan laluan yang betul dalam koordinasi badan.

Sistem saraf manusia

Sistem saraf pusat Sistem saraf periferi

Sistem saraf soma(mengawal tindakan

terkawal )

Sistem saraf autonomi(mengawal tindakan

luar kawal )

Otak Saraf tunjang

Saraf kranium(atas leher)

Saraf spina(bawah leher)

Contoh aktiviti Contoh aktiviti

MelihatMenghiduMendengar

MenulisMenariBerlari

Contoh aktiviti

Rembesan enzimBernafasDenyutan jantungPencernaan makanan

Reseptor Rangsangan Efektor Sistem saraf pusat

dikesan oleh impuls impuls

Rangsangan Reseptor Efektor Gerak balasSistem saraf pusat(otak atau saraf tunjang)

Makanan, bau, bunyi, cahaya atau sentuhan

Dalam organ deria seperti lidah, hidung, telinga, mata atau kulit

Organ seperti otot atau kelenjar yang bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan

Dibawa oleh neuron (sel saraf)

Saraf auditori dan saraf optik adalah contoh-contoh saraf kranium.

Menulis Melihat Menari Menghidu Rembesan enzimBernafas Berlari Denyutan jantung Mendengar Pencernaan makanan

M-ch2(5-20).indd 7 8/11/10 10:30:23 AM 8 State the nervous system that controls involuntary actions. (Autonomic nervous system) 9 State the type of somatic nerve that connects the brain to sensory organs in the head and neck. (Cranial

nerve) 10 State the type of somatic nerve that connects the spinal cord with parts of the body like the limbs, skin and

abdomen. (Spinal nerve)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

88

8

CH

APTER

22.3 LO • State what a neurone is

• Identify the parts of a neurone2.3 LO • State the function of each part of the neurone

• Identify the different types of neurones

1 There are three types of neurones in a human body. Identify each neurone below. Then, label the parts and state the function of each neurone.

2 Write the parts of the neurone based on the given functions in the table below.

Part of neurone Function

Cell body Controls all the activities of neurones

Dendrite Receives impulses and transmits them to the dendron

Dendron Receives impulses and transmits them to the cell body

Axon Transmits impulses out of the cell body

Myelin sheath Axon insulator to prevent leakage of impulses. Increases the speed of impulse transmission.

NEURONE

Sensory neurone Relay neurone/Intermediate neurone

nucleus

dendrite

dendroncell body

axon

myelin sheath

nerve end

Motor neurone

dendrite

axon

cell body

receptor

dendrite

dendron

cytoplasm

cell body

nucleus

Function: Carries impulses from the sensory

organ/receptor to the central

nervous system.

Function: Transmits impulses from the

sensory neurone to the motor neurone.

Function: Carries impulses from the central nervous system to the effector .

Guide:

DendriteDendronCell bodyMyelin sheathAxon

2.3Neurone

MasteryDISCUSSION

Activity2009 Sec. B, Q5

e-ch2(5-20).indd 8 8/12/10 2:13:53 PM

8

2B

AB

2.3 HP • Menyatakan maksud neuron• Mengenal pasti bahagian neuron

2.3 HP • Menyatakan fungsi setiap bahagian neuron• Mengenal pasti jenis neuron yang berlainan

1 Terdapat tiga jenis neuron dalam badan manusia. Kenal pasti setiap jenis neuron di bawah. Kemudian, label dan nyatakan fungsi setiap neuron.

2 Tuliskan bahagian-bahagian neuron berdasarkan fungsi yang diberi dalam jadual di bawah.

NEURON

Neuron deria Neuron perantaraan

nukleus

dendrit

dendronbadan sel

akson

salut mielin

hujung saraf

Neuron motor

dendrit

akson

badan sel

reseptor

dendrit

dendron

sitoplasma

badan sel

nukleus

Fungsi: Membawa impuls dari organ

deria/reseptor ke sistem saraf

pusat.

Fungsi: Menghantar impuls dari neuron

deria ke neuron motor.

Fungsi: Membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke efektor .

Bahagian neuron Fungsi

Badan sel Mengawal semua aktiviti neuron

Dendrit Menerima impuls dan menghantarnya ke arah dendron

Dendron Menerima impuls dan menghantarnya ke arah badan sel

Akson Menghantar impuls keluar dari badan sel

Salut mielin Penebat akson untuk mengelakkan kebocoran impuls.Mempercepatkan penghantaran impuls.

Panduan:

DendritDendronBadan selSalut mielinAkson

2.3Neuron

Masteri


Bhg. B, S52009

M-ch2(5-20).indd 8 8/11/10 10:30:23 AM 22 Name the part of the neurone which functions as an insulator on the axon that prevents the leakage of

impulses. (Myelin sheath) 23 State three types of neurones. (Sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone) 24 Name the type of the neurone which carries impulses from sensory organ or receptor to central nervous

system. (Sensory neurone) 25 Name the type of neurone which carries impulses from central nervous system to effector. (Motor neurone) 26 Name the type of neurone which carries impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone.

(Relay neurone/intermediate neurone/interneurone)

DISCUSSIONActivity2.3 15 What is the basic unit of the nervous system? (Neurone)

16 What is the function of neurones? (To carry impulses) 17 Name the small branches of dendron. (Dendrite) 18 Name the long projection from the cell body of a neurone. (Axon) 19 Name the part of the neurone which controls all activities of the neurone. (Cell body) 20 Name the part of the neurone which receives impulses from other neurone and transmits them to cell body.

(Dendrite) 21 Name the part of the neurone which carries impulses out of cell body. (Axon)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

99

9

CH

APTER

2

2.5Reflex arc and reflex action

MasteryDISCUSSION

Activity

2.4 LO • State what receptors and effectors are• State the function of receptors and effectors• Explain with examples what a reflex action is• Describe a reflex arc• Illustrate the path taken by an impulse in the reflex arc

AIM To study reflex action

APPARATUS Metre ruler

PROCEDURE 1 Get a friend to sit cross-legged on a chair. 2 Hit lightly below the knee cap of the dangling leg with a metre ruler. 3 Record your observation.

OBSERVATION The dangling leg kicks out .

ANALYSIS 1 Name two types of neurones that are involved in the knee-jerk reaction.Sensory neurone and motor neurone.

2 Draw arrows in the diagram shown below to show the direction of impulse during the knee-jerk reaction.

sensoryneurone

nerve end

motorneurone

leg muscle

metre ruler

white matter

grey matter

direction of impulse

Legend

CONCLUSION The knee-jerk reaction is a reflex action .

Study carefully the diagram below that shows a reflex arc.

Legenddirectionof impulse

grey matter

spinal nerve

white matter X: synapse sensory neurone

receptor/

sensory organ

muscle/effector

motor neurone

relay neurone

Y

Z

Cross-section of the spinal cord

TSTS• Sequencing

Refer to Essential Science Form 4, Laboratory Activity 2.1, p. 23; Essential Science SPM, Laboratory Activity 2.1, p. 23

Learning Objective2.3 Analysing nervous coordination

Sec. B, Q12001

Sec. B, Q12003

INQUIRYExperiment2.4

Reflex actionInquiry-discovery

e-ch2(5-20).indd 9 8/12/10 2:13:53 PM

9

2B

AB

2.4 HP • Menyatakan maksud reseptor dan efektor• Menyatakan fungsi reseptor dan efektor• Menerangkan dengan contoh tindakan refleks• Menghuraikan arka refleks• Mengilustrasi urutan lintasan yang dilalui oleh impuls dalam

tindakan refleks

Kaji dengan teliti rajah di bawah yang menunjukkan arka refleks.

Petunjukarah impuls

jirim kelabu

saraf spina

jirim putih neuron deria

reseptor/

organ deria

otot/efektor

neuron motor

neuron perantaraan

Y

Z

X: sinaps

Keratan rentas saraf tunjang

KBSB• Membuat urutan

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 4, Aktiviti Makmal 2.1, hlm. 23; Essential Science SPM, Laboratory Activity 2.1, hlm. 23

TUJUAN Mengkaji tindakan refleks

RADAS Pembaris meter

PROSEDUR 1 Minta rakan anda duduk di atas kerusi dengan keadaan kaki bersilang di atas lutut.2 Ketuk dengan perlahan bahagian bawah tempurung lutut kaki yang terjuntai itu dengan

pembaris meter.3 Catatkan pemerhatian anda.

PEMERHATIAN Kaki yang terjuntai terangkat ke atas .

ANALISIS 1 Namakan dua jenis neuron yang terlibat dalam lentingan lutut. Neuron deria dan neuron motor.

2 Lukis anak panah pada rajah di bawah untuk menunjukkan arah pergerakan impuls semasa sentakan lutut.

neuron deria

hujungsaraf

neuronmotor

pembarismeter

otot kaki

jirim putih

arah impuls

Petunjuk

jirimkelabu

KESIMPULAN Sentakan lutut merupakan satu tindakan refleks .

Objektif Pembelajaran2.3 Menganalisis koordinasi saraf

Bhg. B, S12001

Bhg. B, S12003

2.4Tindakan refleks

Inkuiri-penemuan

EksperimenINKUIRI

2.5Arka refleks dan tindakan refleks

Masteri


M-ch2(5-20).indd 9 8/11/10 10:30:23 AM 8 State the small space that separates one neurone from another. (Synapse) 9 State the importance of the refl ex actions. (To protect us from dangerous situations or injuries) 10 Complete the fl ow chart below to show the refl ex arc of a refl ex action.

Receptors/sensory organs

impulse Sensory neurones

impulseSynapses impulse Relay

neurones impulse

Effectors/muscles

impulse Motor neurones

impulse Synapses

2.3 Analysing nervous coordinationINQUIRY

Experiment2.4 1 Name the cell in the sensory organ which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surroundings. (Receptor)

DISCUSSIONActivity2.5 2 Name the organ which responds to the stimuli. (Effector)

3 State the structure that connects all the receptors and effectors. (Neurones) 4 Name two examples of receptor. (Skin and eye) 5 Name two examples of effector. (Muscle and pancreas) 6 Name the automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without the involvement of

thinking. (Refl ex actions) 7 Name the path that is involved in a refl ex action. (Refl ex arc)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1010

10

CH

APTER

2

INQUIRYExperiment2.6

Kinaesthetic sense

1 Label and mark with arrows to show the direction of the movement of impulse in the diagram.

2 What is the function of the part labelled X?

Allows impulses to be transmitted in one direction only.

3 What happens to the structures labelled Y and Z when a person accidently pricks a sharp thorn?

Y: Produces impulses Z: Contracts

4 State the action that occurs. Reflex action

5 Which part of the central nervous system controls this action? Spinal cord

6 Name the receptor and effector involved in this action.

(a) Receptor: skin (b) Effector: muscle

7 What is the importance of reflex action to humans?

Protects us from dangerous situations/injuries

8 Mark ‘ ’ the activity that involved a reflex action.

Walking on a tight rope Blinking of eyes to protect from dust Breathing

9 Complete the flow chart below to show the reflex arc of a reflex action.

2.5 LO • State what receptors and effectors are• Explain with examples what a reflex action is• Describe a reflex arc• Illustrate the path taken by an impulse in the reflex arc

Flow chart of reflex arc and reflex action

Receptor/Sensory organ

Sensory neurone Synapse Relay

neurone Synapse

Motor neuroneMuscle/Effector

impulse

AIM To study the role of kinaesthetic sense in the human bodyAPPARATUS Five empty drink cans, a handkerchief

Arrangement 1 Arrangement 2 Arrangement 3 Arrangement 4

PROCEDURE 1 Pupils are shown the above arrangements of drink cans before the activity starts. 2 The activity is done in pairs. Pupil A is blindfolded with a handkerchief before he is

asked to arranged the empty cans in a certain arrangement. 3 Pupil B records the results of pupil A in the table on the following page. 4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 by asking the pupils to switch roles. 5 Calculate the percentage of pupils who succeeded in arranging the empty cans correctly.

Refer to Essential Science Form 4, Laboratory Activity 2.2, p. 25; Essential Science SPM, Laboratory Activity 2.2, p. 25

Learning Objective2.4 Understanding the role of proprioceptors in maintaining balance and body coordination

Inquiry-discovery

Sec. B, Q12000 Sec. B, Q52008

e-ch2(5-20).indd 10 8/12/10 2:13:53 PM

10

2B

AB

2.5 HP • Menyatakan maksud reseptor dan efektor • Menerangkan dengan contoh tindakan refleks • Menghuraikan arka refleks • Mengilustrasi urutan lintasan yang dilalui oleh impuls dalam

tindakan refleks

1 Label dan tanda dengan anak panah untuk menunjukkan arah pergerakan impuls dalam rajah.

2 Apakah fungsi bahagian yang berlabel X?

Membenarkan impuls dihantar dalam satu arah sahaja.

3 Apakah yang berlaku pada struktur berlabel Y dan Z apabila seseorang tercucuk duri tajam?

Y: Menghasilkan impuls Z: Mengecut

4 Nyatakan tindakan yang berlaku. Tindakan refleks

5 Bahagian manakah pada sistem saraf pusat yang mengawal tindakan ini? Saraf tunjang

6 Namakan reseptor dan efektor yang terlibat dalam tindakan ini.

(a) Reseptor: kulit (b) Efektor: otot

7 Apakah kepentingan tindakan refleks kepada manusia?

Melindungi kita daripada bahaya/kecederaan

8 Tandakan ‘ ’ bagi aktiviti yang melibatkan tindakan refleks.

Berjalan di atas tali tegang Mengerlip mata untuk Bernafas mencegah kemasukan debu

9 Lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan arka refleks bagi tindakan refleks.

Carta alir arka refleks dan tindakan refleks

Reseptor/Organ deria

Neuronderia Sinaps Neuron

perantaraan Sinaps

Neuronmotor

Otot/Efektor

impuls

TUJUAN Mengkaji peranan deria kinestesis dalam tubuh manusiaRADAS Lima buah tin minuman kosong, sapu tangan

1 Pelajar ditunjukkan dengan susunan tin kosong seperti dalam rajah di atas sebelum memulakan aktiviti ini.

2 Lakukan aktiviti dalam kumpulan berpasangan. Mata pelajar A ditutup dengan meng-gunakan sapu tangan dan dikehendaki menyusun tin-tin kosong itu dalam susunan tertentu.

3 Pelajar B mencatat keputusan pelajar A dalam jadual di muka surat seterusnya.4 Ulang langkah 2 dan 3 dengan bertukar peranan antara pelajar A dan B.5 Kira peratus pelajar yang berjaya menyusun tin-tin kosong dengan betul.

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 4, Aktiviti Makmal 2.2, hlm. 25; Essential Science SPM, Laboratory Activity 2.2, hlm. 25

PROSEDUR

Bhg. B, S12000 Bhg. B, S52008

Objektif Pembelajaran2.4 Memahami peranan reseptor regang dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan dan koordinasi badan

2.6Deria kinestesis

Inkuiri-penemuan

EksperimenINKUIRI

M-ch2(5-20).indd 10 8/11/10 10:30:23 AM 3 State two parts of the body where the kinaesthetic senses can be found. (Muscles and joints/ligaments/

tendons) 4 Name the kinaesthetic sensory receptor. (Proprioceptor) 5 State one example of activity which is helped by kinaesthetic sense. (Tying shoelaces without looking)

2.4 Understanding the role of proprioceptors in maintaining balance and body coordination

INQUIRYExperiment2.6 1 State the senses that enable us to be aware of the movement and position of the limbs to maintain

balance. (Kinaesthetic senses) 2 State the importance of the kinaesthetic senses. (Maintaining body balance and body coordination)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1111

11

CH

APTER

2

2.7Brain

ContextualDISCUSSION

Activity

muscle fibre

2.6 LO • Explain what proprioceptors are• Explain the importance of proprioceptors in body

coordination

2.7 LO • Identify the main parts of the human brain• State the functions of each main part of the human brain• Explain the effects of injuries to specific parts of the

human brain

ANALYSIS 1 The diagram below shows the proprioceptor which act as kinaesthetic sense. Label parts X and Y and state the function of X and Y in the space provided.

Study Diagrams 1 and 2 below. Complete Diagram 1 which shows various brain parts and their functions. Then, label the sensory and motor areas in Diagram 2 based on the information given. After that, answer the following questions.

Controls body balance

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Cerebrum

Controls involuntary actions

Controls mental ,

sensory and

voluntary activities

spinal cord

white matter grey matter (cortex)

Diagram 1: Brain structure

The hypothalamus that is located at the underside of the brain is the control centre of body temperature, hunger, uid balance in the body and sleep.

Learning Objective2.5 Understanding the human brain and its complexity

RESULTS

Name of pupilsNumber of correct arrangements

All arecorrect

Only three are correct

Only two are correct

Only one is correct

All are incorrect

1

2

3

4

Total number of pupils

Percentage of pupils

2 Name one part of the body where a proprioceptor can be found. Muscle/tendon

3 Which group of people depend highly on kinaesthetic sense? Blind people

4 Mark ‘ ’ at the activities that involve proprioceptors.

(a) Playing the guitar (c) Walking in the dark

(b) Sitting (d) Watching television

CONCLUSION Kinaesthetic sense enables us to detect movement of certain parts of the body without looking.

X: Proprioceptor/Stretch receptorFunction:Maintains body balance

and controls muscular activities

Y: NerveFunction:Transmit impulses to the brain

Sec. B, Q12006

e-ch2(5-20).indd 11 8/12/10 2:13:53 PM

11

2B

AB

2.6 HP • Menerangkan maksud kinestesis • Menerangkan kepentingan kinestesis dalam koordinasi

badan

2.7 HP • Mengenal pasti bahagian utama otak manusia• Menyatakan fungsi bahagian utama otak manusia

• Menerangkan kesan kecederaan terhadap bahagian otak manusia

Kaji Rajah 1 dan 2 di bawah. Lengkapkan Rajah 1 yang menunjukkan bahagian otak dan fungsinya. Kemudian, tuliskan kawasan-kawasan deria dan motor dalam Rajah 2 berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan. Selepas itu, jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.

KEPUTUSAN

Nama pelajarBilangan susunan yang betul

Semuanyabetul

Hanya tiga betul

Hanya dua betul

Hanya satubetul

Tiada yangbetul

1

234Jumlah pelajar

Peratus pelajar

muscle fibre

ANALISIS 1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan reseptor regang yang bertindak sebagai deria kinestesis. Label bahagian X dan Y dan nyatakan fungsi X dan Y dalam ruang yang disediakan.

X: Reseptor regangFungsi:Mengekalkan keseimbangan badan

dan mengawal aktiviti otot

Y: SarafFungsi:Menghantar impuls ke otak.

Mengawal keseimbangan

badan

Serebelum

Medula oblongata

Serebrum

Mengawal tindakan luar kawal

Mengawal aktiviti

mental , deria dan

aktiviti terkawal

saraf tunjang

jirim putih jirim kerabu (korteks)

Rajah 1: Struktur otak

Objektif Pembelajaran2.5 Memahami otak manusia dan kerencamannya

2 Nyatakan satu bahagian badan yang reseptor regang boleh didapati. Otot/tendon

3 Golongan manusia yang manakah amat bergantung kepada deria kinestesis?

Orang buta

4 Tandakan ‘ ’ pada aktiviti yang melibatkan reseptor regang.

(a) Bermain gitar (c) Jalan dalam keadaan gelap

(b) Duduk (d) Menonton televisyen

KESIMPULAN Deria kinestesis membolehkan kita mengesan pergerakan anggota badan tanpa melihat.

Bhg. B, S12006

2,7Otak

Kontekstual


Hipotalamus yang terletak di bahagian bawah otak merupakan pusat kawalan suhu badan, rasa lapar, keseimbangan bendalir di dalam badan dan tidur.

M-ch2(5-20).indd 11 8/11/10 10:30:23 AM 3 State the part of brain that controls body balance. (Cerebellum) 4 State the part of brain that controls involuntary actions. (Medulla oblongata) 5 Give two examples of activities that are controlled by cerebrum. (Hearing and walking) 6 Give one example of activity that is controlled by cerebellum. (Riding a bicycle) 7 Give two examples of activities that are controlled by medulla oblongata. (Breathing and heartbeat) 8 What will happen if an injury occurs to the sense of sight region? (Results in blindness) 9 What will happen if an injury occurs to the sense of hearing region? (Results in deafness)

2.5 Understanding the human brain and its complexityDISCUSSION

Activity2.7 1 Name parts X, Y and Z of the human brain. ( X: Cerebrum; Y: Cerebellum; Z: Medulla oblongata)

Y

Z

X

2 State the part of brain that controls mental activities and muscle movement. (Cerebrum)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1212

12

CH

APTER

2

2.8Voluntary and involuntary actions

Mastery

THINKINGActivity

2.8 LO • Explain what voluntary action is• Give examples of voluntary action

2.8 LO • Explain what involuntary action is• Gives examples of involuntary action

Diagram 2: Location of different controlling parts of the brain

Guide:SpeechSmell and tasteSensory area (skin and muscle)HearingVisionMotor area

A: Motor area

B: Sensory area (skin and muscles)

C: Speech

D: Smell and taste

E: Vision

F: Hearing

A B

FCD

E

QUESTIONS 1 Explain why the human cerebral cortex is folded.

To increase the surface area so that more neurones can be stored.

2 State one way to show how the human brain is protected from injury.

It is protected by a cranium/skull .

3 State two examples of activities controlled by P, Q and R in Diagram (a).

(a) P: Thinking, seeing/kicking a ball

(b) Q: Vomiting, heartbeat

4 What is the effect of an injury to parts A, E and F?

(a) Part A: Results in body paralysis (c) Part F: Results in deafness

(b) Part E: Results in blindness

State examples of voluntary and involuntary actions. Then, compare and differentiate between the two actions.

ACTIONS

Example1 Writing

2 Talking

Voluntary

Example1 Heartbeat

2 Digestion of food

Involuntary

Somatic nervous system

Yes

Cerebrum

Impulse flows through the cerebrum

Can be slowed down or speeded up

Autonomic nervous system

No

Medulla oblongata

Impulse flows through the medulla oblongata

Fast

Nervous system involved

Controlled by desire

Part of brain in control of action

Pathway of impulse

The speed of response

Difference

TSTS• Compare and contrast

(c) R: Cycling, crossing a small bridge

Sec. C, Q3(a)2004

e-ch2(5-20).indd 12 8/12/10 2:13:53 PM

12

2B

AB

2.8 HP • Menerangkan maksud tindakan terkawal

• Memberi contoh tindakan terkawal

2.8 HP • Menerangkan maksud tindakan luar kawal

• Memberi contoh tindakan luar kawal

Rajah 2: Kedudukan kawasan kawalan otak

Panduan:Pertuturan Bau dan rasaKawasan deria (kulit dan otot) PendengaranPenglihatanKawasan motor

A: Kawasan motor

B: Kawasan deria (kulit dan otot)

C: Pertuturan

D: Bau dan rasa

E: Penglihatan

F: Pendengaran

SOALAN 1 Terangkan mengapa korteks serebrum manusia berkeadaan berlipat-lipat.

Untuk menambahkan luas permukaan supaya dapat menempatkan lebih

banyak neuron .

2 Nyatakan satu cara bagaimana otak manusia dapat dilindungi daripada tercedera.

Dilindungi oleh kranium/tengkorak .

3 Nyatakan dua contoh aktiviti yang dikawal oleh bahagian yang berlabel P, Q, dan R dalam Rajah (a).

(a) P: Berfikir, melihat/menendang bola

(b) Q: Muntah, denyutan jantung

4 Apakah kesan kecederaan pada bahagian A, E dan F?

(a) Bahagian A: Mengakibatkan lumpuh badan

(b) Bahagian E: Mengakibatkan buta (c) Bahagian F: Mengakibatkan pekak

Nyatakan contoh tindakan terkawal dan tindakan luar kawal. Seterusnya, bandingkan dan bezakan antara kedua-dua tindakan itu.

TINDAKAN

Contoh1 Menulis

2 Bercakap

Terkawal

Contoh1 Denyutan jantung

2 Pencernaan makanan

Luar kawal

Sistem saraf soma

Ya

Serebrum

Impuls mengalir melalui serebrum

Dapat dilambatkan atau dicepatkan

Sistem saraf autonomi

Tidak

Medula oblongata

Sistem saraf terlibat

Dikawal mengikut kehendak

Bahagian otak yang mengawal tindakan

Laluan pergerakan impuls

Kecepatan gerak balas

Perbezaan

KBSB• Membandingkan

dan membezakan

Impuls mengalir melalui medula oblongata

Cepat

A B

FCD

E

(c) R: Berbasikal, meniti

Bhg. C, S3(a)2004

2.8Tindakan terkawal dan tindakan luar kawal

Masteri

AktivitiBERFIKIR

M-ch2(5-20).indd 12 8/11/10 10:30:23 AM

10

Y

X

What are the effects of injury to parts X and Y in the brain? ( X: Results in blindness; Y: Results in deafness)

THINKINGActivity2.8 11 State the actions that are done according to our intention. (Voluntary actions)

12 State the actions that are carried on automatically. (Involuntary actions)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1313

13

CH

APTER

2

2.9Human endocrine system

STSRESEARCH

Activity ICT

2.9 LO • Describe what a hormone is• Describe what endocrine glands are• Identify the main endocrine glands and their respective

locations in the body

2.9 LO • State the functions of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands

• Describe the effects of hormonal imbalance on health

The diagram below shows the endocrine system. For more information, please refer to the following website:

http://www.biologyreference.com/Dn-Ep/Endocrine-System.html

Study the diagram below and identify the human endocrine glands. Then, label and state the function of each gland in the space below. After that, answer the following questions.

A Pituitary gland

(a) To control water absorption

from the kidneys

(b) As the main gland

that stimulates other endocrine

glands

B Thyroid gland

(a) To control the rate of

metabolism

(b) To stimulate growth

C Pancreas

To control the level of blood

sugar

E Testis (male)

(a) To control secondary

sexual characteristics

(b) To control sperm production

D Adrenal gland

(a) To prepare the body to meet

greater demands

(b) To increase the rate of

heartbeats and

respiration

F Ovary (female)

(a) To control secondary

sexual characteristics

(b) To control menstrual cycle

1 What is an endocrine gland?

A gland without ducts that secretes chemicals (hormones) directly into the bloodstream.

2 Where is the thyroid gland located?At the neck

3 (a) What mineral salt is required by the thyroid gland to enable it to produce hormones?Iodine

(b) State one source of the mineral salt in 3(a).Seafood

4 Name a disease that occurs if our diet lacks the mineral salt in 3(a).Goitre

5 (a) Name a hormone secreted by the pancreas. Insulin

(b) What will happen if not enough of the hormone in 5(a) is secreted?

The individual will suffer from diabetes .

6 State two effects of a lack of hormonal secretion from the ovaries of a female.

(a) Miscarriage occurs if she is pregnant.

(b) Menstrual cycle is irregular.

FE

D

A

B

C

Male Female

QUESTIONS

Sec. B, Q12002 Sec. B, Q52005

Learning Objective2.6 Understanding hormonal coordination in the body

e-ch2(5-20).indd 13 8/12/10 2:13:54 PM

13

2B

AB

2.9 HP • Menghuraikan maksud hormon• Menghuraikan kelenjar endokrin• Mengenal pasti kelenjar endokrin utama dan kedudukan

masing-masing dalam badan

2.9 HP • Menyatakan fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar endokrin

• Menghuraikan kesan ketidakseimbangan hormon terhadap kesihatan

A Kelenjar pituitari

(a) Mengawal proses penyerapan

air dari ginjal

(b) Sebagai kelenjar induk

yang merangsang kelenjar

endokrin lain

B Kelenjar tiroid

(a) Mengawal kadar metabolisme

badan

(b) Merangsangkan pertumbuhan

C Pankreas

Mengawal aras gula dalam

darah

E Testis (lelaki)

(a) Mengawal ciri-ciri seks

sekunder

(b) Mengawal penghasilan sperma

D Kelenjar adrenal

(a) Menyelaraskan badan untuk

menghadapi kecemasan

(b) Menambahkan kadar

denyutan jantung dan

respirasi

F Ovari (perempuan)

(a) Mengawal ciri-ciri seks

sekunder

(b) Mengawal kitar haid

FE

D

A

B

C

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem endokrin. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web berikut:

http://www.biologyreference.com/Dn-Ep/Endocrine-System.html

Kaji rajah di bawah dan kenal pasti kelenjar-kelenjar endokrin pada manusia. Kemudian, labelkan dan nyatakan fungsi kelenjar dalam ruang yang disediakan. Selepas itu, jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.

1 Apakah maksud kelenjar endokrin?

Kelenjar tanpa duktus yang merembeskan bahan kimia (hormon)

terus ke dalam aliran darah.

2 Di manakah terletaknya kelenjar tiroid? Pada leher

3 (a) Apakah garam mineral yang diperlukan oleh kelenjar tiroid untuk memboleh kannya menghasilkan hormon?Iodin

(b) Nyatakan satu sumber garam mineral di 3(a).Makanan laut

4 Namakan penyakit yang akan dihidapi jika makanan kita kekurangan garam mineral di 3(a).Goiter

5 (a) Namakan hormon yang dirembeskan oleh pankreas. Insulin

(b) Apakah yang akan berlaku jika hormon di 5(a) tidak cukup dirembeskan?

Seseorang akan menghidap kencing manis .

6 Nyatakan dua kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada ovari pada seorang perempuan.

(a) Keguguran fetus berlaku jika dia mengandung.

(b) Kitar haid tidak tetap.

Lelaki Perempuan

Objektif Pembelajaran2.6 Memahami koordinasi kimia dalam badan

SOALAN

Bhg. B, S12002 Bhg. B, S52005

2.9Sistem endokrin manusia

STM

Aktiviti ICT

PENYELIDIKAN

M-ch2(5-20).indd 13 8/11/10 10:30:24 AM2.6 Understanding hormonal coordination in the body

RESEARCHActivity ICT2.9 1 Name the gland that secretes hormone directly into the bloodstream. (Endocrine glands)

2 Name the chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands. (Hormones) 3 Name endocrine glands P, Q, R and S in human. (P: Pituitary gland; Q: Thyroid gland;

R: Adrenal gland; S: Pancreas) 4 Name the main endocrine gland which secretes hormones that control the actions of

the other endocrine glands. (Pituitary gland) SR

Q

P

5 State the endocrine gland that controls the body’s metabolism rate and the body growth. (Thyroid gland) 6 State the endocrine gland which secretes hormone that can increase the heartbeat. (Adrenal gland)

7 State the endocrine glands that are located at the top of both kidneys. (Adrenal gland) 8 State the endocrine gland that controls the glucose level in the blood. (Pancreas) 9 Name the hormone secreted by the pancreas. (Insulin) 10 Name the disease that someone might suffer if his/her pancreas secretes less insulin. (Diabetes) 11 State the endocrine gland that controls the menstrual cycle. (Ovary) 12 State the endocrine gland that controls the maturity and development of male sex organs. (Testis) 13 State the mineral that is required for the thyroid glands to function well. (Iodine) 14 Name the disease that someone might suffer if his/her food is lacking of iodine. (Goitre) 15 What will happen if the ovary of a woman is removed in a surgery? (Becomes infertile or her menstrual

cycle interrupted) 16 State the endocrine gland that secretes hormones to reduce the calcium content in blood. (Thyroid gland)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1414

14

CH

APTER

2

The importance of nervous system and endocrine system coordination

Ductless gland Very fast Nerves Slow NervesShort-term Immediate Slow Control WritingMetabolic rate Long-term Limited Coordinate ThinkingBody growth Widespread Bloodstream (hormone)

2.10 LO • Compare and contrast nervous coordination with hormonal coordination

• Explain with examples the coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system in response to a specific stimulus

2.10 LO • Explain the importance of coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system in response to a specific stimulus

You are given the characteristics of the nervous system (nervous coordination) and the endocrine system (hormonal coordination). Compare the two systems in the space provided.

To control and coordinate functions and activities of organs in the body.

Difference

Similarity

NERVOUS COORDINATION

HORMONAL COORDINATION

Nerves

Nerves

Very fast

Short-term

Limited

Immediate

Consists of

Messages are sent through

Speed of transmission

Effect

Target area

Response

Ductless gland

Bloodstream (hormones)

Slow

Long-term

Widespread

Slow

• Writing• Thinking

Example of response coordination

• Body growth• Metabolic rate

To ensure body functions such as physical, chemical and physiological responses

occur at their optimum level .

Conclusion

TSTS• Compare and contrast

Learning Objective2.7 Analysing coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system

2.10Comparing nervous coordination with hormonal coordination Mastery

DISCUSSIONActivity

e-ch2(5-20).indd 14 8/12/10 2:13:54 PM

14

2B

AB

2.10 HP • Membanding dan membezakan koordinasi saraf dengan koordinasi hormon

• Menerangkan melalui contoh penyelarasan gerak balas terhadap sesuatu rangsangan oleh sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin

2.10 HP • Menerangkan kepentingan koordinasi antara sistem saraf dengan sistem endokrin dalam penyelarasan gerak balas terhadap sesuatu rangsangan

Anda diberikan ciri-ciri sistem saraf (koordinasi saraf) dan sistem endokrin (koordinasi hormon). Bandingkan kedua-dua sistem tersebut dalam ruang yang disediakan.

Mengawal dan mengkoordinasi fungsi serta aktiviti organ dalam badan.

Perbezaan

Persamaan

KOORDINASISARAF

KOORDINASIHORMON

Saraf

Saraf

Sangat cepat

Jangka pendek

Terhad

Serta-merta

Terdiri daripada

Penghantaran maklumat melalui

Kelajuan penghantaran

Kesan

Kawasan sasaran

Gerak balas berlaku secara

Kelenjar tanpa duktus

Aliran darah (hormon)

Perlahan

Jangka panjang

Luas

Lambat

• Menulis• Berfikir

Contoh penyelarasangerak balas

• Pertumbuhan badan• Kadar metabolisme

Kepentingan koordinasi sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin

Memastikan fungsi badan seperti gerak balas fizikal, kimia, dan fisiologi

berlaku pada tahap optimum .

Kesimpulan

KBSB• Membandingkan

dan membezakan

Objektif Pembelajaran2.7 Menganalisis koordinasi antara sistem saraf dengan sistem endokrin

2.10Perbandingan koordinasi saraf dengan koordinasi hormon Masteri


Kelenjar tanpa duktus Sangat cepat Saraf Perlahan SarafJangka pendek Serta-merta Lambat Mengawal MenulisKadar metabolisme Jangka panjang Terhad Mengkoordinasi BerfikirPertumbuhan badan Luas Aliran darah (hormon)

M-ch2(5-20).indd 14 8/12/10 11:30:03 AM 4 State the speed of impulse transmission in nervous system. (Very fast) 5 State the area affected in the endocrine system. (Wide)

2.7 Analysing coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system

DISCUSSIONActivity2.10 1 What makes up the nervous system? (The nerves)

2 What makes up the endocrine system? (The ductless glands/the endocrine glands) 3 How are the messages sent through the endocrine system? (Through the bloodstream)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1515

15

CH

APTER

2

2.11Drugs

STS

DISCUSSIONActivity

2.11 LO • Define what drugs are• List examples of drugs• Explain what drug abuse is• Describe the effects of drug abuse on body

coordination and health

2.12 LO • List examples of alcoholic drinks• Describe the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol

on body coordination and health• Justify the importance of avoiding excessive consumption

of alcohol

I will not take drugs because drugs are dangerous and can

cause death.

PLEDGE

1 Fill in the spaces with suitable drugs (heroin, opium, or morphine) based on its explanation.

Opiumprocessed

99999:to produce

Morphineprocessed

99999:to produce

Heroin

Latex frompoppy flower

A brown coloured drug

A white or brown coloured drug

2 List the effects of heroin abuse.

(a) Watery eyes and nose

(e) Trembling(b) Loss of appetite

(c) Addiction to the drug

(d) Loss of body weight

Guide:

Appetite Drug Watery Trembling Weight

Learning Objective2.8 Evaluating the effects of drug abuse on body coordination and health

Answer the following. Fill in the blanks with suitable words on alcohol.

Guide:

WhiskyBrandyEyesightEthanolHearingSlows downReflex time

Learning Objective2.9 Analysing the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination and health

Alcohol

• Contain: Ethanol

• Two examples: Whisky and brandy

• Effects of excessive consumption:

(a) Slows down the respond during emergencies.

(b) Causes bad eyesight , less accurate hearing and slows down the reflex time .

2.12Alcohol

Contextual

THINKINGActivity

e-ch2(5-20).indd 15 8/12/10 2:13:54 PM

15

2B

AB

2.11 HP • Mendefinisikan maksud dadah• Menyenaraikan contoh dadah• Menerangkan penyalahgunaan dadah• Menghuraikan kesan dadah terhadap koordinasi badan dan

kesihatan

2.12 HP • Menyenaraikan contoh minuman beralkohol • Menghuraikan kesan pengambilan alkohol yang berlebihan

terhadap koordinasi badan dan kesihatan• Mewajarkan kepentingan menjauhi pengambilan alkohol yang

berlebihan

(a) Mata dan hidung berair

(e) Menggeletar(b) Kehilangan selera

makan

(c) Ketagihan dadah

(d) Hilang berat

badan

Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang alkohol.

Saya tidak akan menghisap dadah kerana dadah adalah berbahaya dan boleh membawa maut.

IKRAR

1 Isi dalam ruang dengan jenis dadah yang sesuai (heroin, candu atau morfin) berdasarkan penerangannya.

Candudiproses untuk

9999999:menghasilkan

Morfindiproses untuk

9999999:menghasilkan

Heroin

Getah daripada bunga pokok popi

Dadah berwarna perang

Dadah berwarna putih atau perang

2 Senaraikan kesan-kesan penyalahgunaan heroin.Panduan:Selera Dadah Berair Menggeletar Berat

Objektif Pembelajaran2.9 Menganalisis kesan pengambilan alkohol yang berlebihan terhadap koordinasi badan dan kesihatan

Panduan:

Wiski

Brandi

Penglihatan

Etanol

Pendengaran

Melambatkan

Masa gerak balas

Alkohol

• Mengandungi: Etanol

• Dua contoh: Wiski dan brandi

• Kesan mengambil alcohol yang berlebihan:

(a) Melambatkan gerak balas seseorang terhadap keadaan kecemasan.

(b) Menyebabkan penglihatan seseorang kurang

baik, pendengaran menjadi kurang tepat dan masa gerak balas menjadi lambat.

Objektif Pembelajaran2.8 Menilai kesan penyalahgunaan dadah terhadap koordinasi badan dan kesihatan

2.11Dadah

STM


2.12Alkohol

Kontekstual

AktivitiBERFIKIR

M-ch2(5-20).indd 15 8/11/10 10:30:24 AM2.9 Analysing the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body

coordination and healthTHINKING

Activity2.12 1 What kind of drinks contain ethanol? (Alcoholic drinks) 2 State two examples of alcoholic drinks. (Beer and whisky/vodka/brandy) 3 State two examples of liver diseases caused by the excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks.

(Cirrhosis of the liver and hepatitis)

2.8 Evaluating the effects of drug abuse on body coordination and healthDISCUSSION

Activity2.11 1 Name the chemical substance which can change the function and physiology of the body. (Drug) 2 State four types of drugs that are commonly taken by drug addicts. (Opium, morphine, heroin and

marijuana) 3 State two adverse effects of drug abuse. (Watery eyes/nose and a trembling body)


Cha

pter

2B

ody

Coo

rdin

atio

nM

IND

Ro

bic

sC

hapter 2B

ody Coordination

MIN

DR

ob

ics

1616

16

CH

APTER

22.13 LO • State what the mind is

• Identify factors that affect the mind2.13 LO • Explain how substance abuse can affect the mind

• Justify the importance of a healthy and sound mind

DefinitionThe ability of the brain to think

and reason .

Healthy mind

Example: Caring

Unhealthy mind

Example: Short-tempered

Complete the chart below.

hormonal reason caring mental social alcohol drug think short-tempered

THE MIND

External factor

Example: • Mental stress

Example: • Social factor

Internal factor

Example: • Hormonal imbalance

Example: • Drug abuse

Example: • Excessive consumption of

alcohol

influence

Learning Objective2.10 Realising the importance of a healthy and sound mind

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the SPM exam. Make sure you can

answer all the questions correctly.SPM Key To Success

1 Complete the classification of the human nervous system. 2 Complete the impulse pathway for a voluntary action as we walk.

Somaticnervoussystem

autonomicnervous system

Cranialnerves

Spinanerves

Peripheralnervoussystem

Centralnervoussystem

Spinalcord

Brain

Eye

Brain

Muscle(Effector)

Sensory neurone

Motor neurone

contains receptor (retina)

impulse

impulse

2.13The mind and factors that influence it

Contextual

RESEARCHActivity LIBRARY

e-ch2(5-20).indd 16 8/12/10 2:13:55 PM

16

2B

AB

2.13 HP • Menyatakan maksud minda• Mengenal pasti faktor yang mempengaruhi minda

2.13 HP • Menerangkan kesan penyalahgunaan bahan terhadap minda

• Mewajarkan kepentingan minda yang sihat dan baik

Lengkapkan carta di bawah ini.

hormon menaakul kasih sayang jiwa sosial alkohol dadah berfikir cepat marah

MINDA

Objektif Pembelajaran2.10 Menyedari kepentingan minda yang sihat dan baik

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan SPM. Pastikan anda

boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.SPM Kunci Kejayaan

1 Lengkapkan klasifikasi sistem saraf manusia. 2 Lengkapkan lintasan impuls bagi tindakan terkawal ketika kita berjalan.

Sistemsarafsoma

sistem sarafautonomi

Saraf kranium

Saraf spina

Sistem sarafperiferi

Sistemsarafpusat

Saraftunjang

Otak

Mata

Otak

Otot(Efektor)

Neuron deria

Neuron motor

Mengandungireseptor (retina)

impuls

impuls

DefinasiKeupayaan otak untuk berfikir

dan menaakul .

Minda sihat

Contoh: Kasih sayang

Minda tidak sihat

Contoh: Cepat marah

Faktor luaran

Contoh: • Tekanan jiwa

Contoh: • Faktor sosial

Faktor dalaman

Contoh: • Ketidakseimbangan

hormon

Contoh: • Penyalahgunaan

dadah

Contoh: • Pengambilan

alkohol yang berlebihan

2.13Minda dan faktor yang mempengaruhi minda

Kontekstual

Aktiviti PUSTAKA

PENYELIDIKAN

M-ch2(5-20).indd 16 8/11/10 10:30:24 AM

4 State two external factors that will affect the mind. (Social factors and mental stress) 5 State two internal factors that will affect the mind. (Brain injury and hormone imbalance/drug abuse/

excessive consumption of alcohol)

2.10 Realising the importance of a healthy and sound mindRESEARCH

Activity LIBRARY2.13 1 What is the ability of the brain to think and reason? (Mind) 2 State two characteristics shown by a person with a healthy mind. (Caring and responsible/positive thinking/

creative/independent) 3 State two characteristics shown by a person with an unhealthy mind. (Short-tempered and irresponsible/

worry easily)


17

3 Complete the flow chart below to show the correct pathway of body coordination.detected by impulse impulse impulse

Stimuli Receptor Effector ResponseCentral nervous system

(brain or spinal cord)

4 Name three types of neurones. For (c), label the structures.(a) (b) (c)

Dendrite

Cell body

Dendron

Axon

Relay neurone

Sensory neurone

Motor neurone

(d) Match the type of neurone and its function.

Type of neurone Function

Sensory neurone Carries impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

Relay neurone Carries impulses from the central nervous system to the effector

Motor neurone Carries impulses from the receptor to the central nervous system

5 Label the cross-section of the spinal cord and the reflex arc shown below. Mark the direction ( ) of the movement of the impulse.

greymatter

whitematter

Spinal nerve

Relay neurone

Motor neurone

Synapse

Sensory neurone

sensory organ

Receptor/

Effector/muscle

6 Complete the flow chart below to show the reflex arc for reflex actions.

Receptor/Sensory organ

Sensory neurone

Synapse Relay neurone Synapse

Effector/Muscle

Motor neurone

impulse

7 Label the parts of the brain and state their functions.

Z: Cerebellum

Controls bodybalance

Y: Medulla oblongata

Controls involuntaryactions

X: Cerebrum

Controls mental/sensory/voluntary activities

spinal

cord


17

4 Namakan tiga jenis neuron. Untuk (c), labelkan struktur.(a) (b) (c)

Dendron

Dendrit

Akson

Badan sel

Neuron perantaraan

Neuron deria

Neuron motor

(d) Padankan jenis neuron dengan fungsinya.

Jenis neuron Fungsi

Neuron deria Membawa impuls dari neuron deria ke neuron motor

Neuron perantaraan Membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke efektor

Neuron motor Membawa impuls dari reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat

5 Labelkan keratan rentas saraf tunjung dan arka refleks yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Tandakan arah ( ) pergerakan impuls.

jirimkelabu

jirimputih

Saraf spina

Neuron perantaraan

Neuron motor

Sinaps

Neuron deria

organ deria

Reseptor/

Efektor/otot

6 Lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan arka refleks bagi tindakan refleks.

Reseptor/Organ deria

Neuron deria

SinapsNeuron

perantaraanSinaps

Efektor/ otot

Neuron motor

impuls

7 Labelkan bahagian-bahagian otak dan nyatakan fungsinya.

Z: Serebelum

Mengawalkeseimbangan badan

Y: Medula oblongata

Mengawal aktivitiluar kawal

X: Serebrum

Mengawal aktiviti mental/deria/aktiviti terkawal

saraf tunjang

3 Lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan laluan yang betul dalam koordinasi badan.dikesan oleh impuls impuls impuls

Rangsangan Reseptor Efektor Gerak balasSistem saraf pusat

(otak atau saraf tunjang)


18

CH

APTER

2

8 Label the sensory and motor areas of the brain in the diagram below.

(a) Injury to part X will cause

blindness .

(b) Injury to part Y will cause

deafness .

(c) Injury to part Z will cause

paralysis .

Motor centre

Speech

Smell and taste

Skin and muscle/sensory area

Vision

Hearing

X

Z

Y

9 Label the structures of the endocrine system and fill in the blanks with suitable words.

. Increases the

rate of heartbeats

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

. Controls the level of

blood sugar

. Produces insulin

. Lack of insulin will

cause diabetes

Pituitary

gland As the main gland

Thyroid gland

. Controls the rate of metabolism

and stimulates growth

. This gland needs iodine to function

. Lack of iodine will cause goitre

Ovary

. Controls the menstrual cycle

Testis

. Controls sperm production

Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

SPM Enhancement Corner 2PAPER 1

1 The information below shows the parts that are involved in a reflex arc.

J – EffectorK – ReceptorL – Sensory neuroneM – Motor neuroneN – Relay neurone

Which of the following impulse pathways is correct? A J : L : N : M : KB K : M : N : L : JC K : L : N : M : JD L : M : N : K : J C

2 Diagram 1 shows a type of neurone.

CLONE2006

CLONE2007 Diagram 1

The neurone carries an impulse from theA central nervous system to the

receptorB receptor to the central nervous

systemC central nervous system to the

effectorD effector to the central

nervous system C

3 Diagram 2 shows the human brain structure.

Y

Diagram 2

What is the part labelled Y?A Cerebellum B Cerebrum

CLONE2004

C Medulla oblongataD Spinal cord B

CLONE2006

CLONE2009


18

8 Labelkan kawasan deria dan motor bagi otak dalam rajah di bawah.

(a) Kecederaan di bahagian X akan menyebabkan

buta .

(b) Kecederaan di bahagian Y akan menyebabkan

pekak .

(c) Kecederaan di bahagian Z akan menyebabkan

lumpuh .

Pusat motor

Pertuturan

Bau dan rasa

Kulit dan otot/kaKK wasanww

deriarr

PenglihatanPP

PendengaranPP

X

Z

Y

9 Labelkan struktur sistem endokrin dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai.

. Menambahkan

Kadar denyutan jantung

Kelenjar adrenal

Pankreas

. Mengawal paras

gula dalam darah

. Menghasilkan insulin

. Kekurangan insulin akan

menyebabkan kencing manis

Kelenjar

pituitari Sebagai kelenjar induk

Kelenjar tiroid

. Mengawal kadar metabolisme

dan meransang pertumbuhan

. Kelenjar ini memerlukan iodin untuk berfungsi

. Kekurangan iodin akan mengakibatkan goiter

Ovari

. Mengawal kitar haid

Testis

. Mengawal penghasilan sperma

1 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan bahagian yang terlibat dalam arka refleks.

KLON2006

KLON2009

J – EfektorK – ReseptorL – Neuron deriaM – Neuron motorN – Neuron perantaraan

Antara laluan impuls yang berikut, yang manakah betul?A J L N M KB K M N L JC K L N M JD L M N K J C

2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis neuron.

KLON2006

KLON2007

Rajah 1

Neuron itu membawa impuls dariA sistem saraf pusat ke reseptorB reseptor ke sistem saraf pusatC sistem saraf pusat ke efektorD efektor ke sistem saraf pusat

C

3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia.

Y

Rajah 2

Apakah bahagian yang berlabel Y?A Serebelum KLON

2004B SerebrumC Medula oblongataD Saraf tunjang B

SPM Sudut Pengukuhan

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.

KERTAS 1

2


19

4 Diagram 3 shows the human nervous system. CLONE

2008

CB

A

D

Diagram 3 Which of the parts labelled A, B, C

or D is a cranial nerve? A

5 Diagram 4 shows the human brain structure.

CLONE2006

CLONE2005

CLONE2008

CLONE2009

A

BC

D

Diagram 4 Among the parts labelled A, B, C,

and D, which controls the action of hearing? A

6 Which of the following best explains body coordination?A Coordination of body growthB Coordination of body that is

controlled by endocrine system

C Coordination of body that is controlled by brain only

D Coordination of body’s response towards any stimuli CLONE

2007D

7 A teenage girl has not experienced menstruation. Which of the following is malfunctioning? CLONE

2008

A Pituitary B Adrenal C Ovary D Thyroid

CLONE2009 C

8 Glucose can be detected in an adult’s urine. Which endocrine gland is not functioning well?A OvaryB Adrenal gland

CLONE2002

C Pituitary glandD Pancreas D

9 The flow chart in Diagram 5 shows the impulse pathway in nervous coordination when a person is walking.

impulseStimuli 9999: X 99s

p

Response ;9 Y ;9 Brain

Diagram 5

Which of the following represents X and Y? CLONE

2007CLONE2009

X YA Effector GlandsB Receptor EffectorC Effector ReceptorD Receptor Spinal cord B

10 Diagram 6 shows an effect of the deficiency of a type of mineral in the human body. CLONE

2007

Diagram 6

Which of the following is the mineral and the endocrine gland that cause the effect? Mineral Endocrine glandA Calcium ThyroidB Iodine PancreasC Iodine ThyroidD Sodium Adrenal C

11 The deficiency of which substance in the body will cause diabetes?A Iodine B Insulin

CLONE2005

C Calcium D Sodium B

PAPER 2Section BAnswer all questions in this section.

1 Diagram 1 shows the reflex arc for a certain reflex action when a person’s finger accidently touches a hot iron.(a) Name the parts labelled P, Q and R.

(i) P: Sensory neurone

(ii) Q: Relay neurone

(iii) R: Motor neurone

(b) What is the function of the structure labelled P?Carries impulses from a receptor to the spinal cord/Central neutrous system

(c) Mark the direction of impulse transmission in Diagram 1.

(d) Which part of the nervous system controls the action in (c)? Spinal cord

(e) Give another example of a reflex action.The finger withdraws immediately upon touching a sharp thorn.

(f) What is the importance of reflex action in humans?To avoid danger or prevent risk of injury.

Q

P

R

muscle

CLONE2003 Sec. B, Q1

Diagram 1


19

4 Rajah 3 menunjukkan sistem saraf manusia. KLON

2008

CB

A

D

Rajah 3

Antara bahagian A, B, C dan D, yang manakah merupakan saraf kranium? A

5 Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia

KLON2006

KLON2008

KLON2009

KLON2005

A

BC

D

Rajah 4 Antara bahagian yang berlabel A,

B, C, dan D, yang manakah mengawal tindakan pendengaran? A

6 Antara berikut, yang manakah memberi maksud koordinasi badan?A Penyelarasan pertumbuhan

badanB Penyelarasan badan yang

dikawal oleh sistem endokrin

C Penyelarasan badan yang dikawal oleh otak sahaja

D Penyelarasan gerak balas badan terhadap sebarang rangsangan tiga saat KLON

2007D

7 Seorang remaja perempuan tidak lagi mengalami kedatangan hadi. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah gagal berfungsi dengan baik? KLON

2008A PituitariB AdrenalC OvariD Tiroid

KLON2009 C

8 Glukosa dapat dikesan dalam air kencing seorang dewasa. Antara kelenjar endokrin berikut yang manakah tidak berfungsi dengan normal?A OvariB Kelenjar adrenal

KLON2002

C Kelenjar pituitariD Pankreas D

9 Rajah 5 menunjukkan lintasan impuls dalam koordinasi saraf bagi seseorang yang sedang berjalan.

impuls

Rangsangan9999: X 99s p

Gerak balas ;9 Y ;9 Otak

Rajah 5 Antara yang berikut, yang

manakah mewakili X dan Y? KLON

2007KLON2009

X YA Efektor Kelenjar B Reseptor EfektorC Efektor ReseptorD Reseptor Saraf tunjang B

10 Rajah 6 menunjukkan kesan keku-rangan sejenis mineral dalam badan manusia. KLON

2007

Rajah 6

Antara yang berikut, yang mana-kah mineral dan kelenjar endokrin yang menyebabkan kesan ini? Mineral Kelenjar endokrinA Kalsium TiroidB Iodin PankreasC Iodin TiroidD Natrium Adrenal C

11 Kekurangan bahan yang manakah dalam badan akan menyebabkan kencing manis?A Iodin

KLON2005

B Insulin C Kalsium D Natrium B

KERTAS 2Bahagian BJawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

KLON2003 Bhg. B, S1

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan arka refleks bagi suatu tindakan refleks apabila jari seseorang tersentuh seterika panas. (a) Namakan bahagian yang berlabel P, Q, dan R.

(i) P: Neuron deria

(ii) Q: Neuron perantaraan

(iii) R: Neuron motor

(b) Apakah fungsi struktur berlabel P?

Q

P

R

otot

Rajah 1Menghantar impuls dari reseptor ke saraf tunjang/Sistem saraf pusat

(c) Tandakan pada Rajah 1 arah pengaliran impuls.

(d) Bahagian sistem saraf yang manakah mengawal tindakan di (c)? Saraf tunjang

(e) Berikan satu contoh lain bagi tindakan refleks. Jari tersentak apabila tersentuh duri tajam.

(f) Apakah kepentingan tindakan refleks dalam manusia?Untuk mengelakkan daripada bahaya atau risiko kecederaan.


20

(b) Identifying the problem– Swelling at the neckExplanation of the problem– Lack of seafood– Lack of iodine in the blood– The thyroid gland does not secrete

enough hormoneMethod of solving– Take more iodine mineral saltSuggestion for daily diet– Eat more seafood

Nervous system Endocrine system

Impulse is sent through the Impulse is sent through thenerves bloodstream

Short-term effect Long-term effect

Acts in a specific area Acts in a wide area

Reaction occurs immediately Reaction occurs slowly

2 Diagram 2 shows the position of the proprioceptor (stretch receptor) in human muscle.

(a) What is structure labelled P?Nerve

(b) State the function of P.Carries impulse to the brain.

(c) What happens to the muscle causing the proprioceptor to trigger impulses?The stretch of the muscle

(d) State two functions of a proprioceptor.

1 Maintains the body balance

2 Controls the muscular activities

(e) What is the sense that involved a proprioceptor?Kinaesthetic sense

(f) Give one example of activity that involved a proprioceptor.Playing piano/Tie shoelaces without looking

3 Diagram 3 shows the position of endocrine gland X in the body. CLONE2005 Sec. B, Q5

(a) Name the endocrine gland X. Thyroid gland

(b) How does a message travel from the gland to other parts of the body?Through the bloodstream

(c) State one function of the chemical secreted by the gland.Controls metabolic rate/Stimulates body growth

(d) (i) This gland needs a certain mineral salt to function. What is it?Iodine

(ii) Name a disease that may occur if someone lacks the mineral salt in (d)(i).Goitre

(e) (i) Name gland Y. Pancreas

(ii) State one function of the hormone secreted by gland Y. To control the level of blood sugar.

Section CAnswer the following questions.

4 (a) State four differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system. [4 marks] CLONE2004 Sec. C, Q2 (b) A youngster experiences a swelling of the neck and the disease is believed to have been

caused by a lack of a certain type of mineral salt in his diet. Your answers should include the following: • Identifying the problem • Method of solving • Explanation of the problem • Suggestion for daily diet [6 marks]Answers4 (a)

endocrinegland X

Y

Diagram 3

Diagram 2

muscle fibreproprioceptor

P

CLONE2008 Sec. B, Q5


20

(b) Mengenal pasti masalah– Bengkak di bahagian leherPenjelasan masalah– Kurang memakan makanan laut– Darah kekurangan iodin– Kelenjar tiroid kurang merembeskan hormonKaedah penyelesaian– Mengambil lebih banyak garam mineral iodinCadangan gizi harian– Makan lebih banyak makanan laut

Sistem saraf Sistem endokrin

Impuls dihantar melalui saraf Impuls dihantar melalui aliran darah

Kesan sekejap sahaja Kesannya lama

Bertindak pada kawasan khusus Bertindak pada kawasan yang luas

Gerak balas berlaku serta merta Gerak balas berlaku secara lambat

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan kedudukan reseptor regang pada otot manusia.

(a) Apakah struktur yang berlabel P?Saraf

(b) Nyatakan fungsi P.Membawa impuls ke otak.

(c) Apakah yang berlaku pada otot yang menyebabkan reseptor regang mencetuskan impuls?Ketegangan otot

(d) Nyatakan dua fungsi reseptor regang.

1 Mengekalkan keseimbangan badan

2 Mengawal aktiviti otot

(e) Apakah deria yang melibatkan reseptor regang?Deria kinestesis

(f) Berikan satu contoh aktiviti yang melibatkan reseptor regang.Bermain piano/Mengikat tali kasut tanpa melihat

3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan kedudukan suatu kelenjar endokrin X pada badan. KLON2005 Bhg. B, S5

(a) Namakan kelenjar endokrin X. Kelenjar tiroid

(b) Bagaimanakah maklumat dihantar dari kelenjar itu ke bahagian badan tertentu?Melalui aliran darah

(c) Nyatakan satu fungsi bahan kimia yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar itu.Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan/Merangsang pertumbuhan badan

(d) (i) Kelenjar itu memerlukan sejenis garam mineral untuk membolehkannya berfungsi. Apakah garam mineral itu?Iodin

(ii) Namakan sejenis penyakit yang akan dihidapi jika seseorang kekurangan garam mineral di (d)(i) dalam badan.Goiter

(e) (i) Namakan kelenjar Y. Pankreas

(ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar Y. Mengawal paras gula darah.

Bahagian CJawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.

4 (a) Nyatakan empat perbezaan antara sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin. [4 markah] KLON2004 Bhg. C, S2(b) Seorang pemuda mengalami bengkak di bahagian leher dan penyakit itu disyaki berpunca

daripada kekurangan sejenis garam mineral dalam gizi pemakanannya. Jawapan anda hendaklah mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut:

• Mengenal pasti masalah • Kaedah penyelesaian • Penjelasan masalah • Cadangan gizi harian [6 markah]

Jawapan4 (a)

Rajah 2

Gentian ototReseptor regang

P

kelenjarendokrin X

Y

Rajah 3

KLON2008 Bhg. B, S5


F4MR-ch2(5-20)

Documents

Transcript of F4MR-ch2(5-20)