Extrasolar Giant Planet Theory and Atmospheres
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Transcript of Extrasolar Giant Planet Theory and Atmospheres
Extrasolar Giant Planet Extrasolar Giant Planet Theory and AtmospheresTheory and Atmospheres
An Emerging Synthesis of An Emerging Synthesis of Planetary Science and Planetary Science and
AstronomyAstronomy
Theory ProgramTheory Programfor Modeling EGPsfor Modeling EGPs
Evolution, SpectraEvolution, Spectra, and Colors of isolated and irradiated , and Colors of isolated and irradiated substellar-mass objects (SMOs) and planetary structure studiessubstellar-mass objects (SMOs) and planetary structure studies
Theory of Theory of T and LT and L dwarfs dwarfs Atmospheric Chemistry and Abundances: Atmospheric Chemistry and Abundances: MoleculesMolecules and atoms and atoms ReflectionReflection Spectra and Spectra and AlbedosAlbedos of EGPs of EGPs CloudCloud modeling (silicates, Fe, H modeling (silicates, Fe, H22O, NHO, NH33)) TransitTransit, eclipse, and , eclipse, and secondary eclipsesecondary eclipse studies studies Evolution of Jupiter and SaturnEvolution of Jupiter and Saturn Opacity and molecular spectrum calculations (Opacity and molecular spectrum calculations (Quantum chemistryQuantum chemistry)) Ab-initio calculations for Na-D, K I, FeH, CrH, TiH …Ab-initio calculations for Na-D, K I, FeH, CrH, TiH … Predictions in support of ground-based and space-based programs Predictions in support of ground-based and space-based programs
of of direct extrasolar planet detectiondirect extrasolar planet detection Radiative transfer techniquesRadiative transfer techniques (Collaborators: Burrows, Hubbard, Hubeny, Sudarsky, Sharp, (Collaborators: Burrows, Hubbard, Hubeny, Sudarsky, Sharp,
Milsom, Lunine, Li, Fortney, Cooper, Volobuyev)Milsom, Lunine, Li, Fortney, Cooper, Volobuyev)
The Evolution and Measurement of EGPs:
Remote Sensing of Extrasolar Planets
Theory of EGPs
Scientific Themes: Physics, Atmospheres, Chemistry, Structure, Spectra, Composition, Clouds, Evolution, Remote Sensing
General EGP properties
Transit Theory
Irradiated EGPs and Direct Detection
Burrows, Sudarsky, and Lunine 2003
JWST
Extrasolar Giant Planet ExoticaExtrasolar Giant Planet Exotica
Orbits from 0.02 AU to ~5 AUOrbits from 0.02 AU to ~5 AU Orbital eccentricities can be Orbital eccentricities can be
very high (0 to ~0.8)very high (0 to ~0.8) Periods from 1.2 daysPeriods from 1.2 days Masses from below Saturn’s Masses from below Saturn’s
mass to >10 Mmass to >10 MJJ
Many multi-EGP systemsMany multi-EGP systems 4 “Neptunes” discovered4 “Neptunes” discovered 7 transiting EGPs7 transiting EGPs Secondary eclipses seen in twoSecondary eclipses seen in two Correlation with metallicityCorrelation with metallicity Found around M, K, G, and F Found around M, K, G, and F
starsstars
Stellar irradiation effects (on Stellar irradiation effects (on spectra and radii)spectra and radii)
Migration in protostellar disks in Migration in protostellar disks in first millions of years first millions of years
Planetary Winds and mass loss Planetary Winds and mass loss (evaporation?)(evaporation?)
Jet Streams and Day/night Jet Streams and Day/night contrasts for close-in EGPscontrasts for close-in EGPs
Complicated Albedo behavior with Complicated Albedo behavior with orbital distanceorbital distance
Planetary Phases and extreme light Planetary Phases and extreme light curvescurves
Ammonia, Water, and silicate Ammonia, Water, and silicate clouds (variation during orbit!)clouds (variation during orbit!)
General circulation models (GCMs) General circulation models (GCMs) neededneeded
Orbital Properties of a Few Extrasolar Giant Planets
Colors:Metallicity
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(T. Guillot)
51 Peg b, 1995:
R vs. M vs. composition
(H, He, H2O, silicates …)
Zapolsky and Salpeter 1969
Guillot, Burrows et al. 1996
1.0 Mj
51 Peg b
Olivine
Hayashi Forbidden Zone
Tidal
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Giant Planet Transits and Phase Curves
Transit Radius vs. Planet Mass
Charbonneau, Brown et al. 2001, 2002, 2003
Transit by HD209458b
Burrows et al. 2004
OGLE-TR-56b
HD209458b
Burrows, Sudarsky, and Hubbard 2003
Fortney et al. 2003
Na detection: Charbonneau et al. 2003
HD209458b:
Lyman Alpha: Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003; 15%!
~4.3 Rj: PlanetaryWind!
cf. Burrows & Lunine (1995)
15% dip!
Irradiated EGPs vs. Angular Separation
Burrows 2005; Sudarsky, Burrows, and Hubeny 2003
Burrows, Sudarsky, and Hubeny 2004
Geometric Albedos
(T. Guillot)
Sudarsky, Burrows 2000
Effects of Clouds
Phase Function at 0.55 microns vs. Orbital Distance
Eccentricity and Peak Shift
Phase Dependence of the EGP’s Color
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Giant Planet Transits and Secondary Eclipses
Spitzer ? MOST?
Spitzer ST:
Data: Deming et al. 2005; Charbonneau et al. 2005
Secondary Eclipses of Transiting EGPs
Burrows, Hubeny, & Sudarsky 2005, Ap.J. Letters, in press.
CO, H2O, and CH4 Opacities
Future of Direct Detection of Extrasolar Future of Direct Detection of Extrasolar PlanetsPlanets
Precision Radial VelocityPrecision Radial Velocity Precision photometry ?Precision photometry ? Transit searches (many)Transit searches (many) Interferometry (LBT, Interferometry (LBT,
VLTI, Keck, PTI): VLTI, Keck, PTI): Imaging (Fizeau) and Imaging (Fizeau) and Astrometry (Michelson)Astrometry (Michelson)
Extreme Adaptive Optics Extreme Adaptive Optics MicrolensingMicrolensing Spectral SeparationSpectral Separation Differential imagingDifferential imaging Antarctica (30-m, 100-Antarctica (30-m, 100-
m?)m?)
HST astrometry ?HST astrometry ? NICMOS upgrade ?NICMOS upgrade ? Spitzer (IRAC, IRS, Spitzer (IRAC, IRS,
MIPS)MIPS) JWST (MIRI, NIRCam)JWST (MIRI, NIRCam) SIM/GAIASIM/GAIA Eclipse (coronagraph)?Eclipse (coronagraph)? Kepler/COROTKepler/COROT MOST, MONSMOST, MONS TPF-C; TPF-I/DarwinTPF-C; TPF-I/Darwin Planet Finder/Life FinderPlanet Finder/Life Finder
From the Ground: From Space:
Planet/Star Contrast: Theory (dashed) versus Capability
Red: H band (1.6 microns); Purple: Mid-IR; Green: Optical
ScheduleSchedule
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
Gaia
TPF/Darwin
Very large telescopes(GMT,TMT,OWL)
Very large spacearrays
KeplerCOROT
SIM
TPF/Darwin precursor?
Amex
(M. Perryman)
NASA’s Origins developmentNASA’s Origins development
First Generation
Second Generation
Visions
(as summarized by M. Perryman)
SIM:
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Cho et al. 2003
Albedos
Irradiated Brown Dwarfs
Unapproved TPF ‘precursors’: Unapproved TPF ‘precursors’: missions/conceptsmissions/concepts
EclipseEclipse:: (Trauger et al. 2003) – 2004 Discovery?(Trauger et al. 2003) – 2004 Discovery? 1.8 m + coronograph + wavefront correction – Jupiters to 5 AU for stars 1.8 m + coronograph + wavefront correction – Jupiters to 5 AU for stars
to 15 pcto 15 pc JPFJPF:: Jovian planet finder (Clampin et al. 2002) – 2004 Discovery?Jovian planet finder (Clampin et al. 2002) – 2004 Discovery?
1.5 m + coronograph, originally on ISS – Jupiters to 2-20 AU1.5 m + coronograph, originally on ISS – Jupiters to 2-20 AU ESPIESPI:: Extrasolar planet imager, Midex, (Lyon et al. 2003)Extrasolar planet imager, Midex, (Lyon et al. 2003)
1.51.51.5 m apodized square aperture – Jupiters around 160 stars to 16 pc1.5 m apodized square aperture – Jupiters around 160 stars to 16 pc ExPOExPO:: Extrasolar planet observatory (Gezari et al. 2003)Extrasolar planet observatory (Gezari et al. 2003)
similar concept to ESPI proposed as Discovery class missionsimilar concept to ESPI proposed as Discovery class mission SPFSPF:: Self-luminous planet finder (Woolf et al. 2001)Self-luminous planet finder (Woolf et al. 2001)
search for younger/more massive Jupiters in Jupiter orbitssearch for younger/more massive Jupiters in Jupiter orbits FKSIFKSI:: Fourier-Kelvin stellar interferometer (Danchi et al. 2003, Fourier-Kelvin stellar interferometer (Danchi et al. 2003,
poster 8.06)poster 8.06) mid-infrared nulling interferometer: detection of 25 EGPs within 10 pcmid-infrared nulling interferometer: detection of 25 EGPs within 10 pc
OPDOPD:: Optical planet discoverer (Mennesson et al. 2003) Optical planet discoverer (Mennesson et al. 2003) midway between coronography and Bracewell nulling midway between coronography and Bracewell nulling
PIAAPIAA:: Phase-induced amplitude apodization (Guyon 2003) Phase-induced amplitude apodization (Guyon 2003) reflection of an unapodized flat wavefront on two shaped mirrorsreflection of an unapodized flat wavefront on two shaped mirrors
EPIC
(M. Perryman)
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MIPS: Secondary Eclipse of HD209458b!
Spitzer/IRAC Photometry of T Dwarfs
Molecular Opacities