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![Page 1: Eye Movement Physiology Frank M. Marchak, Ph.D. Veridical Research and Design Corporation Society for Psychophysiological Research September.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f255503460f94c3c1db/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Eye Movement Physiology
Frank M. Marchak, Ph.D.Veridical Research and Design Corporation
www.vradc.com
Society for Psychophysiological ResearchSeptember 14 2011
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Eye Anatomy
webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/Sagschem.jpeg
www.skybrary.aero/images/thumb/Vis_Fig2.jpg/500px-Vis_Fig2.jpg
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Why do you move your eyes?
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Yarbus (1967)
Task influences eye movement behavior
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Types of Eye Movements
• Gaze Stabilization– Vestibulo-ocular – Optokinetic
• Gaze shifting– Vergence– Smooth Pursuit– Saccade
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Gaze Stabilization
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestibulo-ocular_reflex_lateroflexion_of_neck.svg www.youtube.com/user/mbolding#p/u/15/PeO6w_bCz8U
• Stabilize eyes relative to external world- Compensate for head movements
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Gaze Stabilization
Optokinetic Nystagmus
• Elicited by moving objects that produce illusion of head movement or slow head movements undetected by vestibular system
• Visual-ocular response
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSJksSA6Q-A&feature=relatedimg.springerimages.com/Images/ImagesMD/ATOPH/01/66/WATER_ATOPH01-09-66-003B.jpg
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Gaze Shifting
Vergence
schorlab.berkeley.edu/vilis/vergence.htm www.youtube.com/user/mbolding#p/u/16/9kgi_Avr66I
• Align fovea of each eye with targets at different distances from observer- Disconjugate
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Gaze Shifting
Smooth Pursuit
Wetenbakerr,(1984). The Eye: Window on the World www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEfz1fFjU78
• Keep moving stimulus on fovea- Under voluntary control
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Gaze Shifting
Saccadic
www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEJfAxJEP6E
• Ballistic movements that abruptly change point of fixation
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How do you move your eyes?
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Extraocular Muscles
eyeaerobics.com/program/
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emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189759-overview
IO SR IO/SR SR/IO SR IO
LR MR MR LR
SO IR SO/IR IR/SO IR SO
MR MR
CONVERGENCE
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Ophthalmotrope (Ruete, 1857)
bjo.bmj.com/content/93/5.cover-expansion
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Extraocular Muscle Innervation
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Extraocular Muscle Innervation
Origins
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Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
Extraocular Muscle Innervation
Ocular Motor Neuron Nuclei
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Extraocular Muscle Innervation
Ocular Motor Neuron Nuclei
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Saccadic Eye Movements
express.howstuffworks.com/gif/body-saccidic-composite.jpg
www.sharpsight.in/images/treatments/eye%20trackers.jpg
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Time Course of Saccades
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
• Two components• Amplitude
• Lower motor neurons within oculomotor nuclei• Direction
• Premotor neurons in gaze centers in brainstem
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Neural Control of Saccades
Purves, et al., (2004). NeurosciencePurves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
• Discharge frequency directly proportional to position and velocity of eye
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brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
Neural Control of Saccades
Pulse-Step
• Pulse- Tonic signal – eyes hold position- Height: speed of saccade- Duration: duration of saccade
• Step- Phasic signal – eyes move- Height: amplitude of saccade
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Neural Control of Saccades
Gaze Centers
cueflash.com/decks/CONTROL_OF_EYE_MOVEMENTS_-_57
• Horizontal- Paramedian pontine
reticular formation (PPRF)
• Vertical- Rostral interstitial
nucleus (rostral iMLF)
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Neural Control of Saccades
Horizontal Eye Movements
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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• PPRF– Phasic signal of abducens
motor neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Excitatory Burst Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi– Tonic signal of abducens motor
neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Tonic Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)– Inhibit contralateral abducens
internuclear and motor neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Inhibitory Burst Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Inhibit burst neurons in PPRF– Prevent saccades– Activate saccade burst generator
Horizontal Saccades
Omnipause Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Motor command- PPRF burst neurons
• Trigger command- Omnipause neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Superior Colliculus
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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Superior Colliculus
Topographic Motor Map
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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Saccadic Eye Movements
Higher Saccadic Centers
cueflash.com/decks/CONTROL_OF_EYE_MOVEMENTS_-_57
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Higher Saccadic Centers
Frontal Eye Fields
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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Higher Saccadic Centers
Posterior Parietal Cortex
camelot.mssm.edu/~ygyu/clip_image016_0001.jpg
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Higher Saccadic Centers
Basal Ganglia
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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Neural Control of VOR
lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/lsda_data/dil_data/msci1083.jpg
library.med.utah.edu/kw/animations/hyperbrain/oculo_reflex/oculocephalic2.html
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Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit
cueflash.com/decks/CONTROL_OF_EYE_MOVEMENTS_-_57