Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael...

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Les Esprits de Noël. Après une année très positive pour les investisseurs en 2019, nous anticipons que 2020 sera une année de rendements moins élevés pour les actifs financiers, tandis que ressurgissent certains Esprits de Noël. Nous ne prévoyons pas de récession au plan mondial ou aux États-Unis, mais plutôt un rebond modeste de la croissance et des bénéfices maintenant que les pires issues de la guerre commerciale peuvent être écartées. Toutefois, les valorisations élevées, la baisse de l’efficacité des politiques de relance monétaire, la réévaluation des sociétés non rentables et les pressions croissantes sur les coûts freineront probablement la progression des marchés actions. Deux grands risques pourraient entraîner des problèmes pour les investisseurs : (a) un pic d’inflation qui contraindrait la Réserve fédérale à revenir à une politique de hausse des taux d’intérêt directeurs, ou (b) une restructuration progressive de grande ampleur de l’économie américaine après les élections de 2020. Eye on the Market – Perspectives 2020 J.P. MORGAN BANQUE PRIVÉE

Transcript of Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael...

Page 1: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

Les Esprits de Noël. Après une année très positive pour les investisseurs en 2019, nous anticipons que 2020 sera une année de rendements moins élevés pour les actifs financiers, tandis que ressurgissent certains Esprits de Noël. Nous ne prévoyons pas de récession au plan mondial ou aux États-Unis, mais plutôt un rebond modeste de la croissance et des bénéfices maintenant que les pires issues de la guerre commerciale peuvent être écartées. Toutefois, les valorisations élevées, la baisse de l’efficacité des politiques de relance monétaire, la réévaluation des sociétés non rentables et les pressions croissantes sur les coûts freineront probablement la progression des marchés actions. Deux grands risques pourraient entraîner des problèmes pour les investisseurs : (a) un pic d’inflation qui contraindrait la Réserve fédérale à revenir à une politique de hausse des taux d’intérêt directeurs, ou (b) une restructuration progressive de grande ampleur de l’économie américaine après les élections de 2020.

Eye on the Market – Perspectives 2020J.P. MORGAN BANQUE PRIVÉE

Page 2: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

Les Esprits de Noël

La couverture de cette année met en scène des Esprits de Noël revenus pour célébrer ou déplorer certaines tendances notables de l’année 2020 :

Franklin Roosevelt, le président le plus progressiste du 20e siècle, qui envisageait un impôt sur le revenu de 100 % et dont les réformes ont transféré le pouvoir économique de Wall Street à Washington, célèbre les propositions encore plus progressistes d’Elizabeth Warren.

Richard Nixon, qui au début des années 1970 a fait pression au moyen de « sales coups » et de faux rapports de presse pour qu’Arthur Burns, président de la Réserve fédérale, abaisse les taux directeurs, se réjouit de voir Donald Trump faire subir le même sort à Jerome Powell, actuel président de la Réserve fédérale. Les taux directeurs nets de l’inflation avoisinent à nouveau zéro malgré une économie en croissance dans un contexte de plein emploi.

Henry VIII, qui grâce à l’Act in Restraint of Appeals en 1533 a fait de l’Angleterre une nation souveraine et indépendante non assujettie à des lois imposées de l’extérieur, se félicite de l’éventualité d’un Brexit. Margaret Thatcher, Première ministre, se réjouit avec lui. Elle était préoccupée par l’idée d’un super-État européen exerçant sa domination depuis Bruxelles, et a dit au biographe Charles Moore dans ses dernières années que la Grande-Bretagne devrait quitter l’Union européenne. Tandis que la victoire de Boris Johnson en décembre réduit l’incertitude entourant le Brexit/un possible référendum, les Conservateurs maintiennent qu’ils n’assoupliront pas les conditions du Brexit et ne demanderont pas de prolongation jusqu’à fin 2020 ; reste à savoir si l’Union Européenne acceptera.

Mao Zedong, qui a dirigé la Chine communiste depuis sa création en 1949 jusqu’à sa mort en 1976, se réjouit de voir Xi Jinping proclamé « Président à vie » puisque la Chine a aboli la limitation à deux mandats qu’elle avait imposée aux présidents depuis les années 1980. Le Président Xi Jinping a fait référence à la « Longue Marche » de Mao lors de la lutte contre le Kuomintang comme précédent pour le conflit stratégique actuel opposant la Chine et les États-Unis, ce qui indique que la Chine limitera les compromis sur les politiques mercantilistes qu’elle juge dans l’intérêt du pays.

Herbert Hoover se retrouve dans Donald Trump, qui impose lui aussi des droits de douane sur les importations de marchandises, et expulse des immigrants. À l’issue de la phase I de l’accord commercial, les droits de douane restent à leur plus haut niveau des 40 dernières années et pourraient augmenter à nouveau si la Chine ne se conformait pas aux dispositions. En matière d’immigration, l’Administration Hoover a lancé la campagne « American Jobs for Real Americans » et remboursait le coût des mesures d’expulsion aux gouvernements des États et des collectivités locales. Les expulsions d’Edgar Hoover ont eu lieu alors que le taux de chômage était de 15 %-20 %, contre 3,5 % aujourd’hui.

L’Empire romain d’Occident réunifié par Charlemagne, qui s’étendait de la Manche à la péninsule balkanique, s’est désintégré peu après la mort de l’empereur en 814 après J.-C., conséquence d’une série de guerres civiles. Incarnant un pouvoir en faveur d’une Europe unie, Charlemagne se désole de constater que le projet de la zone euro continue de faire du sur-place avec une faible croissance, des milliards de dette publique affichant un rendement négatif, une fragmentation politique et des progrès limités en termes de fédéralisme.

La marionnette-chaussette de Pets.com est devenue une métaphore de l’ère Internet : en 1999, Pets.com a généré un chiffre d’affaires de 620 000 dollars et des pertes opérationnelles de 20 millions de dollars, car la société vendait des produits pour environ un tiers de leur prix d’achat. La marionnette remue la queue, car bien que nous n’ayons pas atteint les excès de la fin des années 1990, la part de la capitali-sation boursière américaine et des dépenses des entreprises attribuable aux jeunes socié-tés non rentables est à son plus haut niveau depuis lors. Pour mettre fin à la saga Pets.com, Softbank a maintenant abandonné son inves-tissement dans l’application de promenade de chiens Wag, qu’elle avait évaluée à plus de 600 millions de dollars.

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En ce début d’année et à l’aube d’une nouvelle décennie, je souhaite vous remercier pour la confiance que vous accordez à J.P. Morgan. C’est en effet un honneur d’être votre conseiller.

Depuis 17 ans, Michael Cembalest, mon partenaire d’investissement, partage ses réflexions sur les marchés pour l’année à venir. Comme chaque année, j’espère que vous trouverez cette édition instructive. Dans « Les Esprits de Noël », Michael Cembalest et son équipe commentent leurs prévisions d’une nouvelle année d’expansion mondiale, et passent également en revue les implications de la politique de la Réserve fédérale et d’une éventuelle restructuration de l’économie américaine par les progressistes pour la croissance mondiale et les portefeuilles d’investissement.

Notre priorité absolue reste de vous aider à mieux positionner vos portefeuilles pour l’avenir. Nous espérons que vous apprécierez ces Perspectives et nous vous souhaitons tous nos vœux de santé, de bonheur et de réussite pour cette nouvelle année.

MARY CALLAHAN ERDOESChief Executive Officer

J.P. Morgan Asset & Wealth Management

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Les Esprits de Noël 1er janvier 2020

Synthèse

Les pires issues de la guerre commerciale semblant aujourd’hui écartées1, nous sommes légèrement plus confiants quant aux perspectives économiques mondiales de 2020. Nous estimons que les droits de douane et autres sanctions commerciales ont grevé de 7 %-8 % le potentiel de croissance des bénéfices du S&P 500 en 2019, et ont représenté les principaux facteurs du repli de la croissance mondiale de son point haut de 4,1 % début 2018 à 2,9 % au 3e trimestre 2019. Les graphiques suivants montrent l’impact au plan mondial de la guerre commerciale, pas seulement sur les échanges commerciaux, mais également sur le secteur manufacturier, les bénéfices des entreprises et les dépenses d’investissement.

Un aspect est à souligner concernant la guerre commerciale entre les États-Unis et la Chine : comme le montre le graphique suivant (à gauche), l’Europe et le Japon ont été les plus durement touchés, étant donné leur dépendance accrue envers les exportations et l’évolution moins affirmée de leur croissance au départ. Il n’y a pas eu de récession de la croissance du PIB l’année dernière, mais il y a eu une récession des bénéfices aux États-Unis, en Europe et au Japon. Nous anticipons un rebond des bénéfices en 2020, qui est déjà intégré par la plupart des marchés actions.

1 Il existe encore de nombreuses incertitudes entourant ce qui a été convenu exactement et le fait que les deux pays s’entendront ou non sur les dispositions d’application, de sorte que la guerre commerciale risque de reprendre en 2020. Voir la note 5 en page 10.

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

1

INVESTMENT PRODUCTS ARE: ● NOT FDIC INSURED ● NOT A DEPOSIT OR OTHER OBLIGATION OF, OR GUARANTEED BY, JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES ● SUBJECT TO

INVESTMENT RISKS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED

Ghosts of Christmas Past January 1, 2020

Executive Summary

Now that worst case trade war outcomes look like they will be avoided1, we feel a bit better about the global economic outlook for 2020. Our best estimate is that tariffs and other trade sanctions reduced 2019 S&P 500 earnings growth potential by 7%-8%, and were the primary factors driving global growth from its 4.1% peak in early 2018 to 2.9% by Q3 2019. The charts below show the trade war impact not just on trade itself, but also on global manufacturing, corporate earnings, and capital spending.

What’s interesting about the US-China trade war: as shown in the first chart, Europe and Japan bore the harsher brunt of it, given their greater reliance on exports and precarious growth trends in the first place. While there wasn’t a GDP growth recession last year, there was an earnings recession in the US, Europe and Japan. While we expect earnings to rebound in 2020, that’s priced into most equity markets.

1 There’s still plenty of uncertainty about exactly what was agreed to and whether the two sides will agree on enforcement provisions, creating risks that the Trade War reignites again in 2020. See footnote on page 7.

45

47

49

51

53

55

57

59

61

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

USChinaEurozoneJapan

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

US

Global ex US

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

s

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Indicateurs manufacturiers régionaux>50 = expansion

Source : Indice Markit des directeurs d’achat. Décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

1

INVESTMENT PRODUCTS ARE: ● NOT FDIC INSURED ● NOT A DEPOSIT OR OTHER OBLIGATION OF, OR GUARANTEED BY, JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES ● SUBJECT TO

INVESTMENT RISKS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED

Ghosts of Christmas Past January 1, 2020

Executive Summary

Now that worst case trade war outcomes look like they will be avoided1, we feel a bit better about the global economic outlook for 2020. Our best estimate is that tariffs and other trade sanctions reduced 2019 S&P 500 earnings growth potential by 7%-8%, and were the primary factors driving global growth from its 4.1% peak in early 2018 to 2.9% by Q3 2019. The charts below show the trade war impact not just on trade itself, but also on global manufacturing, corporate earnings, and capital spending.

What’s interesting about the US-China trade war: as shown in the first chart, Europe and Japan bore the harsher brunt of it, given their greater reliance on exports and precarious growth trends in the first place. While there wasn’t a GDP growth recession last year, there was an earnings recession in the US, Europe and Japan. While we expect earnings to rebound in 2020, that’s priced into most equity markets.

1 There’s still plenty of uncertainty about exactly what was agreed to and whether the two sides will agree on enforcement provisions, creating risks that the Trade War reignites again in 2020. See footnote on page 7.

45

47

49

51

53

55

57

59

61

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

USChinaEurozoneJapan

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

US

Global ex US

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

s

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Stagnation des dépenses d’investissement% de variation en glissement trimestriel, taux annualisé corrigé des variations saisonnières

Source : J.P. Morgan Global Economic Research. 2e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

1

INVESTMENT PRODUCTS ARE: ● NOT FDIC INSURED ● NOT A DEPOSIT OR OTHER OBLIGATION OF, OR GUARANTEED BY, JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES ● SUBJECT TO

INVESTMENT RISKS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED

Ghosts of Christmas Past January 1, 2020

Executive Summary

Now that worst case trade war outcomes look like they will be avoided1, we feel a bit better about the global economic outlook for 2020. Our best estimate is that tariffs and other trade sanctions reduced 2019 S&P 500 earnings growth potential by 7%-8%, and were the primary factors driving global growth from its 4.1% peak in early 2018 to 2.9% by Q3 2019. The charts below show the trade war impact not just on trade itself, but also on global manufacturing, corporate earnings, and capital spending.

What’s interesting about the US-China trade war: as shown in the first chart, Europe and Japan bore the harsher brunt of it, given their greater reliance on exports and precarious growth trends in the first place. While there wasn’t a GDP growth recession last year, there was an earnings recession in the US, Europe and Japan. While we expect earnings to rebound in 2020, that’s priced into most equity markets.

1 There’s still plenty of uncertainty about exactly what was agreed to and whether the two sides will agree on enforcement provisions, creating risks that the Trade War reignites again in 2020. See footnote on page 7.

45

47

49

51

53

55

57

59

61

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

USChinaEurozoneJapan

Source: Markit PMI. December 2019.

Regional manufacturing business surveys50+ = expansion

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: Factset, Morgan Stanley. MSCI ACWI ex US & S&P500. Dec 16 '19.

Global and US corporate earningsy/y %, quarterly earnings growth excluding buybacks

US

Global ex US

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

s

Source: J.P. Morgan Global Economic Research. Q2 2019.

Global capital spending stuck in neutralq/q %, seasonally adjusted annual rate

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Stagnation des échanges commerciaux à l’issue de 50 années de mondialisation, % de variation en glissement semestriel, taux annualisé corrigé des variations saisonnières

Source : Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

1

INVESTMENT PRODUCTS ARE: ● NOT FDIC INSURED ● NOT A DEPOSIT OR OTHER OBLIGATION OF, OR GUARANTEED BY, JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES ● SUBJECT TO

INVESTMENT RISKS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED

Ghosts of Christmas Past January 1, 2020

Executive Summary

Now that worst case trade war outcomes look like they will be avoided1, we feel a bit better about the global economic outlook for 2020. Our best estimate is that tariffs and other trade sanctions reduced 2019 S&P 500 earnings growth potential by 7%-8%, and were the primary factors driving global growth from its 4.1% peak in early 2018 to 2.9% by Q3 2019. The charts below show the trade war impact not just on trade itself, but also on global manufacturing, corporate earnings, and capital spending.

What’s interesting about the US-China trade war: as shown in the first chart, Europe and Japan bore the harsher brunt of it, given their greater reliance on exports and precarious growth trends in the first place. While there wasn’t a GDP growth recession last year, there was an earnings recession in the US, Europe and Japan. While we expect earnings to rebound in 2020, that’s priced into most equity markets.

1 There’s still plenty of uncertainty about exactly what was agreed to and whether the two sides will agree on enforcement provisions, creating risks that the Trade War reignites again in 2020. See footnote on page 7.

45

47

49

51

53

55

57

59

61

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

USChinaEurozoneJapan

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

US

Global ex US

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

s

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Bénéfices des entreprises au plan mondial et aux États-Unis% de variation en glissement annuel, croissance trimestrielle des bénéfices, hors rachats

Sources : Factset, Mongan Stanley. MSCI AWCI hors États-Unis et S&P 500. 16 décembre 2019.

Page 5: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Nous anticipons un rebond modeste de la croissance et des bénéfices en 2020 (hors Japon2), pour partie en raison de l’intensification de la politique d’assouplissement coordonnée des banques centrales, qui se traduit généralement par un rebond du secteur manufacturier 7 à 9 mois plus tard. Les banques centrales des pays émergents jouent un rôle important dans ce processus. L’inflation dans les marchés émergents a baissé pour atteindre un point bas historique de 3,5 %-4,0 % (contre 10 % à la fin des années 1990 et 6 % durant la décennie passée), ce qui signifie que les banques centrales des pays émergents peuvent encore assouplir leur politique si besoin est. Une augmentation modeste des nouvelles commandes au plan mondial conjuguée à une baisse des stocks en excédent semble plaider en faveur d’une amélioration de la croissance en 2020, et comme indiqué à la page précédente, les indicateurs manufacturiers rebondissent aux États-Unis et en Chine.

Nous prévoyons une croissance des bénéfices de 5 %-7 % aux États-Unis en 2020 ; ce chiffre serait plus élevé s’il n’était pas grevé par le secteur de l’énergie et les difficultés rencontrées par Boeing. Nous prévoyons une croissance des bénéfices à peu près similaire en Europe, sans toutefois anticiper une réduction significative de du différentiel de performance entre les deux régions (voir page 17 pour de plus amples informations sur la remarquable surperformance des actions américaines vs les marchés développés).

2 L’évolution positive des indicateurs avancés ne s’est pas propagée au Japon, où les risques de récession s’intensifient. L’économie japonaise pourrait enregistrer une contraction de 2,5 % au 4e trimestre 2019, et les ventes au détail d’octobre ont accusé une baisse de 7,1 % en glissement annuel dans le sillage d’une hausse de la TVA. L’Indice Tankan Manufacturing est tombé à son plus bas niveau en 6 ans et 1/2 , et les indicateurs du secteur des services sont maintenant eux aussi en baisse.

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

2

We expect a modest growth and profits rebound in 2020 (outside of Japan2), in part due to a surge in coordinated central bank easing which typically leads to a manufacturing boost 7-9 months later. Emerging Market central banks are an important part of this process. EM inflation has reached an all-time low of 3.5%-4.0% (down from 10% in the late 1990’s and 6% over the last decade), indicating that EM central banks have more room to ease if necessary. A modest upturn in global new orders combined with a decline in the inventory overhang suggests improved growth in 2020, and as shown on the prior page, manufacturing surveys are already picking up in the US and China.

We expect 5%-7% earnings growth in the US in 2020; this number would be higher, but is dragged down by the energy sector and by problems at Boeing. We expect roughly the same earnings growth in Europe, although we do not expect a substantial narrowing of the performance gap between the two regions (see page 13 for more on the remarkable outperformance of US equities vs developed markets).

2 The positive turn in leading indicators does not extend to Japan given rising risks of recession. Japan’s economy may shrink by 2.5% in Q4 2019, and October retail sales fell by -7.1% y/y after a sales tax hike. The Tankan manufacturing report fell to its lowest level in 6 ½ years, and service sector surveys are now falling as well.

-35-30-25-20-15-10-5051015202530354045

4042444648505254565860

'98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Net # of central banks whoselast move was a rate cut or who have negative rates

Global manufacturing survey

47.5

48.0

48.5

49.0

49.5

50.0

50.5

51.0

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global neworders

Globalinventories

$26

$28

$30

$32

$34

$36

$38

$40

$42

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global semiconductor sales recovering3 month average, US$ billions

Rebond des ventes mondiales de semiconducteursMoyenne sur 3 mois, milliards de dollars

Source : Semiconductor Industry Association. Octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

2

We expect a modest growth and profits rebound in 2020 (outside of Japan2), in part due to a surge in coordinated central bank easing which typically leads to a manufacturing boost 7-9 months later. Emerging Market central banks are an important part of this process. EM inflation has reached an all-time low of 3.5%-4.0% (down from 10% in the late 1990’s and 6% over the last decade), indicating that EM central banks have more room to ease if necessary. A modest upturn in global new orders combined with a decline in the inventory overhang suggests improved growth in 2020, and as shown on the prior page, manufacturing surveys are already picking up in the US and China.

We expect 5%-7% earnings growth in the US in 2020; this number would be higher, but is dragged down by the energy sector and by problems at Boeing. We expect roughly the same earnings growth in Europe, although we do not expect a substantial narrowing of the performance gap between the two regions (see page 13 for more on the remarkable outperformance of US equities vs developed markets).

2 The positive turn in leading indicators does not extend to Japan given rising risks of recession. Japan’s economy may shrink by 2.5% in Q4 2019, and October retail sales fell by -7.1% y/y after a sales tax hike. The Tankan manufacturing report fell to its lowest level in 6 ½ years, and service sector surveys are now falling as well.

-35-30-25-20-15-10-5051015202530354045

4042444648505254565860

'98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Net # of central banks whoselast move was a rate cut or who have negative rates

Global manufacturing survey

47.5

48.0

48.5

49.0

49.5

50.0

50.5

51.0

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global neworders

Globalinventories

$26

$28

$30

$32

$34

$36

$38

$40

$42

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global semiconductor sales recovering3 month average, US$ billions

L’augmentation des nouvelles commandes et la réduction des stocks excédentaires plaident en faveur d’un rebond en 2020Indicateurs du climat des affaires, >50 = expansion

Source : Indice Markit des directeurs d’achat. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

2

We expect a modest growth and profits rebound in 2020 (outside of Japan2), in part due to a surge in coordinated central bank easing which typically leads to a manufacturing boost 7-9 months later. Emerging Market central banks are an important part of this process. EM inflation has reached an all-time low of 3.5%-4.0% (down from 10% in the late 1990’s and 6% over the last decade), indicating that EM central banks have more room to ease if necessary. A modest upturn in global new orders combined with a decline in the inventory overhang suggests improved growth in 2020, and as shown on the prior page, manufacturing surveys are already picking up in the US and China.

We expect 5%-7% earnings growth in the US in 2020; this number would be higher, but is dragged down by the energy sector and by problems at Boeing. We expect roughly the same earnings growth in Europe, although we do not expect a substantial narrowing of the performance gap between the two regions (see page 13 for more on the remarkable outperformance of US equities vs developed markets).

2 The positive turn in leading indicators does not extend to Japan given rising risks of recession. Japan’s economy may shrink by 2.5% in Q4 2019, and October retail sales fell by -7.1% y/y after a sales tax hike. The Tankan manufacturing report fell to its lowest level in 6 ½ years, and service sector surveys are now falling as well.

-35-30-25-20-15-10-5051015202530354045

4042444648505254565860

'98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Net # of central banks whoselast move was a rate cut or who have negative rates

Global manufacturing survey

47.5

48.0

48.5

49.0

49.5

50.0

50.5

51.0

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global neworders

Globalinventories

$26

$28

$30

$32

$34

$36

$38

$40

$42

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global semiconductor sales recovering3 month average, US$ billions

Les baisses de taux opérées par les banques centrales précèdent l’évolution du secteur manufacturier mondial

Sources : banques centrales, Markit PMI, Bloomberg. Novembre 2019.

Baisses des taux des banques centrales, décalées de 8 mois>50 = expansion

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Toutefois, des barrières commerciales et à l’investissement demeurent, même à l’issue de la phase 1 de l’accord entre les États-Unis et la Chine :• Le ministère américain du Commerce s’apprête à publier une liste des entités interdites et de nouvelles

règles relatives aux exportations de produits, qui comportent des limites potentielles sur les exportations de « technologies émergentes et fondamentales ». Le champ d’application de ces règles affectera les secteurs technologique, industriel, agro-industriel ainsi que d’autres secteurs, réduisant ainsi l’éventail des échanges et des investissements autorisés. Conclusion : les flux commerciaux entre les États-Unis et la Chine pourraient se normaliser, mais pas les investissements directs étrangers bilatéraux.

• La Chine procède au durcissement de la réglementation relative à la sécurité du matériel, des logiciels et des données. La Chine augmente également les exigences en matière de contenu national et a adopté une loi sur la cryptographie qui interdirait les réseaux privés virtuels (tous les courriels et les transferts de données de l’entreprise devront utiliser des systèmes de communication exploités par la Chine qui sont entièrement accessibles par le Bureau de la cybersécurité de la Chine).

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

3

However, even after the US/China Phase I deal, trade and investment barriers remain:

The US Dep’t of Commerce is preparing to release its entity restriction list and product export rulesthat involve limits on export of “emerging and foundational technologies”. The scope of these ruleswill affect tech, industrials, agribusiness, etc, narrowing the range of permissible trade and investment.Bottom line: while US-China trade flows may normalize, bilateral foreign direct investment might not

China is ramping up security regulations on hardware, software and data. China is also increasingdomestic content requirements, and has passed a Cryptography Law which reportedly bans virtualprivate networks (all company email and data transfer will be required to use Chinese operatedcommunication systems that are fully open to the China’s Cybersecurity Bureau)

A November Senate report on China’s “Thousand Talents Plan” detailed the resources it provides toChinese researchers studying in the US (and funded by US taxpayers) who illicitly transfer intellectualproperty back to China3. These kinds of disclosures may create obstacles in future negotiations, whichare already impacted by a growing understanding of China’s extreme mercantilism (last chart)

Trump may still impose penalties on $110 billion of US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan (eventhough the deadline for imposing Section 232 tariffs has passed); the US is pursuing a Section 301investigation against France for its digital tax; and there may be European retaliation for US tariffs onimported European goods (which the WTO approved as compensation for EU Airbus subsidies)

3 “Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans”, US Senate Subcommittee, November 2019. Examples include a US Dep’t of Energy funded researcher that removed 30,000 electronic files from a national lab before leaving for China. Others took intellectual property and patent information to file similar patents in China, at times via creation of clandestine labs in the US which mirror their experiments conducted at US universities.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Worst case (all China imports + Eur/Jpn autos)Actual tariffs imposed as of Nov 2019After Phase I minor tariff reduction in Dec 2019

Smoot Hawley

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

China

Canada

Mexico

Korea

Vietnam

Japan

$0$5

$10$15$20$25$30$35$40$45$50

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Thou

sand

s

Chinese FDI into USUS FDI into China

Source: Rhodium Group. 2019 data is YTD through Q2.

Decline in bilateral foreign direct investment may bepermanent, US$ billions

Mercantilism Index (forced local production in exchange for market access, export subsidies, IP theft, favoritism of domestic companies, FX manipulation)

Receptivity to Foreign Direct Investment

Copyright protections, injunctive relief, anti-piracy rules

Barriers to market access and forced technology transfer

Extent of pirated software

IP Enforcement (civil/crim penalties, transparency, fines)

Protection of trade secrets and data

Public ownership of the private sector

0 20 40 60 80 100

Impact de la guerre commerciale sur les partenaires des importations américaines Part des importations américaines, moyenne sur 6 mois

Source : US Census Bureau. Octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

3

However, even after the US/China Phase I deal, trade and investment barriers remain:

The US Dep’t of Commerce is preparing to release its entity restriction list and product export rulesthat involve limits on export of “emerging and foundational technologies”. The scope of these ruleswill affect tech, industrials, agribusiness, etc, narrowing the range of permissible trade and investment.Bottom line: while US-China trade flows may normalize, bilateral foreign direct investment might not

China is ramping up security regulations on hardware, software and data. China is also increasingdomestic content requirements, and has passed a Cryptography Law which reportedly bans virtualprivate networks (all company email and data transfer will be required to use Chinese operatedcommunication systems that are fully open to the China’s Cybersecurity Bureau)

A November Senate report on China’s “Thousand Talents Plan” detailed the resources it provides toChinese researchers studying in the US (and funded by US taxpayers) who illicitly transfer intellectualproperty back to China3. These kinds of disclosures may create obstacles in future negotiations, whichare already impacted by a growing understanding of China’s extreme mercantilism (last chart)

Trump may still impose penalties on $110 billion of US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan (eventhough the deadline for imposing Section 232 tariffs has passed); the US is pursuing a Section 301investigation against France for its digital tax; and there may be European retaliation for US tariffs onimported European goods (which the WTO approved as compensation for EU Airbus subsidies)

3 “Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans”, US Senate Subcommittee, November 2019. Examples include a US Dep’t of Energy funded researcher that removed 30,000 electronic files from a national lab before leaving for China. Others took intellectual property and patent information to file similar patents in China, at times via creation of clandestine labs in the US which mirror their experiments conducted at US universities.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Worst case (all China imports + Eur/Jpn autos)Actual tariffs imposed as of Nov 2019After Phase I minor tariff reduction in Dec 2019

Smoot Hawley

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

China

Canada

Mexico

Korea

Vietnam

Japan

$0$5

$10$15$20$25$30$35$40$45$50

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Thou

sand

s

Chinese FDI into USUS FDI into China

Source: Rhodium Group. 2019 data is YTD through Q2.

Decline in bilateral foreign direct investment may bepermanent, US$ billions

Mercantilism Index (forced local production in exchange for market access, export subsidies, IP theft, favoritism of domestic companies, FX manipulation)

Receptivity to Foreign Direct Investment

Copyright protections, injunctive relief, anti-piracy rules

Barriers to market access and forced technology transfer

Extent of pirated software

IP Enforcement (civil/crim penalties, transparency, fines)

Protection of trade secrets and data

Public ownership of the private sector

0 20 40 60 80 100

Historique et projections des droits de douane américains en supposant une non-modification de la demande américaine d’importations en provenance d’exportateurs étrangers ciblés, droits de douane effectifs (droits de douane collectés en % de l’ensemble des biens importés)

Sources : Esteban Ortiz-Espina et Max Roser, « International Trade », US International Trade Commission, US Census Bureau, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

3

However, even after the US/China Phase I deal, trade and investment barriers remain:

The US Dep’t of Commerce is preparing to release its entity restriction list and product export rulesthat involve limits on export of “emerging and foundational technologies”. The scope of these ruleswill affect tech, industrials, agribusiness, etc, narrowing the range of permissible trade and investment.Bottom line: while US-China trade flows may normalize, bilateral foreign direct investment might not

China is ramping up security regulations on hardware, software and data. China is also increasingdomestic content requirements, and has passed a Cryptography Law which reportedly bans virtualprivate networks (all company email and data transfer will be required to use Chinese operatedcommunication systems that are fully open to the China’s Cybersecurity Bureau)

A November Senate report on China’s “Thousand Talents Plan” detailed the resources it provides toChinese researchers studying in the US (and funded by US taxpayers) who illicitly transfer intellectualproperty back to China3. These kinds of disclosures may create obstacles in future negotiations, whichare already impacted by a growing understanding of China’s extreme mercantilism (last chart)

Trump may still impose penalties on $110 billion of US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan (eventhough the deadline for imposing Section 232 tariffs has passed); the US is pursuing a Section 301investigation against France for its digital tax; and there may be European retaliation for US tariffs onimported European goods (which the WTO approved as compensation for EU Airbus subsidies)

3 “Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans”, US Senate Subcommittee, November 2019. Examples include a US Dep’t of Energy funded researcher that removed 30,000 electronic files from a national lab before leaving for China. Others took intellectual property and patent information to file similar patents in China, at times via creation of clandestine labs in the US which mirror their experiments conducted at US universities.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Worst case (all China imports + Eur/Jpn autos)Actual tariffs imposed as of Nov 2019After Phase I minor tariff reduction in Dec 2019

Smoot Hawley

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

China

Canada

Mexico

Korea

Vietnam

Japan

$0$5

$10$15$20$25$30$35$40$45$50

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Thou

sand

s

Chinese FDI into USUS FDI into China

Source: Rhodium Group. 2019 data is YTD through Q2.

Decline in bilateral foreign direct investment may bepermanent, US$ billions

Mercantilism Index (forced local production in exchange for market access, export subsidies, IP theft, favoritism of domestic companies, FX manipulation)

Receptivity to Foreign Direct Investment

Copyright protections, injunctive relief, anti-piracy rules

Barriers to market access and forced technology transfer

Extent of pirated software

IP Enforcement (civil/crim penalties, transparency, fines)

Protection of trade secrets and data

Public ownership of the private sector

0 20 40 60 80 100

La baisse des investissements directs étrangers bilatéraux pourrait être permanenteMilliards de dollars

Source : Rhodium Group. Les données de 2019 couvrent la période du 1er janvier à la fin du 2e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

3

However, even after the US/China Phase I deal, trade and investment barriers remain:

The US Dep’t of Commerce is preparing to release its entity restriction list and product export rulesthat involve limits on export of “emerging and foundational technologies”. The scope of these ruleswill affect tech, industrials, agribusiness, etc, narrowing the range of permissible trade and investment.Bottom line: while US-China trade flows may normalize, bilateral foreign direct investment might not

China is ramping up security regulations on hardware, software and data. China is also increasingdomestic content requirements, and has passed a Cryptography Law which reportedly bans virtualprivate networks (all company email and data transfer will be required to use Chinese operatedcommunication systems that are fully open to the China’s Cybersecurity Bureau)

A November Senate report on China’s “Thousand Talents Plan” detailed the resources it provides toChinese researchers studying in the US (and funded by US taxpayers) who illicitly transfer intellectualproperty back to China3. These kinds of disclosures may create obstacles in future negotiations, whichare already impacted by a growing understanding of China’s extreme mercantilism (last chart)

Trump may still impose penalties on $110 billion of US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan (eventhough the deadline for imposing Section 232 tariffs has passed); the US is pursuing a Section 301investigation against France for its digital tax; and there may be European retaliation for US tariffs onimported European goods (which the WTO approved as compensation for EU Airbus subsidies)

3 “Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans”, US Senate Subcommittee, November 2019. Examples include a US Dep’t of Energy funded researcher that removed 30,000 electronic files from a national lab before leaving for China. Others took intellectual property and patent information to file similar patents in China, at times via creation of clandestine labs in the US which mirror their experiments conducted at US universities.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Worst case (all China imports + Eur/Jpn autos)Actual tariffs imposed as of Nov 2019After Phase I minor tariff reduction in Dec 2019

Smoot Hawley

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

China

Canada

Mexico

Korea

Vietnam

Japan

$0$5

$10$15$20$25$30$35$40$45$50

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Thou

sand

s

Chinese FDI into USUS FDI into China

Source: Rhodium Group. 2019 data is YTD through Q2.

Decline in bilateral foreign direct investment may bepermanent, US$ billions

Mercantilism Index (forced local production in exchange for market access, export subsidies, IP theft, favoritism of domestic companies, FX manipulation)

Receptivity to Foreign Direct Investment

Copyright protections, injunctive relief, anti-piracy rules

Barriers to market access and forced technology transfer

Extent of pirated software

IP Enforcement (civil/crim penalties, transparency, fines)

Protection of trade secrets and data

Public ownership of the private sector

0 20 40 60 80 100

Points de litige dans la guerre commerciale opposant les États-Unis et la Chine, score de la Chine vs les autres pays du monde, 100 = le meilleur, 0 = le pire

Sources : OCDE, BSA, GIPC, ITIF, Fraser Institute, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2019.

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

• Un rapport de novembre du Sénat sur le « Plan des mille talents » de la Chine détaillait les ressources que ce programme fournit aux chercheurs chinois étudiant aux États-Unis (par ailleurs financés par les contribuables américains), qui transfèrent illégalement la propriété intellectuelle à la Chine3. La publication de ce type d’informations peut créer des obstacles dans les négociations futures, qui sont déjà affectées par une prise de conscience croissante de l’extrême mercantilisme de la Chine (dernier graphique page 5).

• Donald Trump pourrait toujours imposer des pénalités sur 110 milliards de dollars d’importations américaines d’automobiles et de pièces détachées en provenance d’Europe et du Japon (bien que la date limite pour l’imposition des droits de douane relevant de la Section 232 soit dépassée) ; les États-Unis conduisent une enquête en vertu de la Section 301 contre la France pour ses taxes sur le numérique et pourrait faire de même avec l’Italie, la Turquie et l’Autriche (voir page 30). L’Europe pourrait aussi prendre des mesures de rétorsion au titre des droits de douane imposés par les États-Unis sur les importations de marchandises européennes (que l’OMC a approuvés en compensation des subventions versées à Airbus par l’Union européenne).

Notre optimisme concernant 2020 repose en partie sur la vigueur constante de la consommation américaine. La part de la consommation américaine dans le PIB mondial est proche de son point haut depuis 2008, et les consommateurs restent optimistes, contrairement aux chefs d’entreprises américains. Cette situation s’explique notamment par le fait que, pendant que l’activité manufacturière fait du surplace, les secteurs des services, qui représentent une plus grande part de l’économie, tirent leur épingle du jeu. Comme indiqué en pages 13 et 14, la plupart des indicateurs concernant les salaires, le marché du travail, l’endettement des ménages, les défauts de paiement des consommateurs et le logement aux États-Unis semblent plutôt bons.

Les indicateurs montrent clairement pourquoi Trump cherche un moyen de sortir de la guerre commerciale. La croissance de l’emploi dans le secteur manufacturier américain s’est affaiblie depuis que la guerre commerciale a commencé, et aujourd’hui, l’emploi dans les services les plus exposés au secteur manufacturier ralentit également. Alors que la croissance américaine est temporairement stimulée par des mesures de relance budgétaire non viables (c’est-à-dire le déficit budgétaire le plus important jamais enregistré en période de plein emploi), la guerre commerciale de l’Administration sous-estime sans doute sa propre stratégie de croissance alimentée par les baisses d’impôts et la dérégulation.

3 « Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans », US Senate Subcommittee, novembre 2019. Parmi les exemples, citons celui d’un chercheur financé par le ministère américain de l’Énergie, qui a copié 30 000 fichiers électroniques d’un laboratoire national avant de partir pour la Chine. D’autres se sont approprié la propriété intellectuelle et des informations liées à des brevets pour déposer des brevets similaires en Chine.

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

4

Part of our optimism for 2020 is based on the continued strength of the US consumer. US consumption is close to its highest share of global GDP since 2008 and consumers are still optimistic, in contrast to US CEOs. Part of the reason: while manufacturing is treading water, service sectors that make up a larger share of the economy are doing better. As shown on pages 9-10, most measures of US wages, labor markets, household debt, consumer delinquencies and housing look pretty healthy.

It’s clear from the data why Trump is looking for a way out of the trade war. US manufacturing employment growth weakened since the trade war began, and now service sector employment most exposed to manufacturing is slowing as well. With US growth temporarily boosted by unsustainable fiscal stimulus (i.e., largest budget deficit on record at a time of full employment), the Administration’s trade war is arguably undercutting its own growth strategy fueled by tax cuts and deregulation.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25

40

55

70

85

100

115

130

145

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: Conference Board. November 2019.

US consumer confidence

US CEO confidence

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Service sector index

Manufacturing index

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s Service sectors MOST exposed to manufacturingService sectors LEAST exposed to manufacturingManufacturing

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Related data: 2019 rise in farm bankruptcies Midwest +12%Southwest +15%Mid-Atlantic +15%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

2%

3%

4%

5%6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15 '20

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Treasury, J.P. Morgan GlobalEconomic Research. Q3 2019. Dots are 2020 estimates.

Lowest unemploymentrate in 40 years

Budget deficit

Indice, 1985 = 100, moyenne mobile sur 3 mois

Source : Conference Board. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

4

Part of our optimism for 2020 is based on the continued strength of the US consumer. US consumption is close to its highest share of global GDP since 2008 and consumers are still optimistic, in contrast to US CEOs. Part of the reason: while manufacturing is treading water, service sectors that make up a larger share of the economy are doing better. As shown on pages 9-10, most measures of US wages, labor markets, household debt, consumer delinquencies and housing look pretty healthy.

It’s clear from the data why Trump is looking for a way out of the trade war. US manufacturing employment growth weakened since the trade war began, and now service sector employment most exposed to manufacturing is slowing as well. With US growth temporarily boosted by unsustainable fiscal stimulus (i.e., largest budget deficit on record at a time of full employment), the Administration’s trade war is arguably undercutting its own growth strategy fueled by tax cuts and deregulation.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25

40

55

70

85

100

115

130

145

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: Conference Board. November 2019.

US consumer confidence

US CEO confidence

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Service sector index

Manufacturing index

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s Service sectors MOST exposed to manufacturingService sectors LEAST exposed to manufacturingManufacturing

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Related data: 2019 rise in farm bankruptcies Midwest +12%Southwest +15%Mid-Atlantic +15%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

2%

3%

4%

5%6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15 '20

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Treasury, J.P. Morgan GlobalEconomic Research. Q3 2019. Dots are 2020 estimates.

Lowest unemploymentrate in 40 years

Budget deficit

Le secteur des services résiste mieux que le secteur manufacturier>50 = expansion

Sources : Indice Markit des directeurs d’achat, Indice ISM des directeurs d’achat. Novembre 2019.

Les consommateurs sont optimistes, contrairement aux chefs d’entreprises

>50 = perspectives positives

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

4

Part of our optimism for 2020 is based on the continued strength of the US consumer. US consumption is close to its highest share of global GDP since 2008 and consumers are still optimistic, in contrast to US CEOs. Part of the reason: while manufacturing is treading water, service sectors that make up a larger share of the economy are doing better. As shown on pages 9-10, most measures of US wages, labor markets, household debt, consumer delinquencies and housing look pretty healthy.

It’s clear from the data why Trump is looking for a way out of the trade war. US manufacturing employment growth weakened since the trade war began, and now service sector employment most exposed to manufacturing is slowing as well. With US growth temporarily boosted by unsustainable fiscal stimulus (i.e., largest budget deficit on record at a time of full employment), the Administration’s trade war is arguably undercutting its own growth strategy fueled by tax cuts and deregulation.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25

40

55

70

85

100

115

130

145

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: Conference Board. November 2019.

US consumer confidence

US CEO confidence

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Service sector index

Manufacturing index

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s Service sectors MOST exposed to manufacturingService sectors LEAST exposed to manufacturingManufacturing

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Related data: 2019 rise in farm bankruptcies Midwest +12%Southwest +15%Mid-Atlantic +15%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

2%

3%

4%

5%6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15 '20

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Treasury, J.P. Morgan GlobalEconomic Research. Q3 2019. Dots are 2020 estimates.

Lowest unemploymentrate in 40 years

Budget deficit

Croissance de l’emploi privé selon l’exposition au secteur manufacturier% de variation en glissement annuel

Source : J.P. Morgan Economic Research. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

4

Part of our optimism for 2020 is based on the continued strength of the US consumer. US consumption is close to its highest share of global GDP since 2008 and consumers are still optimistic, in contrast to US CEOs. Part of the reason: while manufacturing is treading water, service sectors that make up a larger share of the economy are doing better. As shown on pages 9-10, most measures of US wages, labor markets, household debt, consumer delinquencies and housing look pretty healthy.

It’s clear from the data why Trump is looking for a way out of the trade war. US manufacturing employment growth weakened since the trade war began, and now service sector employment most exposed to manufacturing is slowing as well. With US growth temporarily boosted by unsustainable fiscal stimulus (i.e., largest budget deficit on record at a time of full employment), the Administration’s trade war is arguably undercutting its own growth strategy fueled by tax cuts and deregulation.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25

40

55

70

85

100

115

130

145

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: Conference Board. November 2019.

US consumer confidence

US CEO confidence

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Service sector index

Manufacturing index

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s Service sectors MOST exposed to manufacturingService sectors LEAST exposed to manufacturingManufacturing

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Related data: 2019 rise in farm bankruptcies Midwest +12%Southwest +15%Mid-Atlantic +15%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

2%

3%

4%

5%6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15 '20

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Treasury, J.P. Morgan GlobalEconomic Research. Q3 2019. Dots are 2020 estimates.

Lowest unemploymentrate in 40 years

Budget deficit

Hausse des taux de défaillance des prêts agricoles : les conséquences économiques sont modestes, mais les implications politiques pourraient être plus importantes% de variation en glissement annuel

Sources : Réserve fédérale, US Farm Bureau. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

4

Part of our optimism for 2020 is based on the continued strength of the US consumer. US consumption is close to its highest share of global GDP since 2008 and consumers are still optimistic, in contrast to US CEOs. Part of the reason: while manufacturing is treading water, service sectors that make up a larger share of the economy are doing better. As shown on pages 9-10, most measures of US wages, labor markets, household debt, consumer delinquencies and housing look pretty healthy.

It’s clear from the data why Trump is looking for a way out of the trade war. US manufacturing employment growth weakened since the trade war began, and now service sector employment most exposed to manufacturing is slowing as well. With US growth temporarily boosted by unsustainable fiscal stimulus (i.e., largest budget deficit on record at a time of full employment), the Administration’s trade war is arguably undercutting its own growth strategy fueled by tax cuts and deregulation.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25

40

55

70

85

100

115

130

145

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: Conference Board. November 2019.

US consumer confidence

US CEO confidence

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Service sector index

Manufacturing index

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s Service sectors MOST exposed to manufacturingService sectors LEAST exposed to manufacturingManufacturing

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Related data: 2019 rise in farm bankruptcies Midwest +12%Southwest +15%Mid-Atlantic +15%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

2%

3%

4%

5%6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15 '20

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Treasury, J.P. Morgan GlobalEconomic Research. Q3 2019. Dots are 2020 estimates.

Lowest unemploymentrate in 40 years

Budget deficit

États-Unis : découplage du taux de chômage et du déficit budgétaire% % du PIB

Sources : Bureau of Labor Statistics, Trésor américain, J.P. Morgan Global Economic Research. 3e trimestre 2019. Les points correspondent à des estimations pour 2020.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

4

Part of our optimism for 2020 is based on the continued strength of the US consumer. US consumption is close to its highest share of global GDP since 2008 and consumers are still optimistic, in contrast to US CEOs. Part of the reason: while manufacturing is treading water, service sectors that make up a larger share of the economy are doing better. As shown on pages 9-10, most measures of US wages, labor markets, household debt, consumer delinquencies and housing look pretty healthy.

It’s clear from the data why Trump is looking for a way out of the trade war. US manufacturing employment growth weakened since the trade war began, and now service sector employment most exposed to manufacturing is slowing as well. With US growth temporarily boosted by unsustainable fiscal stimulus (i.e., largest budget deficit on record at a time of full employment), the Administration’s trade war is arguably undercutting its own growth strategy fueled by tax cuts and deregulation.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25

40

55

70

85

100

115

130

145

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: Conference Board. November 2019.

US consumer confidence

US CEO confidence

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Service sector index

Manufacturing index

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s Service sectors MOST exposed to manufacturingService sectors LEAST exposed to manufacturingManufacturing

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Related data: 2019 rise in farm bankruptcies Midwest +12%Southwest +15%Mid-Atlantic +15%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

2%

3%

4%

5%6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15 '20

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Treasury, J.P. Morgan GlobalEconomic Research. Q3 2019. Dots are 2020 estimates.

Lowest unemploymentrate in 40 years

Budget deficit

Baisse de l’emploi dans le secteur du transport routier : conséquences économiques, et éventuellement politiques, variation sur 6 mois, %

Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics. Novembre 2019.

Page 9: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

8

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Autre facteur négatif pour 2020 : les valorisations sont élevées, et des difficultés apparaissent dans les investissements risqués et insuffisamment garantis. Les valorisations sont élevées depuis un certain temps en raison de la politique monétaire accommodante des banques centrales, mais des signes indiquent que les investisseurs commencent à faire preuve de plus de discernement en matière de fondamentaux du risque et des flux de trésorerie. Exemple n°1 : l’énergie. Les spreads de crédit des sociétés du secteur de l’énergie s’élargissent, mais ce n’est globalement pas le cas pour les obligations à haut rendement. En outre, après une décennie de sous-performance du secteur de l’énergie par rapport à l’ensemble du marché, les émissions d’obligations et d’actions du secteur se sont effondrées.

Le nombre de sociétés représentant un « maillon faible » - les sociétés notées B- ou moins avec une perspective négative (graphique suivant, à gauche) - a également flambé. Et comme le savent la plupart des investisseurs, certaines introductions en bourse en 2019 d’entreprises technologiques ont enregistré des performances médiocres. Toutefois, comme analysé en page 31, c’est principalement le cas des introductions en bourse de société revendiquant être des entreprises technologiques, mais qui ne possèdent pas certaines de leurs caractéristiques essentielles.

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

5

Another headwind for 2020: valuations are high, and we are starting to see cracks in risky and poorly underwritten investments. Valuations have been on the high side for a while given easy central bank money, but there are signs that investors are starting to be more discerning about risk and cash flow fundamentals. Example #1: energy. Credit spreads for energy companies are widening even as overall high yield spreads don’t. Furthermore, after a decade of energy sector underperformance vs the overall market, there has been a collapse in energy-related debt and equity issuance.

There has also been a spike in “weakest link” companies, which refers to companies rated B- or worse with negative outlooks (below, left). And as most investors are aware, some 2019 tech IPOs have been poor performers. However, as we discuss on page 25, this is mostly the case with IPOs of companies claiming to be technology firms but which lack some of their critical attributes.

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

2014 2015 2016 2018 2019Source: Bloomberg, JPM HY Strategy team. December 11, 2019.

US high yield spreadsSpread to worst

Energy

Ex-Energy$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

-300%

-250%

-200%

-150%

-100%

-50%

0%

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018Source: Bloomberg. November 2019. Issuance data for 2019 annualized.

E&P sector relative performance and issuanceS&P 500 E&P energy sector - S&P 500 total return US$, billions

S&P E&P energy sector performance vs market

E&P energy sector equity and HY bond issuance

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. November 18, 2019.

+212

%+1

99%

+185

%+1

53%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Anap

lan

Zsca

ler

Smar

tshe

etD

ocus

ign

Ever

Quo

teZo

omD

ynat

race

Med

allia

Surv

eyM

onke

yC

row

dStri

keD

atad

ogC

arbo

n Bl

ack

Clo

udfla

reFa

stly

Hea

lth C

atal

yst

Spot

ifyFi

verr

Pelo

ton

Tena

ble

Page

rDut

yZu

ora

Pint

eres

tPi

vota

lSo

nos

Livo

ngo

Even

tbrit

eD

ropb

oxSl

ack

Upw

ork

Ube

rLy

ftAr

loPure techHardwareMarketplace companiesHardware/softwareSocial media

Flambée du nombre d’entreprises représentant un « maillon faible »Nombre d’émetteurs notés B- ou moins avec une perspective négative ou mis sous surveillance avec implication négative

Source : S&P Global Ratings Research. 18 novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

5

Another headwind for 2020: valuations are high, and we are starting to see cracks in risky and poorly underwritten investments. Valuations have been on the high side for a while given easy central bank money, but there are signs that investors are starting to be more discerning about risk and cash flow fundamentals. Example #1: energy. Credit spreads for energy companies are widening even as overall high yield spreads don’t. Furthermore, after a decade of energy sector underperformance vs the overall market, there has been a collapse in energy-related debt and equity issuance.

There has also been a spike in “weakest link” companies, which refers to companies rated B- or worse with negative outlooks (below, left). And as most investors are aware, some 2019 tech IPOs have been poor performers. However, as we discuss on page 26, this is mostly the case with IPOs of companies claiming to be technology firms but which lack some of their critical attributes.

US equity valuation measures: high vs history. As shown in the table on the next page, most valuation measures are around the 90th percentile of historical expensiveness. These measures crept up during 2019, since the double-digit equity rally in 2019 was based almost entirely on multiple expansion, in contrast to the 2009-2018 period when the US equity rally was driven primarily by earnings growth. While we expect profits to rise modestly in 2020, gains may be limited due to rising labor, interest, depreciation and SG&A costs, all of which are trending higher relative to revenues.

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

2014 2015 2016 2018 2019Source: Bloomberg, JPM HY Strategy team. December 11, 2019.

US high yield spreadsSpread to worst

Energy

Ex-Energy$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

-300%

-250%

-200%

-150%

-100%

-50%

0%

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

s

Source: Bloomberg. November 2019. Issuance data for 2019 annualized.

E&P sector relative performance and issuanceS&P 500 E&P energy sector - S&P 500 total return US$, billions

S&P E&P energy sectorperformance vs market

E&P energy sector equity and HY bond issuance

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. November 18, 2019.

A spike in weakest link companiesNumber of issuers rated B- or lower with negative outlooks or ratings on CreditWatch with negative implications

+201

%+1

92%

+191

%+1

54%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Ana

plan

Sm

arts

heet

Zsca

ler

Doc

usig

nE

verQ

uote

Zoom

Dyn

atra

ceM

edal

liaS

urve

yMon

key

Cro

wdS

trike

Dat

adog

Car

bon

Bla

ckH

ealth

Cat

alys

tFa

stly

Clo

udfla

reS

potif

yFi

verr

Tena

ble

Son

osZu

ora

Piv

otal

Pag

erD

uty

Pel

oton

Pin

tere

stE

vent

brite

Livo

ngo

Sla

ckD

ropb

oxU

pwor

kU

ber

Lyft

Arlo

Pure techHardwareMarketplace companiesHardware/softwareSocial media

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management, Bloomberg. December 30, 2019.

Les introductions en bourse des véritables entreprises technologiques affichent de bonnes performancesPerformance vs le prix de l’action lors de l’introduction en bourse

Sources : J.P.Morgan Asset Management, Bloomberg. 30 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

5

Another headwind for 2020: valuations are high, and we are starting to see cracks in risky and poorly underwritten investments. Valuations have been on the high side for a while given easy central bank money, but there are signs that investors are starting to be more discerning about risk and cash flow fundamentals. Example #1: energy. Credit spreads for energy companies are widening even as overall high yield spreads don’t. Furthermore, after a decade of energy sector underperformance vs the overall market, there has been a collapse in energy-related debt and equity issuance.

There has also been a spike in “weakest link” companies, which refers to companies rated B- or worse with negative outlooks (below, left). And as most investors are aware, some 2019 tech IPOs have been poor performers. However, as we discuss on page 25, this is mostly the case with IPOs of companies claiming to be technology firms but which lack some of their critical attributes.

US equity valuation measures: high vs history. As shown in the table on the next page, most valuation measures are around the 90th percentile of historical expensiveness. These measures crept up during 2019, since the double-digit equity rally in 2019 was based almost entirely on multiple expansion, in contrast to the 2009-2018 period when the US equity rally was driven primarily by earnings growth. While we expect profits to rise modestly in 2020, gains may be limited due to rising labor, interest, depreciation and SG&A costs, all of which are trending higher relative to revenues.

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

2014 2015 2016 2018 2019

Energy

Ex-Energy$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

-300%

-250%

-200%

-150%

-100%

-50%

0%

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

s

S&P E&P energy sectorperformance vs market

E&P energy sector equity and HY bond issuance

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. September 2019.

+210

%+1

94%

+185

%+1

54%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Anap

lan

Zsca

ler

Smar

tshe

etD

ocus

ign

Ever

Quo

teZo

omD

ynat

race

Med

allia

Surv

eyM

onke

yC

row

dStri

keD

atad

ogC

arbo

n Bl

ack

Hea

lth C

atal

yst

Fast

lyC

loud

flare

Spot

ifyFi

verr

Pelo

ton

Tena

ble

Zuor

aPi

vota

lSo

nos

Page

rDut

yPi

nter

est

Livo

ngo

Even

tbrit

eSl

ack

Dro

pbox

Upw

ork

Ube

rLy

ftAr

lo

Pure techHardwareMarketplace companiesHardware/softwareSocial media

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management, Bloomberg. December 17, 2019.

Spreads des obligations à haut rendement américainesÉcart de performance

Sources : Bloomberg, équipe JPM HY Strategy. 11 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

5

Another headwind for 2020: valuations are high, and we are starting to see cracks in risky and poorly underwritten investments. Valuations have been on the high side for a while given easy central bank money, but there are signs that investors are starting to be more discerning about risk and cash flow fundamentals. Example #1: energy. Credit spreads for energy companies are widening even as overall high yield spreads don’t. Furthermore, after a decade of energy sector underperformance vs the overall market, there has been a collapse in energy-related debt and equity issuance.

There has also been a spike in “weakest link” companies, which refers to companies rated B- or worse with negative outlooks (below, left). And as most investors are aware, some 2019 tech IPOs have been poor performers. However, as we discuss on page 25, this is mostly the case with IPOs of companies claiming to be technology firms but which lack some of their critical attributes.

US equity valuation measures: high vs history. As shown in the table on the next page, most valuation measures are around the 90th percentile of historical expensiveness. These measures crept up during 2019, since the double-digit equity rally in 2019 was based almost entirely on multiple expansion, in contrast to the 2009-2018 period when the US equity rally was driven primarily by earnings growth. While we expect profits to rise modestly in 2020, gains may be limited due to rising labor, interest, depreciation and SG&A costs, all of which are trending higher relative to revenues.

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

2014 2015 2016 2018 2019

Energy

Ex-Energy$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

-300%

-250%

-200%

-150%

-100%

-50%

0%

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Hun

dred

sS&P E&P energy sectorperformance vs market

E&P energy sector equity and HY bond issuance

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. September 2019.

+210

%+1

94%

+185

%+1

54%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Anap

lan

Zsca

ler

Smar

tshe

etD

ocus

ign

Ever

Quo

teZo

omD

ynat

race

Med

allia

Surv

eyM

onke

yC

row

dStri

keD

atad

ogC

arbo

n Bl

ack

Hea

lth C

atal

yst

Fast

lyC

loud

flare

Spot

ifyFi

verr

Pelo

ton

Tena

ble

Zuor

aPi

vota

lSo

nos

Page

rDut

yPi

nter

est

Livo

ngo

Even

tbrit

eSl

ack

Dro

pbox

Upw

ork

Ube

rLy

ftAr

lo

Pure techHardwareMarketplace companiesHardware/softwareSocial media

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management, Bloomberg. December 17, 2019.

Secteur de l’exploration-production du S&P 500 – rendement (dividendes réinvestis) du S&P 500

Source : Bloomberg. Novembre 2019. Les données de 2019 sur les émissions sont annualisées.

Performance relative et émissions du secteur de l’exploration-production

Milliards de dollars

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9

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Les multiples de valorisation des actions américaines sont historiquement élevés. Comme le montre le tableau suivant, la plupart des multiples de valorisation se situent autour du 90e centile de cherté historique. Ces multiples ont augmenté en 2019, puisque la hausse à deux chiffres des actions en 2019 a reposé presque entièrement sur la hausse des multiples, contrairement à la période 2009-2018 où le rebond des actions américaines a été principalement tiré par la croissance des bénéfices. Nous anticipons une progression modeste des bénéfices en 2020, mais les hausses pourraient être limitées en raison de l’augmentation des coûts de main-d’œuvre, des intérêts, des amortissements et des frais commerciaux, généraux et administratifs, facteurs dont la part a tendance à augmenter par rapport au chiffre d’affaires.

Certaines recherches que je lis se concentrent sur les rendements de la trésorerie disponible, mais le faible niveau apparent de cet indicateur est dû à une forte baisse de l’intensité des dépenses d’investissement des sociétés américaines depuis 2008. Si vous deviez mesurer le rendement de la trésorerie disponible depuis 2009 seulement, il semble d’un niveau tout à fait comparable aux autres indicateurs.

Un autre indicateur mérite d’être examiné, que nous analysons plus en détail en page 32. Il existe un nombre croissant d’entreprises que nous avons baptisées jeunes sociétés non rentables, qui affichent un résultat net négatif, une croissance rapide de leurs ventes, et existent depuis moins de 5 ans. Je ne pense pas que les excès de la fin des années 19904 se reproduiront un jour, mais comme on peut le voir ci-après, certains indicateurs s’en rapprochent. La part de la capitalisation boursière américaine attribuable aux jeunes sociétés non rentables représente environ un tiers du point haut atteint en 2000, et la part des jeunes sociétés non rentables dans le total des dépenses des entreprises au titre des frais commerciaux, généraux et administratifs, des dépenses d’investissement et de la recherche et du développement est plus élevée encore. Si les investisseurs se lassent de financer les jeunes sociétés non rentables, les conséquences sur la croissance et sur les bénéfices des sociétés technologiques de grande capitalisation pourraient être significatives.

Toutefois, le faible volume de l’offre nette d’actions américaines devrait limiter la durée et la baisse du prochain désengagement, qu’il ait ou non lieu sur fond de récession américaine. Pour mémoire, après le désengagement de 20 % de décembre 2018, l’indice S&P 500 a connu son plus rapide rebond à l’issue d’une baisse jamais enregistré au cours des 100 jours qui ont suivi. Comme analysé en novembre dernier, le prochain désengagement devrait être de 35 % à 45 % pour valider les prévisions baissières virales des Armageddonistes.

4 À la fin des années 1990, les deux PDG de TheGlobe.com ont été invités à prendre la parole à la réunion interne de la direction générale de J.P. Morgan, la première à laquelle j’ai été convié. J’ai cherché sur mon terminal Bloomberg quelle était l’activité de la société et j’ai lu : « TheGlobe.Com n’a pas encore rendu public son modèle économique ». Je me suis renseigné et personne d’autre n’avait la moindre idée de ce qu’ils faisaient. Leur action s’est désintégrée au cours des mois qui ont suivi.

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

6

Some research I see focuses on free cash flow yields, but the apparent cheapness of this measure is due to a sharp decline in capital spending intensity of US companies since 2008. If you were to measure free cash flow yield only since 2009, it looks just as expensive as the other measures.

Here’s another measure worth watching which we discuss in more detail on page 26. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever re-live the lunacy that took place at the end of the 1990’s4, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around a third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. If investors tire of financing the YUCs, consequences for growth and large cap tech profits could be material.

Nevertheless, the slow pace of net US equity supply should mitigate the duration and downside of the next selloff, whether it takes place with or without a US recession. As a reminder, after the 20% selloff that took place in December 2018, the S&P 500 staged its fastest bear-market recovery on record over the subsequent 100 days. As we discussed last November, the magnitude of the next selloff would have to be 35%-45% in order to validate the viral bearish predictions of the Armageddonists.

4 At the end of the 1990’s, the two CEOs of TheGlobe.Com were invited to speak at J.P. Morgan’s internal Managing Director meeting, the first one I was invited to. I checked my Bloomberg terminal to see what the company did, and it said “TheGlobe.Com has no publicly announced business model at this time”. I asked around and no one else had any idea what they did either. Their stock disintegrated over the next few months.

S&P 500 valuation metric Current Historical percentile

US market cap / GDP 199% 99th

Enterprise value / Sales 2.5x 99th

Enterprise value / EBITDA 12.7x 93rd

Price / Book 3.6x 90th

Cyclically adjusted P/E 27.8x 89th

Forward P/E 18.4x 88th

Cash flow yield 7.2% 85th

Free cash flow yield 4.1% 53rd

S&P earnings yield - 10Y UST 362 bps 28th

Median metric 89th 30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

Average 1990-2002: 69%

Average 2003-2019: 46%

Capital spending as % of cash flow from operations, USS&P 500 ex financials

Source: Goldman Sachs Investment Research. November 2019.

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market capitalization Corporate spending

Young Unprofitable Companies% of total market cap and corporate spending

Source: Factset, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Q3 2019.

Young unprofitable company:● Negative net income in 2 of last 3 yrs● Less than 5 years since IPO● Annual revenues growing > 15%

-$600-$400-$200

$0$200$400$600$800

$1,000$1,200$1,400

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

'05

'06

'07

'08

'09

'10

'11

'12

'13

'14

'15

'16

'17

'18

'19

Non - US US Total

Unprecedented low levels of net US equity supplyUS$ billions, based on MSCI All Country World Equity Index

Source: JPM Global Markets Strategy Flows & Liquidity Report. Nov 2019.

Source : Goldman Sachs Investment Research. EBITDA = earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization, résultat avant intérêts, impôts et dotation aux amortissements et aux provisions. 16 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

6

Some research I see focuses on free cash flow yields, but the apparent cheapness of this measure is due to a sharp decline in capital spending intensity of US companies since 2008. If you were to measure free cash flow yield only since 2009, it looks just as expensive as the other measures.

Here’s another measure worth watching which we discuss in more detail on page 26. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever re-live the lunacy that took place at the end of the 1990’s4, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around a third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. If investors tire of financing the YUCs, consequences for growth and large cap tech profits could be material.

Nevertheless, the slow pace of net US equity supply should mitigate the duration and downside of the next selloff, whether it takes place with or without a US recession. As a reminder, after the 20% selloff that took place in December 2018, the S&P 500 staged its fastest bear-market recovery on record over the subsequent 100 days. As we discussed last November, the magnitude of the next selloff would have to be 35%-45% in order to validate the viral bearish predictions of the Armageddonists.

4 At the end of the 1990’s, the two CEOs of TheGlobe.Com were invited to speak at J.P. Morgan’s internal Managing Director meeting, the first one I was invited to. I checked my Bloomberg terminal to see what the company did, and it said “TheGlobe.Com has no publicly announced business model at this time”. I asked around and no one else had any idea what they did either. Their stock disintegrated over the next few months.

S&P 500 valuation metric Current Historical percentile

US market cap / GDP 199% 99th

Enterprise value / Sales 2.5x 99th

Enterprise value / EBITDA 12.7x 93rd

Price / Book 3.6x 90th

Cyclically adjusted P/E 27.8x 89th

Forward P/E 18.4x 88th

Cash flow yield 7.2% 85th

Free cash flow yield 4.1% 53rd

S&P earnings yield - 10Y UST 362 bps 28th

Median metric 89th 30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

Average 1990-2002: 69%

Average 2003-2019: 46%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market capitalization Corporate spending

Young unprofitable company: Negative net income in 2 of last 3 yrs Less than 5 years since IPO Annual revenues growing > 15%

-$600-$400-$200

$0$200$400$600$800

$1,000$1,200$1,400

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

'05

'06

'07

'08

'09

'10

'11

'12

'13

'14

'15

'16

'17

'18

'19

Non - US US Total

Unprecedented low levels of net US equity supplyUS$ billions, based on MSCI All Country World Equity Index

États-Unis : dépenses d’investissement en % de la trésorerie générée par les activitésS&P 500 hors secteur financier

Source : Goldman Sachs Investment Research. Novembre 2019.

Page 11: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

10

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Les grands risques pour 20205. Sur la base des éléments que nous avons passés en revue, 2020 devrait être pour les investisseurs une nouvelle année d’expansion mondiale accompagnée de rendements de 7 %-10 % des marchés actions. Mais comme Ulysse franchissant le détroit de Messine, les investisseurs seront confrontés en 2020 à deux risques importants. Dans l’Odyssée d’Homère, Ulysse a dû survivre à la fois à un monstre marin (Scylla) et à un tourbillon géant (Charybde) :

Pour les investisseurs, l’un des dangers de 2020 est un rebond de l’inflation des salaires ou des prix aux États-Unis, qui signifierait que la Réserve fédérale a commis une grave erreur en abaissant les taux réels à zéro (une fois de plus). Comme le montre le graphique suivant (à gauche), la réflexion de la Réserve fédérale sur les taux directeurs a profondément évolué depuis 2007, les estimations actuelles du taux d’intérêt réel naturel étant inférieures à 1 % (les taux directeurs réels sont même inférieurs à ce niveau). L’autre danger est une restructuration progressiste de l’économie américaine après les élections (interdiction des rachats d’actions,

5 Bien sûr, un troisième grand risque est celui d’une reprise de la guerre commerciale. Robert Lighthizer, Représentant au Commerce des États-Unis, et le vice-premier ministre Liu He devraient signer la phase I de l’accord commercial début janvier. Après cela, nous n’anticipons plus de nouveaux droits de douane sur la Chine ni de droits de douane ou de pénalités significatifs sur les importations américaines d’automobiles et de pièces détachées en provenance d’Europe et du Japon. Toutefois, certains observateurs doutent que les importations agricoles chinoises en provenance des États-Unis atteignent le chiffre de 50 milliards de dollars cité par Donald Trump (ce qui représente 2 fois le niveau de 2017). En outre, si les représentants chinois ont confirmé l’existence d’un accord lors d’une conférence de presse en décembre, ils n’ont pas précisé les engagements concernant les achats agricoles, l’ouverture des marchés ou les réformes structurelles, soulignant que le texte devait encore être mis en forme sur le plan légal et traduit en chinois. La circonspection entourant la phase I de l’accord est renforcée par la faible réduction des droits de douane de Donald Trump (voir le graphique en page 5).

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

6

Some research I see focuses on free cash flow yields, but the apparent cheapness of this measure is due to a sharp decline in capital spending intensity of US companies since 2008. If you were to measure free cash flow yield only since 2009, it looks just as expensive as the other measures.

Here’s another measure worth watching which we discuss in more detail on page 26. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever re-live the lunacy that took place at the end of the 1990’s4, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around a third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. If investors tire of financing the YUCs, consequences for growth and large cap tech profits could be material.

Nevertheless, the slow pace of net US equity supply should mitigate the duration and downside of the next selloff, whether it takes place with or without a US recession. As a reminder, after the 20% selloff that took place in December 2018, the S&P 500 staged its fastest bear-market recovery on record over the subsequent 100 days. As we discussed last November, the magnitude of the next selloff would have to be 35%-45% in order to validate the viral bearish predictions of the Armageddonists.

4 At the end of the 1990’s, the two CEOs of TheGlobe.Com were invited to speak at J.P. Morgan’s internal Managing Director meeting, the first one I was invited to. I checked my Bloomberg terminal to see what the company did, and it said “TheGlobe.Com has no publicly announced business model at this time”. I asked around and no one else had any idea what they did either. Their stock disintegrated over the next few months.

S&P 500 valuation metric Current Historical percentile

US market cap / GDP 199% 99th

Enterprise value / Sales 2.5x 99th

Enterprise value / EBITDA 12.7x 93rd

Price / Book 3.6x 90th

Cyclically adjusted P/E 27.8x 89th

Forward P/E 18.4x 88th

Cash flow yield 7.2% 85th

Free cash flow yield 4.1% 53rd

S&P earnings yield - 10Y UST 362 bps 28th

Median metric 89th 30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

Average 1990-2002: 69%

Average 2003-2019: 46%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market capitalization Corporate spending

Young unprofitable company: Negative net income in 2 of last 3 yrs Less than 5 years since IPO Annual revenues growing > 15%

-$600-$400-$200

$0$200$400$600$800

$1,000$1,200$1,400

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

'05

'06

'07

'08

'09

'10

'11

'12

'13

'14

'15

'16

'17

'18

'19

Non - US US Total

Unprecedented low levels of net US equity supplyUS$ billions, based on MSCI All Country World Equity Index

Jeunes sociétés non rentables% du total de la capitalisation boursière et des dépenses des entreprises

Sources : Factset, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

6

Some research I see focuses on free cash flow yields, but the apparent cheapness of this measure is due to a sharp decline in capital spending intensity of US companies since 2008. If you were to measure free cash flow yield only since 2009, it looks just as expensive as the other measures.

Here’s another measure worth watching which we discuss in more detail on page 26. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever re-live the lunacy that took place at the end of the 1990’s4, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around a third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. If investors tire of financing the YUCs, consequences for growth and large cap tech profits could be material.

Nevertheless, the slow pace of net US equity supply should mitigate the duration and downside of the next selloff, whether it takes place with or without a US recession. As a reminder, after the 20% selloff that took place in December 2018, the S&P 500 staged its fastest bear-market recovery on record over the subsequent 100 days. As we discussed last November, the magnitude of the next selloff would have to be 35%-45% in order to validate the viral bearish predictions of the Armageddonists.

4 At the end of the 1990’s, the two CEOs of TheGlobe.Com were invited to speak at J.P. Morgan’s internal Managing Director meeting, the first one I was invited to. I checked my Bloomberg terminal to see what the company did, and it said “TheGlobe.Com has no publicly announced business model at this time”. I asked around and no one else had any idea what they did either. Their stock disintegrated over the next few months.

S&P 500 valuation metric Current Historical percentile

US market cap / GDP 199% 99th

Enterprise value / Sales 2.5x 99th

Enterprise value / EBITDA 12.7x 93rd

Price / Book 3.6x 90th

Cyclically adjusted P/E 27.8x 89th

Forward P/E 18.4x 88th

Cash flow yield 7.2% 85th

Free cash flow yield 4.1% 53rd

S&P earnings yield - 10Y UST 362 bps 28th

Median metric 89th 30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

Average 1990-2002: 69%

Average 2003-2019: 46%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market capitalization Corporate spending

Young unprofitable company: Negative net income in 2 of last 3 yrs Less than 5 years since IPO Annual revenues growing > 15%

-$600-$400-$200

$0$200$400$600$800

$1,000$1,200$1,400

'99

'00

'01

'02

'03

'04

'05

'06

'07

'08

'09

'10

'11

'12

'13

'14

'15

'16

'17

'18

'19

Non - US US Total

Unprecedented low levels of net US equity supplyUS$ billions, based on MSCI All Country World Equity Index

Niveau bas inédit de l’offre nette d’actions américainesMilliards de dollars, sur la base de l’Indice MSCI All Country World Equity

Source : JPM Global Markets Strategy Flows & Liquidity Report. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

7

The big risks for 20205. Based on what we’ve discussed so far, we believe that 2020 should offer investors another year of global expansion and 7%-10% returns in equity markets. But like Odysseus crossing the Strait of Messina, investors in 2020 face two substantial risks. In Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus had to survive both a Sea Monster (Scylla) and a giant whirlpool (Charybdis):

For investors, one 2020 peril is a pickup in US wage or price inflation that indicates that the Fed has made a serious mistake in cutting real rates to zero (again). The Fed’s thinking on policy rates has undergone a massive shift since 2007, with current estimates of the natural real rate of interest at less than 1% (actual real policy rates are even below this level). The other peril: a progressive overhaul of the US economy after the election (bans on stock buybacks, increased corporate tax rates, sector-level collective bargaining, etc; see pages 22-24). The 2nd chart is one way to illustrate the breadth of the 2020 progressive agenda: Warren’s tax increase proposals are roughly 2.5 times the level of FDR’s tax increases that took place during the Great Depression, a time when US unemployment reached 22%.

5 Of course, a third big risk is that the Trade War reignites again. US Trade Rep Robert Lighthizer and Vice Premier Liu He are expected to sign the Phase I trade agreement in early January. After that, we would not expect any more tariffs on China, and do not expect material tariffs or penalties on US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan. However, some observers doubt that Chinese agricultural imports from the US will reach the $50 bn measure Trump cited (which is 2x the 2017 level). Furthermore, while Chinese officials confirmed the existence of a deal at a December press conference, they were not precise about commitments on agriculture purchases, market opening or structural reforms, emphasizing that the text still needed to be legally scrubbed and translated into Chinese. The tentativeness of the Phase I agreement is reinforced by how small Trump’s tariff reduction was (see chart page 3).

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1980 1985 1991 1996 2002 2007 2013 2018

Hun

dred

s

Current real Fed Funds rate

in 1932

in 2020by 1939

by 2029

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

FDRRevenue and Social Security

Acts of 1934, 1935, 1936, 1938

WarrenVarious proposals (excl.

Employer Medicare taxes)

Page 12: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

11

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

augmentation des taux de l’impôt sur les bénéfices, négociations collectives par secteur d’activité, etc. ; voir pages 27-30). Le graphique suivant (à droite) présente une illustration possible de l’ampleur du programme des progressistes de 2020 : les propositions de hausses d’impôt d’Elizabeth Warren sont environ 2,5 fois plus élevées que les augmentations d’impôt de Franklin Roosevelt mises en place pendant la Grande Dépression, à une époque où le chômage s’élevait à 22 % aux États-Unis.

Évaluation des principaux risques. Nous estimons qu’une hausse surprise de l’inflation aux États-Unis est peu probable pour les raisons évoquées aux pages 21-22. Une restructuration progressiste de l’économie américaine, quant à elle, dépendra des électeurs américains, et du fait que la robustesse de l’économie américaine contrebalancera ou non les agissements peu orthodoxes et les écarts de conduite du Président (largement détaillés par ailleurs). Le graphique suivant (à gauche) montre à quel point les conditions actuelles6 sont, d’un point de vue historique, favorables à Donald Trump en tant que Président sortant. Toutefois, ce contexte positif n’a pas joué en faveur des Républicains lors des élections de mi-mandat de 2018, où ils ont perdu 40 sièges ; ce nombre est très élevé compte tenu des conditions économiques et de marché porteuses à l’époque. Les électeurs sont manifestement motivés par d’autres facteurs à l’heure actuelle.

6 Notre score des conditions du marché et de la conjoncture économique aux États-Unis intègre l’inflation des prix à la consommation, l’inflation des prix à la production, le niveau de chômage, l’évolution du chômage, le PIB par habitant aux États-Unis par rapport au G10, le rendement et la volatilité du marché actions et la hausse des prix des logements. Ces facteurs ont été sélectionnés en fonction de leur disponibilité depuis la fin des années 1800.

SY

NT

SE

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

7

The big risks for 20205. Based on what we’ve discussed so far, we believe that 2020 should offer investors another year of global expansion and 7%-10% returns in equity markets. But like Odysseus crossing the Strait of Messina, investors in 2020 face two substantial risks. In Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus had to survive both a Sea Monster (Scylla) and a giant whirlpool (Charybdis):

For investors, one 2020 peril is a pickup in US wage or price inflation that indicates that the Fed has made a serious mistake in cutting real rates to zero (again). The Fed’s thinking on policy rates has undergone a massive shift since 2007, with current estimates of the natural real rate of interest at less than 1% (actual real policy rates are even below this level). The other peril: a progressive overhaul of the US economy after the election (bans on stock buybacks, increased corporate tax rates, sector-level collective bargaining, etc; see pages 22-24). The 2nd chart is one way to illustrate the breadth of the 2020 progressive agenda: Warren’s tax increase proposals are roughly 2.5 times the level of FDR’s tax increases that took place during the Great Depression, a time when US unemployment reached 22%.

5 Of course, a third big risk is that the Trade War reignites again. US Trade Rep Robert Lighthizer and Vice Premier Liu He are expected to sign the Phase I trade agreement in early January. After that, we would not expect any more tariffs on China, and do not expect material tariffs or penalties on US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan. However, some observers doubt that Chinese agricultural imports from the US will reach the $50 bn measure Trump cited (which is 2x the 2017 level). Furthermore, while Chinese officials confirmed the existence of a deal at a December press conference, they were not precise about commitments on agriculture purchases, market opening or structural reforms, emphasizing that the text still needed to be legally scrubbed and translated into Chinese. The tentativeness of the Phase I agreement is reinforced by how small Trump’s tariff reduction was (see chart page 3).

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1980 1985 1991 1996 2002 2007 2013 2018

Hun

dred

s

Current real Fed Funds rate

in 1932

in 2020by 1939

by 2029

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

FDRRevenue and Social Security

Acts of 1934, 1935, 1936, 1938

WarrenVarious proposals (excl.

Employer Medicare taxes)

L’évolution radicale de la réflexion de la Réserve fédérale sur les taux directeurs réelsEstimation du taux d’intérêt réel naturel (R-star)

Sources : Laubach-Williams, Réserve fédérale de New York. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

8

Assessing the big risks. On a US inflation surprise, we believe this is unlikely for the reasons discussed on pages 17-18. As for a progressive overhaul of the US economy, that will depend on the US electorate, and whether unorthodoxies and misdeeds of the President (chronicled in great detail elsewhere) offset a pretty strong US economy. The first chart below shows how current conditions6 compare favorably for Trump as an incumbent compared to history. However, that didn’t help Republicans much in the 2018 midterm elections, when the GOP lost 40 seats; that’s a very large number given how positive economic and market conditions were at the time. There are clearly other factors driving the electorate right now.

In the remainder of the Outlook, we answer 10 questions we’ve been receiving from clients as we head into 2020.

1. Why don’t I think there will be a US recession in 2020?

2. What are the greatest risks to investors in credit markets when the next recession occurs?

3. Why do US equity markets keep outperforming Europe and Japan?

4. How is China doing at a time of trade conflict, and what are implications for EM investors?

5. Why is US inflation dead?

6. What are negative interest rates doing to European banks?

7. Will value stocks ever stop underperforming growth?

8. What are the greatest risks to markets from a possible progressive overhaul of the US economy?

9. What is going on in US IPO markets?

10. What is the most interesting breakthrough I learned about in 2020?

Michael Cembalest J.P. Morgan Asset Management

6 Our US market and economic conditions score incorporates consumer price inflation, producer price inflation, unemployment level, change in unemployment, US per capita GDP vs the G10, equity market returns/volatility and home price appreciation. They were selected based on their availability since the late 1800’s.

WW

L

W

W

L

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L W

L

W

W

W

?

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

1896

1904

1912

1920

1928

1936

1944

1952

1960

1968

1976

1984

1992

2000

2008

2016

Incumbent runsNo incumbent

1910

1922

1926

1930

1954

1958

1970

1974

1982

19861990

20062018

1914

1918

1938

19421946

1950

1962

1966

1978

1994

2010

2014

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

0

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2019. Red=GOP, Blue = Dem.Market/economic score (see footnote)

Seat

s lo

st b

y Pr

esid

ent's

Party

Élections de 2020 : des facteurs positifs inédits depuis 1896Score de marché/économique (voir la note de bas de page)

Source : J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

8

Assessing the big risks. On a US inflation surprise, we believe this is unlikely for the reasons discussed on pages 17-18. As for a progressive overhaul of the US economy, that will depend on the US electorate, and whether unorthodoxies and misdeeds of the President (chronicled in great detail elsewhere) offset a pretty strong US economy. The first chart below shows how current conditions6 compare favorably for Trump as an incumbent compared to history. However, that didn’t help Republicans much in the 2018 midterm elections, when the GOP lost 40 seats; that’s a very large number given how positive economic and market conditions were at the time. There are clearly other factors driving the electorate right now.

In the remainder of the Outlook, we answer 10 questions we’ve been receiving from clients as we head into 2020.

1. Why don’t I think there will be a US recession in 2020?

2. What are the greatest risks to investors in credit markets when the next recession occurs?

3. Why do US equity markets keep outperforming Europe and Japan?

4. How is China doing at a time of trade conflict, and what are implications for EM investors?

5. Why is US inflation dead?

6. What are negative interest rates doing to European banks?

7. Will value stocks ever stop underperforming growth?

8. What are the greatest risks to markets from a possible progressive overhaul of the US economy?

9. What is going on in US IPO markets?

10. What is the most interesting breakthrough I learned about in 2020?

Michael Cembalest J.P. Morgan Asset Management

6 Our US market and economic conditions score incorporates consumer price inflation, producer price inflation, unemployment level, change in unemployment, US per capita GDP vs the G10, equity market returns/volatility and home price appreciation. They were selected based on their availability since the late 1800’s.

WW

L

W

W

L

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L W

L

W

W

W

?

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

1896

1904

1912

1920

1928

1936

1944

1952

1960

1968

1976

1984

1992

2000

2008

2016

Incumbent runsNo incumbent

1910

1922

1926

1930

1954

1958

1970

1974

1982

19861990

20062018

1914

1918

1938

19421946

1950

1962

1966

1978

1994

2010

2014

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

0

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2019. Red=GOP, Blue = Dem.Market/economic score (see footnote)

Seat

s lo

st b

y Pr

esid

ent's

Party

Les Républicains ont perdu un grand nombre de sièges à la Chambre des Représentants lors des élections de 2018 malgré des conditions boursières et économiques favorables

Source : J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2019. Rouge = Républicains, bleu = Démocrates.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

7

The big risks for 20205. Based on what we’ve discussed so far, we believe that 2020 should offer investors another year of global expansion and 7%-10% returns in equity markets. But like Odysseus crossing the Strait of Messina, investors in 2020 face two substantial risks. In Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus had to survive both a Sea Monster (Scylla) and a giant whirlpool (Charybdis):

For investors, one 2020 peril is a pickup in US wage or price inflation that indicates that the Fed has made a serious mistake in cutting real rates to zero (again). The Fed’s thinking on policy rates has undergone a massive shift since 2007, with current estimates of the natural real rate of interest at less than 1% (actual real policy rates are even below this level). The other peril: a progressive overhaul of the US economy after the election (bans on stock buybacks, increased corporate tax rates, sector-level collective bargaining, etc; see pages 22-24). The 2nd chart is one way to illustrate the breadth of the 2020 progressive agenda: Warren’s tax increase proposals are roughly 2.5 times the level of FDR’s tax increases that took place during the Great Depression, a time when US unemployment reached 22%.

5 Of course, a third big risk is that the Trade War reignites again. US Trade Rep Robert Lighthizer and Vice Premier Liu He are expected to sign the Phase I trade agreement in early January. After that, we would not expect any more tariffs on China, and do not expect material tariffs or penalties on US auto/parts imports from Europe and Japan. However, some observers doubt that Chinese agricultural imports from the US will reach the $50 bn measure Trump cited (which is 2x the 2017 level). Furthermore, while Chinese officials confirmed the existence of a deal at a December press conference, they were not precise about commitments on agriculture purchases, market opening or structural reforms, emphasizing that the text still needed to be legally scrubbed and translated into Chinese. The tentativeness of the Phase I agreement is reinforced by how small Trump’s tariff reduction was (see chart page 3).

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1980 1985 1991 1996 2002 2007 2013 2018

Hun

dred

s

Current real Fed Funds rate

in 1932

in 2020by 1939

by 2029

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

FDRRevenue and Social Security

Acts of 1934, 1935, 1936, 1938

WarrenVarious proposals (excl.

Employer Medicare taxes)

Hausse des impôts prévue par les progressistesRecettes fiscales annuelles fédérales, % du PIB

Sources : J.P. Morgan Asset Management, Conseil de la Réserve fédérale (St Louis), National Taxpayer Union, Committee for a Responsible Budget Office, Congressional Budget Office. 2019.

Page 13: Eye on the Market - Perspectives 2020 - J.P. Morgan · 2020-01-11 · eye on the market michael cembalest j.p. morgan 2020 outlook 1 investment products are: not fdic insured not

12

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Dans la suite des Perspectives, nous répondons à 10 questions qui nous ont été posées par des clients à l’approche de 2020.

1. Pourquoi je ne prévois pas de récession aux États-Unis en 2020

2. Quels seront les plus grands risques pour les investisseurs sur les marchés du crédit lors de la prochaine récession ?

3. Pourquoi le marché actions américain surperforme-t-il systématiquement les marchés actions européens et japonais ?

4. Comment se porte la Chine en cette période de guerre commerciale et quelles sont les conséquences pour les investisseurs sur les marchés émergents ?

5. Pourquoi l’inflation est-elle en panne aux États-Unis ?

6. Quelles sont les conséquences des taux d’intérêt négatifs pour les banques européennes ?

7. Les valeurs de rendement vont-elles un jour cesser d’être à la traîne par rapport aux valeurs de croissance ?

8. Quels sont les principaux risques pour les marchés en cas de restructuration progressiste de l’économie américaine en 2020 ?

9. Que se passe-t-il sur le marché américain des introductions en bourse ?

10. Quelle est l’avancée la plus intéressante dont j’ai pris connaissance en 2019 ?

Michael CembalestJ.P. Morgan Asset Management

SY

NT

SE

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13

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[1] Pourquoi je ne prévois pas de récession aux États-Unis en 2020

La plupart des récessions sont dues au durcissement de la politique monétaire de la Réserve fédérale en réaction à la hausse de l’inflation des salaires et des prix, ou à un choc affectant les conditions financières (crise de la dette et des banques, choc pétrolier, guerre commerciale mondiale, etc.). Concernant l’inflation, les conditions décrites aux pages 21 et 22 devraient permettre à la Réserve fédérale d’éviter de durcir sa politique monétaire pendant encore une année. Après ajustement au titre des évolutions structurelles de l’économie américaine, les derniers modèles de réces-sion intègrent désormais des indicateurs de conjoncture tels que les enquêtes PMI/ISM, l’inflation tendancielle, la forme de la courbe des rendements à un horizon de 18 mois, les spreads de crédit et le solde financier du secteur privé. Selon cette approche, les probabilités de récession aux États-Unis à 12-24 mois ressortent à environ 25 %.

Concernant les chocs systémiques, la guerre commerciale a ébranlé la confiance des chefs d’entreprise : 67 % des répondants à l’enquête Duke de septembre 2019 auprès des directeurs financiers estiment que les États-Unis seront en récession d’ici fin 2020. Toutefois, la solidité de la situation financière des consommateurs américains (plus bas service de la dette en 40 ans) et du marché de l’emploi américain (taux de chômage au plus bas sur les 50 dernières années) compense en partie la faiblesse du secteur manufacturier. Bien que les conditions du marché du travail accusent un retard par rapport aux indicateurs, le degré de vigueur laisse penser que le degré de résilience est suffisant pour éviter une récession due aux contrecoups de la guerre commerciale. Jusqu’ici, les consommateurs américains ont supporté les coûts liés aux droits de douane ; toutefois, l’évolution en faveur de produits américains fabriqués aux États-Unis, la baisse des bénéfices des importateurs américains, la diminution des bénéfices des exportateurs chinois et le repli du taux de change chinois ont également absorbé une partie de ces coûts. L’arrêt de la production du Boeing 737 Max pourrait réduire de 0,3 %-0,4 % la croissance américaine au 1er trimestre 2020 ; une reprise de la production donnerait un coup de fouet à la croissance dans les mêmes pro-portions ; reste à savoir si cette reprise se concrétisera, et quand.

USA

2020

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

9

[1] Why don’t I think there will be a US recession in 2020?

Most recessions occur due to Fed tightening in response to rising wage/price inflation, or due to a shock to financial conditions (debt/banking crisis, oil shock, global trade war, etc). On inflation, conditions outlined on pages 17-18 are likely to keep Fed tightening at bay for another year. After adjusting for structural changes in the US economy, the latest recession models now include business surveys like the PMI/ISM, core inflation, the shape of the yield curve out to 18 months, credit spreads and the private sector financial balance. Using this approach, US recession probabilities out 12-24 months are ~25%.

On systemic shocks, the trade war dented CEO confidence, and 67% of respondents to the September 2019 Duke CFO survey believe the US will be in recession by the end of 2020. However, the strength of US consumer balance sheets (lowest debt service obligations in 40 years) and in US labor markets (lowest unemployment in 50 years) offsets some weakness in manufacturing. While labor conditions are lagging indicators, the degree of strength suggests enough resilience to avoid recession due to the aftershocks of the trade war. So far, US consumers bore the primary costs of tariffs; however, a shift to domestically-produced US goods, lower US importer profits, lower Chinese exporter profits and a declining Chinese exchange rate absorbed part of the cost as well. The complete halt in Boeing 737 Max production could reduce US growth in the first quarter of next year by 0.3%-0.4%; a rebound would of course boost growth by the same amount, but it is unclear when/if that will happen.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 20169%

10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%

'80 '83 '86 '89 '92 '95 '98 '01 '04 '07 '10 '13 '16 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: US Federal Reserve. Q2 2019.

Debt service ratio(mortgage & consumer debt payments)

Financial obligations ratio(mortgage, consumer, auto, rent, homeowners'

insurance & property tax payments)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

1950 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2018

Hun

dred

s

Unemployed (U3)

Unemployed + part-timeemployed + available (U6)

1.0%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.8%

2.0%

1.3%

1.5%

1.8%

2.0%

2.3%

2.5%

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Firing rate

Voluntary quit rate

Recul de la confiance des chefs d’entreprises>50 = perspectives positives

Source : The Conference Board. 3e trimestre 2019. Les barres grises indiquent les périodes de récession.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

9

[1] Why don’t I think there will be a US recession in 2020?

Most recessions occur due to Fed tightening in response to rising wage/price inflation, or due to a shock to financial conditions (debt/banking crisis, oil shock, global trade war, etc). On inflation, conditions outlined on pages 17-18 are likely to keep Fed tightening at bay for another year. After adjusting for structural changes in the US economy, the latest recession models now include business surveys like the PMI/ISM, core inflation, the shape of the yield curve out to 18 months, credit spreads and the private sector financial balance. Using this approach, US recession probabilities out 12-24 months are ~25%.

On systemic shocks, the trade war dented CEO confidence, and 67% of respondents to the September 2019 Duke CFO survey believe the US will be in recession by the end of 2020. However, the strength of US consumer balance sheets (lowest debt service obligations in 40 years) and in US labor markets (lowest unemployment in 50 years) offsets some weakness in manufacturing. While labor conditions are lagging indicators, the degree of strength suggests enough resilience to avoid recession due to the aftershocks of the trade war. So far, US consumers bore the primary costs of tariffs; however, a shift to domestically-produced US goods, lower US importer profits, lower Chinese exporter profits and a declining Chinese exchange rate absorbed part of the cost as well. The complete halt in Boeing 737 Max production could reduce US growth in the first quarter of next year by 0.3%-0.4%; a rebound would of course boost growth by the same amount, but it is unclear when/if that will happen.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 20169%

10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%

'80 '83 '86 '89 '92 '95 '98 '01 '04 '07 '10 '13 '16 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: US Federal Reserve. Q2 2019.

Debt service ratio(mortgage & consumer debt payments)

Financial obligations ratio(mortgage, consumer, auto, rent, homeowners'

insurance & property tax payments)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

1950 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2018

Hun

dred

s

Unemployed (U3)

Unemployed + part-timeemployed + available (U6)

1.0%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.8%

2.0%

1.3%

1.5%

1.8%

2.0%

2.3%

2.5%

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s

Firing rate

Voluntary quit rate

Le chômage atteint son point bas des 50 dernières années

Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics. Novembre 2019. « Available » correspond aux personnes qui ne travaillent pas et ne recherchent pas un emploi, mais ont recherché un emploi au cours des 12 derniers mois.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

9

[1] Why don’t I think there will be a US recession in 2020?

Most recessions occur due to Fed tightening in response to rising wage/price inflation, or due to a shock to financial conditions (debt/banking crisis, oil shock, global trade war, etc). On inflation, conditions outlined on pages 17-18 are likely to keep Fed tightening at bay for another year. After adjusting for structural changes in the US economy, the latest recession models now include business surveys like the PMI/ISM, core inflation, the shape of the yield curve out to 18 months, credit spreads and the private sector financial balance. Using this approach, US recession probabilities out 12-24 months are ~25%.

On systemic shocks, the trade war dented CEO confidence, and 67% of respondents to the September 2019 Duke CFO survey believe the US will be in recession by the end of 2020. However, the strength of US consumer balance sheets (lowest debt service obligations in 40 years) and in US labor markets (lowest unemployment in 50 years) offsets some weakness in manufacturing. While labor conditions are lagging indicators, the degree of strength suggests enough resilience to avoid recession due to the aftershocks of the trade war. So far, US consumers bore the primary costs of tariffs; however, a shift to domestically-produced US goods, lower US importer profits, lower Chinese exporter profits and a declining Chinese exchange rate absorbed part of the cost as well. The complete halt in Boeing 737 Max production could reduce US growth in the first quarter of next year by 0.3%-0.4%; a rebound would of course boost growth by the same amount, but it is unclear when/if that will happen.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016

CEO business confidence plummeting50+ = positive outlook

Source: The Conference Board. Q3 2019. Grey bars indicate recessions.

9%10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%

'80 '83 '86 '89 '92 '95 '98 '01 '04 '07 '10 '13 '16 '19

Debt service ratio(mortgage & consumer debt payments)

Financial obligations ratio(mortgage, consumer, auto, rent, homeowners'

insurance & property tax payments)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

1950 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2018

Source: BLS. November 2019. "Available" indicates people who are not working nor looking for a job but have looked for a job in the past 12 months.

Lowest unemployment rate in 50 years

Unemployed (U3)

Unemployed + part-timeemployed + available (U6)

1.0%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.8%

2.0%

1.3%

1.5%

1.8%

2.0%

2.3%

2.5%

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Firing rate

Voluntary quit rate

Signes de bonne santé du marché du travail aux États-Unis% de la main-d’œuvre, moyenne mobile sur 3 mois

Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics. Octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

9

[1] Why don’t I think there will be a US recession in 2020?

Most recessions occur due to Fed tightening in response to rising wage/price inflation, or due to a shock to financial conditions (debt/banking crisis, oil shock, global trade war, etc). On inflation, conditions outlined on pages 17-18 are likely to keep Fed tightening at bay for another year. After adjusting for structural changes in the US economy, the latest recession models now include business surveys like the PMI/ISM, core inflation, the shape of the yield curve out to 18 months, credit spreads and the private sector financial balance. Using this approach, US recession probabilities out 12-24 months are ~25%.

On systemic shocks, the trade war dented CEO confidence, and 67% of respondents to the September 2019 Duke CFO survey believe the US will be in recession by the end of 2020. However, the strength of US consumer balance sheets (lowest debt service obligations in 40 years) and in US labor markets (lowest unemployment in 50 years) offsets some weakness in manufacturing. While labor conditions are lagging indicators, the degree of strength suggests enough resilience to avoid recession due to the aftershocks of the trade war. So far, US consumers bore the primary costs of tariffs; however, a shift to domestically-produced US goods, lower US importer profits, lower Chinese exporter profits and a declining Chinese exchange rate absorbed part of the cost as well. The complete halt in Boeing 737 Max production could reduce US growth in the first quarter of next year by 0.3%-0.4%; a rebound would of course boost growth by the same amount, but it is unclear when/if that will happen.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016

CEO business confidence plummeting50+ = positive outlook

Source: The Conference Board. Q3 2019. Grey bars indicate recessions.

9%10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%

'80 '83 '86 '89 '92 '95 '98 '01 '04 '07 '10 '13 '16 '19

Debt service ratio(mortgage & consumer debt payments)

Financial obligations ratio(mortgage, consumer, auto, rent, homeowners'

insurance & property tax payments)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

1950 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2018

Source: BLS. November 2019. "Available" indicates people who are not working nor looking for a job but have looked for a job in the past 12 months.

Lowest unemployment rate in 50 years

Unemployed (U3)

Unemployed + part-timeemployed + available (U6)

1.0%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.8%

2.0%

1.3%

1.5%

1.8%

2.0%

2.3%

2.5%

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Firing rate

Voluntary quit rate

Le ratio du service de la dette rapporté aux revenus des ménages est à son plus bas niveau des 40 dernières années% du revenu disponible

Source : Réserve fédérale. 3e trimestre 2019.

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14

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Voici d’autres signes témoignant de la robustesse de la situation des consommateurs américains, qui bénéficient actuellement d’une hausse des salaires dans tous les niveaux de revenus ainsi que du faible niveau du service de la dette des ménages. Nous ne sommes donc pas surpris par la stabilité des dépenses de consommation et du taux d’épargne. Les défauts de paiement des consommateurs sont eux aussi stables, même si nous observons des signes précoces de faiblesse des prêts sur cartes de crédit et des prêts automobiles risqués. Concernant le logement, la plupart des indicateurs semblent bons, y compris l’Indice NAHB Homebuilders des constructeurs de logements, qui a atteint au mois de novembre son plus haut niveau en 20 ans.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

10

Here’s another look at the strength of US consumers, who currently benefit from wage growth across all quartiles of income and low levels of household debt service. As a result, we are not surprised to see stable consumer spending and stability in the savings rate. Consumer delinquencies are stable, although we are seeing evidence of early-stage weakness in both credit cards and in subprime auto. On housing, most data look good, including a 20-year high in the NAHB Homebuilder Index in November.

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Hun

dred

s Lowest income2nd quartile3rd quartileHighest income

9.5%

10.0%

10.5%

11.0%

11.5%

12.0%

12.5%

13.0%

13.5%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Householddebt

Debtservice

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: BEA. October 2019. Pre-revision data refers to May 2018 revision.

Pre-revision

Post-revision

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, Experian. November 2019.

Credit cards

Second mortgage

Auto loans

First mortgage

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

'00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Mortgage applications

Housing starts

Existing home sales

Hausse des salaires pour tous les niveaux de revenusMoyenne mobile sur 12 mois de la croissance mensuelle du salaire médian, %

Source : Réserve fédérale d’Atlanta. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

10

Here’s another look at the strength of US consumers, who currently benefit from wage growth across all quartiles of income and low levels of household debt service. As a result, we are not surprised to see stable consumer spending and stability in the savings rate. Consumer delinquencies are stable, although we are seeing evidence of early-stage weakness in both credit cards and in subprime auto. On housing, most data look good, including a 20-year high in the NAHB Homebuilder Index in November.

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Lowest income2nd quartile3rd quartileHighest income

Wages rising across all levels of income12 month moving average of monthly median wage growth, %

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. November 2019.

9.5%

10.0%

10.5%

11.0%

11.5%

12.0%

12.5%

13.0%

13.5%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Household debt

Debt service

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Source: BEA. November 2019. Pre-revision data refers to May 2018 revision.

Pre-revision

Post-revision

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, Experian. November 2019.

US 90+ days loan delinquency transition rates

Credit cards

Second mortgage

Auto loans

First mortgage

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

'00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Mortgage applications

Housing starts

Existing home sales

Forte révision à la hausse du taux d’épargne aux États-UnisTaux d’épargne personnel en % du revenu disponible, moyenne mobile sur 3 mois

Source : Bureau of Economic Analysis. Novembre 2019. Les données avant révision sont basées sur la révision de mai 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

10

Here’s another look at the strength of US consumers, who currently benefit from wage growth across all quartiles of income and low levels of household debt service. As a result, we are not surprised to see stable consumer spending and stability in the savings rate. Consumer delinquencies are stable, although we are seeing evidence of early-stage weakness in both credit cards and in subprime auto. On housing, most data look good, including a 20-year high in the NAHB Homebuilder Index in November.

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Hun

dred

s Lowest income2nd quartile3rd quartileHighest income

9.5%

10.0%

10.5%

11.0%

11.5%

12.0%

12.5%

13.0%

13.5%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Householddebt

Debtservice

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: BEA. October 2019. Pre-revision data refers to May 2018 revision.

Pre-revision

Post-revision

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, Experian. November 2019.

Credit cards

Second mortgage

Auto loans

First mortgage

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

'00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Mortgage applications

Housing starts

Existing home sales

Taux de transition des prêts en défaut depuis plus de 90 jours aux États-Unis

Sources : Indices S&P Dow Jones, Experian. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

10

Here’s another look at the strength of US consumers, who currently benefit from wage growth across all quartiles of income and low levels of household debt service. As a result, we are not surprised to see stable consumer spending and stability in the savings rate. Consumer delinquencies are stable, although we are seeing evidence of early-stage weakness in both credit cards and in subprime auto. On housing, most data look good, including a 20-year high in the NAHB Homebuilder Index in November.

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Lowest income2nd quartile3rd quartileHighest income

Wages rising across all levels of income12 month moving average of monthly median wage growth, %

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. November 2019.

9.5%

10.0%

10.5%

11.0%

11.5%

12.0%

12.5%

13.0%

13.5%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Household debt

Debt service

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Source: BEA. November 2019. Pre-revision data refers to May 2018 revision.

Pre-revision

Post-revision

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, Experian. November 2019.

US 90+ days loan delinquency transition rates

Credit cards

Second mortgage

Auto loans

First mortgage

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

'00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Mortgage applications

Housing starts

Existing home sales

Mises en chantier de logements, demande de prêts hypothécaires et ventes de logements anciens Indice, janvier 2000 = 100, corrigé des variations saisonnières

Sources : US Census Bureau, Mortgage Bankers Association, National Association of Realtors. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

10

Here’s another look at the strength of US consumers, who currently benefit from wage growth across all quartiles of income and low levels of household debt service. As a result, we are not surprised to see stable consumer spending and stability in the savings rate. Consumer delinquencies are stable, although we are seeing evidence of early-stage weakness in both credit cards and in subprime auto. On housing, most data look good, including a 20-year high in the NAHB Homebuilder Index in November.

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Lowest income2nd quartile3rd quartileHighest income

Wages rising across all levels of income12 month moving average of monthly median wage growth, %

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. November 2019.

9.5%

10.0%

10.5%

11.0%

11.5%

12.0%

12.5%

13.0%

13.5%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Household debt

Debt service

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Source: BEA. November 2019. Pre-revision data refers to May 2018 revision.

Pre-revision

Post-revision

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, Experian. November 2019.

US 90+ days loan delinquency transition rates

Credit cards

Second mortgage

Auto loans

First mortgage

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

'00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Mortgage applications

Housing starts

Existing home sales

Dépenses de consommation réelles% de variation mensuel moyen sur 3 mois, dollars de 2012

Source : Bureau of Economic Analysis. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

10

Here’s another look at the strength of US consumers, who currently benefit from wage growth across all quartiles of income and low levels of household debt service. As a result, we are not surprised to see stable consumer spending and stability in the savings rate. Consumer delinquencies are stable, although we are seeing evidence of early-stage weakness in both credit cards and in subprime auto. On housing, most data look good, including a 20-year high in the NAHB Homebuilder Index in November.

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Lowest income2nd quartile3rd quartileHighest income

Wages rising across all levels of income12 month moving average of monthly median wage growth, %

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. November 2019.

9.5%

10.0%

10.5%

11.0%

11.5%

12.0%

12.5%

13.0%

13.5%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Household debt

Debt service

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Source: BEA. November 2019. Pre-revision data refers to May 2018 revision.

Pre-revision

Post-revision

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, Experian. November 2019.

US 90+ days loan delinquency transition rates

Credit cards

Second mortgage

Auto loans

First mortgage

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

'00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Mortgage applications

Housing starts

Existing home sales

Dette des ménages% du revenu disponible (deux échelles)

Source : Réserve fédérale. 3e trimestre 2019.

USA

20

20

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[2] Quels seront les plus grands risques pour les investisseurs sur les marchés du crédit lors de la prochaine récession ?

À première vue, les marchés du crédit ne semblent pas présenter de risques démesurés pour l’économie américaine. Bien que les niveaux d’endettement des sociétés soient élevés, les niveaux du service de la dette des sociétés ne le sont pas (graphique suivant à gauche). Cette situation s’explique par les taux d’intérêt bas, des spreads de crédit peu élevés et l’allongement des échéances de la dette des entreprises (par exemple, la dette à court terme représente un faible pourcentage de la trésorerie).

Toutefois, je suis convaincu que la prochaine récession exercera des pressions sur les prêts risqués, qui ont suscité l’engouement des investisseurs en cette période de taux d’intérêt bas. Comme vous pouvez le voir dans le graphique suivant (à droite) extrait de notre édition spéciale d’Eye on the Market de juillet 2019, la protection offerte par les clauses des prêts risqués s’est fortement détériorée7.

Il existe d’autres signes de tension si vous vous intéressez non aux sociétés médianes, mais aux plus faibles. Comme indiqué ci-après, environ 40 % des sociétés de moyenne et petite capitalisations sont

7 Notre note de juillet 2019 analysait la détérioration de la protection des prêteurs selon les tests de maintien de l’endettement et de la couverture des intérêts, les remboursements anticipés obligatoires en cas de vente d’actifs, les exceptions aux clauses restrictives, les clauses de paiement restreint, et un éventail de clauses destinées à limiter la fuite des actifs du pool de collatéral, des investissements ou des transferts aux filiales et sociétés affiliées non soumises à des restrictions, la capacité à souscrire de nouveaux emprunts dans des conditions équivalentes ou des dettes prioritaires, et la dilution du privilège par des filiales non garantes. Nous examinions également comment les indicateurs de couverture et d’endettement sont gonflés artificiellement par le recours aux « réintégrations dans l’EBITDA », pratique qui consiste à réintégrer dans les bénéfices des charges non courantes et des synergies/économies de coûts censées découler d’une fusion, et ce faisant, à gonfler artificiellement les indicateurs basés sur l’EBITDA. En conclusion, nous examinions trois exemples récents de transfert du collatéral rendu possible par des clauses de protection plus laxistes.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

11

[2] When the next US recession does occur, what are the biggest risks to investors in credit?

At first glance, credit markets don’t appear to pose outsized risks to the US economy. While corporate debt levels are high, corporate debt service levels are not (first chart). This is a reflection of low interest rates, low credit spreads and companies having termed out their debt maturities (e.g., low near-term debt maturities as a % of cash flow).

However, I do believe that the next recession will put pressure on leveraged loans: that’s where investors have been clustering at a time of low interest rates. As seen on the right from our July 2019 special issue Eye on the Market, there has been a sharp deterioration in leveraged loan covenant protections7.

There are other signs of stress once you look beyond the median company and focus on the weakest ones. As shown at the top of the next page, around 40% of mid and small cap companies face substantial restructuring risks despite low interest rates, and S&P now reports a spike in “weak link” companies. Low interest rates can forestall a recession for a while, and they certainly help companies with debt service burdens. But when a recession hits, loan and bond prices are more influenced by companies unable to meet refinancing needs than by those unable to cover interest. As a result, the next recession may entail higher-than-expected losses on leveraged loans and high yield bonds that cannot be refinanced.

7 Our July 2019 piece analyzed the decline in lender protections that derive from leverage and interest coverage maintenance tests, mandatory prepayments from asset sales, negative covenant restrictions, restricted payments clauses and a variety of clauses designed to limit leakage of assets from the collateral pool, investments in or transfers to unrestricted subsidiaries and affiliates, the ability to add senior pari-passu or priority debt and lien dilution by non-guarantor subsidiaries. We also looked at how coverage and leverage measures are artificially boosted by increasing use of “EBITDA add-backs”, which refers to companies adding back non-recurring expenses and assumed merger synergies/cost savings to earnings, thereby artificially enhancing any measure derived from EBITDA. We concluded with a look at three recent examples of collateral stripping made possible by the decline in covenant protections.

0.5x

1.0x

1.5x

2.0x

2.5x

3.0x

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018

Debt service ratio (Interest expense /operating income)

Leverage (Net debt/operating income)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

10%11%

'90 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19Source: J.P. Morgan Global Research, BEA, FRB. Q3 2019.

High yield bonds

Leveraged loans

Consumer loans

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Engouement des investisseurs pour les prêts risqués% du PIB

Sources : J.P. Morgan Glonal Research, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Conseil de la Réserve fédérale. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

11

[2] When the next US recession does occur, what are the biggest risks to investors in credit?

At first glance, credit markets don’t appear to pose outsized risks to the US economy. While corporate debt levels are high, corporate debt service levels are not (first chart). This is a reflection of low interest rates, low credit spreads and companies having termed out their debt maturities (e.g., low near-term debt maturities as a % of cash flow).

However, I do believe that the next recession will put pressure on leveraged loans: that’s where investors have been clustering at a time of low interest rates. As seen on the right from our July 2019 special issue Eye on the Market, there has been a sharp deterioration in leveraged loan covenant protections7.

There are other signs of stress once you look beyond the median company and focus on the weakest ones. As shown at the top of the next page, around 40% of mid and small cap companies face substantial restructuring risks despite low interest rates, and S&P now reports a spike in “weak link” companies. Low interest rates can forestall a recession for a while, and they certainly help companies with debt service burdens. But when a recession hits, loan and bond prices are more influenced by companies unable to meet refinancing needs than by those unable to cover interest. As a result, the next recession may entail higher-than-expected losses on leveraged loans and high yield bonds that cannot be refinanced.

7 Our July 2019 piece analyzed the decline in lender protections that derive from leverage and interest coverage maintenance tests, mandatory prepayments from asset sales, negative covenant restrictions, restricted payments clauses and a variety of clauses designed to limit leakage of assets from the collateral pool, investments in or transfers to unrestricted subsidiaries and affiliates, the ability to add senior pari-passu or priority debt and lien dilution by non-guarantor subsidiaries. We also looked at how coverage and leverage measures are artificially boosted by increasing use of “EBITDA add-backs”, which refers to companies adding back non-recurring expenses and assumed merger synergies/cost savings to earnings, thereby artificially enhancing any measure derived from EBITDA. We concluded with a look at three recent examples of collateral stripping made possible by the decline in covenant protections.

0.5x

1.0x

1.5x

2.0x

2.5x

3.0x

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018

Debt service ratio (Interest expense /operating income)

Leverage (Net debt/operating income)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

10%11%

'90 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19Source: J.P. Morgan Global Research, BEA, FRB. Q3 2019.

High yield bonds

Leveraged loans

Consumer loans

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Les investisseurs sur le marché des prêts brandissent le drapeau blanc : notes de Moody’s pour la qualité des clauses des prêts 5.0 = la plus faible qualité des clauses

Source : Moody’s. 2e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

11

[2] When the next US recession does occur, what are the biggest risks to investors in credit?

At first glance, credit markets don’t appear to pose outsized risks to the US economy. While corporate debt levels are high, corporate debt service levels are not (first chart). This is a reflection of low interest rates, low credit spreads and companies having termed out their debt maturities (e.g., low near-term debt maturities as a % of cash flow).

However, I do believe that the next recession will put pressure on leveraged loans: that’s where investors have been clustering at a time of low interest rates. As seen on the right from our July 2019 special issue Eye on the Market, there has been a sharp deterioration in leveraged loan covenant protections7.

There are other signs of stress once you look beyond the median company and focus on the weakest ones. As shown at the top of the next page, around 40% of mid and small cap companies face substantial restructuring risks despite low interest rates, and S&P now reports a spike in “weak link” companies. Low interest rates can forestall a recession for a while, and they certainly help companies with debt service burdens. But when a recession hits, loan and bond prices are more influenced by companies unable to meet refinancing needs than by those unable to cover interest. As a result, the next recession may entail higher-than-expected losses on leveraged loans and high yield bonds that cannot be refinanced.

7 Our July 2019 piece analyzed the decline in lender protections that derive from leverage and interest coverage maintenance tests, mandatory prepayments from asset sales, negative covenant restrictions, restricted payments clauses and a variety of clauses designed to limit leakage of assets from the collateral pool, investments in or transfers to unrestricted subsidiaries and affiliates, the ability to add senior pari-passu or priority debt and lien dilution by non-guarantor subsidiaries. We also looked at how coverage and leverage measures are artificially boosted by increasing use of “EBITDA add-backs”, which refers to companies adding back non-recurring expenses and assumed merger synergies/cost savings to earnings, thereby artificially enhancing any measure derived from EBITDA. We concluded with a look at three recent examples of collateral stripping made possible by the decline in covenant protections.

0.5x

1.0x

1.5x

2.0x

2.5x

3.0x

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018

Debt service ratio (Interest expense /operating income)

Leverage (Net debt/operating income)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

10%11%

'90 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19Source: J.P. Morgan Global Research, BEA, FRB. Q3 2019.

High yield bonds

Leveraged loans

Consumer loans

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Dette à moins d’un an, nette de la trésorerie% de l’EBITDA

Source : Bridgewater Associates. Mai 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

11

[2] When the next US recession does occur, what are the biggest risks to investors in credit?

At first glance, credit markets don’t appear to pose outsized risks to the US economy. While corporate debt levels are high, corporate debt service levels are not (first chart). This is a reflection of low interest rates, low credit spreads and companies having termed out their debt maturities (e.g., low near-term debt maturities as a % of cash flow).

However, I do believe that the next recession will put pressure on leveraged loans: that’s where investors have been clustering at a time of low interest rates. As seen on the right from our July 2019 special issue Eye on the Market, there has been a sharp deterioration in leveraged loan covenant protections7.

There are other signs of stress once you look beyond the median company and focus on the weakest ones. As shown at the top of the next page, around 40% of mid and small cap companies face substantial restructuring risks despite low interest rates, and S&P now reports a spike in “weak link” companies. Low interest rates can forestall a recession for a while, and they certainly help companies with debt service burdens. But when a recession hits, loan and bond prices are more influenced by companies unable to meet refinancing needs than by those unable to cover interest. As a result, the next recession may entail higher-than-expected losses on leveraged loans and high yield bonds that cannot be refinanced.

7 Our July 2019 piece analyzed the decline in lender protections that derive from leverage and interest coverage maintenance tests, mandatory prepayments from asset sales, negative covenant restrictions, restricted payments clauses and a variety of clauses designed to limit leakage of assets from the collateral pool, investments in or transfers to unrestricted subsidiaries and affiliates, the ability to add senior pari-passu or priority debt and lien dilution by non-guarantor subsidiaries. We also looked at how coverage and leverage measures are artificially boosted by increasing use of “EBITDA add-backs”, which refers to companies adding back non-recurring expenses and assumed merger synergies/cost savings to earnings, thereby artificially enhancing any measure derived from EBITDA. We concluded with a look at three recent examples of collateral stripping made possible by the decline in covenant protections.

0.5x

1.0x

1.5x

2.0x

2.5x

3.0x

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018

Debt service ratio (Interest expense /operating income)

Leverage (Net debt/operating income)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Source: Bridgewater. May 2019.

Debt due in less than one year net of cash% of EBITDA

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

10%11%

'90 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19Source: J.P. Morgan Global Research, BEA, FRB. Q3 2019.

High yield bonds

Leveraged loans

Investors crowding into leveraged loans% of GDP

Consumer loans

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Source: Moody's. Q2 2019.

Loan investors waving the white flag: Moody's loan covenant quality score5.0 = weakest covenant quality

Charges d’intérêt/résultat opérationnel

Sources : J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Bloomberg. 30 déc. 2019.

Ratios médians du service de la dette et de l’endettement des sociétés du S&P 500 Dette nette/résultat

opérationnel

MA

RCH

ÉS D

U CR

ÉDIT

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

confrontées à des risques de restructuration importants malgré les taux d’intérêt bas, et S&P fait aujourd’hui état d’un pic des sociétés constituant un « maillon faible ». Les taux d’intérêt bas peuvent empêcher une récession pendant un certain temps, et ils aident incontestablement les entreprises dont le service de la dette est élevé. Mais lorsque survient une récession, les prix des prêts et des obligations sont influencés davantage par les entreprises incapables de faire face à leurs besoins de refinancement que par celles qui ne sont pas en mesure de s’acquitter du service de leur dette. Par conséquent, la prochaine récession pourrait entraîner des pertes plus élevées que prévu sur les prêts risqués et les obligations à haut rendement qui ne peuvent être refinancés.

Lors de la prochaine récession, les obligations d’entreprises appartenant à la catégorie « investment grade » pourraient également subir des pressions étant donné l’augmentation de la part des obligations notées BBB sur le marché comparativement à 2007. Le problème pourrait être aggravé par l’impact de la « règle Volcker », qui a entraîné un repli de l’activité de teneur de marché et de négociation pour compte propre aux États-Unis au regard de la forte hausse de l’offre d’obligations. Cette situation pourrait donner lieu à des difficultés sur les prix si/lorsque les investisseurs vendront.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

12

When the next recession hits, there could also be stress on investment grade corporate bonds, given the increase in the BBB share of the market compared to 2007. What could make matters worse: the impact of the Volcker Rule, which led to a decline in market making and proprietary trading in the US relative to the surge in fixed income supply. This could lead to pricing bottlenecks when/if investors exit.

Large Cap Mid Cap Small Cap0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. September 2019.

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

2.5x

3.0x

3.5x

4.0x

4.5x

5.0x

'02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Loans: high interest coverage and high leverage as well

Debt to EBITDA on new loans

Interest coverage on outstanding loans

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

BBB3 BBB2 BBB1 A3 A2 A1 AA3 AA2 AA1 AAA

December 2007 November 2019

Source: ICE/BAML, JPMAM. November 2019.

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Mortgages Municipals High Yield Investmentgrade

USTreasuries

Market size (debt stock)

Turnover (tradingvolume/debt stock)

Source: SIFMA, Finra Factbook, Bloomberg, JPMAM. 2017.

Pourcentage des sociétés non financières ayant un risque de restructuration élevé% des capitalisations boursières respectives

Sources : Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 3e trimestre 2019. Un risque de restructuration élevé est défini par un ratio du résultat opérationnel rapporté aux charges d’intérêt <3.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

12

When the next recession hits, there could also be stress on investment grade corporate bonds, given the increase in the BBB share of the market compared to 2007. What could make matters worse: the impact of the Volcker Rule, which led to a decline in market making and proprietary trading in the US relative to the surge in fixed income supply. This could lead to pricing bottlenecks when/if investors exit.

Large Cap Mid Cap Small Cap0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. September 2019.

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

2.5x

3.0x

3.5x

4.0x

4.5x

5.0x

'02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Loans: high interest coverage and high leverage as well

Debt to EBITDA on new loans

Interest coverage on outstanding loans

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

BBB3 BBB2 BBB1 A3 A2 A1 AA3 AA2 AA1 AAA

December 2007 November 2019

Source: ICE/BAML, JPMAM. November 2019.

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Mortgages Municipals High Yield Investmentgrade

USTreasuries

Market size (debt stock)

Turnover (tradingvolume/debt stock)

Source: SIFMA, Finra Factbook, Bloomberg, JPMAM. 2017.

Prêts : couverture des intérêts élevée, mais endettement élevé également

Source : S&P Global Market Intelligence LCD. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

12

When the next recession hits, there could also be stress on investment grade corporate bonds, given the increase in the BBB share of the market compared to 2007. What could make matters worse: the impact of the Volcker Rule, which led to a decline in market making and proprietary trading in the US relative to the surge in fixed income supply. This could lead to pricing bottlenecks when/if investors exit.

Large Cap Mid Cap Small Cap0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. September 2019.

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

2.5x

3.0x

3.5x

4.0x

4.5x

5.0x

'02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Loans: high interest coverage and high leverage as well

Debt to EBITDA on new loans

Interest coverage on outstanding loans

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

BBB3 BBB2 BBB1 A3 A2 A1 AA3 AA2 AA1 AAA

December 2007 November 2019

Source: ICE/BAML, JPMAM. November 2019.

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Mortgages Municipals High Yield Investmentgrade

USTreasuries

Market size (debt stock)

Turnover (tradingvolume/debt stock)

Source: SIFMA, Finra Factbook, Bloomberg, JPMAM. 2017.

Préférence pour les obligations notées BBB après la crise% de l’indice des obligations d’entreprises américaines appartenant à la catégorie « investment grade »

Sources : ICE/BAML, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

12

When the next recession hits, there could also be stress on investment grade corporate bonds, given the increase in the BBB share of the market compared to 2007. What could make matters worse: the impact of the Volcker Rule, which led to a decline in market making and proprietary trading in the US relative to the surge in fixed income supply. This could lead to pricing bottlenecks when/if investors exit.

Large Cap Mid Cap Small Cap0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. September 2019.

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

2.5x

3.0x

3.5x

4.0x

4.5x

5.0x

'02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Loans: high interest coverage and high leverage as well

Debt to EBITDA on new loans

Interest coverage on outstanding loans

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

BBB3 BBB2 BBB1 A3 A2 A1 AA3 AA2 AA1 AAA

December 2007 November 2019

Source: ICE/BAML, JPMAM. November 2019.

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Mortgages Municipals High Yield Investmentgrade

USTreasuries

Market size (debt stock)

Turnover (tradingvolume/debt stock)

Source: SIFMA, Finra Factbook, Bloomberg, JPMAM. 2017.

Hausse du volume des titres d’emprunt associée à une baisse de leur liquiditéVariation de la taille et de la rotation du marché, 2006-2017

Sources : SIFMA, Finra Factbook, Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2017.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

12

When the next recession hits, there could also be stress on investment grade corporate bonds, given the increase in the BBB share of the market compared to 2007. What could make matters worse: the impact of the Volcker Rule, which led to a decline in market making and proprietary trading in the US relative to the surge in fixed income supply. This could lead to pricing bottlenecks when/if investors exit.

Large Cap Mid Cap Small Cap0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

Percentage of non-financial companies with elevated restructuring risk, % of respective market cap

Source: Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Q3 2019. Elevated restructuring risk is defined as a ratio of EBIT to interest expense < 3.

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sep-06 Sep-08 Sep-10 Sep-12 Sep-14 Sep-16 Sep-18Source: S&P Global Ratings Research. November 18, 2019.

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

2.5x

3.0x

3.5x

4.0x

4.5x

5.0x

'02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence LCD. Q3 2019.

Loans: high interest coverage and high leverage as well

Debt to EBITDA on new loans

Interest coverage on outstanding loans

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

BBB3 BBB2 BBB1 A3 A2 A1 AA3 AA2 AA1 AAA

December 2007 November 2019

Source: ICE/BAML, JPMAM. November 2019.

BBB rated bonds take over post-crisis% of US investment grade corporate bond index

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Mortgages Municipals High Yield Investmentgrade

USTreasuries

Market size (debt stock)

Turnover (tradingvolume/debt stock)

Source: SIFMA, Finra Factbook, Bloomberg, JPMAM. 2017.

Debt stock expanding while liquidity shrinksChange in market size and turnover, 2006-2017

Flambée du nombre de sociétés représentant un « maillon faible »Nombre d’émetteurs notés B- ou moins avec perspective négative ou mis sous surveillance avec implication négative

Source : S&P Global Ratings Research. 18 novembre 2019.

MA

RCH

ÉS D

U

CRÉD

IT

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[3] Pourquoi le marché actions américain surperforme-t-il systématiquement les marchés actions européens et japonais ?

Lorsque quelqu’un vous dit qu’il fait une recommandation à contre-courant de surpondérer l’Europe ou le Japon par rapport aux États-Unis, n’oubliez pas de lui demander combien de fois il a déjà fait cette même recomman-dation. Pourquoi ? Parce qu’il avait sans doute tort quand il l’a faite, et dans une large mesure. Comme nous l’avons illustré à de nombreuses reprises, une stratégie consistant à surpondérer les États-Unis et les marchés émergents par rapport à l’Europe et au Japon a été l’une des approches d’allocations d’actifs les plus fructueuses que j’aie jamais vues, et elle a été de nouveau payante en 2019. Depuis janvier 2010, les actions américaines ont généré un rendement (dividendes réinvestis) de 252 % contre 94 % pour le Japon et 75 % pour l’Europe.

Pourquoi les États-Unis ont-ils systématiquement surperformé l’Europe et le Japon ? Les raisons les plus plausibles relèvent davantage de facteurs microéconomiques que macroéconomiques8. D’où proviennent les gains les plus importants sur les marchés actions dans un univers de faible croissance mondiale ? Du secteur de la technologie, plutôt que les secteurs où la croissance des bénéfices est moins soutenue et plus volatile (matériaux de base, énergie, industrie). Aux États-Unis, le poids du secteur de la technologie est nettement plus important que celui de ces trois autres secteurs, alors que c’est l’inverse en Europe et au Japon (voir le 3e graphique).

8 Voici une explication macroéconomique : depuis 2014, la population âgée de 30-49 ans disposant d’un revenu primaire croît plus rapidement aux États-Unis qu’en Europe. Les données de l’ONU indiquent que cet écart devrait se creuser encore davantage sur la période 2020-2025, du fait d’une augmentation de 5 % aux États-Unis de la population disposant d’un revenu primaire, tandis que la population européenne disposant d’un revenu primaire diminuera de 3 %.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

13

[3] Why does the US equity market keep outperforming Europe and Japan?

When someone tells you they’re making a contrarian recommendation to overweight Europe or Japan vs the US, be sure and ask them how many times they made the same recommendation before. Why? Because they were probably wrong when they did, and by a lot. As we have illustrated multiple times, a strategy to overweight the US and Emerging Markets vs Europe and Japan has been one of the most consistently successful asset allocation approaches I have ever seen, and it worked again in 2019. Since January 2010, US equities generated total returns of 252% vs 94% for Japan and 75% for Europe.

Why has the US consistently outperformed Europe and Japan? The most plausible reasons have more to do with micro than macro8. Think about where the largest equity market gains often come from in a low-growth world: the Tech sector, rather than sectors with lower and more volatile earnings growth (Basic Materials, Energy, Industrials). In the US, the Tech sector’s weight is much higher than the other three, while the reverse is true in Europe and Japan (3rd chart). Second, when we look within sectors, US companies generally have higher profitability than European and Japanese counterparts (table). As a result, something unusual would have to happen for the US to underperform on a sustained basis.

8 Here’s a macro explanation: since 2014, the prime income population (aged 30-49) in the US has been growing faster than in Europe. UN data indicates that this gap is expected to grow even wider from 2020-2025, as the US prime income population expands by 5% while the European prime income population declines by 3%.

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Source: Bloomberg, JPMAM. Q3 2019. All equity portfolio, rebalanced quarterly. 10% OW to US, 10% UW to Europe, 5% OW to EM, 5% UW to Japan. Assumes no currency hedging.

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

'10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20

MSCI Japan

MSCI Europe

S&P 500

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

US Europe Japan

Technology

Materials +Energy +Industrials

Source: Bloomberg. December 20, 2019. Technology includes: GICS level 1 Information Technology + GICS level 3 Interactive Media & Services.

High growth tech drives US markets, growth laggards drive Europe and Japan, % of total index market cap

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 5.9 6.1 9.8 5.6 5.6 1.2

Europe 6.4 4.2 5.3 5.5 1.6 0.4

Japan 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.2 4.1 0.3

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 27.0 30.5 29.6 18.4 14.5 10.4

Europe 16.4 13.2 11.2 19.0 8.7 7.9

Japan 11.7 9.9 9.1 8.7 14.2 6.6

Return on Equity

Return on Assets

Surpondération des États-Unis et des marchés émergents, sous-pondération de l’Europe et du Japon, sur/(sous)-performance glissante sur 3 ans vs l’Indice MSCI All World

Sources : Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 3e trimestre 2019. Rééquilibrage trimestriel de tous les portefeuilles actions. Surpondération de 10 % des États-Unis, sous-pondération de 10 % de l’Europe, surpondération de 5 % des marchés émergents, sous-pondération de 5 % du Japon. Sans couverture de change.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

13

[3] Why does the US equity market keep outperforming Europe and Japan?

When someone tells you they’re making a contrarian recommendation to overweight Europe or Japan vs the US, be sure and ask them how many times they made the same recommendation before. Why? Because they were probably wrong when they did, and by a lot. As we have illustrated multiple times, a strategy to overweight the US and Emerging Markets vs Europe and Japan has been one of the most consistently successful asset allocation approaches I have ever seen, and it worked again in 2019. Since January 2010, US equities generated total returns of 252% vs 94% for Japan and 75% for Europe.

Why has the US consistently outperformed Europe and Japan? The most plausible reasons have more to do with micro than macro8. Think about where the largest equity market gains often come from in a low-growth world: the Tech sector, rather than sectors with lower and more volatile earnings growth (Basic Materials, Energy, Industrials). In the US, the Tech sector’s weight is much higher than the other three, while the reverse is true in Europe and Japan (3rd chart). Second, when we look within sectors, US companies generally have higher profitability than European and Japanese counterparts (table). As a result, something unusual would have to happen for the US to underperform on a sustained basis.

8 Here’s a macro explanation: since 2014, the prime income population (aged 30-49) in the US has been growing faster than in Europe. UN data indicates that this gap is expected to grow even wider from 2020-2025, as the US prime income population expands by 5% while the European prime income population declines by 3%.

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Source: Bloomberg, JPMAM. Q3 2019. All equity portfolio, rebalanced quarterly. 10% OW to US, 10% UW to Europe, 5% OW to EM, 5% UW to Japan. Assumes no currency hedging.

Overweight US & EM, underweight Europe & Japan3-year rolling out (under) performance vs MSCI All World Index

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

'10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20

MSCI Japan

MSCI Europe

S&P 500

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

US Europe Japan

Technology

Materials +Energy +Industrials

Source: Bloomberg. December 30, 2019. Technology includes: GICS level 1 Information Technology + GICS level 3 Interactive Media & Services.

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 5.9 6.1 9.8 5.6 5.6 1.2

Europe 6.3 4.2 5.3 5.5 1.6 0.4

Japan 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.2 4.1 0.3

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 27.0 30.5 29.6 18.4 14.5 10.4

Europe 16.4 13.2 11.2 19.0 8.7 7.9

Japan 11.7 9.9 9.1 8.7 14.2 6.6

Return on Equity

Return on Assets

Les sociétés technologiques à forte croissance tirent les marchés américains, les valeurs à faible croissance pèsent sur l’Europe et le Japon% du total de la capitalisation boursière de l’indice

Source : Bloomberg. 30 décembre 2019. Les sociétés technologiques comprennent : GICS, niveau 1 – Technologies de l’information + GICS, niveau 3 - Conseils Liés Aux Technologies de l’Information et Autres Services.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

13

[3] Why does the US equity market keep outperforming Europe and Japan?

When someone tells you they’re making a contrarian recommendation to overweight Europe or Japan vs the US, be sure and ask them how many times they made the same recommendation before. Why? Because they were probably wrong when they did, and by a lot. As we have illustrated multiple times, a strategy to overweight the US and Emerging Markets vs Europe and Japan has been one of the most consistently successful asset allocation approaches I have ever seen, and it worked again in 2019. Since January 2010, US equities generated total returns of 252% vs 94% for Japan and 75% for Europe.

Why has the US consistently outperformed Europe and Japan? The most plausible reasons have more to do with micro than macro8. Think about where the largest equity market gains often come from in a low-growth world: the Tech sector, rather than sectors with lower and more volatile earnings growth (Basic Materials, Energy, Industrials). In the US, the Tech sector’s weight is much higher than the other three, while the reverse is true in Europe and Japan (3rd chart). Second, when we look within sectors, US companies generally have higher profitability than European and Japanese counterparts (table). As a result, something unusual would have to happen for the US to underperform on a sustained basis.

8 Here’s a macro explanation: since 2014, the prime income population (aged 30-49) in the US has been growing faster than in Europe. UN data indicates that this gap is expected to grow even wider from 2020-2025, as the US prime income population expands by 5% while the European prime income population declines by 3%.

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Source: Bloomberg, JPMAM. Q3 2019. All equity portfolio, rebalanced quarterly. 10% OW to US, 10% UW to Europe, 5% OW to EM, 5% UW to Japan. Assumes no currency hedging.

Overweight US & EM, underweight Europe & Japan3-year rolling out (under) performance vs MSCI All World Index

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

'10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20

MSCI Japan

MSCI Europe

S&P 500

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

US Europe Japan

Technology

Materials +Energy +Industrials

Source: Bloomberg. December 30, 2019. Technology includes: GICS level 1 Information Technology + GICS level 3 Interactive Media & Services.

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 5.9 6.1 9.8 5.6 5.6 1.2

Europe 6.3 4.2 5.3 5.5 1.6 0.4

Japan 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.2 4.1 0.3

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 27.0 30.5 29.6 18.4 14.5 10.4

Europe 16.4 13.2 11.2 19.0 8.7 7.9

Japan 11.7 9.9 9.1 8.7 14.2 6.6

Return on Equity

Return on Assets

Source : Bloomberg. 30 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

13

[3] Why does the US equity market keep outperforming Europe and Japan?

When someone tells you they’re making a contrarian recommendation to overweight Europe or Japan vs the US, be sure and ask them how many times they made the same recommendation before. Why? Because they were probably wrong when they did, and by a lot. As we have illustrated multiple times, a strategy to overweight the US and Emerging Markets vs Europe and Japan has been one of the most consistently successful asset allocation approaches I have ever seen, and it worked again in 2019. Since January 2010, US equities generated total returns of 252% vs 94% for Japan and 75% for Europe.

Why has the US consistently outperformed Europe and Japan? The most plausible reasons have more to do with micro than macro8. Think about where the largest equity market gains often come from in a low-growth world: the Tech sector, rather than sectors with lower and more volatile earnings growth (Basic Materials, Energy, Industrials). In the US, the Tech sector’s weight is much higher than the other three, while the reverse is true in Europe and Japan (3rd chart). Second, when we look within sectors, US companies generally have higher profitability than European and Japanese counterparts (table). As a result, something unusual would have to happen for the US to underperform on a sustained basis.

8 Here’s a macro explanation: since 2014, the prime income population (aged 30-49) in the US has been growing faster than in Europe. UN data indicates that this gap is expected to grow even wider from 2020-2025, as the US prime income population expands by 5% while the European prime income population declines by 3%.

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Source: Bloomberg, JPMAM. Q3 2019. All equity portfolio, rebalanced quarterly. 10% OW to US, 10% UW to Europe, 5% OW to EM, 5% UW to Japan. Assumes no currency hedging.

Overweight US & EM, underweight Europe & Japan3-year rolling out (under) performance vs MSCI All World Index

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

'10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20

MSCI Japan

MSCI Europe

S&P 500

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

US Europe Japan

Technology

Materials +Energy +Industrials

Source: Bloomberg. December 30, 2019. Technology includes: GICS level 1 Information Technology + GICS level 3 Interactive Media & Services.

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 5.9 6.1 9.8 5.6 5.6 1.2

Europe 6.3 4.2 5.3 5.5 1.6 0.4

Japan 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.2 4.1 0.3

Country Consumer Staples

Consumer Discretionary Technology Healthcare Communication

Services Financials

US 27.0 30.5 29.6 18.4 14.5 10.4

Europe 16.4 13.2 11.2 19.0 8.7 7.9

Japan 11.7 9.9 9.1 8.7 14.2 6.6

Return on Equity

Return on Assets

Les États-Unis surperforment l’Europe et le Japon Rendement (dividendes réinvestis) en dollars, janvier 2010 = 100

Source : Bloomberg. 30 décembre 2019.

SUR

PERFO

RM

AN

CE D

ES USA

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

En outre, dans les différents secteurs, les entreprises américaines sont généralement plus rentables que leurs homologues européennes et japonaises (tableau à la page précédente). Par conséquent, il faudrait qu’il se produise quelque chose d’inhabituel pour que les États-Unis sous-performent de façon durable.

[4] Comment se porte la Chine en cette période de guerre commerciale et quelles sont les conséquences pour les investisseurs sur les marchés émergents ?

La Chine peut être sélective quant aux informations qu’elle communique ; certains organismes gouvernementaux ont en fait cessé de publier des données importantes9. Nous adoptons donc des approches différentes pour avoir une idée de ce qui se passe, et utilisons des données haute fréquence moins sujettes à une absence de communication ou à la manipulation. Les deux graphiques suivants illustrent la même situation : à l’issue d’une hausse induite par les mesures de relance en 2017 et début 2018, l’économie chinoise a ralenti progressivement. La Chine connaît aujourd’hui la plus faible croissance des investissements en immobilisations corporelles depuis 1996, la plus faible croissance des prêts depuis décembre 2017, l’Indice des prix à la consommation (IPC) hors alimentation le plus bas depuis avril 2016 et la plus forte baisse des bénéfices industriels depuis 2011. Encore une fois, il s’agit là d’indicateurs coïncidents de l’activité actuelle.

L’affaiblissement de l’économie chinoise est dû pour partie à la guerre commerciale ; il tient aussi à un ralentissement délibéré de la croissance pour freiner le secteur bancaire parallèle ; et d’autre part, cet affaiblissement est lié à un déclin structurel prévu de longue date avec le fléchissement du rythme extraordinaire de dépenses d’investissement de la Chine. En 2014, le Conference Board prévoyait une baisse de la croissance du PIB chinois à 5,5 % d’ici 2019 et à 4 % d’ici 2025, une prévision qui se concrétise sous nos yeux. Quant à la guerre commerciale, seulement 10 %-20 % du chiffre d’affaires des entreprises chinoises sont réalisés de l’extérieur de la Chine et, selon le MSCI, seulement 2,8 % du chiffre d’affaires des entreprises chinoises sont attribuables à des ventes aux États-Unis. Les problèmes les plus importants sont domestiques, notamment les 350 milliards de dollars de capitaux dont ont besoin les banques régionales en difficulté.

9 Pour de plus amples informations, voir « The Case of the Mysterious Vanishing Statistics », Gavekal Dragonomics, 17 octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

14

[4] How is China doing at a time of trade conflict, and what are implications for EM investors?

China can be selective about what information it reports; some government agencies have actually stopped publishing important data9. So, we take different approaches to get a sense for what’s going on using high-frequency data less subject to non-reporting or manipulation. Both charts below tell the same story: after a stimulus-driven rise in 2017 and early 2018, China’s economy has been gradually slowing down. Details include the slowest fixed asset investment growth since 1996, the weakest loan growth since December 2017, the lowest CPI excluding food since April 2016 and the sharpest decline in industrial profits since 2011. Again, these are coincident indicators of current activity.

Part of the China weakness is due to the trade war; some is related to a deliberate slowing of growth to rein in the shadow banking sector; and another part is a structural decline that has been foreseen for years as China slows its extraordinary pace of capital spending. In 2014, the Conference Board predicted a decline in Chinese GDP growth to 5.5% by 2019 and to 4% by 2025, a view that is unfolding in real time. As for the trade war, only 10%-20% of Chinese corporate revenues are sourced outside China, and according to MSCI, only 2.8% of Chinese corporate revenues are due to sales to the US. The larger problems are domestic ones, including the need for $350 bn in capital for struggling regional banks.

While coincident indicators are weak, there are some signs of a revival in 2020, such as the pickup in new manufacturing orders. However, these signals are tentative and highly dependent on government stimulus.

9 For details, see “The Case of the Mysterious Vanishing Statistics”, Gavekal Dragonomics, October 17, 2019.

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Legend: employment surveys, exports, business conditions, GDP, corporate earnings, industrialproduction, retail sales, non-state owned enterprise fixed asset investment

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Includes: electricity production, fiscal revenue, real exports, port throughput, retail sales, financial services proxy, air/rail/highway traffic

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Notre baromètre de l’économie chinoise

Sources : CFLP, Markit, CC, Banque populaire de Chine, MSCI, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

14

[4] How is China doing at a time of trade conflict, and what are implications for EM investors?

China can be selective about what information it reports; some government agencies have actually stopped publishing important data9. So, we take different approaches to get a sense for what’s going on using high-frequency data less subject to non-reporting or manipulation. Both charts below tell the same story: after a stimulus-driven rise in 2017 and early 2018, China’s economy has been gradually slowing down. Details include the slowest fixed asset investment growth since 1996, the weakest loan growth since December 2017, the lowest CPI excluding food since April 2016 and the sharpest decline in industrial profits since 2011. Again, these are coincident indicators of current activity.

Part of the China weakness is due to the trade war; some is related to a deliberate slowing of growth to rein in the shadow banking sector; and another part is a structural decline that has been foreseen for years as China slows its extraordinary pace of capital spending. In 2014, the Conference Board predicted a decline in Chinese GDP growth to 5.5% by 2019 and to 4% by 2025, a view that is unfolding in real time. As for the trade war, only 10%-20% of Chinese corporate revenues are sourced outside China, and according to MSCI, only 2.8% of Chinese corporate revenues are due to sales to the US. The larger problems are domestic ones, including the need for $350 bn in capital for struggling regional banks.

While coincident indicators are weak, there are some signs of a revival in 2020, such as the pickup in new manufacturing orders. However, these signals are tentative and highly dependent on government stimulus.

9 For details, see “The Case of the Mysterious Vanishing Statistics”, Gavekal Dragonomics, October 17, 2019.

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Legend: employment surveys, exports, business conditions, GDP, corporate earnings, industrialproduction, retail sales, non-state owned enterprise fixed asset investment

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Includes: electricity production, fiscal revenue, real exports, port throughput, retail sales, financial services proxy, air/rail/highway traffic

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Rebond des nouvelles commandes dans le secteur manufacturier chinois, >50 = expansion

Source : Markit PMI. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

14

[4] How is China doing at a time of trade conflict, and what are implications for EM investors?

China can be selective about what information it reports; some government agencies have actually stopped publishing important data9. So, we take different approaches to get a sense for what’s going on using high-frequency data less subject to non-reporting or manipulation. Both charts below tell the same story: after a stimulus-driven rise in 2017 and early 2018, China’s economy has been gradually slowing down. Details include the slowest fixed asset investment growth since 1996, the weakest loan growth since December 2017, the lowest CPI excluding food since April 2016 and the sharpest decline in industrial profits since 2011. Again, these are coincident indicators of current activity.

Part of the China weakness is due to the trade war; some is related to a deliberate slowing of growth to rein in the shadow banking sector; and another part is a structural decline that has been foreseen for years as China slows its extraordinary pace of capital spending. In 2014, the Conference Board predicted a decline in Chinese GDP growth to 5.5% by 2019 and to 4% by 2025, a view that is unfolding in real time. As for the trade war, only 10%-20% of Chinese corporate revenues are sourced outside China, and according to MSCI, only 2.8% of Chinese corporate revenues are due to sales to the US. The larger problems are domestic ones, including the need for $350 bn in capital for struggling regional banks.

While coincident indicators are weak, there are some signs of a revival in 2020, such as the pickup in new manufacturing orders. However, these signals are tentative and highly dependent on government stimulus.

9 For details, see “The Case of the Mysterious Vanishing Statistics”, Gavekal Dragonomics, October 17, 2019.

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Legend: employment surveys, exports, business conditions, GDP, corporate earnings, industrialproduction, retail sales, non-state owned enterprise fixed asset investment

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Includes: electricity production, fiscal revenue, real exports, port throughput, retail sales, financial services proxy, air/rail/highway traffic

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Indicateur coïncident de l’activité en Chine% de variation en glissement annuel

Source : Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Octobre 2019.

CHIN

E

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19

EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Bien que les indicateurs coïncidents soient faibles, on observe des signes annonçant une reprise en 2020, tels que le rebond des nouvelles commandes dans le secteur manufacturier. Toutefois, ces signaux sont hésitants et tributaires de la politique de relance du gouvernement.

La Chine a renforcé une fois encore en 2019 ses dépenses budgétaires et autres leviers de relance10, mais jusqu’ici, l’impact sur les indicateurs de crédit du secteur privé11 est très modeste. Les ratios de la dette des entreprises et des ménages rapportée au PIB ont légèrement augmenté en 2019, mais cette hausse indiquait davantage un ralentissement de la croissance du PIB qu’une hausse de la demande de crédit.

Autres difficultés en Chine : l’augmentation du nombre de situations de défauts sur les obligations d’entreprises du secteur privé, qui résulte à la fois d’un ralentissement de l’économie et d’une compression des liquidités dû à un durcis-sement de la réglementation du crédit dans les secteurs en « surcapacité ». Les marchés obligataires sont devenus plus difficiles d’accès pour les entreprises du secteur privé, tandis que les entreprises publiques continuent d’émettre. Ce n’est a priori pas la direction que la Chine souhaite prendre, étant donné son intérêt pour que les capitaux soient cana-lisés vers les secteurs les plus innovants. Le manque de liquidités des entreprises privées coïncide également avec une forte baisse de leurs dépenses d’investissement, que nous avons illustrée dans notre baromètre de l’économie chinoise.

10 La Chine a demandé aux gouvernements locaux d’accélérer les émissions d’obligations dans le secteur des infrastructures en 2020 et a assoupli les exigences de fonds propres pour les projets d’investissement infrastructurels, autorisant des ratios dette/capitaux propres plus élevés. Les ratios minimums de structure financière pour les ports et les projets de transport maritime seront abaissés de 25 % à 20 %.

11 Le financement social total (Total Social Financing, TSF) désigne le financement fourni à l’économie réelle en Chine par les banques (prêts en renminbis et en devises, prêts entre sociétés non financières intermédiés par le secteur bancaire (« entrusted loans »), prêts accordés aux entreprises par des sociétés fiduciaires (« trust loans »), obligations d’entreprises, participations d’institutions financières dans des sociétés non financières, remboursements de compagnies d’assurance, investissements dans des fonds industriels et placements immobiliers) et par l’intermédiaire des canaux de financement direct (acceptations bancaires non escomptées, levées de fonds, obligations d’entreprises, obligations de gouvernements locaux).

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

15

China increased fiscal spending and other support levers10 again in 2019, but so far, the impact on private sector credit measures11 is very modest. While corporate and household debt to GDP ratios increased by a small amount in 2019, this was more a signal of slowing GDP growth than of an increase in credit demand.

Other stresses in China: rising private sector corporate bond defaults, which are a byproduct of both a slowing economy and a liquidity squeeze due to tighter regulation of credit in “excess-capacity” sectors. Debt markets have become more difficult to access for private sector Chinese companies, while state owned enterprises continue to issue. This is not the direction that China presumably wants to go, given its stated interest in having capital channeled to the more innovative parts of its economy. The lack of liquidity for private companies coincides with a sharp decline in capital spending by private firms as well, which we capture in our China monitor.

10 China has asked local governments to speed up issuance of infrastructure debt in 2020, and lowered capital requirements for infrastructure investment projects, allowing larger debt to equity ratios. Minimum capital investment ratios for ports and shipping projects will be lowered to 20% from 25%. 11 Total Social Financing refers to financing provided to the real economy in China from banks (RMB & foreign currency loans, entrusted loans, trust loans, corporate bonds, financial institution holdings of non-financial corporate equity, insurance company repayments, industry fund investments, and investment property) and from direct financing channels (bill acceptances, equity fundraising, corporate bonds, local gov’t bonds).

-12%

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Fiscal deficit plus investment via local government financing vehicles, policy banks and other channels

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Mortgage lending

Total social financing

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019-100-50050100150200250300350400450

-40-20

020406080

100120140160

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Private companies

State owned enterprises

Le déficit budgétaire massif de la ChineDéficit en hausse, % du PIB

Sources : CEIC, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

15

China increased fiscal spending and other support levers10 again in 2019, but so far, the impact on private sector credit measures11 is very modest. While corporate and household debt to GDP ratios increased by a small amount in 2019, this was more a signal of slowing GDP growth than of an increase in credit demand.

Other stresses in China: rising private sector corporate bond defaults, which are a byproduct of both a slowing economy and a liquidity squeeze due to tighter regulation of credit in “excess-capacity” sectors. Debt markets have become more difficult to access for private sector Chinese companies, while state owned enterprises continue to issue. This is not the direction that China presumably wants to go, given its stated interest in having capital channeled to the more innovative parts of its economy. The lack of liquidity for private companies coincides with a sharp decline in capital spending by private firms as well, which we capture in our China monitor.

10 China has asked local governments to speed up issuance of infrastructure debt in 2020, and lowered capital requirements for infrastructure investment projects, allowing larger debt to equity ratios. Minimum capital investment ratios for ports and shipping projects will be lowered to 20% from 25%. 11 Total Social Financing refers to financing provided to the real economy in China from banks (RMB & foreign currency loans, entrusted loans, trust loans, corporate bonds, financial institution holdings of non-financial corporate equity, insurance company repayments, industry fund investments, and investment property) and from direct financing channels (bill acceptances, equity fundraising, corporate bonds, local gov’t bonds).

-12%

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Fiscal deficit plus investment via local government financing vehicles, policy banks and other channels

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Mortgage lending

Total social financing

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019-100-50050100150200250300350400450

-40-20

020406080

100120140160

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Private companies

State owned enterprises

Défauts sur les obligations chinoises d’entreprises privéesMilliards de renminbis

Sources : Gavekal, Wind. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

15

China increased fiscal spending and other support levers10 again in 2019, but so far, the impact on private sector credit measures11 is very modest. While corporate and household debt to GDP ratios increased by a small amount in 2019, this was more a signal of slowing GDP growth than of an increase in credit demand.

Other stresses in China: rising private sector corporate bond defaults, which are a byproduct of both a slowing economy and a liquidity squeeze due to tighter regulation of credit in “excess-capacity” sectors. Debt markets have become more difficult to access for private sector Chinese companies, while state owned enterprises continue to issue. This is not the direction that China presumably wants to go, given its stated interest in having capital channeled to the more innovative parts of its economy. The lack of liquidity for private companies coincides with a sharp decline in capital spending by private firms as well, which we capture in our China monitor.

10 China has asked local governments to speed up issuance of infrastructure debt in 2020, and lowered capital requirements for infrastructure investment projects, allowing larger debt to equity ratios. Minimum capital investment ratios for ports and shipping projects will be lowered to 20% from 25%. 11 Total Social Financing refers to financing provided to the real economy in China from banks (RMB & foreign currency loans, entrusted loans, trust loans, corporate bonds, financial institution holdings of non-financial corporate equity, insurance company repayments, industry fund investments, and investment property) and from direct financing channels (bill acceptances, equity fundraising, corporate bonds, local gov’t bonds).

-12%

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Fiscal deficit plus investment via local government financing vehicles, policy banks and other channels

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Mortgage lending

Total social financing

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019-100-50050100150200250300350400450

-40-20

020406080

100120140160

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Private companies

State owned enterprises

Les marchés obligataires deviennent plus difficiles d’accès pour les entreprises du secteur privé, émissions nettes, milliards de renminbis

Sources : Gavekal, Wind. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

15

China increased fiscal spending and other support levers10 again in 2019, but so far, the impact on private sector credit measures11 is very modest. While corporate and household debt to GDP ratios increased by a small amount in 2019, this was more a signal of slowing GDP growth than of an increase in credit demand.

Other stresses in China: rising private sector corporate bond defaults, which are a byproduct of both a slowing economy and a liquidity squeeze due to tighter regulation of credit in “excess-capacity” sectors. Debt markets have become more difficult to access for private sector Chinese companies, while state owned enterprises continue to issue. This is not the direction that China presumably wants to go, given its stated interest in having capital channeled to the more innovative parts of its economy. The lack of liquidity for private companies coincides with a sharp decline in capital spending by private firms as well, which we capture in our China monitor.

10 China has asked local governments to speed up issuance of infrastructure debt in 2020, and lowered capital requirements for infrastructure investment projects, allowing larger debt to equity ratios. Minimum capital investment ratios for ports and shipping projects will be lowered to 20% from 25%. 11 Total Social Financing refers to financing provided to the real economy in China from banks (RMB & foreign currency loans, entrusted loans, trust loans, corporate bonds, financial institution holdings of non-financial corporate equity, insurance company repayments, industry fund investments, and investment property) and from direct financing channels (bill acceptances, equity fundraising, corporate bonds, local gov’t bonds).

-12%

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Fiscal deficit plus investment via local government financing vehicles, policy banks and other channels

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Mortgage lending

Total social financing

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019-100-50050100150200250300350400450

-40-20

020406080

100120140160

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Private companies

State owned enterprises

Le secteur privé répond jusqu’ici de façon limitée à la relance, % de variation en glissement annuel

Sources : J.P. Morgan Asia Pacific Equity Research, Banque populaire de Chine. Novembre 2019.

CHIN

E

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Si l’économie chinoise rebondit à l’issue de l’accord commercial, quels sont les marchés actions qui pourraient en profiter le plus ? L’une des raisons qui m’incitent souvent à acheter des actions européennes est qu’elles bénéficieraient d’un rebond de la croissance chinoise. Notre analyse des 15 dernières années confirme que les actions européennes profitent généralement d’une reprise des indicateurs avancés de la Chine. Toutefois, les actions des marchés émergents ont eu tendance à augmenter un peu plus. En outre, les actions des marchés émergents s’échangent avec une décote par rapport à l’Europe, mais moins importante qu’auparavant compte tenu de la faible performance des bénéfices des sociétés émergentes. Les actions des marchés émergents ont sous-performé leurs homologues européennes au cours de la dernière décennie, en partie en raison du ralentissement progressif de la croissance chinoise.

L’un des éléments clés à garder à l’esprit lorsque l’on investit dans les marchés émergents est la sur- ou sous-évaluation des monnaies des pays émergents. La mauvaise performance des actions des marchés émergents en 2014-2016 était notamment la conséquence d’une surévaluation des taux de change des marchés émergents en 2013. Comme indiqué par le graphique suivant, une évaluation multifactorielle des taux de change des monnaies des pays émergents montre qu’ils sont à peu près à leur juste valeur, après prise en compte des taux de change nominaux et des différences bilatérales au titre des échanges commerciaux, de l’inflation, de la productivité et des déficits des balances des opérations courantes.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

16

If there’s a rebound in China after the trade deal, which equity markets could benefit most? Part of the rationale that I often see for adding European equities is that they would benefit from a rebound in Chinese growth. Our analysis of the last 15 years confirms that European equities generally do benefit when China leading indicators pick up. However, Emerging Market equities tended to rise a bit more. Furthermore, EM equities trade at a discount to Europe, although not by as much as they used to given the weaker performance of EM earnings. EM equities have underperformed Europe over the last decade, in part due to the gradual slowdown in Chinese growth.

One of the key things to keep in mind when investing in emerging markets: the over- or under-valuation of EM currencies. The poor performance of EM equities in 2014-2016 was in part a consequence of overvalued EM exchange rates in 2013. As shown below, a multifactor assessment of EM exchange rates shows that they are roughly at fair value, after accounting for nominal exchange rates and bilateral differences in trade, inflation, productivity and current account deficits.

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '1970

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Stoxx 600MSCI Emerging

Markets

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: Goldman Sachs Economic Research. October 2019.

Real trade weighted Emerging Market currency basket

Overvalued

Undervalued

Marchés émergents : décote des multiples P/E par rapport à l’Europe, décote/surcote des multiples P/E du MSCI EM vs le Stoxx 600 sur la base des bénéfices prévisionnels

Sources : Datastream, IBES, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 27 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

16

If there’s a rebound in China after the trade deal, which equity markets could benefit most? Part of the rationale that I often see for adding European equities is that they would benefit from a rebound in Chinese growth. Our analysis of the last 15 years confirms that European equities generally do benefit when China leading indicators pick up. However, Emerging Market equities tended to rise a bit more. Furthermore, EM equities trade at a discount to Europe, although not by as much as they used to given the weaker performance of EM earnings. EM equities have underperformed Europe over the last decade, in part due to the gradual slowdown in Chinese growth.

One of the key things to keep in mind when investing in emerging markets: the over- or under-valuation of EM currencies. The poor performance of EM equities in 2014-2016 was in part a consequence of overvalued EM exchange rates in 2013. As shown below, a multifactor assessment of EM exchange rates shows that they are roughly at fair value, after accounting for nominal exchange rates and bilateral differences in trade, inflation, productivity and current account deficits.

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '1970

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Stoxx 600MSCI Emerging

Markets

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: Goldman Sachs Economic Research. October 2019.

Overvalued

Undervalued

Panier de monnaies des pays émergents pondérées en fonction des échanges

Source : Goldman Sachs Economic Research. Octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

16

If there’s a rebound in China after the trade deal, which equity markets could benefit most? Part of the rationale that I often see for adding European equities is that they would benefit from a rebound in Chinese growth. Our analysis of the last 15 years confirms that European equities generally do benefit when China leading indicators pick up. However, Emerging Market equities tended to rise a bit more. Furthermore, EM equities trade at a discount to Europe, although not by as much as they used to given the weaker performance of EM earnings. EM equities have underperformed Europe over the last decade, in part due to the gradual slowdown in Chinese growth.

One of the key things to keep in mind when investing in emerging markets: the over- or under-valuation of EM currencies. The poor performance of EM equities in 2014-2016 was in part a consequence of overvalued EM exchange rates in 2013. As shown below, a multifactor assessment of EM exchange rates shows that they are roughly at fair value, after accounting for nominal exchange rates and bilateral differences in trade, inflation, productivity and current account deficits.

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '1970

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Stoxx 600MSCI Emerging

Markets

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: Goldman Sachs Economic Research. October 2019.

Real trade weighted Emerging Market currency basket

Overvalued

Undervalued

Europe vs marchés émergents : bénéfices prévisionnels à 12 mois, indice, 1er janvier 2015 = 100

Sources : Datastream, IBES, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 27 décembre 2019.

CHIN

E

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[5] Pourquoi l’inflation tendancielle américaine est-elle en panne ?

Tout d’abord, elle n’est pas en panne. L’économie américaine ne dispose pratiquement plus de capacités excé-dentaires et l’inflation tendancielle est à la fois stable et proche du taux de 2 % souhaité par la Réserve fédérale. Mais la Réserve fédérale fait comme si elle était en panne en réduisant une fois de plus les taux au niveau voire en deçà du taux d’inflation. Alors, qu’est-ce que la Réserve fédérale voit d’autre qu’une stabilité des anticipations inflationnistes qui rend les membres de son conseil si insouciants quant aux risques d’inflation à l’avenir ?

Nous avons déjà présenté les graphiques suivants, car ils constituent le fondement de la conviction de la Réserve fédérale que l’inflation restera suffisamment faible pour justifier le maintien d’une politique monétaire accom-modante. Les graphiques suivants illustrent la baisse du pouvoir de négociation des salariés, la rapidité de réajus-tement des prix de détail, l’impact de la mondialisation sur les salaires, la moindre propension des entreprises à réagir aux augmentations des coûts de main-d’œuvre par des hausses de prix, la déflation induite par le secteur technologique et l’essor des robots industriels12. Tous ces facteurs ont contribué à une inflation faible et stable aux États-Unis, et à un pourcentage inédit de pays affichant également une inflation faible et stable.

12 Alors que les livraisons de robots aux États-Unis ont augmenté de 60 % entre 2013 et 2018, la Chine est le leader dans le déploiement de robots, avec 4 fois plus d’installations qu’aux États-Unis en 2018. Ce facteur est important pour l’inflation américaine et la Réserve fédérale, car l’utilisation accrue de robots par la Chine pourrait atténuer l’impact de la hausse des salaires en Chine alors que l’offre de main-d’œuvre chinoise se réduit, et soutenir l’impact déflationniste aux États-Unis des importations de biens chinois. Comme indiqué en page 5, les importations américaines de biens en provenance de Chine ont diminué en raison de la guerre commerciale et de la hausse des droits de douane, mais la Chine reste le principal partenaire des États-Unis pour les importations.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

17

[5] Why is US core inflation dead?

First of all, it’s not dead. There’s little to no excess capacity left in the US economy and core inflation is both steady and not far from the Fed’s preferred 2% rate. But the Fed is acting as if it’s dead by reducing rates yet again to be at or below the rate of inflation. So, what is the Fed seeing other than stable inflation expectations that makes its board members so complacent about inflation risks going forward?

We have shown the next few charts before, since they’re the foundation of the Fed’s belief that inflation will remain low enough to justify continued easy monetary policy. The charts illustrate the decline in labor bargaining power, the increased speed of retail price readjustments, the impact of globalization on wages, the reduced inclination of companies to respond to labor cost increases with price hikes, deflation from the tech sector and the rise of industrial robots12. These factors have all contributed to low, stable US inflation, and an all-time high in the percentage of countries with low and stable inflation as well.

12 While robot shipments to the US rose by 60% from 2013 to 2018, China is the leader in the robot deployment, with 4x more installations in 2018 than in the US. The reason this matters for US inflation and the Fed: increased Chinese use of robots could dilute the impact of rising wages in China as its labor supply shrinks, and sustain the deflationary impact in the US of Chinese goods imports. As shown on page 3, while US goods imports from China have declined due to the trade war and the rise in tariffs, China is still the largest import counterparty for the US.

-6%

-5%

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Hun

dred

s

Source: Congressional Budget Office. Q3 2019.

Post crisis excess capacity now exhausted

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

'08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Source: BLS, BEA. November 2019.

Consumerprice index

Personalconsumption expenditures

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

'47 '52 '57 '62 '67 '72 '77 '82 '87 '92 '97 '02 '07 '12 '17

Source: Pre '83 Hirsch, post '83 BLS. 2018.

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Recreation and electronics

Furnishings and household

Food and non-alcoholic beverages

« Écart de production » aux États-Unis : un indicateur des capacités excédentaires%, PIB réel comparativement au PIB potentiel

Source : Congressional Budget Office. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

17

[5] Why is US core inflation dead?

First of all, it’s not dead. There’s little to no excess capacity left in the US economy and core inflation is both steady and not far from the Fed’s preferred 2% rate. But the Fed is acting as if it’s dead by reducing rates yet again to be at or below the rate of inflation. So, what is the Fed seeing other than stable inflation expectations that makes its board members so complacent about inflation risks going forward?

We have shown the next few charts before, since they’re the foundation of the Fed’s belief that inflation will remain low enough to justify continued easy monetary policy. The charts illustrate the decline in labor bargaining power, the increased speed of retail price readjustments, the impact of globalization on wages, the reduced inclination of companies to respond to labor cost increases with price hikes, deflation from the tech sector and the rise of industrial robots12. These factors have all contributed to low, stable US inflation, and an all-time high in the percentage of countries with low and stable inflation as well.

12 While robot shipments to the US rose by 60% from 2013 to 2018, China is the leader in the robot deployment, with 4x more installations in 2018 than in the US. The reason this matters for US inflation and the Fed: increased Chinese use of robots could dilute the impact of rising wages in China as its labor supply shrinks, and sustain the deflationary impact in the US of Chinese goods imports. As shown on page 3, while US goods imports from China have declined due to the trade war and the rise in tariffs, China is still the largest import counterparty for the US.

-6%

-5%

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Hun

dred

s

Source: Congressional Budget Office. Q3 2019.

Post crisis excess capacity now exhausted

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

'08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Source: BLS, BEA. November 2019.

Consumerprice index

Personalconsumption expenditures

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

'47 '52 '57 '62 '67 '72 '77 '82 '87 '92 '97 '02 '07 '12 '17

Source: Pre '83 Hirsch, post '83 BLS. 2018.

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Recreation and electronics

Furnishings and household

Food and non-alcoholic beverages

Baisse du pouvoir de négociation des salariésTaux de syndicalisation dans le secteur privé

Sources : Hisch (avant 1983), Bureau of Labor Statistics (après 1983). 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

17

[5] Why is US core inflation dead?

First of all, it’s not dead. There’s little to no excess capacity left in the US economy and core inflation is both steady and not far from the Fed’s preferred 2% rate. But the Fed is acting as if it’s dead by reducing rates yet again to be at or below the rate of inflation. So, what is the Fed seeing other than stable inflation expectations that makes its board members so complacent about inflation risks going forward?

We have shown the next few charts before, since they’re the foundation of the Fed’s belief that inflation will remain low enough to justify continued easy monetary policy. The charts illustrate the decline in labor bargaining power, the increased speed of retail price readjustments, the impact of globalization on wages, the reduced inclination of companies to respond to labor cost increases with price hikes, deflation from the tech sector and the rise of industrial robots12. These factors have all contributed to low, stable US inflation, and an all-time high in the percentage of countries with low and stable inflation as well.

12 While robot shipments to the US rose by 60% from 2013 to 2018, China is the leader in the robot deployment, with 4x more installations in 2018 than in the US. The reason this matters for US inflation and the Fed: increased Chinese use of robots could dilute the impact of rising wages in China as its labor supply shrinks, and sustain the deflationary impact in the US of Chinese goods imports. As shown on page 3, while US goods imports from China have declined due to the trade war and the rise in tariffs, China is still the largest import counterparty for the US.

-6%

-5%

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Hun

dred

s

Source: Congressional Budget Office. Q3 2019.

Post crisis excess capacity now exhausted

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

'08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Source: BLS, BEA. November 2019.

Consumerprice index

Personalconsumption expenditures

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

'47 '52 '57 '62 '67 '72 '77 '82 '87 '92 '97 '02 '07 '12 '17

Source: Pre '83 Hirsch, post '83 BLS. 2018.

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Recreation and electronics

Furnishings and household

Food and non-alcoholic beverages

Le commerce en ligne accroît la transparence des prixIntervalle entre les variations de prix (en mois)

Sources : A. Cavallo, NBER WP. 2018. Prix courants hors événements commerciaux.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

17

[5] Why is US core inflation dead?

First of all, it’s not dead. There’s little to no excess capacity left in the US economy and core inflation is both steady and not far from the Fed’s preferred 2% rate. But the Fed is acting as if it’s dead by reducing rates yet again to be at or below the rate of inflation. So, what is the Fed seeing other than stable inflation expectations that makes its board members so complacent about inflation risks going forward?

We have shown the next few charts before, since they’re the foundation of the Fed’s belief that inflation will remain low enough to justify continued easy monetary policy. The charts illustrate the decline in labor bargaining power, the increased speed of retail price readjustments, the impact of globalization on wages, the reduced inclination of companies to respond to labor cost increases with price hikes, deflation from the tech sector and the rise of industrial robots12. These factors have all contributed to low, stable US inflation, and an all-time high in the percentage of countries with low and stable inflation as well.

12 While robot shipments to the US rose by 60% from 2013 to 2018, China is the leader in the robot deployment, with 4x more installations in 2018 than in the US. The reason this matters for US inflation and the Fed: increased Chinese use of robots could dilute the impact of rising wages in China as its labor supply shrinks, and sustain the deflationary impact in the US of Chinese goods imports. As shown on page 3, while US goods imports from China have declined due to the trade war and the rise in tariffs, China is still the largest import counterparty for the US.

-6%

-5%

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18

Source: Congressional Budget Office. Q3 2019.

US "output gap": a measure of spare capacity%, Actual GDP relative to potential GDP

Post crisis excess capacity now exhausted

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

'08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Source: BLS, BEA. November 2019.

US core CPI and PCEy/y %

Consumer price index

Personal consumption expenditures

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

'47 '52 '57 '62 '67 '72 '77 '82 '87 '92 '97 '02 '07 '12 '17

Decline in labor bargaining powerPrivate sector union membership

Source: Pre '83 Hirsch, post '83 BLS. 2018.

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: A. Cavallo, NBER WP. 2018. Regular prices exclude sale events.

Online retailing increases price transparencyHow long prices remain the same after a change (months)

Recreation and electronics

Furnishings and household

Food and non-alcoholic beverages

Inflation sous-jacente aux États-Unis% de variation en glissement annuel

Sources : Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Novembre 2019.

INFLATIO

N

AM

ÉRICA

INE

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

L’impact déflationniste du secteur technologique. Certains chercheurs de la Réserve fédérale se sont penchés sur le débat entourant une éventuelle évaluation erronée de la productivité américaine due à une difficulté à appréhen-der les gains de productivité induits par le secteur des TIC (technologies de l’information et de la communication). Ils estiment aujourd’hui que les prix des TIC ont en réalité diminué à un rythme nettement plus rapide que ce qui était indiqué dans les données officielles sur l’inflation. Étant donné l’effet multiplicateur du secteur des TIC sur le reste de l’économie, cela pourrait expliquer pourquoi la Réserve fédérale a pu mener une politique moné-taire aussi accommodante au cours de la décennie sans alimenter l’inflation des salaires ou des prix.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

18

The deflationary impact of the tech sector. Some Fed researchers have taken a closer look at the debate around whether US productivity is mismeasured due to difficulty in capturing productivity gains from the ICT sector (information, communication and technology). They now estimate that ICT prices have in reality declined at a much faster pace than was reported in official inflation data. Given the ICT sector’s multiplier effect on the rest of the economy, this could explain why the Fed has been able to run such easy monetary policy over the decade without stoking wage or price inflation.

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

0.76

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15

Source: World Bank, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Q3 2019.

% of GDP

World trade US employee compensation

-1.0%

-0.8%

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s Change in core PCE inflation from1% increase in unit labor costs

Change in profit margins from 1% increase in unit labor costs (inverted)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018

Acemoglu (MIT)

Institute forEmploymentResearch Bruegel Inst.

(Belgium)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Software (official)Software (new est)Computers/Comm equip (official)Computers/Comm equip (new est)

Reasons for lower revised ICT inflation estimates:

Better estimates of efficiency improvements fromhard-to-quantify advancements in operatingsystems, open-source software, cloud computing,storage and computing capacity

More industry subsets included, such as cloudcomputing and systems design services (14 inalternative measure vs 7 in official data)

New software price index including not justapplication software, but also systems/OSsoftware for desktops, portable devices, networksand enterprises

More accurate and broader industry pricing data

Mondialisation et rémunération des salariés américains% du PIB % de la valeur ajoutée nette

Sources : Banque mondiale, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

18

The deflationary impact of the tech sector. Some Fed researchers have taken a closer look at the debate around whether US productivity is mismeasured due to difficulty in capturing productivity gains from the ICT sector (information, communication and technology). They now estimate that ICT prices have in reality declined at a much faster pace than was reported in official inflation data. Given the ICT sector’s multiplier effect on the rest of the economy, this could explain why the Fed has been able to run such easy monetary policy over the decade without stoking wage or price inflation.

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

0.76

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15

Source: World Bank, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Q3 2019.

% of GDP

World trade US employee compensation

-1.0%

-0.8%

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s Change in core PCE inflation from1% increase in unit labor costs

Change in profit margins from 1% increase in unit labor costs (inverted)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018

Acemoglu (MIT)

Institute forEmploymentResearch Bruegel Inst.

(Belgium)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Software (official)Software (new est)Computers/Comm equip (official)Computers/Comm equip (new est)

Reasons for lower revised ICT inflation estimates:

Better estimates of efficiency improvements fromhard-to-quantify advancements in operatingsystems, open-source software, cloud computing,storage and computing capacity

More industry subsets included, such as cloudcomputing and systems design services (14 inalternative measure vs 7 in official data)

New software price index including not justapplication software, but also systems/OSsoftware for desktops, portable devices, networksand enterprises

More accurate and broader industry pricing data

États-Unis : robots industriels pour mille ouvriers

Sources : MIT, IAB, Bruegel Institute. 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

18

The deflationary impact of the tech sector. Some Fed researchers have taken a closer look at the debate around whether US productivity is mismeasured due to difficulty in capturing productivity gains from the ICT sector (information, communication and technology). They now estimate that ICT prices have in reality declined at a much faster pace than was reported in official inflation data. Given the ICT sector’s multiplier effect on the rest of the economy, this could explain why the Fed has been able to run such easy monetary policy over the decade without stoking wage or price inflation.

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

0.76

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15

Source: World Bank, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Q3 2019.

% of GDP

World trade US employee compensation

-1.0%

-0.8%

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s Change in core PCE inflation from1% increase in unit labor costs

Change in profit margins from 1% increase in unit labor costs (inverted)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018

Acemoglu (MIT)

Institute forEmploymentResearch Bruegel Inst.

(Belgium)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Software (official)Software (new est)Computers/Comm equip (official)Computers/Comm equip (new est)

Reasons for lower revised ICT inflation estimates:

Better estimates of efficiency improvements fromhard-to-quantify advancements in operatingsystems, open-source software, cloud computing,storage and computing capacity

More industry subsets included, such as cloudcomputing and systems design services (14 inalternative measure vs 7 in official data)

New software price index including not justapplication software, but also systems/OSsoftware for desktops, portable devices, networksand enterprises

More accurate and broader industry pricing data

Une nouvelle analyse de la Réserve fédérale fait apparaître une déflation accrue liée aux TIC par rapport aux données officielles publiées, % de variation en glissement annuel

Source : Byme & Corrado, « ICT Prices and ICT Services : What do they tell us about Productivity and Technology ? », 2017, mis à jour en 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

18

The deflationary impact of the tech sector. Some Fed researchers have taken a closer look at the debate around whether US productivity is mismeasured due to difficulty in capturing productivity gains from the ICT sector (information, communication and technology). They now estimate that ICT prices have in reality declined at a much faster pace than was reported in official inflation data. Given the ICT sector’s multiplier effect on the rest of the economy, this could explain why the Fed has been able to run such easy monetary policy over the decade without stoking wage or price inflation.

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

0.76

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15

Source: World Bank, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Q3 2019.

% of GDP

World trade US employee compensation

-1.0%

-0.8%

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s Change in core PCE inflation from1% increase in unit labor costs

Change in profit margins from 1% increase in unit labor costs (inverted)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018

Acemoglu (MIT)

Institute forEmploymentResearch Bruegel Inst.

(Belgium)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Software (official)Software (new est)Computers/Comm equip (official)Computers/Comm equip (new est)

Reasons for lower revised ICT inflation estimates:

Better estimates of efficiency improvements fromhard-to-quantify advancements in operatingsystems, open-source software, cloud computing,storage and computing capacity

More industry subsets included, such as cloudcomputing and systems design services (14 inalternative measure vs 7 in official data)

New software price index including not justapplication software, but also systems/OSsoftware for desktops, portable devices, networksand enterprises

More accurate and broader industry pricing data

Pourcentage du PIB mondial associé à une inflation tendancielle basse et positive (0-4 %)

Sources : Banque mondiale, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

18

The deflationary impact of the tech sector. Some Fed researchers have taken a closer look at the debate around whether US productivity is mismeasured due to difficulty in capturing productivity gains from the ICT sector (information, communication and technology). They now estimate that ICT prices have in reality declined at a much faster pace than was reported in official inflation data. Given the ICT sector’s multiplier effect on the rest of the economy, this could explain why the Fed has been able to run such easy monetary policy over the decade without stoking wage or price inflation.

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

0.76

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

'60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10 '15

Source: World Bank, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Q3 2019.

% of GDP

World trade US employee compensation

-1.0%

-0.8%

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Hun

dred

s

Hun

dred

s Change in core PCE inflation from1% increase in unit labor costs

Change in profit margins from 1% increase in unit labor costs (inverted)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018

Acemoglu (MIT)

Institute forEmploymentResearch Bruegel Inst.

(Belgium)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Software (official)Software (new est)Computers/Comm equip (official)Computers/Comm equip (new est)

Reasons for lower revised ICT inflation estimates:

Better estimates of efficiency improvements fromhard-to-quantify advancements in operatingsystems, open-source software, cloud computing,storage and computing capacity

More industry subsets included, such as cloudcomputing and systems design services (14 inalternative measure vs 7 in official data)

New software price index including not justapplication software, but also systems/OSsoftware for desktops, portable devices, networksand enterprises

More accurate and broader industry pricing data

Les entreprises absorbent les variations des coûts de main-d’œuvre à travers les marges plutôt que par les prix

Source : J.P. Morgan Economic Research. 3e trimestre 2019.

Raisons de la révision à la baisse des estimations de l‘inflation liée aux TIC :

• Meilleures estimations des progrès de l‘efficacité découlant de développements difficiles à quantifier dans les systèmes d‘exploitation, les logiciels open source, le cloud computing, le stockage et la capacité de calcul

• Inclusion d’un plus grand nombre de sous-ensembles industriels, comme le cloud computing et les services de conception de systèmes (14 dans la nouvelle analyse contre 7 dans les données officielles)

• Nouvel indice des prix des logiciels comprenant non seulement les logiciels d‘application, mais aussi les logiciels systèmes/systèmes d’exploitation pour les ordinateurs de bureau, les appareils portables, les réseaux et les entreprises

• Des données plus précises et plus larges sur les prix du secteur

INFL

ATIO

N

AM

ÉRIC

AIN

E

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[6] Quelles sont les conséquences des taux d’intérêt négatifs pour les banques européennes ?

Du point de vue d’un investisseur, elles ne sont pas positives. Les rendements et les valorisations des actions des banques européennes sont à la traîne par rapport aux États-Unis depuis le début de la politique de taux directeurs négatifs en 2014. Nous ne connaissons pas le scénario contre-factuel, et peut-être la BCE pourrait-elle affirmer que sans les taux négatifs, la région serait dans une situation encore pire et que l’augmentation des défauts de paiement des entreprises compliquerait encore plus la vie des banques. Quoi qu’il en soit, les taux négatifs ont représenté une difficulté majeure pour les investisseurs bancaires en Europe, et ils semblent partis pour durer.

En réalité, la BCE envisage d’opérer de nouvelles baisses de taux. Les taux directeurs de la BCE sont actuellement de -0,5 % et, aussi étonnant que cela puisse paraître, la BCE pourrait les abaisser à -1,0 %. Les marges d’intérêt nettes actuelles des banques allemandes sont de 0,9 %. Si les banques allemandes répercutaient la moitié de l’impact sur les déposants13, leurs marges d’intérêt nettes pourraient accuser une baisse de 25 %. Mais si aucune répercussion n’était faite, leurs marges d’intérêt nettes pourraient diminuer de moitié par rapport à leurs niveaux actuels (dérisoires). Dernier point : sachez que la légère hausse des bénéfices des banques européennes au cours des deux dernières années résulte en quasi-totalité de la baisse des provisions pour pertes sur prêts, et non de la hausse des produits opérationnels ou de la diminution des charges opérationnelles. Autrement dit, il ne s’agit pas d’une hausse organique des bénéfices des banques.

13 Certaines banques allemandes plus petites ont annoncé qu’elles allaient commencer à appliquer des taux de dépôt négatifs aux nouveaux comptes.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

19

[6] What are negative policy rates doing to European banks?

From an investor’s perspective, nothing good. European bank equity returns and valuations have trailed the US since negative policy rates began in 2014. We don’t know the counterfactual, and perhaps the ECB would argue that without negative rates, the region would be in even worse shape and rising corporate defaults would make life even worse for banks. Whatever the case, negative rates have been a major headache for bank investors in Europe, and it doesn’t look like they’re going away.

In fact, the ECB is considering cutting rates even further. ECB policy rates are currently -0.5%, and amazingly, the ECB might reduce them to -1.0%. Current net interest margins of German banks are 0.9%. If German banks passed half the impact to depositors13, their net interest margins could fall by 25%. But if none of the impact were passed along, their net interest margins could fall in half from current (paltry) levels. Last point: for anyone looking at the minor rise in European bank profits in the last couple of years, be aware that this is almost entirely due to reduced loan loss provisions, rather than rising operating income or falling operating expenses. In other words, this is not an organic increase in bank profits.

Whether negative rates are a symptom, a disease or a cure, I hope they never emigrate from Europe. Princeton economist Markus Brunnermeier believes in a “reversal rate”: a tipping point beyond which damage to banks by further rate reductions outweighs benefits to the economy, in which case more easing becomes contractionary rather than stimulative. In other words, as bank profitability falls, their ability to generate new capital deteriorates, which undermines their ability to make new loans.

13 Some smaller German banks announced that they will begin charging negative deposit rates to new accounts.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source: ECB, Barclays European Research. 2018.

Banks profitability driven by falling loan provisionsEUR billions

Operating income

Operating expense

Loan provisions

Profit/Loss

Percentage of J.P. Morgan GBI Broad Index trading with negative yieldsCountry Total 1-3 Years 3-5 Years 5-7 Years 7-10 Years 10+ YearsDenmark 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Germany 87% 100% 100% 100% 100% 55%Finland 78% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Sweden 73% 100% 100% 100% 50% 0%Netherlands 72% 100% 100% 100% 100% 17%Austria 68% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%France 65% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Ireland 62% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Belgium 56% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Japan 51% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Spain 35% 100% 100% 15% 0% 0%Portugal 35% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0%Italy 14% 60% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 52% 93% 85% 69% 74% 5%Source: J.P. Morgan Global Index Research, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. December 11, 2019.

États-Unis vs Europe : rendement (dividendes réinvestis) des banques, indice, janvier 2009 = 100

Source : Bloomberg. 30 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

19

[6] What are negative policy rates doing to European banks?

From an investor’s perspective, nothing good. European bank equity returns and valuations have trailed the US since negative policy rates began in 2014. We don’t know the counterfactual, and perhaps the ECB would argue that without negative rates, the region would be in even worse shape and rising corporate defaults would make life even worse for banks. Whatever the case, negative rates have been a major headache for bank investors in Europe, and it doesn’t look like they’re going away.

In fact, the ECB is considering cutting rates even further. ECB policy rates are currently -0.5%, and amazingly, the ECB might reduce them to -1.0%. Current net interest margins of German banks are 0.9%. If German banks passed half the impact to depositors13, their net interest margins could fall by 25%. But if none of the impact were passed along, their net interest margins could fall in half from current (paltry) levels. Last point: for anyone looking at the minor rise in European bank profits in the last couple of years, be aware that this is almost entirely due to reduced loan loss provisions, rather than rising operating income or falling operating expenses. In other words, this is not an organic increase in bank profits.

Whether negative rates are a symptom, a disease or a cure, I hope they never emigrate from Europe. Princeton economist Markus Brunnermeier believes in a “reversal rate”: a tipping point beyond which damage to banks by further rate reductions outweighs benefits to the economy, in which case more easing becomes contractionary rather than stimulative. In other words, as bank profitability falls, their ability to generate new capital deteriorates, which undermines their ability to make new loans.

13 Some smaller German banks announced that they will begin charging negative deposit rates to new accounts.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Operating income

Operating expense

Loan provisions

Profit/Loss

Country Total 1-3 Years 3-5 Years 5-7 Years 7-10 Years 10+ YearsDenmark 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Germany 87% 100% 100% 100% 100% 55%Finland 78% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Sweden 73% 100% 100% 100% 50% 0%Netherlands 72% 100% 100% 100% 100% 17%Austria 68% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%France 65% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Ireland 62% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Belgium 56% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Japan 51% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Spain 35% 100% 100% 15% 0% 0%Portugal 35% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0%Italy 14% 60% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 52% 93% 85% 69% 74% 5%

La rentabilité des banques est tirée par la baisse des provisions pour pertes sur prêtsMilliards d’euros

Sources : BCE, Barclays European Research. 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

19

[6] What are negative policy rates doing to European banks?

From an investor’s perspective, nothing good. European bank equity returns and valuations have trailed the US since negative policy rates began in 2014. We don’t know the counterfactual, and perhaps the ECB would argue that without negative rates, the region would be in even worse shape and rising corporate defaults would make life even worse for banks. Whatever the case, negative rates have been a major headache for bank investors in Europe, and it doesn’t look like they’re going away.

In fact, the ECB is considering cutting rates even further. ECB policy rates are currently -0.5%, and amazingly, the ECB might reduce them to -1.0%. Current net interest margins of German banks are 0.9%. If German banks passed half the impact to depositors13, their net interest margins could fall by 25%. But if none of the impact were passed along, their net interest margins could fall in half from current (paltry) levels. Last point: for anyone looking at the minor rise in European bank profits in the last couple of years, be aware that this is almost entirely due to reduced loan loss provisions, rather than rising operating income or falling operating expenses. In other words, this is not an organic increase in bank profits.

Whether negative rates are a symptom, a disease or a cure, I hope they never emigrate from Europe. Princeton economist Markus Brunnermeier believes in a “reversal rate”: a tipping point beyond which damage to banks by further rate reductions outweighs benefits to the economy, in which case more easing becomes contractionary rather than stimulative. In other words, as bank profitability falls, their ability to generate new capital deteriorates, which undermines their ability to make new loans.

13 Some smaller German banks announced that they will begin charging negative deposit rates to new accounts.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Operating income

Operating expense

Loan provisions

Profit/Loss

Country Total 1-3 Years 3-5 Years 5-7 Years 7-10 Years 10+ YearsDenmark 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Germany 87% 100% 100% 100% 100% 55%Finland 78% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Sweden 73% 100% 100% 100% 50% 0%Netherlands 72% 100% 100% 100% 100% 17%Austria 68% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%France 65% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Ireland 62% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Belgium 56% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Japan 51% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Spain 35% 100% 100% 15% 0% 0%Portugal 35% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0%Italy 14% 60% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 52% 93% 85% 69% 74% 5%

Pourcentage de l’Indice J.P. Morgan GBI Broad s’échangeant avec des rendements négatifs

Sources : J.P. Morgan Global Index Research, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 11 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

19

[6] What are negative policy rates doing to European banks?

From an investor’s perspective, nothing good. European bank equity returns and valuations have trailed the US since negative policy rates began in 2014. We don’t know the counterfactual, and perhaps the ECB would argue that without negative rates, the region would be in even worse shape and rising corporate defaults would make life even worse for banks. Whatever the case, negative rates have been a major headache for bank investors in Europe, and it doesn’t look like they’re going away.

In fact, the ECB is considering cutting rates even further. ECB policy rates are currently -0.5%, and amazingly, the ECB might reduce them to -1.0%. Current net interest margins of German banks are 0.9%. If German banks passed half the impact to depositors13, their net interest margins could fall by 25%. But if none of the impact were passed along, their net interest margins could fall in half from current (paltry) levels. Last point: for anyone looking at the minor rise in European bank profits in the last couple of years, be aware that this is almost entirely due to reduced loan loss provisions, rather than rising operating income or falling operating expenses. In other words, this is not an organic increase in bank profits.

Whether negative rates are a symptom, a disease or a cure, I hope they never emigrate from Europe. Princeton economist Markus Brunnermeier believes in a “reversal rate”: a tipping point beyond which damage to banks by further rate reductions outweighs benefits to the economy, in which case more easing becomes contractionary rather than stimulative. In other words, as bank profitability falls, their ability to generate new capital deteriorates, which undermines their ability to make new loans.

13 Some smaller German banks announced that they will begin charging negative deposit rates to new accounts.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

S&P 500banks index

Euro STOXXbanks index

Start of ECB negative interest rate era

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source: ECB, Barclays European Research. 2018.

Banks profitability driven by falling loan provisionsEUR billions

Operating income

Operating expense

Loan provisions

Profit/Loss

Percentage of J.P. Morgan GBI Broad Index trading with negative yieldsCountry Total 1-3 Years 3-5 Years 5-7 Years 7-10 Years 10+ YearsDenmark 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Germany 87% 100% 100% 100% 100% 55%Finland 78% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Sweden 73% 100% 100% 100% 50% 0%Netherlands 72% 100% 100% 100% 100% 17%Austria 68% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%France 65% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Ireland 62% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Belgium 56% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Japan 51% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%Spain 35% 100% 100% 15% 0% 0%Portugal 35% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0%Italy 14% 60% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 52% 93% 85% 69% 74% 5%Source: J.P. Morgan Global Index Research, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. December 11, 2019.

États-Unis vs Europe : multiple d’actif net comptable des banques, ratio

Source : Bloomberg. 30 décembre 2019.

TAU

X NÉG

ATIFS EN

EUR

OPE

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Que les taux négatifs soient un symptôme, une maladie ou un remède, j’espère qu’ils ne se propageront pas à d’autres régions. Markus Brunnermeier, économiste à Princeton, croit en un « taux de retournement » : un point de basculement au-delà duquel les dommages causés aux banques par de nouvelles baisses de taux l’emportent sur les avantages pour l’économie, auquel cas un assouplissement supplémentaire a un effet de contraction plutôt que de relance. En d’autres termes, à mesure que la rentabilité des banques diminue, leur capacité à générer des capitaux se détériore, ce qui compromet leur capacité à accorder de nouveaux prêts.

TAU

X N

ÉGAT

IFS

EN

EU

RO

PE

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[7] Les valeurs de rendement vont-elles un jour cesser d’être à la traîne par rapport aux valeurs de croissance ?

Depuis 2010, les valeurs de rendement ont sous-performé les valeurs de croissance dans des proportions rarement observées au cours des 70 dernières années, période durant laquelle le fait de privilégier les valeurs de rendement a permis aux investisseurs et aux gérants actifs d’engranger des dividendes élevés. Toutefois, au cours des dernières années, les investisseurs se sont concentrés sur les valeurs de croissance, les titres en forte progression et les titres assimilables à des obligations, soit en quête d’une croissance des bénéfices qui se faisait rare, soit pour engranger des dividendes dont ils avaient désespérément besoin. La sous-performance des valeurs de rendement a depuis 2010 constitué une difficulté importante pour les gérants d’actions actifs, un thème que nous avons abordé en détail dans un numéro spécial d’Eye on the Market publié il y a quelque mois14.

Outre les données techniques indiquant des décotes extrêmes des multiples P/E des valeurs de rendement, existe-t-il des raisons fondamentales de penser qu’elles pourraient regagner une partie de leur sous-performance ? Vers la fin de 2019, les valeurs de rendement ont commencé à montrer des signes de renaissance par rapport aux valeurs de croissance, quoique cette évolution soit limitée jusqu’ici aux grandes capitalisations. Les tensions sur le marché

14 Analyse du secteur de la gestion actions active. Nous avons analysé le rendement de 6 700 gérants d’actions actifs pour 23 catégories de style depuis 1996. Comme on peut s’y attendre, les styles « Core », « Value » et « Growth » concernant les grandes capitalisations américaines ont connu des difficultés importantes en termes de rendements. Toutefois, nous avons également constaté que plus de 50 % des gérants ont surperformé dans plusieurs autres catégories américaines et non américaines depuis 2014 malgré toutes les distorsions du marché introduites par la Réserve fédérale, ce que je considère comme un signe positif pour la viabilité à long terme de la gestion d’actions active.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

20

[7] Will value stocks ever stop underperforming growth?

Since 2010, value has underperformed growth to an extent rarely seen in the last 70 years, a time when being a value oriented-investor paid significant dividends for investors and active managers. In recent years however, investors piled into growth, momentum and bond proxy stocks, either in pursuit of scarce earnings growth or desperately needed dividends. The underperformance of value has been a significant challenge for active equity managers since 2010, a topic we addressed in detail in a special issue Eye on the Market released earlier this year14.

Other than technicals showing extreme P/E discounts for value stocks, are there fundamental reasons to believe they might reverse some of their underperformance? Towards the end of 2019, value started to see signs of life relative to growth stocks, although it was confined to large cap stocks so far. Stresses in the IPO and pre-IPO market appeared to spark increased concern about the proliferation of IPOs with little to no earnings growth (see page 25-26), and about overpriced growth stocks at risk from an anti-trust revival outlined in the next section. Other catalysts could include an eventual recovery in energy stocks now that capital discipline has returned to the sector, and the eventual normalization of US monetary policy.

14 Active Equity Management industry analysis. We analyzed the performance of 6,700 active equity managers across 23 style categories since 1996. As you would expect, there were significant performance challenges in US large cap core, value and growth styles. However, we also found that more than 50% of managers outperformed in several other US and non-US categories since 2014 despite all the market distortions introduced by the Federal Reserve, which I consider a positive sign for the long term viability of active equity management.

50

500

5,000

50,000

500,000

1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016

Pre 2007 trend

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

P/E: momentum vs value

P/E: low vol vs value

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

P/E difference of mostexpensive vs cheapestUS large cap stocks,divided by market P/E

-5%0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Russell 1000

S&P 500

Surperformance cumulée des valeurs de rendement les moins chères par rapport à celles les plus chères, Indice, janvier 1926 = 100, échelle logarithmique

Sources : French Data Library, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Univers = NYSE, AMEX, Nasdaq. Octobre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

20

[7] Will value stocks ever stop underperforming growth?

Since 2010, value has underperformed growth to an extent rarely seen in the last 70 years, a time when being a value oriented-investor paid significant dividends for investors and active managers. In recent years however, investors piled into growth, momentum and bond proxy stocks, either in pursuit of scarce earnings growth or desperately needed dividends. The underperformance of value has been a significant challenge for active equity managers since 2010, a topic we addressed in detail in a special issue Eye on the Market released earlier this year14.

Other than technicals showing extreme P/E discounts for value stocks, are there fundamental reasons to believe they might reverse some of their underperformance? Towards the end of 2019, value started to see signs of life relative to growth stocks, although it was confined to large cap stocks so far. Stresses in the IPO and pre-IPO market appeared to spark increased concern about the proliferation of IPOs with little to no earnings growth (see page 25-26), and about overpriced growth stocks at risk from an anti-trust revival outlined in the next section. Other catalysts could include an eventual recovery in energy stocks now that capital discipline has returned to the sector, and the eventual normalization of US monetary policy.

14 Active Equity Management industry analysis. We analyzed the performance of 6,700 active equity managers across 23 style categories since 1996. As you would expect, there were significant performance challenges in US large cap core, value and growth styles. However, we also found that more than 50% of managers outperformed in several other US and non-US categories since 2014 despite all the market distortions introduced by the Federal Reserve, which I consider a positive sign for the long term viability of active equity management.

50

500

5,000

50,000

500,000

1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016

Pre 2007 trend

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

P/E: momentum vs value

P/E: low vol vs value

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

P/E difference of mostexpensive vs cheapestUS large cap stocks,divided by market P/E

-5%0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Russell 1000

S&P 500

Deuxième point haut historique pour les valeurs de croissance, ratio

Source : J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

20

[7] Will value stocks ever stop underperforming growth?

Since 2010, value has underperformed growth to an extent rarely seen in the last 70 years, a time when being a value-oriented investor paid significant dividends for investors and active managers. In recent years however, investors piled into growth, momentum and bond proxy stocks, either in pursuit of scarce earnings growth or desperately needed dividends. The underperformance of value has been a significant challenge for active equity managers since 2010, a topic we addressed in detail in a special issue Eye on the Market released earlier this year14.

Other than technicals showing extreme P/E discounts for value stocks, are there fundamental reasons to believe they might reverse some of their underperformance? Towards the end of 2019, value started to see signs of life relative to growth stocks, although it was confined to large cap stocks so far. Stresses in the IPO and pre-IPO market appeared to spark increased concern about the proliferation of IPOs with little to no earnings growth (see page 26-27), and about overpriced growth stocks at risk from an anti-trust revival outlined in the next section. Other catalysts could include an eventual recovery in energy stocks now that capital discipline has returned to the sector, and the eventual normalization of US monetary policy.

14 Active Equity Management industry analysis. We analyzed the performance of 6,700 active equity managers across 23 style categories since 1996. As you would expect, there were significant performance challenges in US large cap core, value and growth styles. However, we also found that more than 50% of managers outperformed in several other US and non-US categories since 2014 despite all the market distortions introduced by the Federal Reserve, which I consider a positive sign for the long term viability of active equity management.

50

500

5,000

50,000

500,000

1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016Source: French Data Library, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Universe =NYSE, AMEX, Nasdaq. October 2019.

Cumulative excess return of cheapest value stocks over most expensive value stocks, Index, Jan 1926 = 100, log scale

Pre 2007 trend

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management. November 2019.

Premium paid for momentum and low vol at historic highsvs value, P/E difference divided by market P/E

P/E: momentum vs value

P/E: low vol vs value

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management. November 2019.

Second highest peak for growth stocks on recordRatio

P/E difference of mostexpensive vs cheapestUS large cap stocks,divided by market P/E

-5%0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Hun

dred

s

Russell 1000

S&P 500

Performance cumulée des valeurs de croissance vs valeurs de rendement du S&P 500 et du Russell 1000, Rendement cumulé des valeurs de croissance – rendement cumulé des valeurs de rendement

Source : Bloomberg. 27 décembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

20

[7] Will value stocks ever stop underperforming growth?

Since 2010, value has underperformed growth to an extent rarely seen in the last 70 years, a time when being a value oriented-investor paid significant dividends for investors and active managers. In recent years however, investors piled into growth, momentum and bond proxy stocks, either in pursuit of scarce earnings growth or desperately needed dividends. The underperformance of value has been a significant challenge for active equity managers since 2010, a topic we addressed in detail in a special issue Eye on the Market released earlier this year14.

Other than technicals showing extreme P/E discounts for value stocks, are there fundamental reasons to believe they might reverse some of their underperformance? Towards the end of 2019, value started to see signs of life relative to growth stocks, although it was confined to large cap stocks so far. Stresses in the IPO and pre-IPO market appeared to spark increased concern about the proliferation of IPOs with little to no earnings growth (see page 25-26), and about overpriced growth stocks at risk from an anti-trust revival outlined in the next section. Other catalysts could include an eventual recovery in energy stocks now that capital discipline has returned to the sector, and the eventual normalization of US monetary policy.

14 Active Equity Management industry analysis. We analyzed the performance of 6,700 active equity managers across 23 style categories since 1996. As you would expect, there were significant performance challenges in US large cap core, value and growth styles. However, we also found that more than 50% of managers outperformed in several other US and non-US categories since 2014 despite all the market distortions introduced by the Federal Reserve, which I consider a positive sign for the long term viability of active equity management.

50

500

5,000

50,000

500,000

1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016

Pre 2007 trend

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

P/E: momentum vs value

P/E: low vol vs value

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

P/E difference of mostexpensive vs cheapestUS large cap stocks,divided by market P/E

-5%0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Hun

dred

s

Russell 1000

S&P 500

Les primes payées pour les titres en forte progression et à faible volatilité sont à des points hauts par rapport aux valeurs de rendement, Différentiel des multiples P/E divisé par le multiple P/E du marché

Source : J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novembre 2019.

INV

ESTISSEMEN

T VA

LUE

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

des introductions en bourse et pré-introductions en bourse ont semblé susciter un regain d’inquiétudes quant à la multiplication d’introductions en bourse accompagnées d’une croissance des bénéfices faible, voire nulle (voir les pages 31-32), et à l’égard des titres de croissance surévalués qui risquaient de pâtir d’un renforcement des mesures antitrust, comme détaillé au point suivant. D’autres catalyseurs pourraient venir d’une éventuelle reprise des valeurs du secteur de l’énergie, maintenant qu’il a renoué avec une gestion du capital plus rigoureuse, ainsi que de la normalisation de la politique monétaire américaine.

Il est peut-être temps que les investisseurs dans des valeurs de rendement reprennent espoir. Nous estimons que la période de sous-performance extrême des valeurs de rendement touche peut-être à sa fin.

• Cliff Asness d’AQR, qui met généralement en garde contre l’allocation en fonction des facteurs (« factor timing »), a renforcé son pari sur les valeurs de rendement en tant que facteur15. Selon AQR, au cours des huit premières années qui ont suivi la crise financière, la sous-performance des valeurs de rendement était « rationnelle », car les entreprises chères pouvaient justifier les primes par les bénéfices, le chiffre d’affaires, les marges, etc. qu’elles réalisaient. Toutefois, depuis les deux dernières années, la sous-performance des valeurs de rendement a été moins liée aux fondamentaux et a surtout reflété des revirements « irrationnels » de la confiance des investisseurs (c’est-à-dire une expansion des multiples).

• Pour étayer cette affirmation, Cliff Asness utilise le graphique suivant. Il montre la valorisation relative des actions américaines de grande et moyenne capitalisation les moins chères par rapport aux plus chères, sur la base des multiples d’actif net comptable, des multiples P/E (des 12 derniers mois et prévisionnel) et des ratios cours/chiffre d’affaires. L’écart entre les actions les moins chères et les plus chères est à son plus haut niveau depuis 2002, bien qu’il soit loin des sommets atteints en 1999-2000.

Un dernier commentaire sur la possibilité d’une reprise durable des valeurs de rendement américaines. Dans le passé, la surperformance des valeurs de rendement américaines par rapport aux valeurs de croissance a généralement coïncidé avec la sous-performance des États-Unis par rapport à l’Europe. Certaines de ces périodes se sont produites pendant le boom non viable de la croissance et du crédit en Europe du Sud en 2005/2006, qui, à mon avis, ne se reproduira pas. Toutefois, un rebond des valeurs de rendement américaines pourrait se produire en même temps qu’une réévaluation des titres de croissance américains onéreux, auquel cas l’Europe pourrait surperformer les États-Unis, tout du moins temporairement.

15 Cliff Asness, « It’s Time for a Venial Value-Timing Sin ». 7 novembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

21

For value investors, the time to despair may be ending. We have company in believing that the possible last days of extreme value underperformance are unfolding.

Cliff Asness of AQR, who generally cautions against “factor timing”, has increased his bet on value asa factor15. According to AQR, in the first eight years after the financial crisis, value underperformancewas “rational”, since expensive companies could justify price premiums by delivering on earnings, sales,margins etc. However, for the past 2 years, value underperformance had less to do with fundamentalsand was mostly a reflection of “irrational” changes in investor sentiment (i.e., multiple expansion)

To support this assertion, Asness uses the chart below. It shows the relative valuation of the cheapestversus the most expensive US large cap and mid cap stocks based on price/book, price/earnings (trailingand forward) and price to sales. The spread between the cheapest and most expensive stocks is at itswidest level since 2002, although it is nowhere near the peaks of 1999-2000

One last comment on the possibility of a sustained US value recovery. In the past, US value outperformance vs growth generally coincided with US underperformance vs Europe. Some of these periods occurred during the unsustainable Southern European growth/credit boom in 2005/2006 which I do not believe will repeat itself. Even so, a US value recovery could occur at the same time as a repricing of expensive US growth stocks, in which case Europe could outperform the US, at least temporarily.

15 Cliff Asness, “It’s Time for a Venial Value-Timing Sin”. November 7, 2019.

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

'81 '83 '85 '87 '89 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05 '07 '09 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19

Source: Cliff Asness, "It's Time for a Venial Value-Timing Sin". August 2019.

Les valeurs de rendement sont-elles bon marché ? Très.Prime composite pour les valeurs de croissance vs de rendement sur la base des multiples d’actif net comptable, des multiples P/E des 12 derniers mois, des multiples P/E prévisionnels et des ratios cours/chiffre d’affaires, Indice, 100 = moyenne

Source : Cliff Asness, « It’s Time for a Venial Value-Timing Sin ». Août 2019.

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

[8] Quels sont les principaux risques pour les marchés en cas de restructuration progressiste de l’économie américaine en 2020 ?

Les tableaux suivants récapitulent les propositions progressistes sur la fiscalité, le secteur des entreprises, le travail, l’énergie, la santé, l’investissement, le commerce et la dette étudiante, dont la plupart ont été présentées par la sénatrice Elizabeth Warren. Pour que nombre de ces propositions soient adoptées, il faudrait que les Démocrates prennent le contrôle du Sénat et pas seulement de la Maison-Blanche ; il faudrait que le nouveau chef de la majorité au Sénat accepte de mettre ces propositions au vote ; et il faudrait peut-être que les Démocrates cessent de faire de l’obstructionnisme. Toutefois, dans le sillage d’un précédent récent (les actions unilatérales de Trump sur les questions environnementales, commerciales et frontalières), certaines politiques progressistes pourraient être adoptées par le biais de l’action de l’exécutif et de la réglementation plutôt que par la voie législative.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

22

[8] What are the greatest risks to markets from a possible progressive overhaul of the US economy?

The tables below outline progressive proposals on taxation, the corporate sector, labor, energy, healthcare, investment, trade and student debt, most of which have been put forward by Senator Warren. For many of these proposals to be adopted, Democrats would have to take control of the Senate and not just the White House; the new Senate Majority Leader would have to agree to put these proposals on the docket; and Democrats might have to end the filibuster. However, in the wake of recent precedent (Trump’s unilateral actions on environmental, trade and border issues), some progressive policies could be enacted via Executive Action and regulation rather than through legislation.

Taxation Corporate LaborDouble capital gains tax rate on earners over $1mm Curb or prohibition on stock buybacks Ban on state ‘right to work’ laws, ‘fair share’ fees to allow

unions to collect fees from non-members

Eliminate step-up in basis on deathBreak up big banks, reverse Trump dereg. on capital/liquidity, impose financial transaction taxes

Eliminate secret ballots in worker union elections

Tax unrealized capital gains every year Break up big tech, reinstate Net Neutrality Worker election of 40%+ of board members (co-determination)

Treat cap gains and dividends as ordinary income for tax purposes

Federal charter required by public companies with revenues >$1bn, must produce “material public benefit”

Industry-level sectoral bargaining

Wealth tax of 2% over $50mm …and “material positive impact on society” toobtain charter from Dep’t of Commerce Reduced classification of independent contract workers

Repeal indiv. tax cuts, means-test SocSec/ Medicare, top estate tax rate of 77%

“Office of US Corporations” and State Attorney Generals can sue to revoke charters

Penalties for Federal contractors with gender pay disparities

New payroll tax of 14.8% > $250k in income, possibly to include net inv income

Political expenditures subject to 75%approval by all shareholders

NLRB penalties on companies and executives for violating worker rights and wrongful termination

Eliminate corporate tax cuts, surtax on corporate profits over $100mm

Private equity firms must guarantee repayment of debt and pensions of acquired companies

Increased protections for striking workers

Healthcare Energy Student debtMedicare for All with no deductibles or copays

Ban hydraulic fracturing on private land and fracturing/drilling on federal land

Reduce student debt for 95% of Americans with student debt (45 million people)

Ban private health insurance Ban fossil fuel exports, no new nuclear power plants

Wipe out student debt entirely for 75% of students with debt

Drug price caps, gouging penalties, and reimportation allowances

Repeal traditional energy friendly tax provisions Universal free public college education

Allow HHS to manufacture/sub-contract generic drugs

$3 trillion over 10 years to subsidize transition to 100% clean energy Estimated cost = $955 billion

Trade: a 9 point eligibility test for trade counterparties

Source: Cornerstone Macro Research, Urban Institute, Medium, CNBC, warren.senate.gov. 2019.

Enforce core labor rights of International Labour Organization such as collective bargaining and elimination of child labor

Ratify Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials

Uphold internationally recognized human rights

Join Paris Climate Agreement and have a national plan to reduce long-term emissions

Comply with tax treaties with the US and participate in the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project

Recognize and enforce religious freedom

Eliminate all domestic fossil fuel subsidies

No inclusion on Department of Treasury monitoring list for currency practices

Adhere to Trafficking Victims Protection Act

Programme progressiste des Démocrates

Sources : Cornerstone Macro Research, Urban Institute, Medium, CNBC, warren.senate.gov. 2019.

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Risques potentiels pour les marchés actions découlant l’un programme progressiste16

• Conséquences pour les marchés actions. Les plus grands risques associés à la valorisation pourraient concerner les banques, la biotechnologie, les produits chimiques, l’exploration-production dans le secteur de l’énergie, les organismes d’assurance maladie, les producteurs d’électricité indépendants, les sociétés intégrées des secteurs pétrolier et gazier, le matériel médical, les géants d’Internet affichant des mégacapitalisations boursières, les processeurs de paiement, les produits pharmaceutiques de marque et le crédit à la consommation/spécialisé. Concernant les soins de santé, bien qu’une bonne dose de pessimisme soit déjà intégrée, de nombreux points du programme progressiste sont basés sur la suppression des rentes du secteur privé dans le système de soins de santé, de sorte qu’un risque de baisse ne peut être exclu en fonction des détails des propositions.

• Bien que peu de signes indiquent que les entreprises cherchent à racheter des actions au lieu d’embaucher et de réaliser des dépenses d’investissement, il semble que les restrictions ou l’interdiction pure et simple du rachat d’actions remportent un soutien croissant. Les secteurs qui dépendent le plus des rachats comme source de rendement pour les investisseurs sont les technologies de l’information, les services financiers et la consommation discrétionnaire. La demande d’actions des sociétés par rapport à la demande des investisseurs est remarquable : les rachats ont été la principale source de demande d’actions américaines chaque année depuis 2011, atteignant en moyenne 450 milliards de dollars par an. En comparaison, la demande annuelle moyenne des ménages, des organismes de placement collectif, des fonds de pension et des investisseurs étrangers était inférieure à 10 milliards de dollars pour chacune de ces catégories d’investisseurs.

• En 2016, les États-Unis avaient le taux marginal d’imposition effectif des sociétés le plus élevé des pays du G-7 et des 34 pays de l’OCDE. La loi fiscale de 2017 a abaissé les taux de l’impôt sur les sociétés aux États-Unis pour les aligner sur ceux des autres pays. En conséquence, une abrogation ramènerait les taux d’imposition effectifs sur les sociétés aux États-Unis à leurs niveaux antérieurs. Les baisses de l’impôt sur les sociétés ont entraîné une hausse ponctuelle de 8 % à 10 % en 2018 des bénéfices des sociétés du S&P. En retenant un multiple de 17,5x, l’abrogation de la baisse de l’impôt sur les sociétés pourrait, à elle seule, réduire la juste valeur du S&P 500 du même montant. Cela suppose une abrogation complète des baisses de l’impôt sur les sociétés, mais ne com-prend pas les propositions de la sénatrice Elizabeth Warren visant à imposer une taxe supplémentaire de 7 % sur les bénéfices exceptionnels de plus de 100 millions de dollars pour financer la transition vers les énergies renouve-lables. Les secteurs qui ont le plus profité des réductions d’impôts en termes de baisses des taux d’imposition effec-tifs sont les services de communication, la consommation discrétionnaire et les services financiers.

• La fracturation hydraulique représente aujourd’hui 60 % à 80 % de la production américaine de pétrole, de gaz naturel et de gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL). La production domestique de pétrole et de gaz par fracturation hydraulique représente 40 % de la consommation totale d’énergie primaire aux États-Unis. Malgré son aug-mentation, il est quasiment certain que la production d’énergies renouvelables aux États-Unis ne progresse pas assez rapidement pour pouvoir abandonner immédiatement le gaz naturel et le pétrole obtenus par fractura-tion, compte tenu des objectifs américains de déclassement des centrales au charbon et nucléaires vieillissantes et de réduction de la dépendance vis-à-vis du pétrole étranger. En l’absence d’un réseau électrique intercon-necté national et de possibilités de stockage bon marché de l’énergie, le gaz naturel est un complément crucial des énergies renouvelables intermittentes. Pour plus de détails, voir notre note Cold Turkey de septembre 2019.

16 Je ne pense pas que la redistribution soit intrinsèquement positive ou négative pour l’économie ; cela dépend de nombreux facteurs, tels que l’incidence de taux d’imposition plus élevés sur la propension à investir et à consommer à différents niveaux de revenus, l’efficacité avec laquelle le gouvernement fédéral affecte les recettes fiscales à des programmes productifs ou non productifs, l’incidence de la redistribution sur la confiance des consommateurs et des investisseurs, et dans quelle mesure des changements de comportement des entreprises ou des particuliers affectent ou contournent les objectifs fédéraux pour mobiliser des recettes. Toutefois, je pense que plus un programme de redistribution est vaste, plus il y a de chances qu’il ait des répercussions négatives imprévues sur le secteur privé. Et comme indiqué à la page 11, les propositions d’Elizabeth Warren concernant les hausses d’impôt sont 2,5 fois plus importantes que les hausses d’impôt mises en place par Franklin Roosevelt durant les années 1930.

Dans notre analyse des pays nordiques de juin 2019, nous observions qu’à certains égards, les pays nordiques sont encore plus favorables aux entreprises que les États-Unis ; que leurs systèmes fiscaux reposent principalement sur les taxes à la consommation (TVA) et les charges sociales pour financer les droits à prestations sociales ; et que leurs systèmes de santé prévoient généralement une participation et une franchise pour gérer les coûts. Autrement dit, même les pays les plus progressistes ont besoin d’un secteur privé dynamique et d’incitations pour que les citoyens investissent dans des entreprises et des projets d’investissements nouveaux afin de permettre une politique de redistribution.

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• Concernant la technologie, les géants de la technologie nuisent-ils aux intérêts des consommateurs et/ou sont-ils une entrave à de potentiels concurrents ? Cette question fait l’objet de discussions nourries, et nous n’en débattrons pas ici ; le tableau suivant montre qu’après 50 ans de recul des enquêtes antitrust (en particulier dans le secteur de la technologie), de nombreuses personnalités politiques estiment aujourd’hui que la réponse à l’une ou l’autre de ces questions est « oui ». Si une intensification de la lutte antitrust cible le secteur de la technologie, les marchés pourraient être affectés puisque (a) le secteur de la technologie a connu le plus important mouvement de concentration et de regroupement de grandes entreprises, (b) le rendement des valeurs du secteur de la technologie a été quasiment le double du rendement du reste du marché actions depuis 2010, et (c) les plus grandes entreprises technologiques ont été très actives dans l’acquisition de chiffre d’affaires et de capital intellectuel.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

24

On tech, there’s a debate as to whether tech giants are adversely affecting consumers, and/or if theyare adversely impacting competitors. We will not debate that here; the regulatory table below showsthat after a 50 year decline in anti-trust investigations (particularly on the tech sector), many politiciansbelieve that the answer to one or both of these questions is “yes”. If an anti-trust revival targets thetech sector, it could have an adverse impact on markets since (a) the tech sector has seen the largestdegree of concentration and consolidation of large firms, (b) the tech sector has more than doubledthe return on the rest of the stock market since 2010 and (c) the largest tech companies have beenactive acquirers of both revenues and intellectual capital

The tech sector is also facing mounting pressures in the form of a 3% digital tax in France, and from“Pillar I” proposals across the entire OECD to tax digital services where they are “consumed” ratherthan where they are “created”. The US would of course push back on such an approach, and arguethat such taxes are nothing more than tariffs on services imported from the US, and therefore wouldentitle the US to retaliate17. How the US, the OECD and the WTO resolve all of this is unclear, althoughour international tax contacts believe that the OECD will proceed with these digital taxes

If Pillar I proposals on digital service taxation are adopted, it could also lead to a broader OECD changeto tax economic activity where it’s consumed rather than where it’s incorporated/created. It couldtake years to implement an approach like this, but it’s something to watch since the tech sector hasone of the lowest effective tax rates and also the highest reliance on foreign sales

17 To be clear, the French digital tax is not actually a tax; it is a tariff on the importation of services from the US. The French and the rest of the OECD just don’t want to admit that. Such is life when you do not have a thriving internet services sector of your own, and decide you want to raise money by taxing someone else’s.

Companies affected ActionFacebook, Google New York/Texas launch antitrust investigations; 48 states sign onto Google investigationAmazon, Apple, Facebook, Google House Judiciary Committee requests tech executives’ emails in antitrust probe Amazon FTC launches antitrust investigation over anti-competitive behaviorAmazon, Facebook, Google Broad Department of Justice antitrust investigation

FAANG

California tech "Digital data dividend" paid by tech companies to users whose data is monetizedAmazon, Uber, Lyft California passes bill to reclassify gig-economy contract workers as employeesFacebook Federal Trade Commission fines Facebook $5 billion for privacy practicesQualcomm Ruling that Qualcomm violated antitrust lawAmazon, eBay, Airbnb Require online platforms to collect local taxes

Warren proposes to break up tech companies, designate tech platforms as utilities separate from other businesses, and reverse anti-competitive mergers

Rea

l Est

ate

Ener

gy

Info

rmat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy

Hea

lthca

re

Util

ities

S&P

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Fina

ncia

ls

Con

sum

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nary

Mat

eria

ls

Con

sum

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tapl

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Indu

stria

ls

Tele

com

mun

icat

ion

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Hun

dred

s

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2016.

Info

rmat

ion

Tech

nolo

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Mat

eria

ls

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Indu

stria

ls

S&P

500

Con

sum

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tapl

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sum

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ncia

ls

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ion

Serv

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Rea

l Est

ate

Hea

lthca

re

Util

ities

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. Q3 2019.

Sociétés du S&P : taux d’imposition effectif par secteur

Source : S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2016.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

24

On tech, there’s a debate as to whether tech giants are adversely affecting consumers, and/or if theyare adversely impacting competitors. We will not debate that here; the regulatory table below showsthat after a 50 year decline in anti-trust investigations (particularly on the tech sector), many politiciansbelieve that the answer to one or both of these questions is “yes”. If an anti-trust revival targets thetech sector, it could have an adverse impact on markets since (a) the tech sector has seen the largestdegree of concentration and consolidation of large firms, (b) the tech sector has more than doubledthe return on the rest of the stock market since 2010 and (c) the largest tech companies have beenactive acquirers of both revenues and intellectual capital

Companies affected ActionFacebook, Google New York/Texas launch antitrust investigations; 48 states sign onto Google investigationAmazon, Apple, Facebook, Google House Judiciary Committee requests tech executives’ emails in antitrust probe Amazon FTC launches antitrust investigation over anti-competitive behaviorAmazon, Facebook, Google Broad Department of Justice antitrust investigation

FAANG

California tech "Digital data dividend" paid by tech companies to users whose data is monetizedAmazon, Uber, Lyft California passes bill to reclassify gig-economy contract workers as employeesFacebook Federal Trade Commission fines Facebook $5 billion for privacy practicesQualcomm Ruling that Qualcomm violated antitrust lawAmazon, eBay, Airbnb Require online platforms to collect local taxesSource: Bloomberg, Bridgewater, LA Times, The Hill, FTC, WSJ, NYT. 2019

Warren proposes to break up tech companies, designate tech platforms as utilities separate from other businesses, and reverse anti-competitive mergers

Technology sector anti-trust and other proposals (below dotted line = already implemented)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

'70 '74 '78 '82 '86 '90 '94 '98 '02 '06 '10 '14 '18

Mergers

Monopoly

Competition

Source: United States Department of Justice. 2018.

All sectors All sectorsTech Tech0%

5%

10%

15%

20% All sectors Data processing, hosting and related services(primary identifiers of Google, Amazon & Facebook)

Source: Dr. Diana Moss, American Antitrust Institute. 2019.DOJFTC

0%

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Tele

com

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ion

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Hun

dred

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Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2016.

Info

rmat

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Tech

nolo

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ls

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stria

ls

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500

Con

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Serv

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Rea

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Hea

lthca

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Util

ities

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. Q3 2019.

Nombre d’enquêtes antitrust lancées par le ministère de la Justice américain

Source : ministère de la Justice américain. 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

24

On tech, there’s a debate as to whether tech giants are adversely affecting consumers, and/or if theyare adversely impacting competitors. We will not debate that here; the regulatory table below showsthat after a 50 year decline in anti-trust investigations (particularly on the tech sector), many politiciansbelieve that the answer to one or both of these questions is “yes”. If an anti-trust revival targets thetech sector, it could have an adverse impact on markets since (a) the tech sector has seen the largestdegree of concentration and consolidation of large firms, (b) the tech sector has more than doubledthe return on the rest of the stock market since 2010 and (c) the largest tech companies have beenactive acquirers of both revenues and intellectual capital

Companies affected ActionFacebook, Google New York/Texas launch antitrust investigations; 48 states sign onto Google investigationAmazon, Apple, Facebook, Google House Judiciary Committee requests tech executives’ emails in antitrust probe Amazon FTC launches antitrust investigation over anti-competitive behaviorAmazon, Facebook, Google Broad Department of Justice antitrust investigation

FAANG

California tech "Digital data dividend" paid by tech companies to users whose data is monetizedAmazon, Uber, Lyft California passes bill to reclassify gig-economy contract workers as employeesFacebook Federal Trade Commission fines Facebook $5 billion for privacy practicesQualcomm Ruling that Qualcomm violated antitrust lawAmazon, eBay, Airbnb Require online platforms to collect local taxesSource: Bloomberg, Bridgewater, LA Times, The Hill, FTC, WSJ, NYT. 2019

Warren proposes to break up tech companies, designate tech platforms as utilities separate from other businesses, and reverse anti-competitive mergers

Technology sector anti-trust and other proposals (below dotted line = already implemented)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

'70 '74 '78 '82 '86 '90 '94 '98 '02 '06 '10 '14 '18

Mergers

Monopoly

Competition

Source: United States Department of Justice. 2018.

All sectors All sectorsTech Tech0%

5%

10%

15%

20% All sectors Data processing, hosting and related services(primary identifiers of Google, Amazon & Facebook)

Source: Dr. Diana Moss, American Antitrust Institute. 2019.DOJFTC

0%

Rea

l Est

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Tele

com

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ion

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Hun

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Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2016.

Info

rmat

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500

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ion

Serv

ices

Rea

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ate

Hea

lthca

re

Util

ities

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. Q3 2019.

Les taux d’application de la législation antitrust par la Federal Trade Commission et par le ministère de la Justice sont plus faibles dans le secteur de la technologieTaux de contestation des instances publiques

Source : Dr. Diana Moss, American Antitrust Institute. 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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On tech, there’s a debate as to whether tech giants are adversely affecting consumers, and/or if theyare adversely impacting competitors. We will not debate that here; the regulatory table below showsthat after a 50 year decline in anti-trust investigations (particularly on the tech sector), many politiciansbelieve that the answer to one or both of these questions is “yes”. If an anti-trust revival targets thetech sector, it could have an adverse impact on markets since (a) the tech sector has seen the largestdegree of concentration and consolidation of large firms, (b) the tech sector has more than doubledthe return on the rest of the stock market since 2010 and (c) the largest tech companies have beenactive acquirers of both revenues and intellectual capital

The tech sector is also facing mounting pressures in the form of a 3% digital tax in France, and from“Pillar I” proposals across the entire OECD to tax digital services where they are “consumed” ratherthan where they are “created”. The US would of course push back on such an approach, and arguethat such taxes are nothing more than tariffs on services imported from the US, and therefore wouldentitle the US to retaliate17. How the US, the OECD and the WTO resolve all of this is unclear, althoughour international tax contacts believe that the OECD will proceed with these digital taxes

If Pillar I proposals on digital service taxation are adopted, it could also lead to a broader OECD changeto tax economic activity where it’s consumed rather than where it’s incorporated/created. It couldtake years to implement an approach like this, but it’s something to watch since the tech sector hasone of the lowest effective tax rates and also the highest reliance on foreign sales

17 To be clear, the French digital tax is not actually a tax; it is a tariff on the importation of services from the US. The French and the rest of the OECD just don’t want to admit that. Such is life when you do not have a thriving internet services sector of your own, and decide you want to raise money by taxing someone else’s.

Companies affected ActionFacebook, Google New York/Texas launch antitrust investigations; 48 states sign onto Google investigationAmazon, Apple, Facebook, Google House Judiciary Committee requests tech executives’ emails in antitrust probe Amazon FTC launches antitrust investigation over anti-competitive behaviorAmazon, Facebook, Google Broad Department of Justice antitrust investigation

FAANG

California tech "Digital data dividend" paid by tech companies to users whose data is monetizedAmazon, Uber, Lyft California passes bill to reclassify gig-economy contract workers as employeesFacebook Federal Trade Commission fines Facebook $5 billion for privacy practicesQualcomm Ruling that Qualcomm violated antitrust lawAmazon, eBay, Airbnb Require online platforms to collect local taxes

Warren proposes to break up tech companies, designate tech platforms as utilities separate from other businesses, and reverse anti-competitive mergers

Rea

l Est

ate

Ener

gy

Info

rmat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy

Hea

lthca

re

Util

ities

S&P

500

Fina

ncia

ls

Con

sum

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etio

nary

Mat

eria

ls

Con

sum

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tapl

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Indu

stria

ls

Tele

com

mun

icat

ion

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Hun

dred

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Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2016.

Info

rmat

ion

Tech

nolo

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Mat

eria

ls

Ener

gy

Indu

stria

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S&P

500

Con

sum

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tapl

es

Con

sum

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iscr

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nary

Fina

ncia

ls

Com

mun

icat

ion

Serv

ices

Rea

l Est

ate

Hea

lthca

re

Util

ities

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. Q3 2019.

Sociétés du S&P : exposition à l’étranger pondérée en fonction du chiffre d’affaires par secteur

Source : S&P Global Market Intelligence. 3e trimestre 2019.

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EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

24

• On tech, there’s a debate as to whether tech giants are adversely affecting consumers, and/or if they are adversely impacting competitors. We will not debate that here; the regulatory table below shows that after a 50 year decline in anti-trust investigations (particularly on the tech sector), many politicians believe that the answer to one or both of these questions is “yes”. If an anti-trust revival targets the tech sector, it could have an adverse impact on markets since (a) the tech sector has seen the largest degree of concentration and consolidation of large firms, (b) the tech sector has more than doubled the return on the rest of the stock market since 2010 and (c) the largest tech companies have been active acquirers of both revenues and intellectual capital

• The tech sector is also facing mounting pressures in the form of a 3% digital tax in France, and from “Pillar I” proposals across the entire OECD to tax digital services where they are “consumed” rather than where they are “created”. The US would of course push back on such an approach, and argue that such taxes are nothing more than tariffs on services imported from the US, and therefore would entitle the US to retaliate17. How the US, the OECD and the WTO resolve all of this is unclear, although our international tax contacts believe that the OECD will proceed with these digital taxes

• If Pillar I proposals on digital service taxation are adopted, it could also lead to a broader OECD change to tax economic activity where it’s consumed rather than where it’s incorporated/created. It could take years to implement an approach like this, but it’s something to watch since the tech sector has one of the lowest effective tax rates and also the highest reliance on foreign sales

17 To be clear, the French digital tax is not actually a tax; it is a tariff on the importation of services from the US. The French and the rest of the OECD just don’t want to admit that. Such is life when you do not have a thriving internet services sector of your own, and decide you want to raise money by taxing someone else’s.

Companies affected ActionFacebook, Google New York/Texas launch antitrust investigations; 48 states sign onto Google investigationAmazon, Apple, Facebook, Google House Judiciary Committee requests tech executives’ emails in antitrust probe Amazon FTC launches antitrust investigation over anti-competitive behaviorAmazon, Facebook, Google Broad Department of Justice antitrust investigation

FAANG

California tech "Digital data dividend" paid by tech companies to users whose data is monetizedAmazon, Uber, Lyft California passes bill to reclassify gig-economy contract workers as employeesFacebook Federal Trade Commission fines Facebook $5 billion for privacy practicesQualcomm Ruling that Qualcomm violated antitrust lawAmazon, eBay, Airbnb Require online platforms to collect local taxesSource: Bloomberg, Bridgewater, LA Times, The Hill, FTC, WSJ, NYT. 2019

Warren proposes to break up tech companies, designate tech platforms as utilities separate from other businesses, and reverse anti-competitive mergers

Technology sector anti-trust and other proposals (below dotted line = already implemented)

Real

Est

ate

Ener

gy

Info

rmat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy

Heal

thca

re

Utili

ties

S&P

500

Fina

ncia

ls

Cons

umer

Dis

cret

iona

ry

Mat

eria

ls

Cons

umer

Sta

ples

Indu

stria

ls

Tele

com

mun

icat

ion

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2016.

S&P effective tax rate by sector

Info

rmat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy

Mat

eria

ls

Ener

gy

Indu

stria

ls

S&P

500

Cons

umer

Sta

ples

Cons

umer

Dis

cret

iona

ry

Fina

ncia

ls

Com

mun

icat

ion

Serv

ices

Real

Est

ate

Heal

thca

re

Utili

ties

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. Q3 2019.

S&P sales weighted foreign revenue exposure by sector

Sources : Bloomberg, Bridgewater Associates, Los Angeles Times, The Hill, Federal Trade Commission, Wall Street Journal, New York Times. 2019.

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RÉF

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Les taxes européennes sur les services numériques spécifiquement conçues pour s’appliquer aux géants américains de la technologie

Le secteur technologique américain est confronté à des pressions croissantes sous la forme de taxes sur les services numériques (TSN) s’appliquant aux recettes payées par les annonceurs européens. Las d’attendre l’aboutissement des propositions fiscales du « Pilier I » de l’OCDE, la France, l’Italie, l’Autriche et la Turquie ont adopté leurs propres TSN. La logique tortueuse qui sous-tend l’instauration de ces taxes s’appuie sur le concept de « valeur créée par l’utilisateur » : puisque les utilisateurs de services tels que Facebook contribuent à la valeur de la marque en fournissant à l’entreprise des informations qui lui permettent d’engranger des recettes publicitaires, ces utilisateurs assument essentiellement des fonctions dites « d’offre » qui devraient normalement être assurées par l’entreprise elle-même. En outre, la juridiction dans laquelle les utilisateurs résident peut taxer cette valeur au fur et à mesure qu’elle est créée, en utilisant les recettes publicitaires générées localement comme valeur de substitution. Ces taxes sur les services numériques seraient payées par l’entreprise technologique et s’ajouteraient à l’impôt sur le bénéfice ou la TVA déjà acquittés par l’entreprise.

Si tout ceci vous paraît absurde, vous n’êtes pas les seuls. Dans un document de 2019, le FMI décrit les fondements théoriques des TSN comme étant très problématiques, tandis que Le Petersen Institute les qualifie de droits de douane de facto visant de façon flagrante des entreprises américaines. Les gouvernements européens ont simplement élaboré un texte qui contourne l’évidence : ils taxent la consommation des exportations de services américaines au moyen de droits de douane de facto qui, selon toute vraisemblance, violent les conventions fiscales bilatérales existantes.

L’affirmation du ministre français des Finances selon laquelle sa TSN « ne cible pas les entreprises américaines » montre à quel point les arguments sont devenus fallacieux :

• Compte tenu des seuils élevés de chiffre d’affaires au plan mondial retenus pour l’application des taxes sur la publicité numérique et du type de revenus auxquels elles s’appliquent, les géants technologiques américains sont quasiment les seules entités qui y sont assujetties. Les revenus imposables au titre de la TSN comprennent la publicité numérique (Google, Facebook), les marketplaces numériques vendant des biens et des services (Amazon, eBay, Uber, Airbnb) et la transmission de données d’utilisateurs à d’autres utilisateurs (Facebook, Twitter). Les frais d’abonnement et les achats in-app, qui auraient pu affecter les entreprises européennes, sont exclus.

• Des représentants français ont déclaré ailleurs que la TSN a été explicitement conçue pour éviter de ralentir l›innovation dans le domaine du commerce électronique et la digitalisation des entreprises françaises, et le ministre français des Finances lui-même a qualifié la TSN de taxe « GAFA » (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple).

• La TSN française s’applique au chiffre d’affaires brut et non au bénéfice net et entraîne également une double (ou triple) imposition, deux situations qui sont contraires à l’architecture du système fiscal international existant dans les pays développés. Certaines propositions de TSN permettent de déduire d’abord la TVA, ce qui constitue un autre coup direct porté aux entreprises américaines qui n’y sont pas soumises dans leur propre juridiction.

• Il y a peu, l’OCDE elle-même a mis en garde contre la création de nouvelles règles fiscales appliquées à l’économie numérique, notamment dans un rapport de 2015 comportant des contributions et des recommandations d’un comité européen d’experts fiscalistes. Dans ce rapport, l’OCDE écrit qu’« il est difficile, voire impossible, de séparer l’économie numérique du reste de l’économie à des fins fiscales ». Apparemment, ce point de vue a changé.

En décembre 2019, le secrétaire au Trésor américain, Steven Mnuchin, a écrit à l’OCDE pour faire part de l’opposition des États-Unis au concept de la TSN, en évoquant « des ruptures avec les normes sur les prix de transfert de pleine concurrence et de l’approche « nexus », piliers de longue date du régime fiscal international sur lesquels s’appuient les contribuables américains ». La façon dont les États-Unis, l’OCDE et l’OMC résoudront ces questions n’est pas claire, bien que nos contacts en matière de fiscalité internationale pensent que certains pays vont instaurer des taxes sur les services numériques et faire face à d’éventuelles représailles américaines. L’issue de ces problèmes est importante étant donné le faible taux d’imposition effectif du secteur technologique américain et le niveau élevé de son chiffre d’affaires réalisé à l’étranger, comme indiqué à la page précédente.

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[9] Le marché des introductions en bourse : « prophètes vs profits »

Les difficultés rencontrées par certaines entreprises technologiques américaines pendant et avant leur introduction en bourse ont récemment été largement commentées dans la presse. Ce que nous oublions : la plupart des introductions en bourse des véritables sociétés technologiques se passent très bien. Les entreprises « à composante technologique » incluses dans la catégorie globale des technologiques, mais qui ne sont pas des sociétés technologiques pures, sont pour la plupart celles qui connaissent des difficultés. Bon nombre d’entre elles affichent une croissance de leur chiffre d’affaires inférieure à 50 % (au-dessus de ce chiffre, les rendements après introduction en bourse sont généralement plus élevés), et dans le cas d’Uber, la société échoue également au test de la « règle des 40 » (c’est-à-dire la croissance des ventes plus la marge des flux de trésorerie disponibles). Il est clair que pratiquement chacune de ces sociétés ayant fait l’objet d’une introduction en bourse affichait une marge opérationnelle négative selon leurs communiqués sur les résultats les plus récents, du fait du niveau élevé des frais commerciaux, généraux et administratifs, ce qui, selon les investisseurs, finira par changer.

Ces résultats mitigés s’inscrivent dans une tendance plus large montrant que les placements diversifiés multisectoriels dans le cadre d’introductions en bourse depuis 2010 n’ont pas beaucoup profité aux investisseurs. La dernière étude17 que nous avons lue adopte deux approches. La première est un portefeuille détenant 200 sociétés introduites en bourse depuis 2010, les produits servant à acheter chaque nouvelle introduction provenant de la vente des sociétés affichant les plus mauvaises performances. Depuis sa création, la performance relative de ce portefeuille stagne par rapport à celle du marché. La deuxième approche s’intéresse à la performance relative des introductions en bourse depuis 2010 en retenant l’hypothèse d’une période de conservation de deux ans : la performance médiane des sociétés introduites en bourse est 20 %

17 « What Matters for IPOs », Goldman Sachs Global Strategy Paper, 4 septembre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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[9] The IPO market: “Prophets vs Profits”

The struggles of some tech companies in the IPO and pre-IPO market have gotten a lot of headlines recently. What’s lost in the shuffle: most real technology IPO’s are doing just fine. “Tangential tech” companies included in the broad tech category but which are not pure tech are for the most part the ones that are struggling. Many of these “tangential tech” companies have sales growth below 50% (above which post-IPO returns have generally been higher), and in the case of Uber, the company also fails the “rule of 40” test (i.e., sales growth plus free cash flow margin). To be clear, practically every single one of these IPO companies had a negative operating margin as of their most recent earnings report due to high SG&A spending, something investors expect will eventually change.

This mixed bag outcome is part of a broader trend showing that diversified multi-sector IPO investing since 2010 hasn’t done much for investors. The latest study17 we’ve seen takes two approaches. The first is a portfolio that owned 200 IPOs since 2010, with proceeds to buy each new IPO sourced from selling the worst performers. Since inception, its relative performance has been flat to the market. The second study looked at relative performance of IPOs since 2010 assuming a 2-year hold: the median IPO return was 20% below the market. Average returns were better but still just matched market returns, benefiting from the 2% of IPOs that delivered returns > 200%. A lot of IPO underperformance can be attributed to the healthcare sector, the largest issuing and worst performing sector in the US IPO market since 2010.

17 ”What Matters for IPOs”, Goldman Sachs Global Strategy Paper, September 4, 2019.

+201

%

+192

%

+191

%

+154

%

-80%

-60%

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-20%

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20%

40%

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80%

100%

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Pure tech: software as a service model, usually (but not always) B2B and cloud-based, delivered at close to zero marginal cost with sharply increased returns to scale

Marketplace companies: transactional sales model, often reliant on sub-contracted salesor work force, and often subject to substantial ecosystem third party costs

Hardware: upfront sales of equipment with little to no follow-on revenue

Hardware/software blend: upfront hardware sale and software subscription

Social media

Qu’est-ce qui pèche dans la performance des introductions en bourses des sociétés technologiques en 2018-2019 ?Pas grand-chose, à condition d’acheter une véritable société technologique.Performance en regard du prix d’introduction en bourse (ou du prix de cotation directe)

Sources : Bloomberg, informations financières des entreprises, Stratechery.com, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 30 décembre 2019. Les sociétés figurant dans le graphique sont présentées uniquement à titre d’exemple. Leur inclusion ne doit pas être interprétée comme une recommandation d’achat ou de vente. L’utilisation de ces sociétés pour construire notre graphique ne constitue en aucun cas une approbation des services de gestion d’investissement de J.P.Morgan Asset Management.

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inférieure à celle du marché. Les rendements moyens, meilleurs, sont juste équivalents aux rendements du marché, bénéficiant des 2 % des introductions en bourse ayant dégagé des rendements supérieurs à 200 %. Le secteur de la santé est largement responsable de la sous-performance des introductions en bourse, étant le secteur réalisant les émissions les plus importantes et enregistrant les plus mauvaises performances dans le marché des introductions en bourse aux États-Unis depuis 2010.

Les prophètes de l’écosystème du capital-risque (les PDG de startup et les fonds de capital-risque qui les financent) ont atteint de nouveaux points hauts cycliques concernant les sociétés à capitaux privés qui n’engrangent pas de bénéfices. De même, les investisseurs qui achètent des sociétés lors de leur introduction en bourse appliquent aux sociétés technologiques les ratios cours/chiffre d’affaires les plus élevés depuis la fin des années 1990 (les valorisations restent nettement inférieures à ces niveaux, mais je doute que cette observation soit d’un grand réconfort).

Voici un autre indicateur que nous surveillons. Il existe un nombre croissant d’entreprises que nous avons baptisées jeunes sociétés non rentables, qui affichent un résultat net négatif, une croissance rapide de leurs ventes, et existent depuis moins de 5 ans. Je ne pense pas que les excès de la fin des années 1990 se reproduiront un jour, mais comme le montrent les graphiques suivants, certains indicateurs s’en rapprochent. La part de la capitalisation boursière américaine attribuable aux jeunes sociétés non rentables représente environ un tiers du point haut atteint en 2000, et la part des jeunes sociétés non rentables dans le total des dépenses des entreprises au titre des frais commerciaux, généraux et administratifs, des dépenses d’investissement et de la recherche et du développement est plus élevée encore.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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The prophets of the venture capital ecosystem (startup CEOs and venture funds that finance them) may have hit a wall regarding the ability to continue financing companies with no profits. The next chart shows the share of private equity capital going to companies that are not profitable.

Here’s a related measure we’re watching. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever relive the lunacy of the late 1990’s, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around one third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. Other notable stats: spending by YUCs accounted for 0.15%-0.30% of US GDP growth in the last couple of years, and their demand for cloud services and digital advertising amounted to 10% of Google, Facebook and Amazon revenue. In other words, if investors tire of financing the YUCs, reverberations for large and mid cap tech service providers and the US economy more broadly could be substantial.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Source: Empirical Research Partners. 2019 data through September 2019.

Private equity share of capital going to companies not categorized as profitable

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market cap of young unprofitable companies% of total market cap

Source: Factset, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Q3 2019.

Young unprofitable company:● Negative net income in 2 of last 3 years● Less than 5 years since IPO● Annual revenues growing > 15%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Young unprofitable company:● Negative net income in 2 of last 3 years● Less than 5 years since IPO● Annual revenues growing > 15%

Capitalisation boursière des jeunes sociétés non rentables% de la capitalisation boursière totale

Sources : Facstet, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 3e trimestre 2019.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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The prophets of the venture capital ecosystem (startup CEOs and venture funds that finance them) may have hit a wall regarding the ability to continue financing companies with no profits. The next chart shows the share of private equity capital going to companies that are not profitable.

Here’s a related measure we’re watching. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever relive the lunacy of the late 1990’s, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around one third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. Other notable stats: spending by YUCs accounted for 0.15%-0.30% of US GDP growth in the last couple of years, and their demand for cloud services and digital advertising amounted to 10% of Google, Facebook and Amazon revenue. In other words, if investors tire of financing the YUCs, reverberations for large and mid cap tech service providers and the US economy more broadly could be substantial.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Source: Empirical Research Partners. 2019 data through September 2019.

Private equity share of capital going to companies not categorized as profitable

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market cap of young unprofitable companies% of total market cap

Source: Factset, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Q3 2019.

Young unprofitable company:● Negative net income in 2 of last 3 years● Less than 5 years since IPO● Annual revenues growing > 15%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Young unprofitable company:● Negative net income in 2 of last 3 years● Less than 5 years since IPO● Annual revenues growing > 15%

Dépenses des jeunes sociétés non rentables% du total des dépenses des entreprises affecté aux frais commerciaux, généraux et administratifs, aux dépenses d’investissement, et à la recherche et au développement

Sources : Facstet, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. 3e trimestre 2019.

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EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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The prophets of the venture capital ecosystem (startup CEOs and venture funds that finance them) have reached new cycle peaks regarding private companies with no profits. Similarly, IPO investors are applying the highest price to sales ratios to tech IPOs since the late 1990s (valuations are still well below those levels but I’m not sure how much comfort that is worth).

Here’s a related measure we’re watching. There’s a growing number of firms we refer to as “YUCs”: Young Unprofitable Companies, which have negative net income, rapid sales growth and which have been around for less than 5 years. I don’t think we will ever relive the lunacy of the late 1990’s, but as shown below, some measures are getting there. The portion of US market capitalization made up of YUCs is around one third of the 2000 peak, and the YUC share of total corporate spending on SG&A, capital spending and R&D is even higher. Other notable stats: spending by YUCs accounted for 0.15%-0.30% of US GDP growth in the last couple of years, and their demand for cloud services and digital advertising amounted to 10% of Google, Facebook and Amazon revenue. In other words, if investors tire of financing the YUCs, reverberations for large and mid cap tech service providers and the US economy more broadly could be substantial.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

Hun

dred

s

Source: Empirical Research Partners. 2019 data through September 2019.

0

5

10

15

20

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Based on first close

Based on offer price

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Market cap of young unprofitable companies% of total market cap

Source: Factset, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Q3 2019.

Young unprofitable company: Negative net income in 2 of last 3 years Less than 5 years since IPO Annual revenues growing > 15%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Spending by young unprofitable companies% of total corporate spending on Selling, General & Administrative Expenses, Capital Spending and Research & Development

Young unprofitable company: Negative net income in 2 of last 3 years Less than 5 years since IPO Annual revenues growing > 15%

Source: Factset, J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Q3 2019.

Part de capital des fonds de private equity affectée à des sociétés considérées comme non rentables

Source : Empirical Research Partners. Données de 2019 jusqu’à fin septembre 2019.

Source : Jay Ritter, Université de Floride. Statistiques sur les introductions en bourse, mise à jour 2019.

Le ratio cours/chiffre d’affaires des technologiques lors de leur introduction en bourse atteint son point haut depuis la fin des années 1990, ratio cours/chiffre d’affaires des sociétés technologiques lors de leur introduction en bourse

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

Autres chiffres intéressants : les dépenses des jeunes sociétés non rentables ont compté pour 0,15 %-0,30 % de la croissance du PIB américain au cours des deux dernières années, et leur demande de services de cloud et de publicité numérique représentait 10 % du chiffre d’affaires de Google, Facebook et Amazon. Autrement dit, si les investisseurs se lassent de financer les jeunes sociétés non rentables, les conséquences sur les fournisseurs de services technologiques de moyenne et de grande capitalisation, ainsi que sur l’ensemble de l’économie américaine, pourraient être significatives.

[10] Quelle est l’avancée la plus intéressante dont j’ai pris connaissance en 2019 ?

Chaque année, je discute avec des gens entreprenants à propos des projets sur lesquels ils travaillent. En 2019, l’avancée la plus intéressante dont j’ai pris connaissance est liée aux dernières réalisations en matière de recherche sur les cellules souches. L’énergie géothermique profonde par forage au plasma est arrivée en deuxième position18, mais elle est encore trop lointaine en termes de mise en œuvre.

Nous avons passé une journée avec le New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute19 en octobre. Imaginez : vous entrez dans une clinique et vous fournissez un tube à essai de sang ou un fragment de peau de la taille d’un pépin de pomme. Puis, l’incroyable se produit : les scientifiques utilisent votre échantillon pour créer des cellules souches « vierges » qui sont un avatar de votre propre constitution génétique, et sont ensuite transformées en n’importe laquelle des plus de 200 cellules spécialisées, telles que le cœur, le foie, le pancréas, le cerveau, etc. Les scénarios suivants sont maintenant possibles scientifiquement, et ne relèvent plus du domaine de l’imagination :

• Vous êtes atteint d’une maladie génétique chronique comme la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA), le diabète, la sclérose en plaques ou la maladie de Parkinson, et les médecins veulent essayer différents traitements car vous ne réagissez pas bien aux traitements habituels. Au lieu de vous infliger ces traitements alors que vous êtes affaibli, ils peuvent les appliquer sur une boîte de pétri contenant vos propres cellules, puisqu’elles seront porteuses de la maladie dont vous souffrez. Si nécessaire, les chercheurs peuvent tester des centaines de combinaisons de médicaments différentes, ce qui ne serait pas possible en pratique avec un patient individuel.

• Vous êtes atteint de dégénérescence maculaire, maladie à ce jour incurable. Les scientifiques transforment vos cellules souches « vierges » en nouvelles cellules rétiniennes qui remplacent efficacement celles qui meurent dans votre propre corps. De même, vos cellules souches peuvent être transformées en cellules d’os de la hanche pour se substituer au besoin de matériaux inorganiques pour les patients souffrant de dégénérescence osseuse.

18 La géothermie ultra profonde. L’énergie géothermique standard à l’échelle des services publics se compose de vapeur ou d’eau chaude à des températures de 150°-200°C qui est amenée à la surface, où sa chaleur est utilisée pour produire de l’électricité grâce à une turbine à vapeur. Les profondeurs de forage sont de généralement 150-200 mètres sous la surface. Cependant, à 5-7 kilomètres de profondeur, il existe des ressources géothermiques de 400°-500°C à 200 bars de pression atmosphérique où l’eau prend une forme appelée fluide supercritique. Un tel fluide pourrait en théorie fournir 10 fois plus d’énergie que les puits géothermiques traditionnels, et rivaliser avec l’énergie dérivée des centrales nucléaires. Nous avons rencontré une entreprise qui développe des systèmes de forage au plasma conçus pour atteindre des températures de 6 000°C, avec pour objectif de pouvoir forer à de telles profondeurs. Toutefois, ses efforts n’en sont qu’à leurs débuts et ses estimations des coûts de forage au plasma qui augmentent linéairement avec la profondeur (par opposition à l’augmentation géométrique comme avec les techniques de forage conventionnelles) doivent être prises avec une grande circonspection jusqu’à ce qu’elles soient prouvées par plus que des études sur le terrain. Ce sont des avancées très prometteuses pour une potentielle énergie de base renouvelable, mais encore au stade de balbutiement.

19 Le NYSCF est un laboratoire de recherche pluridisciplinaire qui compte 225 scientifiques et conclut des partenariats avec les plus grandes universités et hôpitaux universitaires du monde. Qu’est-ce qui fait la particularité du NYSCF ? De nombreuses institutions de recherche universitaires sont fortement motivées par le besoin de publier, ce qui peut décourager la recherche sur les traitements expérimentaux à haut risque et non traditionnels. Le NYSCF peut les poursuivre puisqu’il est un institut de recherche indépendant à but non lucratif qui compte sur des donateurs privés. En outre, le type d’expériences que mène le NYSCF requiert une combinaison de disciplines : biologistes, ingénieurs, informaticiens, immunologistes et neurologues. C’est cette approche pluridisciplinaire qui leur permet de reproduire des cellules souches de haute qualité à grande échelle, réduisant ainsi le goulet d’étranglement qui entravait les efforts de recherche sur les cellules souches.

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• Vous êtes un scientifique qui se consacre à des maladies telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer et dont les expériences ont été limitées à des souris et autres animaux de laboratoire. Toutefois, ces animaux ne développent pas la maladie d’Alzheimer dans la nature, de sorte que l’ensemble du processus de recherche est rempli d’incertitudes et d’impasses. De même, les remèdes contre le diabète pour les souris ne sont pas des remèdes pour les humains. En revanche, les cellules souches permettent d’expérimenter des traitements en utilisant une réserve inépuisable de cellules humaines porteuses de la maladie. En outre, vous pouvez appliquer ces traitements à une population diversifiée de donneurs de cellules, ce qui est important puisque chaque personne atteinte d’une maladie donnée ne répond pas de la même manière au traitement. Un avantage potentiel lié : en testant des cellules humaines plutôt qu’animales, les scientifiques pourraient être en mesure de raccourcir de 3-4 ans le calendrier d’autorisation des médicaments et d’augmenter de plus de 8 fois la probabilité de succès.

Quel est le fondement de ces découvertes ? La création de cellules souches pluripotentes induites, cultivées à partir de cellules adultes de la peau ou du sang20, et qui supplantent une grande partie des besoins en cellules souches obtenues par fécondation in vitro (FIV/cellules embryonnaires). Jusqu’à présent, la recherche sur les cellules souches pour les maladies chroniques est surtout réalisée dans des laboratoires pluridisciplinaires comme celui que nous avons visité. Mais les étapes sont jusqu’ici très prometteuses :

• Des combinaisons de médicaments conçues pour ralentir la progression de la SLA et pour détruire les cellules cancéreuses de la LMA (leucémie myéloïde aiguë) ont été découvertes à l’aide du processus précité et font l’objet d’essais cliniques ;

• Des patients reçoivent maintenant des traitements à base de cellules souches pour la dégénérescence maculaire lors de premiers essais ;

• Des traitements à base de cellules souches sont conçus pour les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson afin de remplacer et de reconstruire les neurones perdus ;

• Les chercheurs travaillent sur des traitements à base de cellules souches qui commandent la production de nouvelles cellules sanguines pour combattre la drépanocytose et d’autres troubles immunitaires/métaboliques ;

• Les échantillons de cellules provenant de tumeurs de patients peuvent être utilisés pour générer des « organoïdes », qui sont en fait des tissus cancéreux vivants qui peuvent survivre indéfiniment et être utilisés pour la recherche sur le traitement du cancer.

Des projets à des stades très précoces comprennent notamment des études sur les neurones sensoriels, obtenus et maintenus grâce à la création de cellules souches, dans le but de développer de meilleurs traitements non addictifs de la douleur chronique.

La route est longue pour les personnes souffrant de maladies chroniques à l’étude, étant donné les délais nécessaires pour faire autoriser les nouveaux traitements ; le temps qu’il faut pour que les nouveaux traitements se propagent dans le système de soins de santé ; les questions concernant la couverture de ces traitements par différents régimes d’assurance ; et des questions à propos des cellules souches pluripotentes elles-mêmes, puisqu’il est rapporté dans certaines expériences la formation de tumeurs émanant des cellules souches. Malgré les incertitudes, les essais cliniques sur les cellules souches actuellement en cours peuvent, avec le recul, être considérés comme une nouvelle frontière dans le traitement médical qui réduit la mortalité, l’invalidité et les coûts économiques associés à certaines maladies chroniques.

20 L’importance des études et des traitements approuvés par la FDA vs le « tourisme des cellules souches ». Il existe des rapports sur les traitements à base de cellules adipeuses et d’autres cellules souches qui sont très différents des études sur les cellules souches approuvées par la FDA, et qui ont fait l’objet d’une enquête du procureur général de New York et d’autres organismes de réglementation sur les risques pour les patients. Une étude publiée dans le New England Journal of Medicine de 2017 a montré que certains traitements non réglementés de la dégénérescence maculaire ont des effets négatifs importants, jusqu’à la cécité complète.

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Les dernières recherches sur les greffes de cellules souches pour traiter la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l‘âge (DMLA)

Deux patients atteints de DMLA humide aiguë et de déclin rapide récent de la vision ont reçu un patch de cellules provenant de restes d‘embryons de FIV dans un œil, dans le cadre d‘une étude ouverte de phase 1 sur l‘innocuité et la faisabilité. Les résultats ont été mesurés en termes d‘« acuité visuelle » (c’est-à-dire la capacité de lire un tableau oculaire LogMAR standard, soit celui qui comporte 5 lettres majuscules par ligne), et de capacité de lecture mesurée en mots par minute. Les deux patients ont connu une amélioration sur les deux fronts au cours de la première année, bien qu‘ils aient tous deux dû être hospitalisés après l‘intervention pour traiter le décollement de la rétine et les effets secondaires indésirables des interventions d‘immunosuppression (puisqu‘on a utilisé des cellules de FIV qui ne provenaient pas du patient). Les études futures sur les cellules souches porteront plutôt sur les propres cellules pluripotentes du patient, ce qui supprimera le besoin d‘immu-nosuppression.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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What is the foundation of these discoveries? The creation of induced pluripotent stem cells grown from adult skin or blood cells21, and which supplant much of the need for stem cells obtained from in-vitro fertilization (IVF/embryonic) sources. So far, stem cell research for chronic diseases is mostly taking place in multi-disciplinary labs like the one we visited. But the milestones are very promising so far:

• Drug combinations designed to slow down the progress of ALS and to destroy AML (leukemia) cancer cells werediscovered using the process above, and are moving forward in clinical trials

• Patients are now receiving stem cell treatments for macular degeneration in early trials

• Stem cell treatments are being designed for Parkinson’s patients to replace and rebuild lost neurons

• Researchers are working on stem cell treatments that involve the production of new blood cells to combat sicklecell and other immune/metabolic disorders

• Cell samples from patient tumors can be used to generate “organoids”, which are effectively living canceroustissue that can survive indefinitely and be used for cancer treatment research

Very early stage projects include studies of sensory neurons, obtained and sustained through stem cell creation, with the goal of developing better non-addictive treatments for chronic pain.

There’s a long road ahead for sufferers of chronic diseases being studied, given the time it takes to get new treatments approved, the time it takes for new treatments to propagate through the healthcare system, questions about whether such treatments would be covered under different insurance plans, and questions about the pluripotent stem cells themselves, since there are reports in some experiments of tumor formation emanating from the stem cells. Despite the uncertainties, stem cell clinical trials now underway may with the benefit of hindsight be seen as a new frontier in medical treatment that reduces mortality, disability and the economic costs associated with certain chronic diseases.

21 The importance of FDA-approved studies and treatments vs “Stem Cell Tourism”. There are reports of adipose and other stem cell treatments which are quite different from FDA-approved stem cell studies, and which have been investigated by the New York Attorney General and other regulators for risks to patients. A study in the 2017 New England Journal of Medicine showed substantial adverse impacts from some unregulated macular degeneration treatments, including complete blindness.

The latest research on stem cell transplants to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Two patients with acute wet AMD and recent rapid vision decline received a patch of cells derived from leftover IVF embryos in one eye as part of a phase 1, open-label, safety and feasibility study. Results were measured in terms of “visual acuity” (i.e, being able to read a standard LogMAR eye chart, which is the one with 5 block letters per line), and in reading ability measured in words per minute. Both patients improved on both fronts within the first year, although both required post-procedure hospitalization to treat retinal detachment and adverse side effects from immunosuppression procedures (since IVF cells were used that were not derived from the patient). Future stem cell studies will involve a patient’s own pluripotent cells instead, eliminating the need for immunosuppression.

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Amélioration de l’acuité visuelleNombre de lettres lues sur le tableau oculaire LogMAR standard

Source : Nature Biotechnology, Cruz/Coffey et coll., 2018.

EYE ON THE MARKET MICHAEL CEMBALEST J .P . MORGAN 2020 Outlook

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What is the foundation of these discoveries? The creation of induced pluripotent stem cells grown from adult skin or blood cells21, and which supplant much of the need for stem cells obtained from in-vitro fertilization (IVF/embryonic) sources. So far, stem cell research for chronic diseases is mostly taking place in multi-disciplinary labs like the one we visited. But the milestones are very promising so far:

• Drug combinations designed to slow down the progress of ALS and to destroy AML (leukemia) cancer cells werediscovered using the process above, and are moving forward in clinical trials

• Patients are now receiving stem cell treatments for macular degeneration in early trials

• Stem cell treatments are being designed for Parkinson’s patients to replace and rebuild lost neurons

• Researchers are working on stem cell treatments that involve the production of new blood cells to combat sicklecell and other immune/metabolic disorders

• Cell samples from patient tumors can be used to generate “organoids”, which are effectively living canceroustissue that can survive indefinitely and be used for cancer treatment research

Very early stage projects include studies of sensory neurons, obtained and sustained through stem cell creation, with the goal of developing better non-addictive treatments for chronic pain.

There’s a long road ahead for sufferers of chronic diseases being studied, given the time it takes to get new treatments approved, the time it takes for new treatments to propagate through the healthcare system, questions about whether such treatments would be covered under different insurance plans, and questions about the pluripotent stem cells themselves, since there are reports in some experiments of tumor formation emanating from the stem cells. Despite the uncertainties, stem cell clinical trials now underway may with the benefit of hindsight be seen as a new frontier in medical treatment that reduces mortality, disability and the economic costs associated with certain chronic diseases.

21 The importance of FDA-approved studies and treatments vs “Stem Cell Tourism”. There are reports of adipose and other stem cell treatments which are quite different from FDA-approved stem cell studies, and which have been investigated by the New York Attorney General and other regulators for risks to patients. A study in the 2017 New England Journal of Medicine showed substantial adverse impacts from some unregulated macular degeneration treatments, including complete blindness.

The latest research on stem cell transplants to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Two patients with acute wet AMD and recent rapid vision decline received a patch of cells derived from leftover IVF embryos in one eye as part of a phase 1, open-label, safety and feasibility study. Results were measured in terms of “visual acuity” (i.e, being able to read a standard LogMAR eye chart, which is the one with 5 block letters per line), and in reading ability measured in words per minute. Both patients improved on both fronts within the first year, although both required post-procedure hospitalization to treat retinal detachment and adverse side effects from immunosuppression procedures (since IVF cells were used that were not derived from the patient). Future stem cell studies will involve a patient’s own pluripotent cells instead, eliminating the need for immunosuppression.

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Vitesse de lectureNombre de mots lus par minute

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Acronymes

ACWI All Country World Index ; AMEX American Stock Exchange ; BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis ; BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics ; CBO Congressional Budget Office ; CC China Customs, douanes chinoises ; CFLP China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing ; CFO Chief Financial Officer, directeur financier ; CRFB Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget ; CNBS China National Bureau of Statistics, office national de la statistique de la Chine; E&P Exploration et Production ; EBITDA Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization, résultat avant intérêts, impôts et dotation aux amortissements et aux provisions ; BCE Banque centrale européenne ; EM Emerging Markets, marchés émergents ; FAANG Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, et Google ; FDA Food and Drug Administration; FRB Federal Reserve Board, conseil de la Réserve fédérale ; FTC Federal Trade Commission ; GBI Government Bond Index ; GICS Global Industry Classification Standard ; GIPC Global Innovation Policy Center ; HHS United States Dep’t of Health and Human Services, ministère américain de la santé ; IBES Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System ; IPO Initial Public Offering, introduction en bourse ; ITIF Information Technology and Innovation Foundation ; JPMAM J.P. Morgan Asset Management ; MSCI Morgan Stanley Capital International ; NAHB National Association of Homebuilders ; NBER WP National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers ; NLRB National Labor Relations Board ; NTU National Taxpayer Union ; NYSE New York Stock Exchange, Bourse de New York ; OCDE Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques ; P/E Price to Earnings, multiple P/E ; PBOC People’s Bank of China, Banque populaire de Chine ; PCE Personal Consumption Expenditure, dépenses de consommation des ménages ; PMI Purchasing Managers’ Index ; R&D Research and Development, recherche et développement ; RMB Renminbi ; SG&A Selling, General and Administrative Expenses, frais commerciaux, généraux et administratifs ; SIFMA Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ; USITC United States International Trade Commission ; OMC Organisation mondiale du commerce

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EYE ON THE MARKET • MICHAEL CEMBALEST • J.P. MORGAN PERSPEC TIVES 2020

MICHAEL CEMBALEST est Président de la stratégie de marché et d’investissement de J.P. Morgan Asset & Wealth Management, qui compte parmi les leaders mondiaux de la gestion d’actifs et de la banque privée avec 2 200 milliards de dollars d’actifs patrimoniaux à l’échelle mondiale (au 30/09/2019). Il est en charge du développement de la stratégie de marché et d’investissement pour les pôles Investisseurs institutionnels, Fonds de placement et Banque Privée.

En outre, Michael Cembalest appartient au comité d’investissement de J.P. Morgan Asset Management et au comité d’investissement du fonds de pension de J.P. Morgan (J.P. Morgan Retirement Plan) au profit des 256 000 collaborateurs de la banque.

Dernièrement, Michael Cembalest a été pendant huit ans responsable des investissements pour l’activité mondiale de Banque Privée de J.P. Morgan. Précédemment, il était responsable de la division obligations de J.P. Morgan Investment Management, en charge des obligations de grande qualité, des titres à haut rendement, des marchés émergents et des obligations des collectivités locales.

Avant de rejoindre le pôle Gestion d’actifs, Michael Cembalest était responsable de la stratégie obligataire sur les marchés émergents chez J.P. Morgan Securities. Michael Cembalest a rejoint J.P. Morgan en 1987 au sein du pôle financement d’entreprises.

Michael Cembalest est titulaire d’un Master de la Columbia School of International Affairs obtenu en 1986 et d’un diplôme Bachelor of Arts de l’Université de Tufts obtenu en 1984.

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Nous estimons que les informations contenues dans le présent document sont fiables, mais nous ne garantissons ni leur exactitude ni leur exhaustivité. Les opinions, les estimations, les stratégies et les points de vue exprimés dans ce document constituent notre jugement sur la base des conditions actuelles du marché et peuvent varier sans notification préalable de notre part.

CONSIDÉRATIONS RELATIVES AUX RISQUES

• Les performances passées ne préjugent pas des performances futures. Il n’est pas possible d’investir directement dans un indice.

• Les prix et les taux de rendement sont donnés à titre indicatif, ces derniers peuvent varier dans le temps en fonction des conditions du marché.

• Il existe des considérations supplémentaires relatives aux risques pour toutes les stratégies.

• Les informations figurant dans le présent document ne constituent nullement une recommandation, une offre ou une sollicitation d’achat ou de vente d’un produit ou d’un service d’investissement.

• Les avis exprimés dans le présent document peuvent différer de ceux d’autres divisions de J.P. Morgan. Le présent document ne saurait être considéré comme une recherche en investissement ou un rapport de recherche en investissement de J.P. Morgan.

INFORMATIONS IMPORTANTES

Le présent document est publié à titre d’information uniquement. Il peut vous renseigner sur certains produits et services proposés par les activités de gestion de patrimoine de J.P. Morgan, qui font partie de JPMorgan Chase & Co (« JPM »). Merci de lire les Informations importantes dans leur intégralité.

INFORMATIONS GÉNÉRALES RELATIVES AUX RISQUES

Les opinions, stratégies et produits présentés dans ce document peuvent ne pas convenir à tous les investisseurs et présentent des risques. Les investisseurs ne sont pas assurés de recouvrer l’intégralité du montant investi et les performances passées ne préjugent pas des performances futures. L’allocation d’actifs ne garantit pas un bénéfice ni une protection contre les pertes. Aucune décision d’investissement ne saurait être fondée exclusivement sur les informations contenues dans ce document. Nous vous recommandons vivement d’examiner avec la plus grande attention les services, les produits, les classes d’actifs (p. ex., les actions, les obligations, les investissements alternatifs, les matières premières, etc.) ou les stratégies présentés afin de déterminer s’ils sont adaptés à vos besoins. Vous devez également prendre en considération les objectifs, les risques, les frais et les dépenses associés aux services, produits ou stratégies d’investissement avant de prendre une décision d’investissement. Pour retrouver toutes ces informations, obtenir des renseignements plus complets et discuter de vos objectifs et de votre situation, veuillez contacter votre représentant J.P. Morgan.

EXCLUSION DE RESPONSABILITÉ

Certaines des informations contenues dans ce document sont considérées comme fiables. Cependant, JPM n’apporte aucune garantie quant à leur exactitude, leur fiabilité ou leur exhaustivité et ne saurait engager sa responsabilité pour les pertes ou les préjudices (qu’ils soient directs ou indirects) résultant de l’utilisation de tout ou partie de ce document. Nous n’apportons aucune garantie quant aux calculs, graphiques, tableaux, diagrammes ou commentaires figurant dans ce document, lesquels ne sont fournis qu’à titre d’exemple ou indicatif. Les points de vue, opinions, estimations et stratégies exprimés dans ce document constituent notre jugement sur la base des conditions actuelles du marché et peuvent varier sans préavis. JPM n’est nullement tenu de mettre à jour les informations citées dans ce document en cas de modification. Les points de vue, estimations et stratégies exprimés dans ce document peuvent différer de ceux exprimés par d’autres divisions de JPM, ou des points de vue exprimés à d’autres fins ou dans un autre contexte, et ce document ne doit pas être considéré comme un rapport de recherche. Les résultats et les risques anticipés se fondent exclusivement sur les exemples hypothétiques présentés ; les résultats et les risques effectifs varieront en fonction des circonstances particulières. Les déclarations prospectives ne doivent pas être considérées comme des garanties ou des prédictions concernant des événements futurs.

Ce document ne saurait être interprété comme pouvant donner lieu à une obligation d’attention à votre égard ou à l’égard d’un tiers, ou à l’instauration d’une relation de conseil. Ce document ne doit en aucun cas être considéré comme une offre, une sollicitation, une recommandation ou un conseil (financier, comptable, juridique, fiscal ou autre) donné par J.P. Morgan et/ou ses cadres ou ses collaborateurs, que cette communication ait été fournie à votre demande ou non. J.P. Morgan, ses filiales et ses collaborateurs ne fournissent pas de conseils de nature comptable, juridique ou fiscale. Vous êtes invité à consulter vos propres conseillers fiscaux, juridiques et comptables avant d’effectuer une opération financière.

INFORMATIONS IMPORTANTES CONCERNANT VOS PLACEMENTS ET LES CONFLITS D’INTÉRÊTS POTENTIELS

Des conflits d’intérêts peuvent survenir lorsque JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. ou l’une de ses filiales (collectivement, « J.P. Morgan ») est incitée d’un point de vue économique ou autre, ou est susceptible de l’être, à agir dans son propre intérêt dans le cadre de sa gestion des portefeuilles de ses clients. Des conflits peuvent par exemple se produire (dans la mesure où votre compte autorise de telles activités) dans les cas suivants : (1) lorsque J.P. Morgan investit dans un produit d’investissement, tel qu’un fonds commun de placement, un produit structuré, un compte géré séparément ou un hedge fund créé ou géré par J.P.Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. ou une filiale telle que J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc. ; (2) lorsqu’une entité J.P. Morgan obtient des services, tels que l’exécution et la compensation des ordres, auprès d’une filiale ; (3) lorsque J.P. Morgan perçoit un paiement en contrepartie de l’achat d’un produit d’investissement pour le compte d’un client ou (4) lorsque J.P. Morgan perçoit le paiement en contrepartie de services fournis (dont les services aux actionnaires, de comptabilité ou de dépôt) au titre des produits d’investissement achetés pour le portefeuille d’un client. D’autres conflits peuvent survenir en raison des relations que J.P. Morgan entretient avec d’autres clients ou lorsque J.P. Morgan agit pour son propre compte.

Les stratégies d’investissement sont sélectionnées auprès de J.P. Morgan et des gestionnaires d’actifs tiers et sont soumises à une procédure d’évaluation appliquée par nos équipes chargées de la sélection des gestionnaires. Nos équipes responsables de la construction des portefeuilles sélectionnent, dans cette liste de stratégies, celles qui concordent avec nos objectifs d’allocation d’actifs et nos prévisions afin d’atteindre l’objectif d’investissement du portefeuille.

En règle générale, nous préférons les stratégies gérées par J.P. Morgan. Nous nous attendons à ce que la proportion de stratégies gérées par J.P. Morgan soit importante (jusqu’à 100%) pour les stratégies telles que, par exemple, les liquidités et les obligations de haute qualité, conformément à la législation en vigueur et aux conditions spécifiques au compte.

Bien que nos stratégies gérées en interne concordent généralement avec nos perspectives et notre connaissance des processus d’investissement, ainsi qu’avec la philosophie mise en pratique en matière de risque et de conformité de la société, il est important de rappeler que J.P. Morgan perçoit des commissions globales plus élevées lorsque des stratégies gérées en interne sont sélectionnées. Vous pouvez choisir d’exclure les stratégies gérées par J.P. Morgan (autres que les avoirs bancaires et fonds de liquidités) dans certains portefeuilles.

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INFORMATIONS RÉGLEMENTAIRES, SUR LA MARQUE ET SUR L’ENTITÉ JURIDIQUE

Aux Etats-Unis, les comptes de dépôts bancaires et services connexes, tels que les comptes chèques, les comptes épargne et les prêts bancaires, sont proposés par JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Membre de la FDIC.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. et ses sociétés affiliées (conjointement « JPMCB ») proposent des produits d’investissement, qui peuvent inclure des comptes bancaires d’investissement gérés et des services de dépôt, dans le cadre de leurs services fiduciaires et de trust. Les autres produits et services d’investissement, tels que les comptes de courtage et de conseil, sont proposés par J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (« JPMS »), membre de la FINRA et de la SIPC. JPMCB et JPMS sont des sociétés affiliées placées sous le contrôle commun de JPM. Les produits ne sont pas disponibles dans tous les Etats.

Au Luxembourg, le présent document est publié par J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A. (JPMBL) dont le siège social est sis à l’European Bank and Business Centre, 6 route de Trèves, L-2633, Senningerberg, Luxembourg. R.C.S Luxembourg B10.958. Société agréée et réglementée par la Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) et supervisée conjointement par la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) et la CSSF. J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A. est agréée en tant qu’établissement de crédit en vertu de la loi du 5 avril 1993. Au Royaume-Uni, le présent document est publié par J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., succursale de Londres. Avant le Brexit (« Brexit » signifiant que le Royaume-Uni quitte l’Union européenne en vertu de l’Article 50 du Traité sur l’Union européenne ou que, par la suite, un passage de frontière est rétabli pour les services financiers entre le Royaume-Uni et les Etats membres de l’EEE), J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., succursale de Londres, est soumise à une réglementation limitée de la Financial Conduct Authority et de la Prudential Regulation Authority. Nous fournissons des informations détaillées sur la portée de la réglementation de la part de la Financial Conduct Authority et de la Prudential Regulation Authority sur simple demande. En cas de Brexit, au Royaume-Uni, J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., succursale de Londres, est autorisée par la Prudential Regulation Authority, soumise à la réglementation de la Financial Conduct Authority et à une réglementation limitée de la Prudential Regulation Authority. Nous fournissons des informations détaillées sur la portée de la réglementation de la part de la Prudential Regulation Authority sur simple demande. En Espagne, le présent document est distribué par J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., Sucursal en España, dont le siège social est sis Paseo de la Castellana, 31, 28046 Madrid, Espagne. J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., Sucursal en España est immatriculée sous le numéro 1516 au registre administratif de la Banque d’Espagne et supervisée par le régulateur espagnol des marchés de valeurs (CNMV). En Allemagne, le présent document est distribué par J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., succursale de Francfort, dont le siège est sis Taunustor 1 (TaunusTurm), 60310 Frankfurt, Allemagne, supervisée conjointement par la Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) et la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) et, dans certains domaines, également supervisée par l’Autorité fédérale allemande de supervision des services financiers (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, BaFin). En Italie, le présent document est distribué par J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A., succursale de Milan, dont le siège social est sis Via Cantena Adalberto 4, Milano 20121, Italie, société réglementée par la Banque d’Italie et la Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (CONSOB). En outre, ce document peut être distribué par JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (« JPMCB »), succursale de Paris, qui est réglementée en France par l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution et l’Autorité des marchés financiers ou par J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA, elle-même réglementée en Suisse par l’Autorité fédérale de surveillance des marchés financiers (FINMA).

A Hong Kong, le présent document est distribué par JPMCB, succursale de Hong Kong. La succursale de JPMCB à Hong Kong est réglementée par la Hong Kong Monetary Authority et par la Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. A Hong Kong, nous cesserons d’utiliser vos données personnelles à des fins promotionnelles, sans frais, si vous en faites la demande. A Singapour, le présent document est distribué par JPMCB, succursale de Singapour. La succursale de JPMCB à Singapour est réglementée par la Monetary Authority of Singapore. Les services de négociation et de conseil ainsi que les services de gestion de placement discrétionnaire vous sont fournis par les succursales de JPMCB à Hong Kong/Singapour (tel qu’il vous l’a été notifié). Les services bancaires et les services de conservation vous sont fournis par JPMCB succursale de Singapour. Le contenu de ce document n’a pas été examiné par une autorité de réglementation de Hong Kong, de Singapour ou de toute autre juridiction. Vous devez faire preuve de prudence en ce qui concerne ce document. Si vous avez le moindre doute concernant le contenu du présent document, nous vous invitons à demander l’avis d’un conseiller professionnel indépendant. Pour les documents constituant une publicité de produit en vertu de la Securities and Futures Act et de la Financial Adviser Act, cette publicité n’a pas été examinée par la Monetary Authority of Singapore. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. est une association bancaire nationale régie par les lois des États-Unis, et en tant que personne morale, la responsabilité de ses actionnaires est limitée.

Dans certains pays d’Amérique latine, la distribution de ce document peut être soumise à des restrictions. Nous pouvons vous proposer et/ou vous vendre des valeurs mobilières ou autres instruments financiers qui ne sont pas enregistrés en vertu des lois sur les valeurs mobilières ou autres réglementations financières de votre pays, et qui ne font donc pas l’objet d’offres publiques en vertu de ces lois ou réglementations. Ces valeurs mobilières ou instruments financiers vous sont proposés et/ou vendus uniquement à titre privé. Toute communication que nous vous envoyons au sujet de ces valeurs mobilières ou instruments financiers, par exemple entre autres en vous remettant un prospectus, une liste de conditions ou tout autre document d’offre, ne constitue pas une offre de vente ou une sollicitation d’offre d’achat de valeurs mobilières ou d’instruments financiers dans une juridiction où une telle offre ou sollicitation est illégale. En outre, ces valeurs mobilières et instruments financiers peuvent être assujettis à des restrictions légales et/ou contractuelles s’ils vous sont ultérieurement transférés, et il vous appartient exclusivement d’évaluer et de respecter de telles restrictions. Dans la mesure où ce contenu fait référence à un fonds, le fonds ne peut être proposé dans aucun pays d’Amérique latine, sans l’enregistrement préalable des titres de ce fonds en vertu des lois du pays concerné. L’offre publique de tout titre, incluant les actions du Fonds, sans enregistrement préalable auprès de la Commission des valeurs mobilières du Brésil (CVM) est strictement interdite. Il se peut que certains produits ou services mentionnés dans les documents ne soient pas proposés actuellement sur les plateformes du Brésil et du Mexique.

Les références faites dans ce rapport à « J.P. Morgan » désignent JPM, ses différentes filiales et sociétés affiliées à travers le monde. « La Banque Privée J.P. Morgan » est la marque commerciale utilisée par JPM pour ses opérations de banque privée.

Le présent document est destiné à une utilisation strictement personnelle et il ne doit pas être diffusé à un tiers quelconque, ou utilisé par un tiers quelconque, ni dupliqué afin d’être utilisé à des fins autres qu’une utilisation personnelle sans notre permission. Si vous avez des questions ou si vous ne souhaitez plus recevoir ce type de communication, veuillez contacter votre représentant J.P. Morgan.

© 2020 JPMorgan Chase & Co. Tous droits réservés.

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M O Y E N - O R I E N TDubaï

A M É R I Q U E SBrésilChiliColombieÉtats-UnisMexiquePérou

A S I E Hong KongSingapour

E U R O P EAllemagneEspagneFranceItalieLuxembourgRoyaume-UniSuisse