f4 Hiv Report

7/31/2019 f4 Hiv Report

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Using football for HIV/AIDS prevention inAfrica

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Table of ContentsIntroduction..................................................................................... 4!

Context .........................................................................................................................5!Using football for HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa ........................................................6!

Approach......................................................................................... 7!Methods and Aims of Analysis .....................................................................................1!Presentation Format ..................................................................................................... 8!

Findings.......................................................................................... 8!Implementation............................................................................. 8!

FINDING 1: Football is an exceptionally flexible platform for HIV prevention in

Africa. ...........................................................................................................................8!1.1 Football uniquely draws and engages people .....................................................9

!1.2 Football is a prevention platform that is adaptable to many types of audiences . 9!1.3 Football HIV prevention programs can be implemented in places that are

difficult to reach for other types of interventions .......................................................11!1.4 Effective football-based programs have easily been replicated in other regions

and countries without major modifications ................................................................12!FINDING 2: Football-based HIV prevention programs uniquely empower and utilize

individuals in the fight against HIV. ........................................................................... 13!2.1 Coaches .............................................................................................................. 13!2.2 Peer educators .................................................................................................... 14!2.3 Professional football coaches and professional footballers ...............................14!FINDING 3: Football prevention programs are rooted in the lives of participants. .. 15!3.1 Social norms........................................................................................................ 17!3.2 Gender inequality...............................................................................................18!3.3 Stigma and discrimination .................................................................................. 20!3.4 Life skills ............................................................................................................. 21!3.5 Football programs are therefore comprehensive, bottom-up interventions

employing educational techniques and communication styles that football makes

possible. .....................................................................................................................21!

FINDING 4: Widely-implemented prevention programs can be a key means of

teaching correct use of condoms. .............................................................................. 23!FINDING 5: Evidence is building that football-based HIV prevention programs are

working. .....................................................................................................................24!FINDING 6: Many football programs serve vulnerable groups................................. 24!

Media ........................................................................................ 25!FINDING 7: Media can put a spotlight on the work and stories of individuals fighting

HIV..............................................................................................................................25!FINDING 8: Football is an excellent platform for transmitting prevention messagesthrough media. ........................................................................................................... 26!

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8.1 Information about HIV that can promote prevention efforts can be effectively

transmitted to youth using football-themed literature ............................................... 26!FINDING 9: Media can be a link between implementation and advocacy................ 27!FINDING 10: Local media, especially local radio stations, have an important role to

play.............................................................................................................................27!Advocacy.................................................................................... 28!

FINDING 11: Football is a framework and tool for large-scale yet also locally-based

HIV efforts at prevention. ...........................................................................................28!11.1 The potential of a global phenomenon with local reach .................................. 28!11.2 Social entrepreneurs and expanding organizations have made use of the

football movements resources and renown..............................................................28!FINDING 12: Celebrity footballers and coaches can be advocates with

transformative influence. ...........................................................................................29!FINDING 13: Football tournaments can be used as testing and stigma reduction

opportunities. ............................................................................................................. 30!FINDING 14: Football can be a focal point for the delivery of a range of social

services important for the prevention of HIV.............................................................31!FINDING 15: Football has had particular success at creating partnerships. ............. 32!15.1 Partnerships with government.......................................................................... 32!15.2 Community partnerships .................................................................................. 32!15.3 Partnerships with healthcare service providers............................................... 32!

Conclusion .................................................................................... 33!Bibliography.................................................................................. 36!

Annex A......................................................................................... 38!Profiles ...................................................................................... 38!

Annex B......................................................................................... 54!Sample Survey............................................................................. 54!!

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Football for an HIV-free Generation (F4) partners:

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Presentation Format

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Findings

Implementation!

!

FINDING 1: Football is an exceptionally flexible platform for HIV

prevention in Africa.

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1.1 Football uniquely draws and engages people

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1.2 Football is a prevention platform that is adaptable to many

types of audiences

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1.3 Football HIV prevention programs can be implemented in

places that are difficult to reach for other types of interventions

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19/55

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3.3 Stigma and discrimination

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3.5 Football programs are therefore comprehensive, bottom-up

interventions employing educational techniques and communication

styles that football makes possible.

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$%D6-6%),F!#6)!@5!)(!6E5(?6-!5,+F6-#!?$)D!#B$,,#!)D6F!8+%!$EE6A$+)6,F!@#6M!

!

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22/55

"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

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::!

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#56%A#!+!'6?!E$%@)6#!)6,,$%&!5+-)$8$5+%)#!D(?!./0!D+#!56-#(%+,,F!+''68)6A!D$E1D6-!+%A!?DF!

)6+8D$%&!F(@)D!+*(@)!./0!$#!$E5(-)+%)!)(!D$E1D6-M!! 4(E6!8(+8D6#!)D6%!+#B!'(-!7(,@%)66-#!)(!

5-6#6%)! )D6$-! (?%! #)(-$6#M! VD6! &(+,#! ('! )D6! I(+8Dg#! 4)(-F! +-6! )(! #D(?! 5+-)$8$5+%)#! )D+)!

./012/34! $#!%()! Z@#)! (%!*$,,*(+-A#! +%A! V0k$)! +''68)#! ,$76#l! )(! 8-6+)6! +! #+'6H! 8(E'(-)+*,6!

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6C56-$6%86#!?$)D!./012/34!'-66,Fl!+%A!)(!8(%76F!?DF!)D6!5-(&-+E!+%A!)D6!5+-)$8$5+%)#!+-6!

$E5(-)+%)!)(! )D6!8(+8DM!4@8D!+%!(56%H!+@)D6%)$8H!+%A!)-@#)$%&!+)E(#5D6-6!$#!8(%A@8$76!)(!

5+-)$8$5+%)#!@%A6-)+B$%&!+%!D(%6#)!#6,'G+55-+$#+,!('! )D6$-! *6D+7$(-H!*6,$6'#H!+%A!+))$)@A6#H!

+%A!#66B$%&!)(!A676,(5!+%A!$E5,6E6%)!,$'6!#B$,,#!)(!8D+%&6!)D6$-!*6D+7$(-M!

!

THE COACHS STORY

/g,,!%676-!'(-&6)!(@-!'$-#)!$%)6-76%)$(%!+)!UMjM!V#D@E6!W-$E+-F!48D((,!$%!u?$A6H!W(-)!Y,$N+*6)D!$%!2@&@#)!:__`M!

UD6%!?6!*6&+%H! $)!?+#!8,6+-!)D+)! #(E6! #)@A6%)#!A$A! %()!?+%)! )(!5+-)$8$5+)6M!VD6! A(?%G)@-%6A! '+86#H!)D6!8@-$(@#!&,+%86#!+%A!)D6!D@#D6A!?D$#56-#!+,,!#+$A!)D6!#+E6!)D$%&O!)D6!B$A#!?6-6!@%8(E'(-)+*,6M!!U6!,6+-%6A!

,+)6-!)D+)!)D6F!)D(@&D)!>-+##-(()!4(886-!?+#!'(-!,$)),6!B$A#!*68+@#6!)D6F!#+?!#)@A6%)#!Z@#)!-@%%$%&!+-(@%AH!+%A!

()D6-#!A$A!%()!?+%)! )(!5+-)$8$5+)6! *68+@#6!)D6F! B%6?!?6!)+,B! +*(@)!./0!+%A!2/34! +%A! )D6F! '6+-6A! *6$%&!

#)$&E+)$N6AM!

!

VD6!)6+8D6-!+)!UMjM!V#D@E6!)(,A!@#!%()!)(!5-6##@-6!)D(#6!)D+)!A$A!%()!?+%)!)(!5+-)$8$5+)6!+%A!E6%)$(%6A!)D+)!

#676-+,!B$A#!D+A!56-#(%+,1*6D+7$(-!5-(*,6E#M!U6!'6,)!,$B6!(@)#$A6-#!+#!?6!*6&+%!)(!-@%!4B$,,N!5-+8)$86#!?$)D!

#DFH!-6,@8)+%)!B$A#M!/)!?+#!+!E(%@E6%)+,!8D+,,6%&6M!4(E6!B$A#!?6-6!+*#6%)!'(-!A+F#!+)!+!)$E6M!/)!?+#!A$''$8@,)!)(!

)6,,!$'!?6!?6-6!-6+8D$%&!+%F(%6!?$)D!(@-!E6##+&6#M![%6!ab!F6+-G(,A!&$-,!%+E6A!T)(E*$!+,?+F#!8+@&D)!EF!6F6M!

4D6!?(@,A!Z@#)!#$)!$%!)D6!*+8BH!%676-!#56+B$%&!(-!5+-)$8$5+)$%&!$%!&+E6#M!!

!

VD6!)@-%$%&!5($%)!('!)D6!$%)6-76%)$(%!8+E6!A@-$%&!W-+8)$86!dH!)D6!'$%+,!4B$,,N!5-+8)$86H!?D$8D!'6+)@-6#!+%!+8)$7$)F!

8+,,6A!nRF!I(+8Dg#!4)(-FMo!3@-$%&!)D6!+8)$7$)FH!?6!+#B6A!7(,@%)66-#!)(!8(E6!)(!)D6!'-(%)!('!)D6!8,+##!+%A!#D+-6!

+%!6C56-$6%86! )D+)! 8D+,,6%&6A! )D6E!+%A! 6C5,+$%!D(?! )D6F!)-$@E5D6A!$%! )D6!'+86!('!+A76-#$)FM!n0(,@%)66-#!

(%,FHo! ?6! -656+)6AM! VD6-6!?(@,A!*6!%(! 5-6##@-6! )(! 56-'(-EM! 2! F(@%&!*(FH! (%6! ('! (@-! E(#)! 6%)D@#$+#)$8!

5+-)$8$5+%)#H!?+#!)D6!'$-#)!)(!#)65!'(-?+-AM!UD6%!D$#!#)(-F!8(%8,@A6AH!D6!#+)!A(?%H!,6+7$%&!)D6!#)+&6!'(-!+!%6?!

5-6#6%)6-M!2#!#$,6%86!A6#86%A6A!@5(%!)D6!-((EH!/!#8+%%6A!)D6!8,+##-((E!'(-!#$&%#!('!,$'6M!!T(!(%6!8(@,A!D+76!

5-6A$8)6A!?D+)!D+556%6A!%6C)M!

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&()!@5!'-(E!D6-!8D+$-!+%A!?+,B6A!#,(?,F!A(?%!)D6!+$#,6!)(?+-A!)D6!'-(%)!('!)D6!8,+##M!.6-!f@$6)!8(%'$A6%86!

E$--(-6A!)D6!8,+##g#!#)@%%6A!#$,6%86M!

!

/%!+!#(')!*@)!#)6+AF!7($86H!#D6!)(,A!)D6!&-(@5!)D+)!D6-!E()D6-!?+#!./0!5(#$)$76!+%A!D+A!*66%!*6A-$AA6%!+)!

3(-+!T&$%N+!.(#5$)+,!'(-!)D6!5+#)!#$C!E(%)D#M!j68+@#6!D6-!E()D6-!D+A!'+,,6%!$,,H!#D6!D+A!E(76A!$%!?$)D!D6-!

+@%)M!j@)!-+)D6-!)D+%!,(76!+%A!#@55(-)H!T)(E*$!?+#!E6)!?$)D!#8(-%!+%A!A$#+55-(7+,M!2#D+E6A!('!D6-!#$#)6-g#!

n8(%A$)$(%Ho!D6-!+@%)!?+#!A6)6-E$%6A! )(!)+B6!$)! (@)!(%!D6-!F(@%&!%$686M!4D6!&+$%6A!8(%'$A6%86!?$)D!676-F!

?(-A!+%A!#,(?,F!&+$%6A!)D6!8(@-+&6!)(!8(%'6##!#(E6)D$%&!#D6!D+A!%676-!#D+-6A!?$)D!+%F(%6!*6'(-6M!

!

/%!R+F!:__`H!(%6!A+F!+')6-!#8D((,H!T)(E*$!?6%)!)(!>-66%+8-6#!R+,,!?$)D!D6-!*-()D6-g#!'-$6%AM![%!)D6!?+F!

*+8BH!D6!-+56A!D6-M!36#5$)6!)D6!'6+-!+%A!5+$%!)D+)!8(%#@E6A!D6-H!T)(E*$!B%6?!?D+)!#D6!D+A!)(!A(M!!T)(E*$!

?6%)!)(!)D6!3(-+!T&$%N+!X+56!I-$#$#!I6%)-6H!?D6-6!(%6!('!)D6!A$+&%(#)$8#!$#!+%!./0!)6#)M!!VD6-6!#D6!,6+-%6A!

)D+)!#D6!D+AH!$%A66AH! *66%!$%'68)6A!?$)D!./0M!! 4D(8B6A!+%A!8(%'@#6AH! #D6!A$A%g)!B%(?! D(?!)(!D+%A,6! )D6!

#$)@+)$(%M!U$)D(@)!+!#)-(%&!#@55(-)!*+#6!+)!D(E6H!#D6!8D(#6!)(!-@%!+?+F!)(!,$76!?$)D!+!'-$6%A!$%!R()D6-?6,,M!!

VD$#!?+#!?DF!#D6!D+A!E$##6A!#(!E+%F!#8D((,!A+F#M!

!

4D6!A$A%g)!D+76!+%F(%6M!VD6-6!?+#!%(!(%6!)(!5-()68)!D6-!+%A!%(!(%6!)(!)@-%!)(M!2,)D(@&D!?6+B6%6A!*F!)D6!6C56-$6%86H!#D6!?+#!%()!*-(B6%M!4D6!#)$,,!D+A!)D6!8(@-+&6!)(!8(%'$A6!$%!@#H!D6-!>-+##-(()!4(886-!I(+8D6#!+%A!


23/55

"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

!

:;!

'6,,(?!5+-)$8$5+%)#H!)(! #66B!D6,5!'-(E!)D(#6!?D(!8+-6A!'(-!D6-M!4D6!)(,A!@#!D6-!#)(-FH!+%A!?6!8(%%68)6A!D6-!

?$)D! )D6! "*@%)@! YA@8+)$(%! =@%AH! +! ,(%&G#)+%A$%&! 5+-)%6-! ('!>X4! )D+)! 5-(7$A6#! ,(%&G)6-E!8(@%#6,$%&! +%A!

#@55(-)!'(-!F(@)D!$%!W(-)!Y,$N+*6)DM!

!

VD$#!F6+-H!?D6%!?6!?6%)!)(!D6-!#8D((,H!#D6!?+#!'-$6%A,F!+%A!(56%!+%A!#D+-6A!?$)D!@#!)D+)!#D6!-6+,,F!,$B6A!)D6!

RF!I(+8Dg#!4)(-F!+8)$7$)F!*68+@#6!#D6!&()!)(!#D+-6!?D+)!#D6!?+#!'66,$%&!$%#$A6M!4D6!5+-)$8$5+)6A!$%!X$#B!=$6,A!

+%A!)+,B6A!)(!)D6!8,+##!+*(@)!)D6!A+%&6-!('!#@&+-!A+AA$6#M!T)(E*$g#!)-+%#'(-E+)$(%!'-(E!#DF!+%A!-68,@#$76!)(!+!

8,+##-((E!,6+A6-!A6E(%#)-+)6#!)D6!$E5+8)!(@-!5-(&-+E!8+%!D+76M!

!

T(?!?D6%!?6!D6+A!)(!UMjM!V#D@E6H!#)@A6%)#!+#B!@#!)(!8(E6!6+-,F!#(!)D6F!8+%!)6,,!@#!+*(@)!)D6$-!'-$6%A#!?D(!

+,#(! %66A! D6,5! +886##$%&! 8(@%#6,$%&! #6-7$86#H! ./0! )6#)$%&H! +%A! -+56! 7$8)$E! #@55(-)M! VD6#6!?6-6! )D6! #+E6!

#)@A6%)#!?D(!?(@,A%g)!676%!)+,B!)(!@#!*6'(-6H!+%A!%(?!)D6F!+-6!(56%!)(!#D+-6!+%A!676%!D6,5!-68-@$)!B$A#!'(-!

>-+##-(()!4(886-!5-(&-+E#M! /!+E!5-(@A!)D+)H!#$%86!:__eH!(@-! )6+E!$%!W(-)!Y,$N+*6)D!D+#!)(@8D6A!)D6!,$76#!('!

E(-6!)D+%!b___!F(@)D!,$B6!T)(E*$M!!!

:-)%%-&&/!1&55#-!1;.$$)?&'@)!:$#'!(@A)*$#'.!+

FINDING 4: Widely-implemented prevention programs can be a keymeans of teaching correct use of condoms.

X6#6+-8D!(%!8(%A(E!@#6!D+#!#@&&6#)6A!)D+)!8(%A(E!@#6!6--(-#!+%A!5-(*,6E#!E+F!*6!f@$)6!

8(EE(%M;;!W-676%)$(%!E6##+&6#!#D(@,A!)D6-6'(-6!6E5D+#$N6!)D6!8(--68)!@#6!('!8(%A(E#!$%!

+AA$)$(%!)(!8@--6%)!6E5D+#$#!(%!)D6!$E5(-)+%86!('!+,?+F#!@#$%&!8(%A(E#M!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;;!X$8D+-A!I-(#*FH!6)!+,M!nI(%A(EG@#6!6--(-#!+%A!5-(*,6E#O!2!%6&,68)6A!+#568)!('!#)@A$6#!+##6##$%&!8(%A(E!6''68)$76%6##Mo!.9$#(:7&!

C23#&75!2


24/55

"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

!

:

=(()*+,,! 5-676%)$(%! 8@--$8@,@E#! $%A66A! A(! A$#8@##! 8(--68)! 8(%A(E! @#6! +%A! 5()6%)$+,!

5-(*,6E#!(%6!E$&D)!'+86!?D6%!@#$%&!+!8(%A(EH!+#!A65$8)6A!$%!)D6!'$&@-6!+*(76H!)+B6%!'-(E!

)D6!I(+8D$%&!'(-!.(56!./0!5-676%)$(%!8@--$8@,@EM!

2! 5+-)$8$5+%)! $%! +! 5-(&-+E! 67+,@+)$(%! ('! T+?+45(-)! $%! :__ ! #568$'$8+,,F! E6%)$(%6A! )D$#!*6%6'$)!('!'(()*+,,!5-676%)$(%!8@--$8@,@E#O!n/%!TF+%&+%+H!(%6!('! )D6!5+-)$8$5+%)#!#+$A!)D+)!

D6!D+#!,6+-%6A!+!,()!+*(@)!)D6!8(--68)!@#6!('!8(%A(E#O!nVD6!'$-#)!)D$%&!/!?+#!)+@&D)!?D$8D!/!

?+#%g)!+?+-6!('!?+#!)(!8D68B!)D6!6C5$-+)$(%!A+)6!(%!)D6!5+8B+&$%&!+%A!)(!E+B6!#@-6!)D+)!

)D6-6!+-6!%()!+$-!$%!)D6!8(%A(EMog;

!

FINDING 5: Evidence is building that football-based HIV prevention

programs are working.

T@E6-(@#!67+,@+)$(%#!D+76!A(8@E6%)6A!)D6!6''68)$76%6##!('!'(()*+,,G*+#6A!$%)6-76%)$(%#M!!

4676-+,! 67+,@+)$(%#k8(%A@8)6A! *F! 4)+%'(-A! "%$76-#$)Fg# ID$,A-6%g#! .6+,)D! I(@%8$,H!8(%#@,)+%)#! '-(E! VD6! W(5@,+)$(%! I(@%8$,! +%A! )D6! .+-7+-A! 48D((,! ('! W@*,$8! .6+,)DH! +%A!

-6#6+-8D6-#!'-(E!3+-)E(@)D!I(,,6&6H!i(D%#!.(5B$%#!"%$76-#$)F!+%A!)D6!"%$76-#$)F!('!I+56!

V(?%kD+76!'(@%A!)D6!>-+##-(()!4(886-!8@--$8@,@E!)(!*6!6''68)$76!$%!#$&%$'$8+%),F!-6A@8$%&!

#6C@+,! -$#B! *6D+7$(-H! A68-6+#$%&! #)$&E+! +%A! $E5-(7$%&! #)@A6%)#g! B%(?,6A&6H! +))$)@A6#H!

8(EE@%$8+)$(%H! A68$#$(%GE+B$%&! #B$,,#! +%A! 56-86$76A! #(8$+,! #@55(-)! -6,+)6A! )(! ./0! +%A!

2/34M!!4@-76F$%&!(76-!;__!#)@A6%)#!$%!j@,+?+F(H!u$E*+*?6H!4)+%'(-A!"%$76-#$)Fg#!ID$,A-6%g#!

.6+,)D! I(@%8$,! 8(%8,@A6A! )D+)! nVD6! >X4! W-(&-+EE6! $#! +! 8@,)@-+,,F! +55-(5-$+)6H!

$%)6-%+)$(%+,,F!#@$)+*,6H!8-6+)$76H!+%A!6''68)$76!?+F!)(!6A@8+)6!+)G-$#B!F(@)D!+*(@)!./012/34!

+%A!$)#!5-676%)$(%Mo!;^!

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u$E*+*?6!?6-6!%6+-,F!#$CG)$E6#!,6##!,$B6,F!)D+%!)D6$-!E+)8D6A!566-#!)(!-65(-)!#6C@+,!A6*@)!

*6)?66%! a:Ga ! F6+-#H! '(@-G)$E6#! ,6##! ,$B6,F! )(! -65(-)! #6C@+,! +8)$7$)F! $%! )D6! ,+#)! F6+-H! +%A!

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+')6-!$%8(-5(-+)$(%H!)D6-6!+,-6+AF!6C$#)#!#@*#)+%)$+,!67$A6%86!A(8@E6%)$%&!>X4g!$E5+8)!$%!

+76-)$%&!-$#BF!*6D+7$(-H! $%8-6+#$%&!./012/34!B%(?,6A&6H!A$E$%$#D$%&! #)$&E+H!+%A!*-6+B$%&!

)D6!#$,6%86!#@--(@%A$%&!./0M;e!!

!

FINDING 6: Many football programs serve vulnerable groups

VD6-6! +-6! a:! E$,,$(%! 2/34! (-5D+%#! $%! 2'-$8+k)D6! 7+#)! E+Z(-$)F! ('! )D6! a ! E$,,$(%! 2/34!

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)D6!8(%)+$%E6%)!('!)D6!65$A6E$8H!+#!)D6#6!F(@%&!56(5,6!+-6!E(-6!,$B6,F!)(!*6!+)!-$#B!'(-!./0!

$%'68)$(%!)D6E#6,76#M!R+%F!'(()*+,,G*+#6A!./0!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!+))6E5)!)(!A6+,!?$)D!

)D$#!8-$#$#M!!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;(6-8B6H!"42/3!T+?+45(-)!W-(&-+E!Y7+,@+)$(%!:__`!

;^!P@*+!j()8D67+H!PF%%!.@''E+%H!Y#788#22'!02::$#!*+,-.+/0!A>3:7'(2&!"#2)#796!.&!+&'$#%$&'(2&!(&![(9W7W;$K !ID$,A-6%g#!.6+,)D!I(@%8$,H!!

:__


25/55

"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

!

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/%! Q$8B

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#5(B6#56-#(%#!?D(!+-6!$%!E+%F!?+F#!,6+A$%&!)D6!'$&D)!+&+$%#)!./0M!!!

!

=(-!6C+E5,6H!>-+##-(()!4(886-!$#!)D6!86%)6-5$686!('!+!T$B6J-6AL!8+E5+$&%!(%,$%6!#5()!)D+)!

A65$8)#!>X4g#!+%A!T$B6g#!Z($%)!./0G5-676%)$(%!6''(-)#!$%!4(?6)(H!?D$8D!?+#!+!'(8+,!5($%)!'(-!

T$B6! $%!4(@)D!2'-$8+!,6+A$%&!@5!)(!)D6!U(-,A!I@5M!2!5+$-!('!>-+##-(()!4(886-! 8(+8D6#!+-6!

%+--+)(-#!$%!)D6!7$A6(H!#D+-$%&!)D6$-!56-#(%+,!6C56-$6%86#!?$)D!./0H!)D6$-!6C568)+)$(%#!'(-!

U(-,A!I@5!:_a_H!+%A!)D6!5(?6-!#(886-!D+#!&$76%!)D6E!+%A!)D6!F(@)D!)D6F!8(+8D!$%!)D6!'$&D)!

+&+$%#)!./0M!

!

W-(&-+E#!+,#(!@#6!8(+8D6#!+%A!566-!6A@8+)(-#!+#!)D6!86%)6-5$686!('!7$A6(#!5-6#6%)$%&!)D6$-!

(-&+%$N+)$(%!)(!+!,+-&6-!+@A$6%86M!/%!+!UD$NNB$A#!"%$)6A!7$A6(!)D+)!A6#8-$*6#!)D6!?(-B!('!

)D6!(-&+%$N+)$(%H!+!566-!6A@8+)(-H!+!8(+8DH!+%A!+%!./0G5(#$)$76!8(@%#6,(-!+-6!@#6A!)(!A65$8)!

)D6!?(-B!('! )D6! (-&+%$N+)$(%! )D-(@&D! )D6! $%A$7$A@+,#! )D+)! $)!D+#! 6E5(?6-6A! )(! '$&D)! )D6!

65$A6E$8M;d!VD6!566-!6A@8+)(-!$%!)D$#!7$A6(H!ad!F6+-G(,A!WD$,$,6!R*+%Z?+!J5$8)@-6A!(%!)D6!

8(76-!('!)D$#!-65(-)!$%!)D6!86%)6-!5D()(LH!?+#!#@8D!+!8(E56,,$%&!'$&@-6!)D+)!#D6!D+#!*68(E6!

+! #5(B6#56-#(%! '(-! )D6! 5-(&-+EH! #56+B$%&! '(-! 6C+E5,6! +)! +%! $%)6-%+)$(%+,! ./012/34!

8(%'6-6%86!$%!P(%A(%M!!

!

VD6! E6A$+! +))6%)$(%! )D+)! )D6#6! 8(+8D6#! +%A! 566-! 6A@8+)(-#! -686$76! 8+%! $%8-6+#6! )D6!

8(EE$)E6%)! +%A! E()$7+)$(%! ('! ()D6-! 8(+8D6#! +%A! 566-! 6A@8+)(-#H! +%A! E+F! D6,5! $%!

-68-@$)$%&!%6?!(%6#M!4@8D!+))6%)$(%!+,#(!8-6+)6#!+! ,$%B!*6)?66%!5-(&-+E!$E5,6E6%)+)$(%!

+%A!+A7(8+8FH!+#!A$#8@##6A!$%!=$%A$%&!`M!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;b!Q$8B


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/)!$#!$E5(-)+%)!)(!%()6!D(?!$%#5$-+)$(%+,!)D6#6!5-(&-+E!$E5,6E6%)6-#!8+%!*6!$%!'-(%)!('!)D6!

8+E6-+!(-!(%!)D6!-+A$(M!VD6$-!#)-@&&,6#H!)-$@E5D#H!+%A!$%#$&D)#!8+--F!)D-(@&D!5(?6-'@,,F!)(!

+%! +@A$6%86H! %()! (%,F! *68+@#6! )D6F! +-6! 6C86,,6%)! 8(EE@%$8+)(-#!*@)! +,#(! *68+@#6! )D6F!

D+76!)D6!+@)D6%)$8$)F!('!'$-#)GD+%A!%+--+)(-#M!VD6!./0!65$A6E$8!$#!('!#@8D!#8+,6!)D+)!$)!8+%!

#66E! )(! )-+%#86%A! )D6! $%A$7$A@+,#! $)! +''68)#M! I(+8D6#! +%A! ()D6-! 5-(&-+E! $E5,6E6%)6-#!

-6E$%A!56(5,6!)D+)!)D6!'$&D)!+&+$%#)!./0!$#!(88@--$%&!'+86G)(G'+86H!$%A$7$A@+,!*F!$%A$7$A@+,M!

VD6$-!5+-)$8$5+)$(%!$%!E+##$76!E6A$+!8+E5+$&%#!&-(@%A#!)D6#6!$%$)$+)$76#!$%!)D6!-6+,!*+)),6!

*6$%&!?+&6A!'(-!$%A$7$A@+,!,$76#M!

FINDING 8: Football is an excellent platform for transmitting

prevention messages through media.

=(()*+,,! $#! +! #568)+)(-! #5(-)! )D+)! 8(%#$#)6%),F! +))-+8)#! )D6! D$&D6#)! &,(*+,! +%A! %+)$(%+,!

)6,67$#$(%! +%A! -+A$(! +@A$6%86#! ('! +%F! 676%)! (-! 5-(&-+E! $%! 2'-$8+M! VD6! 5(5@,+-$)F! +%A!

6%)6-)+$%E6%)G7+,@6!('!'(()*+,,!8+%!D6,5!5-676%)$(%!E6##+&6#!-6+8D!,+-&6!+@A$6%86#M!!!

8.1 Information about HIV that can promote prevention efforts can be

effectively transmitted to youth using football-themed literature

2#! E6%)$(%6A! *6'(-6H! $%! +AA$)$(%! )(! A$#8(76-FG*+#6A! 6A@8+)$(%H! >-+##-(()! 4(886-! 4B$,,N!

8@--$8@,@E! 5+-)$8$5+%)#! +,#(! -686$76! 4B$,,N! E+&+N$%6H! +! @%$f@6! 8(EE@%$8+)$(%#! )((,!

'6+)@-$%&!E+%F! ('! )D6! ?(-,Ag#! )(5! #(886-! #)+-#M! 4B$,,N!E+&+N$%6! ?+#! 8-6+)6A! )(! #@55(-)!

#8D((,! +%A! 8(EE@%$)FG*+#6A! $%)6-76%)$(%#! ?$)D! +&6G+55-(5-$+)6! *-(+A8+#)! +%A! 5-$%)!

E6A$+M!VD6!E+&+N$%6!$#!+!f@+-)6-,F!dG5+&6!D6+,)D!8(EE@%$8+)$(%!E+&+N$%6!)D+)!@#6#!#(886-!

,+%&@+&6!+%A!86,6*-$)$6#!)(!A6,$76-!,$'6!#B$,,#!+%A!./0!5-676%)$(%!E6##+&6#!)(!F(@)DM!

!3676,(56A! $%! 8(%Z@%8)$(%! ?$)D! 4B$,,N! $%)6-76%)$(%#! +%A!

8(EE@%$)F! (@)-6+8DH! 4B$,,N! E+&+N$%6! ,$%B#! -6+A6-#! )(!

D6+,)D!#6-7$86#H!5-(E()6#!D6+,)DG#66B$%&!*6D+7$(-#H!+%A!

-6$%'(-86#! E6##+&6#! '-(E! )D6! 4B$,,N! 8@--$8@,@EM! VD6!

E+&+N$%6!+AA#!)(!+%A!-6$%'(-86#!)D6!4B$,,N!8@--$8@,@EH!+#!

$)#!nI(+8Dg#!I(-%6-o!'6+)@-6#!%6?!+8)$7$)$6#!+,$&%6A!?$)D!

8(%865)#! $%! )D6! 8(-6! 8@--$8@,@EM! ! Y+8D! ('! )D6! )?6,76!

6A$)$(%#!)(!*6! 5-(A@86A!*6)?66%! :__`!+%A! :_aa!'(8@#!

(%!+!5+-)$8@,+-!./0!+%A!2/34!+%A!,$'6!#B$,,#!-6,+)6A!)D6E6H!

#@8D! +#! E@,)$5,6! 8(%8@--6%)! 5+-)%6-#H! &6%A6-G*+#6A!7$(,6%86H! )6#)$%&! +%A! )-6+)E6%)H! -6,+)$(%#D$5#H!

8D+,,6%&$%&!&6%A6-!%(-E#H!6)8M!

!

/%! 8(,,+*(-+)$(%! ?$)D! 27@#+!YA@8+)$(%H! ^e_H___! 8(5$6#! ('! 4B$,,N!E+&+N$%6! +-6! A$#)-$*@)6A!

f@+-)6-,F!)D-(@&D(@)!4(@)D!2'-$8+!+#!+%! $%#6-)! $%!)D6!5(5@,+-!03&>71!\(9$8!+%A!02;$'7&!

%6?#5+56-#H!$%!+AA$)$(%!)(!A$-68)!A6,$76-F!)(!(76-!;H___!4(@)D!2'-$8+%!#8D((,#M!!!


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:b!

FINDING 9: Media can be a link between implementation and

advocacy

VD6! -(,6! ('! E6A$+! $#! %()! #$E5,F! ,$E$)6A! )(! +E5,$'F$%&! 5-676%)$(%! E6##+&6#! '(-! )+-&6)!

+@A$6%86#M!P(8+,H!%+)$(%+,H!+%A!$%)6-%+)$(%+,!8(76-+&6!8+%!*-$%&!)D6!?(-B!('!(-&+%$N+)$(%#!

)D+)! +-6! #@886##'@,,F! $E5,6E6%)$%&! 5-676%)$(%! 5-(&-+E#! )(! )D6! +))6%)$(%! ('! 5()6%)$+,!A(%(-#!+%A!)D6!&6%6-+,!5@*,$8M!!

!

UD6%!E6A$+!8(76-#!)D6!7$#$)#!('!&,(*+,!86,6*-$)$6#!,$B6!=+*$(!I+56,,(!)(!5-(&-+E#H!#@8D!+#!

?D6%!I+56,,(!7$#$)6A!Q$8B


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Advocacy

!

!

FINDING 11: Football is a framework and tool for large-scale yet also

locally-based HIV efforts at prevention.

=(()*+,,G*+#6A!./0!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!D+76!@%$f@6!+A7+%)+&6#!*68+@#6!)D6F!+-6!5+-)!('!+!

,+-&6-!E(76E6%)!@#$%&!#5(-)#!'(-!A676,(5E6%)!+%A!#(8$+,!8D+%&6M!!

11.1 The potential of a global phenomenon with local reach

=(()*+,,!$#!+!#5(-)!?+)8D6A!(%!)6,67$#$(%#!+%A!,$#)6%6A!)(!(%!-+A$(#!*F!56(5,6!+,,!(76-!)D6!

?(-,AM! =(()*+,,! E+)8D6#! A-+?! #(E6! ('! )D6! ,+-&6#)! %+)$(%+,! +%A! $%)6-%+)$(%+,! )6,67$#6A!

+@A$6%86#!('!+%F!676%)!(-!+8)$7$)FM!=(()*+,,!$#!+,#(!+!&+E6!5,+F6A!$%!'(-E+,!,6+&@6#H!$%'(-E+,!

&+E6#H!+%A!8(@%),6##!)(@-%+E6%)#!)D-(@&D(@)!)D6!?(-,AH!$%8,@A$%&!2'-$8+M!/)#!5-(E$%6%86!

+)!#@8D!A$''6-6%)!,676,#!#$)@+)6#!'(()*+,,!)(!D6,5!8+)+,FN6!+!E(76E6%)!'(-!./0!5-676%)$(%!$%!

2'-$8+M!

!

2! #E+,,! 8+#6! #)@AF!)D+)!E+F! D+76! ,+-&6-!-+E$'$8+)$(%#!A6E(%#)-+)6#! )D6! (55(-)@%$)$6#!('!

@#$%&!+!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E!)D+)!$#!5+-)!('!+!5(5@,+-!&,(*+,!5D6%(E6%(%M!R+))D$+#!Q+#5+-H!+!

UD$NNB$A#! "%$)6A! 7(,@%)66-! '-(E! >6-E+%FH! D6,56A! ,+@%8D! +! '@%A-+$#$%&! )(@-%+E6%)! '(-!

UD$NNB$A#! "%$)6A! $%! >6-E+%F! ?$)D! D$#! '(-E6-! 8(+8DM! Q+#5+-! ?(-B6A! ?$)D! D$#! 8(+8D! )(!

(-&+%$N6!)D6!)(@-%+E6%)!?D$8D! -+$#6A!(76-!a___!Y@-(#! '(-!UD$NNB$A#M!2%()D6-!UD$NNB$A#!

"%$)6A!6CG7(,@%)66-!+))6%A6A!)D6!)(@-%+E6%)!+#!+! -65-6#6%)+)$76!('!UD$NNB$A#M!UD$NNB$A#!

D+#!6%8(@-+&6A!()D6-!7(,@%)66-#!)(!#$E$,+-,F!'@%A-+$#6!+%A!5-(E()6!)D6!(-&+%$N+)$(%M;`!VD6!

#)(-F!('!)D6!)(@-%+E6%)!+%A!R+))D$+#g!?(-B!?$)D!UD$NNB$A#!?+#!-65(-)6A!$%!+!,(8+,!>6-E+%!

%6?#5+56-M!!

!

VD$#! 8+#6! #)@AF! A6E(%#)-+)6#! D(?! '(()*+,,g#! 5(5@,+-$)F! 8-6+)6#! +%! 6%)-F! 5($%)! '(-!

?(-,A?$A6! '@%A$%&! (55(-)@%$)$6#! +%A! $%)6-%+)$(%+,! 5+-)$8$5+)$(%! $%! )D6! '$&D)! +&+$%#)! ./0M!

R+%F! 56(5,6! Z($%! )D6! '(()*+,,G'(-GA676,(5E6%)!E(76E6%)! (-! *@F! $%! )(! )D6! '(()*+,,G'(-G

5-676%)$(%!E(A6,!*68+@#6!('!)D6$-!8@--6%)!(-!5+#)!$%7(,76E6%)!$%!'(()*+,,M!

!

11.2 Social entrepreneurs and expanding organizations have made

use of the football movements resources and renown.

Y%)-65-6%6@-#!#66B$%&!)(!8-6+)6!%6?!'(()*+,,G*+#6A!./0!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!8+%!@)$,$N6!)D6!

'@%A$%&! (55(-)@%$)$6#H! (-&+%$N+)$(%+,! 8-6+)$(%! +%A! A676,(5E6%)! 6C56-$6%86H! 8@--$8@,@E!

A676,(5E6%)!6C56-)$#6H!+%A!8-6A$*$,$)F!('!'(()*+,,!+#!+!5,+)'(-E!'(-!./0!5-676%)$(%M!!

!

2! 86%)-+,! '6+)@-6! ('! >-+##-(()! 4(886-g#! #)-+)6&F! $#! )(! ,((B! '(-! #@8D! (55(-)@%$)$6#! '(-!

6C5+%A$%&! )D6! '(()*+,,G'(-G5-676%)$(%! E(76E6%)M! 2#! E6%)$(%6A! 6+-,$6-H! $)#! &,(*+,! )6+E!

E+)8D6#! (-&+%$N+)$(%#! Z@A&6A! )(! *6! 8+5+*,6! ('! 6#)+*,$#D$%&! #@886##'@,! 5-(&-+E#! ?$)D!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;`!UD$NNB$A#!%6?#!=6*-@+-F!a`H!:_a_O!D))5O11???M?D$NNB$A#@%$)6AM(-&1*,(&M5D5!


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'@%A6-#H! 5-(7$A6#! $%G8(@%)-F! )-+$%$%&! +%A! (%&($%&! )68D%$8+,! +##$#)+%86H!+%A! +##$#)#! $%! )D6!

(76-+,,!8+5+8$)FG*@$,A$%&!('!)D6#6!(-&+%$N+)$(%#M!>-+##-(()!4(886-!D+#!+##$#)6A!(-&+%$N+)$(%#!

$%!E(-6!)D+%!a

!

[-&+%$N+)$(%#! #66B$%&! )(!6C5+%A! (-!#)+-)!%6?! 5-(Z68)#!+,#(!*6%6'$)! '-(E! *6$%&! 5+-)! ('!+!

,+-&6-!E(76E6%)M!!

!

=(()*+,,!'(-!.(56!W-(&-+EE6!4@55(-)H!'(-!6C+E5,6H!5-(7$A6#!'@%A$%&!'(-!#568$'$8!5-(Z68)#!('!

+55,F$%&! (-&+%$N+)$(%#H! *+#6A! (%! )D6$-! -6,67+%86! ?$)D$%! )D6! (76-+,,! #)-+)6&F! ('! )D6!

(-&+%$N+)$(%M!=(()*+,,!'(-!.(56!5+-)$8@,+-,F!#@55(-)#!5-(Z68)#!?D$8D!-65-6#6%)!+!E+Z(-!#)65!

'(-?+-A! $%!)D6! $E5,6E6%)$%&!(-&+%$N+)$(%t#!A676,(5E6%)M!R+%F!5-(E$#$%&!+%A! #@886##'@,!

(-&+%$N+)$(%#H! $%8,@A$%&! >-+##-(()! 4(886-H! 2,)@#G45(-)H! +%A! R+)D+-6! S(@)D! 45(-)!

2##(8$+)$(%H!)D+)!+-6!-6+AF!'(-!)D6!%6C)!#)65!$%!)D6$-!A676,(5E6%)!D+76!8(%%68)6A!)(!)D$#!

E+Z(-!'@%A$%&!#(@-86!+%A!5+-)%6-M!

!

FINDING 12: Celebrity footballers and coaches can be advocates with

transformative influence.

j68+@#6!('!#6%#$)$7$)$6#!+##(8$+)6A!?$)D!D@E+%!#6C@+,$)F!+%A!A-@&!@#6H!E+%F!5(,$)$8+,!+%A!

(5$%$(%!,6+A6-#!D+76!#D$6A!+?+F!'-(E!(56%H!'-+%B!A$#8@##$(%#!('!D(?!)(!8D+%&6!*6D+7$(-#!

)(!5-676%)!./0!)-+%#E$##$(%M

+%A! @%$76-#$)$6#H! )D6! '(()*+,,6-#g! 86,6*-$)F! #)+)@#! +%A! -68(&%$)$(%! &$76#! )D6$-! E6##+&6#!

5+-)$8@,+-!'(-86M!VD6!$%)$E+)6!A$#8@##$(%#!+%A!D(%6#)!A$#8,(#@-6#!)D+)!(88@-!$%!#6##$(%#!?$)D!

5+-)$8$5+%)#!8+%!8(%7$%86!)D6E!)(!8D+%&6!)D6$-! ,$76#H!+#!-6,+)6A!$%!)D6!'(,,(?$%&!+%68A()6H!

?D$8D!?+#!-68(@%)6A!$%!E+)6-$+,#!'-(E!=(()*+,,6-#!

=(()*+,,6-#!

D(@#6*-6+B$%&M!V(&6)D6-!)D6F!A$#8@##6A!=@%%Fg#!5-(*,6E#!+%A!8(%#$A6-6A!5(#$)$76!'@)@-6!

(@)8(E6#M![%6!E(%)D!,+)6-H!=@%%F!8+,,6A!4$,76-!)(!#+F!D6!D+A!*66%!-6,6+#6A!+%A!)D+)!=25$8:$&:$!;aH!%(M!a::!Ja``eLO!:^;Ge


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;_!

D$#!#6,'G!A6#)-@8)$76!*6D+7$(-#M!.6!$#!$%!(%&($%&!8(%)+8)!?$)D!4$,76-H!?D(!$#!+##$#)$%&!D$E!$%!

&6))$%&!&(+,B665$%&!6f@$5E6%)!+%A!5-(7$A$%&!D$E!?$)D!(%&($%&!#@55(-)$76!E6%)(-$%&M!!!

FINDING 13: Football tournaments can be used as testing and stigma

reduction opportunities.

2!E+Z(-!-6+#(%!?DF!(%,F!,$E$)6A!*6D+7$(-!8D+%&6!D+#!*66%!+8D$676A!'(-!./0!5-676%)$(%!$#!

)D+)! '6?! 56(5,6! +)! -$#B! D+76! +886##! )(! )D6! E(#)! *+#$8! 5-676%)$(%! #)-+)6&$6#M! VD6! 7+#)!

E+Z(-$)F!('!./0G$%'68)6A!56(5,6!?(-,A?$A6!+-6!@%+?+-6!('!)D6$-!./0!#)+)@#H!+%A!E(#)!F(@%&!

56(5,6! ,+8B! *+#$8! B%(?,6A&6! +*(@)! ./0! J"MTM! 468-6)+-FG>6%6-+,! :__dLMRLND9+>NS+A


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E6##+&6#M! VD6#6! 676%)#! +,#(! $%8-6+#6! +?+-6%6##! +*(@)! ,(8+,! ./0! )6#)$%&! +%A! )-6+)E6%)!

#6-7$86#! +%A! 5-(E()6! 5(#$)$76! 566-! 5-6##@-6! #(! )D+)! F(@)D! +-6!8(%7$%86A! )(! ,6+-%! )D6$-!

#)+)@#M! [%#$)6! -+5$A! ./0! )6#)$%&! +%A! $EE6A$+)6! 6%-(,,E6%)! $%)(! 8+-6! +%A! )-6+)E6%)!

5-(7$A6A!*F!5+-)%6-#!*-$A&6#!)D6!&+5!*6)?66%!./0!5-676%)$(%!+%A!)-6+)E6%)!#6-7$86#H!+%A!

A6E(%#)-+)6#!)D6!5(?6-!('!8(,,68)$76!+8)$(%!$%!8(EE@%$)$6#M!!

!

Q$8B


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;:!

!

!

FINDING 15: Football has had particular success at creating

partnerships.!

=(()*+,,G*+#6A!./0!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!D+76!A6E(%#)-+)6A!$%!E+%F!?+F#!)D6!5()6%8F!('!'(()*+,,!+)!'(-&$%&!5+-)%6-#D$5#M!!

!

15.1 Partnerships with government

4676-+,! (-&+%$N+)$(%#! D+76! *66%! +*,6! )(! 8-6+)6! 5+-)%6-#D$5#! ?$)D! &(76-%E6%)M! 4@8D!

5+-)%6-#D$5#!,6&$)$E$N6!)D6!7+,@6!('!+%!(-&+%$N+)$(%H!D6,5!6#)+*,$#D!+%!(-&+%$N+)$(%!?D6-6!$)!

(56-+)6#H!+%A!(56%!)D6!A((-!)(!#8+,6G@5M!!

!

UD$NNB$A#!"%$)6AH!'(-!6C+E5,6H!'(-E6A!+!5+-)%6-#D$5!$%!:__d!?$)D!)D6!W-6E$6-g#![''$86!('!

Q?+u@,@GT+)+,H!+!5-(7$%86!$%!4(@)D!2'-$8+!)D+)!E+%F!8(%#$A6-!)(!*6!)D6!%+)$(%+,!+%A!&,(*+,!

65$86%)6-!('!)D6!65$A6E$8M!R-M!0@E+!R'6B+H!4)-+)6&$8!I((-A$%+)(-!('!)D6!:_a_!U(-,A!I@5!P6&+8F!'(-!)D6!5-(7$%86H!8D+-&6A!UD$NNB$A#!"%$)6A!?$)D!-(,,$%&!(@)! $)#!5-(&-+E!5-(7$%86G

?$A6!+D6+A!('!:_a_M!!

!

15.2 Community partnerships!

W+-)%6-#D$5#!)D+)!(-&+%$N+)$(%#!6#)+*,$#D!?$)D$%!+!8(EE@%$)FH!'(-!6C+E5,6!?$)D!,(8+,!8D$6'#H!

Ij[#! J8(EE@%$)FG*+#6A!(-&+%$N+)$(%#LH! +%A! $E5(-)+%)! 8(EE@%$)F! '$&@-6#H! +-6! ('! 8-@8$+,!

$E5(-)+%86M!=(()*+,,!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!5+-)$8@,+-,F!-6f@$-6!)D6#6!)F56#!('!5+-)%6-#D$5#!

*68+@#6! )D6F!+-6!@#@+,,F!&-+##-(()#H! *())(EG@5!6''(-)#! )D+)!-6,F!(%!8(EE@%$)F!*@FG$%!)(!

(56-+)6!+%A!#@8866AM!!!

!

15.3 Partnerships with healthcare service providers!

2#!'(()*+,,!./0!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!A676,(5!+%A!6#)+*,$#D!)D6E#6,76#!$%!)D6!8(EE@%$)$6#!

$%! ?D$8D! )D6F! (56-+)6H! )D6F! D+76! *68(E6! $%8-6+#$%&,F! $E5(-)+%)! )(! D6+,)D8+-6! #6-7$86!

5-(7$A6-#M! /%)6-%+)$(%+,! D6+,)D! (-&+%$N+)$(%#H! ,(8+,! D(#5$)+,#! +%A! 8,$%$8#H! +%A! +! 7+-$6)F! ('!

()D6-!D6+,)D8+-6!#6-7$86!5-(7$A6-#!J6M&M!E(*$,6!8(@%#6,$%&!+%A!)6#)$%&!@%$)#L!A656%A!(%!)D6!

8(%76%$%&! 5(?6-! ('! '(()*+,,H! )D6! ,(8+,! -65@)+)$(%! +%A! ,6&$)$E+8F! ('! 8(+8D6#! +%A! 566-!

6A@8+)(-#H!+%A!)D6!-6#(@-86#!('!'(()*+,,!5-676%)$(%!5-(&-+E#!)(!A6,$76-!)6#)$%&H!8(@%#6,$%&H!

8+-6H!)-6+)E6%)H!+%A!()D6-!#6-7$86#M!!

!

2,)@#G45(-)H! '(-! 6C+E5,6H! D+#! '(-E6A! +! 5+-)%6-#D$5! ?$)D! X$&D)! )(! I+-6H! +! %(%G5-('$)!

(-&+%$N+)$(%! 6#)+*,$#D6A! $%! :__a! $%! i(D+%%6#*@-&! )D+)! *@$,A#! 5@*,$8G! +%A! 5-$7+)6G#68)(-!

8+5+8$)F!'(-!)D6!5-(7$#$(%!('!+%)$-6)-(7$-+,!)D6-+5F!)(!./0G5(#$)$76!$%A$7$A@+,#M!2#!5+-)!('!$)#!

#6-7$86#H!X$&D)!)(!I+-6!+,#(!A65,(F#!E(*$,6!8(@%#6,$%&!+%A!)6#)$%&!@%$)#!$%!8(EE@%$)$6#!J+#!

('!i@%6!:__`H!$)!D+#!)6#)6A!^aH;


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"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

!

;;!

*6%6'$)#!('!B%(?$%&!(%6g#!./0!#)+)@#M!VD6!+886##!+%A!+@)D6%)$8$)F!)D+)!>-+##-(()!4(886-!

8(+8D6#!5-(7$A6!+-6!8-@8$+,!)(!)D6!#@886##!('!)D$#!5-(&-+EM!!

!

>-+##-(()!4(886-!8(+8D6#!+,#(!+-6!$%7(,76A!$%!j+F,(-!.(#5$)+,g#!V66%!I,@*!#6##$(%#H!?D$8D!

+-6!E(%)D,F!676%)#!$%!?D$8D!j+F,(-!.(#5$)+,!D(#)#!+*(@)!a__!./0G5(#$)$76!F(@)DM!VD6!

5@-5(#6!('!)D6#6!676%)#!+-6!)(!8D68B!@5!(%!6+8D!(%6!('!)D6!F(@)D!(%!+!-6&@,+-!*+#$#!)(!

6%#@-6!)D+)!)D6F!+-6!+AD6-$%&!)(!)D6$-!2X0!E6A$8+)$(%!+%A!)(!5-(7$A6!8(@%#6,$%&!+%A!

#@55(-)M!V66%!I,@*!$#!+,#(!+%!(55(-)@%$)F!'(-!./0G5(#$)$76!F(@)D!)(!E+B6!'-$6%A#!+%A!*6!$%!+!

#@55(-)$76!6%7$-(%E6%)M!>-+##-(()!4(886-!8(+8D6#!A$-68)!E+%F!('!)D6!+8)$7$)$6#!-@%!A@-$%&!

V66%!I,@*!J6M&M!A+F!)(@-%+E6%)#!+%A!4B$,,N!8@--$8@,@E!+8)$7$)$6#LM!VD6!8(+8D6#!+-6!@#6A!

*68+@#6!)D6F!+-6!-68(&%$N6A!-(,6!E(A6,#!)(!)D6!F(@)D!$%!)D6$-!8(EE@%$)$6#M!

!

Conclusion

!

VD$#!#)@AF!'$%A#! )D+)!'(()*+,,! $#!'(-!E+%F!-6+#(%#!+%!6''68)$76!76D$8,6!'(-!./0!5-676%)$(%M!

>$76%!)D6!$%+A6f@+)6!5-676%)$(%!#)-+)6&$6#!+%A!6''(-)#!('!E(#)!2'-$8+%!#)+)6#H!8$7$,!#(8$6)Fk

6#568$+,,F! %(%G&(76-%E6%)+,! (-&+%$N+)$(%#! JT>[#L! '(8@#$%&! (%! ./0! 5-676%)$(%!$%)6-76%)$(%#k+-6!8-@8$+,!$'!#$&%$'$8+%)!./0!5-676%)$(%!$#!)(!*6!+8D$676A!$%!2'-$8+M!=(()*+,,!$#!

JDNLJ9?@K9!

>+R$3$1&+


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"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

!

;

+!5+-)$8@,+-,F!7+,@+*,6!E6A$@E!)D-(@&D!?D$8D!T>[#!8+%!8(%A@8)!./0!5-676%)$(%!(@)-6+8DH!

8@--$8@,@E!A6,$76-FH!+%A!()D6-!+8)$7$)$6#!+%A!#6-7$86#!*68+@#6!('! $)#!',6C$*$,$)F!+#!+!5,+)'(-E!

'(-! 5-676%)$(%H! ?D$8D! 6%+*,6#! $)! )(! -6+8D! +! 7+-$6)F! +@A$6%86#H! #(E6! ('! ?D$8D! +-6!

#$&%$'$8+%),F! E(-6! 7@,%6-+*,6! )(! ./0! $%'68)$(%! )D+%! )D6! &6%6-+,! 5(5@,+)$(%H! +%A! )(! *6!

$E5,6E6%)6A!$%!D+-AG)(G-6+8D!,(8+)$(%#M!/)#!@%$76-#+,!+556+,!+#!#568)+)(-!+%A!5+-)$8$5+)(-F!

#5(-)! $%! 2'-$8+! +,,(?! 5-(&-+E#! )(! *6! -65,$8+)6A! )D-(@&D(@)! )D6! 8(%)$%6%)M! /'! 6''68)$76,F!

#8+,6A!@5H!'(()*+,,!5-(&-+E#!8+%!-6+8D!E@8D!?$A6-!+@A$6%86#!)D+%!)D6F!8@--6%),F!A(M!2%A!

*68+@#6!'(()*+,,!5-(&-+E#!-6+8D!+!A$76-#$)F!('!+@A$6%86#!$%!E+%F!)F56#!('!#6))$%H!6''68)$76!

#8+,6G@5!E+F!-6#@,)!$%!./0!5-676%)$(%!)D+)!$#!8(E5-6D6%#$76!+#!?6,,!+#!?$A6#5-6+AM!

!

=(()*+,,!$#!+,#(!+%!6''68)$76!6A@8+)$(%+,!)((,M!/)!8+%!8-6+)6!*6D+7$(-!8D+%&6!*F!A-+?$%&!(%!

)D6! 6A@8+)$(%+,! )68D%$f@6#! +%A! 8(EE@%$8+)$(%! #)F,6#! )D+)! )D6! @%$f@6! 8(+8DG5,+F6-!

-6,+)$(%#D$5! +,,(?#! '(-M! =(()*+,,G*+#6A! 5-676%)$(%! 8@--$8@,@E#! +$E! )(! +8D$676! ,6+-%$%&!

(*Z68)$76#!)D-(@&D!E(76E6%)!&+E6#H!?(-B#D(5#H!8(E56)$)$(%#H! -(,6!5,+F#H!#)(-$6#H!8-$)$8+,!

#6,'G-6',68)$(%H!6)8M!)D+)!+-6!8(%#)-@8)$76,F!A6*-$6'6A!$%!#+'6!&-(@5!A$#8@##$(%#M!

!=(()*+,,G*+#6A!./0! 5-676%)$(%! 5-(&-+E#!E+B6! @#6! ('! +%A! 6E5(?6-! $%A$7$A@+,#!?D(! +-6!

A$-68),F!+''68)6A!*F! )D6! A$#6+#6! +%A! )D6-6'(-6! D+76! +! ,+-&6!#)+B6! $%!'$&D)$%&! )D6! A$#6+#6M!

[')6%H! )D6#6! $%A$7$A@+,#H! ?D(! +-6! +,#(! E6E*6-#! ('! 8(EE@%$)$6#! +''68)6A! *F! ./0H! +-6!

5(?6-'@,! +A7(8+)6#! ?D(#6! (?%! #)(-$6#! +%A! 6C+E5,6#! 8+%! E()$7+)6! *6D+7$(-! 8D+%&6! $%!

5-(&-+E! 5+-)$8$5+%)#M! jF! 6A@8+)$%&!8(EE@%$)F!E6E*6-#! ?$)D!8(--68)! $%'(-E+)$(%! +*(@)!

)D6!A$#6+#6!+%A!6''68)$76!?+F#!('!5-676%)$%&!)D6!A$#6+#6H!5-(&-+E#!8-6+)6!#(8$+,!+&6%)#!+%A!

8(EE@%$)F! E(*$,$N6-#M! VD$#! #)@AF! 8+E6! +8-(##! 8(@%),6##! 6C+E5,6#! ('! $%A$7$A@+,#! ?D(!

*68+E6!A6A$8+)6A!7(,@%)66-#!+%A!+8)$7$#)#!?D(#6!E6+%$%&!+%A!5@-5(#6!$%!,$'6H!*F!)D6$-!(?%!

+88(@%)#H!?+#!)@-%6A! )(! '$&D)$%&! ./0! (%86! 5-(&-+E#! D+A! &$76%!)D6E!)D6! B%(?,6A&6!+%A!

)((,#!)(!A(!#(M!!!

2AA$)$(%+,,FH! )D6! ,$%6! *6)?66%! )-+$%$%&! n566-! 6A@8+)(-#o! +%A! #$E5,F! #5-6+A$%&! ./0!

+?+-6%6##! +%A! *@$,A$%&! ,$'6! #B$,,#! $%! 5+-)$8$5+%)#! ?+#! (')6%! *,@--6AM! VD+)! $#H! 5+-)$8$5+%)#!

(')6%!?6-6! 6C568)6A! )(!*68(E6! 566-! 6A@8+)(-#! (%86! )D6F! D+A! *66%! )D-(@&D! 5-(&-+E#H!

676%!$'!)D6F!?6-6!%()!6C5,$8$),F!8+,,6A!+#!#@8DM![%6!('!)D6!&-6+)6#)!+A7+%)+&6#!('!'(()*+,,G

*+#6A! 5-676%)$(%! $#! )D+)! $)! A-+?#! (%! )D6! 5(?6-! ('! $%#5$-6A! +%A! 8(EE$))6A! $%A$7$A@+,#M!

W6-E+%6%)!+%A!A6A$8+)6A!+8)$7$#)#!'(-!./0!5-676%)$(%!E()$7+)6!*6D+7$(-!8D+%&6!)D+)!8+%!

+886,6-+)6! )D-(@&D! )D6$-! 8(EE@%$)$6#! +%A! )D+)! $#! -(()6A! %()! $%! (')6%G$%+886##$*,6! 5@*,$8!

D6+,)D! 6C56-)$#6! *@)! $%! 8(EE@%$)F! E6E*6-#! ?D(! +-6! -(,6! E(A6,#! +%A! 8(EE@%$)F!

-6#(@-86#M!!

=(()*+,,!$#!+,#(!+!&,(*+,!5D6%(E6%(%!+%A!)D6!B6F#)(%6!('!+!&6%@$%6!#(8$+,!E(76E6%)M!VD6!

n'(()*+,,!'(-!#(8$+,!8D+%&6o!(-!n'(()*+,,!'(-!A676,(5E6%)o!E(A6,#H!6C6E5,$'$6A!)D-(@&D!)D6!

?(-B! ('! (-&+%$N+)$(%#! ,$B6! #)-66)'(()*+,,?(-,AH! Q$8B$%&! 2$A#! [@)\H! =(()*+,,! '(-! .(56H! +%A!

>-+##-(()! 4(886-H! D+76! 6#)+*,$#D6A! '(()*+,,! +#! +%! 6''68)$76! 76D$8,6! '(-! #(8$+,! 8D+%&6M!

[-&+%$N+)$(%#!?(-B$%&! (%!)D6! &-(@%A!8+%!@#6!)D6! %6)?(-B! )(!+886##!E+Z(-! $%)6-%+)$(%+,!

A(%(-#l! )(! 6#)+*,$#D! 5+-)%6-#D$5#! (-! )6E5(-+-F! 8(,,+*(-+)$(%#! '(-! +! 7+-$6)F! ('! 5@-5(#6#H!

$%8,@A$%&! D(,A$%&! 676%)#H! 8(%A@8)$%&! E6A$+! 8+E5+$&%#H! #66B$%&! *6))6-! 8((-A$%+)$(%! ('!

5-676%)$(%! 6''(-)#H! #D+-$%&! *6#)! 5-+8)$86#H! 6)8Ml! )(! A-+?! (%! )D6! )68D%$8+,! 6C56-)$#6! +%A!

-6#(@-86!E(*$,$N+)$(%!8+5+8$)F!('!)D6!%6)?(-B!'(-!+##$#)+%86!$%!(-&+%$N+)$(%+,!A676,(5E6%)l!


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"#$%&!'(()*+,,!'(-!./012/34!5-676%)$(%!$%!2'-$8+!! !9!

!

;^!

+%AH! &$76%! )D6! 5-(E$%6%86! )D+)! #@8D! %6)?(-B#! D+76H! )(! 5-6#6%)! )D6$-! ?(-B! (%! +%!

$%)6-%+)$(%+,!#)+&6HM!!

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S6)! '(()*+,,! $#!E(-6!)D+%! Z@#)!+!5,+)'(-E! )D+)!(-&+%$N+)$(%#! 8+%! @#6! )(!%6)?(-B!+%A! &+$%!

8-6A$*$,$)F!'(-!)D6$-!?(-BM!VD6!#5(-)!+,#(!(''6-#!+!?+F!$%!'(-!)D(#6!(@)#$A6!2'-$8+!?D(!+-6!%()!

$EE6A$+)6,F!+''68)6A!*F!)D6!65$A6E$8M!!

!

=(()*+,,g#! 5(5@,+-$)Fk)(! #)+)6! =$%A$%! a! +%A! :! #,$&D),F! A$''6-6%),Fk%()! (%,F! +,,(?#!

5-(&-+E#!)(!*6!$E5,6E6%)6A!?$)D!6C865)$(%+,!',6C$*$,$)FH!*@)!+,#(!6%+*,6#!5-(&-+E#!)(!A-+?!

(%!)D6!7+#)!-6#6-7($-!('!$%A$7$A@+,#!?D(!D+76!'(()*+,,!#B$,,#H!6$)D6-!+#!5,+F6-#!(-!8(+8D6#M!jF!

@#$%&!+!5(5@,+-! &+E6! '(-! #@8D!+%! $E5(-)+%)! 5@-5(#6H! '(()*+,,!5-(&-+E#!6E5(?6-!E+%F!

56(5,6! ?$)D! )D6! 8+5+8$)F! )(! *68(E6! 5-676%)$(%! +A7(8+)6#! +%A! #(8$+,! +&6%)#M! 4$E$,+-,FH!

'(()*+,,g#!5(5@,+-$)F!(''6-#!56(5,6!(@)#$A6!('!2'-$8+!+%!6%)-F!5($%)!$%)(!./0!5-676%)$(%M!2#!

A$#8@##6A! 6+-,$6-H! '(()*+,,! 5-(&-+E#! +,,(?! $%)6-%+)$(%+,! +@A$6%86#! )(! #66!?D+)! )D6! '$&D)!

+&+$%#)! ./0! ,((B#! ,$B6! (%! )D6! &-(@%AH! 5-(7$A$%&! +! A$''6-6%)! 56-#568)$76! )(! )D6! @#@+,,F!

A$#D6+-)6%$%&!#)+)$#)$8#!('!)D6!65$A6E$8M!2!8(%86-%6A!+%A!8(EE$))6A!5@*,$8H!+#!A$#8@##6A!$%!=$%A$%&! `H! $#! %()! (%,F! 8-@8$+,! )(! 5(,$)$8+,! ?$,,! )(! '$&D)! )D6! A$#6+#6H! *@)! +,#(! 8+%! -6#@,)! $%!

$%)6-%+)$(%+,!7(,@%)66-#!Z($%$%&!$%!)D6!'$&D)!+&+$%#)!./0M!R+%F!(-&+%$N+)$(%#!+-6!A656%A6%)!

(%!,(8+,!7(,@%)66-#!+#!?6,,!+#!$%)6-%+)$(%+,!7(,@%)66-#M!2!,+-&6!5-(5(-)$(%!('!)D

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