F4chp4 2 frog

OxygenNitrogenHydrogenCarbonTrace elementsOther elements

65%18.5%

3.5%

3.3%

0.01% 3.7%

PERCENTAGES OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS PERCENTAGES OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODYIN THE HUMAN BODY

TRACE ELEMENTSTRACE ELEMENTS

HUMAN PLANT

Sodium (Na)Transmission nerve impulses

Controls osmotic pressure

Magnesium (Mg)Proteins synthesis

Cofactor of enzymes

Constituent of protein & Chlorophyll

Activators of enzymes

Phosphorus (P)Bones & teeth componentATP & Nuclei acid synthesis

Contractions of muscle cells

ATP & nuclei acid synthesis

Cell division

Potassium(K)Conduction of nerve impulses

Main cations inside the cell

Influences the permeability ofplasma membrane

TRACE ELEMENTSTRACE ELEMENTS

HUMAN PLANT

Calcium (Ca)Contraction of muscle cellsCofactors of many enzymes

Component of bones and teeth

Constituent of plant cell wallControls the semi-permeability of plasma membrane

Sulphur (S)Component of proteins and vitamins Component of proteins and vitamins

Chlorine (Cl)Main anions outside the cell

CO2

Carbon component of organic molecules

Oxygencomponent of water and many organic moleculesinvolved in cellular respiration

H2OHydrogen constituent of water and

organic molecules

N2

constituent of proteins and nucleic acids

Nitrogen

MAJOR ELEMENTSMAJOR ELEMENTS

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CELLCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL

CARBOHYDRATES

ORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC COMPOUNDS INORGANICINORGANICCOMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

PROTEINS

LIPIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

WATER

THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSTHE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSIN THE CELLIN THE CELL

PROTEINS

15% of protoplasm is made up of proteins

CARBOHYDRATES

The major source of energy(eg : sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose)

LIPIDS

15% of protoplasm is made up of lipids

CONTAIN C,H AND ORATIO C:H:O = 1:2:1

Glucose

Simple sugars

General formula : C6H12O6

Examples : Glucose (in plant and fruits) Fructose (in sweet fruits and honey)

Galactose (in milk)

All are reducing sugar

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

O

CH2

H

OH

OHOH

OH

Double sugars

General formula : C12H22O12

Examples : Maltose (glucose + glucose) – malt sugar Sucrose (glucose + fructose) – cane sugar

Lactose (glucose + galactose) – milk sugar

All are reducing sugar, except sucrose

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

O

CH2

H

OH

OHOH

OH

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

O

CH2

H

OH

OHOH

OH

GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

remove waterback

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

O

CH2

H

OH

OHOH

OH

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

O

CH2

H

OH

OH

O

H

OHMALTOSE

remove waterback

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

CH2

OH

OHOH

OH

C

C

C

CC

OH

H

H

H

H

O

CH2

H

OH

OH

OH

GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

add waterback

OH OH

Hundreds or thousands of monosaccarides

General formula :( C6H12O6)n

Examples : Starch – in plant Glycogen – in animal

Cellulose – plant cell wall

All are non-reducing sugar

CONTAIN C,H,O AND Nmost contain S and P

Polymers (Polypeptides)

Dipeptides(2 molecules of monomer)

Monomer

condensation

condensationhydrolysis

hydrolysis

N C C

H

H

H

H O

OR H

N C C

H

HH O

OR

Amino acid 1 Amino acid 2

N C C

H

H

H

H

O

OR

H

N C C

H

HH O

OR


removed water

HO

N C C

H

H

H

OR

H

N C C

H

HH O

OR

removed water

Peptide bone

Dipeptide

HO

N C C

H

H

H

OR

H

N C C

H

HH O

OR

add water

Peptide bone

Dipeptide

N C C

H

H

H

H

O

OR

H

N C C

H

HH O

OR


add water

N C C

H

H

H

H O

OR H

N C C

H

HH O

OR


There are about 20 naturally occurring amino acids

Alanine Arginine *Asparagine Aspartic acid

Cysteine

Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine

Histidine * Isoleucine

Leucine Methionine

PhenylalanineProline

Serine

ThreonineTryptophanTyrosine

Valinenonessential essential

* essential only in certain case

Cannot be synthesised by the bodyCan be synthesised by the bodyAnimal proteins contain all the essential amino acids – first class proteins

Plant proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids – second class proteins

Proteins structure

Primary structure

Alpha-helix chain

Beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary structure Quarternary structure

CONTAIN C,H AND Oratio H:O = 2:1some contain P and N

Types of lipids

Fats and oil Waxes

Phospholipids Steroids

candle barberryoil meal

cholesterol

Found on the cuticles of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plant

Importance components in the formation of plasma membrane

Complex organic compound which is include cholesterol and hormones

Tryglycerides

Fats and oilConsist of

1 molecule glycerol

3 molecules of fatty acids

+

condensation

OH H

OH H

OH H

1 molecule glycerol


+

Fats and oilConsist of

1 molecule glycerol


+

hydrolysis

OH H

OH H

OH H

1 molecule glycerol


+

Fats and oilTwo types of fatty acids

saturated

unsaturated

H H

C C C C

H H

H H H Hmonounsaturated fats – one double bond

polyunsaturated fats – two or more double bond

H H

C C C C

H H

H H H H

H H

C C C C

H H

H H H H

Compounds – C, H, O, P and N2 types – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) ,

RNA (ribonucleic acids)

Basic units of nucleic acids – Nucleotides (nitrogen base,sugar and phosphate group) Importance- Store genetic information- Stable storage- Easy to duplicate for transmission

Importance- Solvent- Transport- Coolant – absorbs excess heat from cells- Insulator – maintain narrow range of temperature change- Reactant – condensation & hydrolytic- Give structure & support – hydrostatic , turgor pressure

F4chp4 2 frog

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