Extraction of Cooper

8/17/2019 Extraction of Cooper

1/49

Chapter 6

Copper Production Technology


2/49

CONTENTSPage

H is t or y ................................................ 10 3Explorat io n ....................................... 11 3Mining .................................................................. 116 Comminution and Separation ........................... 127Beneficiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...; ...130P yr o me ta u r! y . . ." ....................... 1 3 3

#y dr om et a u r! y .............................. 1 $ 0

Eec t rometa u r!y . .............................. 1$ 2

%e t in ! and Ca &t in! . ........................... 1$ '

Boxes

Box Page

6-.The !a"eshore Mine in #itu Pro$ect ..1%6

Figure

6-1&.

6-1'.

6-16.

6-1(.

6-1).

6-1*.6-%0.

6-%1.

6-%%.

6-%3+

6-%&.

Page

Types o, in #itu !eaching #ystes ..1%&

a/ Crusher........................................1%(Hydrocyclone+...................................1%*

lo ta t ion Ce ll s. ...............................13 0

lo/sheets ,or Copper lotation......13%

Co lu n C e i l....................................13 3e2elopent o, #elting

Technology Copared /ith orld

Copper Production.........................13'

4e2er5eratory urnace.........................136

Electr i c u rn ac e.............................13 (

7C8 lash urnace............................13)

8uto"upu lash urnace.............13)

6-B. #elting urnaces . . . . .

iguresFigure

. . . . . . . . . . . 136

Page

6-%'.

6-%6.

6-%(.

6-%).

Pierce-#ith Con2erter ...................... 13*7oranda 4eactor ........................... 13 *

Mitsu5ishi Continuous #elting

#yste .....................................................1&09ennecott Cone Precipitator ........... 1&%

6-1. lo/ #heets ,or Copper Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

6-%*.6-30.

lo/sheet ,or #ol2ent Extraction ......1&3Continuous Casting ()ee ............ 1&6

6-%.

6-3.Early #elting Technology. ............. 10(

Early Copper-Producing reaso,

Europe and the Middle East............10)

6-31. Continuous 4od 4olling Mill .+ ....+1&(

Ta5les6-&. Copper eposits o, 7orthern

M i c h i g a n ....................................... 10 *6-'. Copper Production reas o, the

Tabl e

6-1.#uary o, Pyroetallurgical

Page

7orthern and Central 4oc"y

Mountains............................................ 11%

6-6. Copper Production reas o, the # o u t h / e s t.............................................11 %

6-%.

6-3.

Processes...............................................10'#uary o, Hydroetallurgical

Processes...............................................106

Ma$or :.#. Copper Mines...........110

6*7. #aple ;eologic Map .................. 11& 6-&. 4eote #ensing #ystes and age

6*+. Model o, Hydrotheral lteration


3/49

Chapter 6

Copper Production Technology

T)e a&t -oom in tec)noo!ica innoation for t)e copper indu&tr y occurred in t)e fir&t t/o dec*

ade& of t)i& century /)en open pit minin! fo*

tation concentration and t)e reer-eratory

&meter /ere adapted to porp)yry copper ore&.(it) t)e eception of eac)in!*&oent etrac*tion*eectro/innin! t)e -a&ic met)od& of cop*per production )ae remained unc)an!ed for 6'year&. %oreoer &i of t)e mine& opened -e*t/een 1,00 and 1,20 are &ti amon! t)e maor copper producer& in t)e nited State& today.

4n&tead of !reat eap& for/ard tec)noo!icainnoation in t)e copper indu&try in t)e a&t 6'

T)i& c)apter -riefy de&cri-e& t)e tec)noo!yfor producin! copper from eporation t)rou!)

minin! and miin! to &metin! and refinin! or &oent etraction and eectro/innin!. T)e c)ap*ter -e!in& /it) an oerie/ of t)e )i&tory of cop*per tec)noo!y deeopment. T)en for eac)&ta!e i n copper production it reie/& t)e cur*rent &tate*of*t)e*art identifie& recent tec)noo!i*ca adance& reie/& pro-a-e future adance&and re&earc) and deeopment need& and di&*cu&&e& t)e importance of furt)er adance& to t)ecompetitiene&& of t)e .S. indu&try. 5i!ure 6*1&)o/& fo/*&)eet& for pyrometaur!ica and

2

year& )a& con&i&ted ar!ey of incrementa )ydrometaur!ica copper production. Ta-e&

c)an!e& t)at ao/ed companie& to epoit o/er !rade ore& and continuay reduce t)e co&t& of production. Economie& of &cae )ae -een rea*ied in a p)a&e& of copper production. Bot) ma*c)ine and )uman productiity )ae increa&eddramaticay.

6*1 and 6*2 proide cap&ue &ummarie& of t)e&e

proce&&e&.

Pyrometa44ur!y 4S t)e etract4on of meta4 from ore& an8 concen*

trate& u&in! c)emica reaction& at )i!) temperature&.

2 #ydrometaur!y i& t)e recoery of meta4& from ore& u&in!/ater* -a&ed &oution&.

9& eary a& 6000 B. C. natie copper:t)e puremeta/a& found a& reddi&) &tone& in t)e %ed*iterranean area and )ammered into uten&i&/eapon& and too&. 9round '000 B. C. arti&an&di&coered t)at )eat made copper more mae*a-e. Ca&tin! and &metin! of copper -e!anaround $000*3'00 B.C. & 1,73=.

103

1


4/49

104

igure

Pyrometal lurgica l

#ul,ide ores>0.'-%? Cu@

4 Coinution

4 4

4 otation 4

Concent rates>%0-30 ? Cu @

1

6-1.-o/ #heets ,or Copper Production

Hydrometalluigical

Oxide and sul,ide ores

>0.3 -%.0 ? Cu @

!eaching

Pregnant eachate

>%0-'0? Cu =

Precipitation #ol2entextract ion

#elting Ceent copper

Matte>'0-('? Cu@

1>)'-*0? Cu@

6 6

4 Con2erting

node re,iningand casting

Cathodes >**.**A? Cu@

nodes>**.'? Cu@

Cathodes >**.**A? Cu@

SOACED Office of Tec)noo!y 9&&e&&ment.

opment of t)e mine& of Cum-erand and Nort) @in! #enry lll reopened the ines in Cum*

(ae&. ()en t)e Aeman& eft Britain eary in t)e -erand and else/here+ and Britain -ecame

't) century )o/eer economic deeopment&ta!nated and it /a& a t)ou&and year& or more-efore Britain& meta indu&try /a& ree&ta-i&)ed.$4n t)e interim ermany -ecame t)e center of t)e European copper indu&try -rin!in! a num*-er of improement& in copper minin! meta*ur!y and fa-ricatin!.'

4Sir Aonad . Prain Co pp e r The !n a tom y o f a n Ind "stry& td. 1,7'=.

famed for -rone ca&tin! and t)e manufactureof armament&. By t)e end of t)e 16t) centuryBritain /a& producin! 7' percent of t)e /ord&copper. Briti&) adance& in metaur!y )eped toe&ta-i&) a /ord monopoy in &metin! t)at con*tinued unti around 1,00 /)en forei!n producer&-uit ar!e mi& and &meter& t)at too> adanta!eof &uc) Briti&) inention& a& t)e reer-eratory fur*nace and frot) fotation. - %oreoer t)e miner&

FAaymond 5. %i>e&e The #o r$d Co pp e r Ind "stry Str"c t"re a nd

Ec o nom ic !n a $ysis in& Pre&&1,7,=.

6Prain &upra note $.


5/49

Ta5le 6-1. #uary o, Pyroetallurgical Processes

9cti ity Product Con&titue Percent Purpo&e or re&ut

Bi! Ban! . . .. . .

. . . nier&e 0.00'+ 5ormation of t)e eart)

#ydrot)ermaateration . .. .

. . . Porp)yry Pyrite c)acopyrite etc. 0.2*6.0 Concentration of copper in eart)& cru&t

Eporationand . . . 8epo&it Copper ore ot)er /a roc> 0.2*6.0 ocation of economic re&ource

%inin! . . . . . . . . . . .Ore

Comminution. . . . . . Pueried ore

BeneficiationCopper minera& iron and ot)er metaicpyrite& -yproduct& and !an!ue

Same a& minin! -ut in t)e form of finepartice&

Copper minera& iron pyrite& mi&ceaneou&minera&


6/49

Ta5le 6-%.#uary o, Processes

Percenty Product Con&tituent& or re&ut

ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .heral alteration and

ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porphyry roc"s

ation andlopent . . . . . . . . . . . eposit

a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8re

ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pregnant

tationcipitation@ . . . . . . . . .

t extraction . . . . . . . . Copper electrolyte

. . . . . . . . . . . Electro/oncathodes

0.00'+

Copper ore& 0.2*6.0

Copper ore ot)er minera& /a&te roc> 0.2*6.0

Copper iron and ot)er metaic 0.'*6.0pyrite& -yproduct& and

Soution of copper and eac)in! a!ent 20*'0


7/49

10(

igure 6-%.Early #elting Technology

C)arcoaorefu L

T)e E!yptian copper &metin! furnace /a& fied /it) amiture of copper ore c)arcoa and iron ore to act a& a

fu. 4t /a& -o/n for &eera )our& -y foot or )and -eo/&.

By t)e end of t)e &met t)e copper )ad &eparated from

t)e &a! /)ic) /a& tapped off.

SOACE Ao-ert Aaymond of F"rnace T)e Penn&yania State nier&ity Pre&& 1,+ 6=

and metaur!i&t& of Corn/a 8eon and (ae&proided muc) of t)e eperti&e for t)e eary day&of t)e 9merican copper indu&try.

Natie 9merican& u&ed natie copper from t)e

Penin&ua of pper %ic)i!an and

from 4&e Aoyae in a>e Superior a& far -ac> a&

'000 B.C. -ut t)e demand for fini&)ed copper

and -ra&& product& /a& muc) !reater t)an t)e

Suppy. o

T)u& t)e di&coery of copper


8/49

108

igure Early Copper-Producing reas o, Europe and the Middle East

&meter&. By 1++7 Butte )ad pa&&ed t)e a>e Su*perior Copper Country in

s in %ontana !od and &ier minin! in t)eSout)/e&t paed into in&i!nificance /it) t)e di&*

coery and deeopment of ric) copper

it&. 9&o &imiar to Butte profita-e deeopmentof t)e &out)/e&tern depo&it& depended on con*&truction of rai/ay& to tran&port t)e copper tofa-ricator& and on proce&&in! and &metin! tec)*niue& t)at cou 4d economicay )ande t)e ari*ou& !rade& and type& of ore found /)ic) in*cuded car-onate& oide& &ufide& and &iicate&.

9 t)ird factor /a& t)e amount of capita needed


9/49

10&

igure 6-&.Copper eposits o, 7orthern Michigan

.

D D

reen Bay Fa>e %ic)i!an

.

T)e t)in -and of t)e @e/eena/ copper ran!e &)oot& P t)rou!) t)e penin&ua t)en !oe& -eneat) a>e Superior. 4&e Aoyae i& in t)e &ame !eoo!ica formation.

SOACED 8onad C$iff %reat Copper Mine in Brayton /ater*ac>etT)e Sout)ern Pacific Aairoad /a& competed furnace reoutionied t)e &metin! of oide ore&

acro&& 9riona in 1++2 and ine& eentuay /ere from t)e Bi&-ee di&trict of 9riona. T)i& furnace

etended to t)e ariou& minin! di&trict&


10/49

110

a

6

c

a

.

- - -

C

-

c

7

F o =co7

***0 .

C ! +

c

/Q

F

.

a


11/49

Ta5le :.#. Copper MinesContinued

.

. 1 , 7 $ aender Pit 9ri on a 8od!e OP

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

actie ()ite Pine ()ite Pine %ic)i!anactie Pima 9riona1,+' T/in Butte& 9riona

actieactie %i&&io n 9riona1,+3 Butte Butte %ontana

actieN9 4t)aca Pea> %inera Par> 9riona

Copper Aan!e Co. Cypru& %ine&

9naconda t)ent)en Cypru&

9naconda %inera&t)en %ontana Ae&ource&

1 &ufide& 0.'0JO&ufide&0.,20J0&ufide& 0.730J0oide& &ufide&

EOPOP 5i r& t &o e nt e tra cti on

panteS)ore Pinto?aey Go)n&on Ei&en)o/er San %anue

Ne/ %eico

9riona

9riona 9riona

9riona 9riona

%iami 9rionaBen&on 9riona

9rionaSan %anue 9riona

8od!e

t)en Cypru&

8od!et)en Noranda t)en Cypru&

Citie& Serice t)en %a!maCypru&

t)en%a!ma

0.70Jo&ufide&

0.3H*&uf ide&

&ufide& &ufide& 0.+09&ufide& 10LOoide&0.$60J0&ufide&0.&0D0

&ufide&oide&

OP

OPOP

OP OP OPOPOP OP

5ir&t in*pit cru&)in! andconeyin! &y&tem

te& t)e actua date of co&in! or incorporation into open pit minin! i& un>no/n.dicate fir&t u&e in t)e .S. une&& ot)er/i&e

of produc ti on c onti nued under o/ner& unt i aroundof /ere &u-&euenty purc)a&ed -y 8od!e and mana!ed Gointy ueen.

Office of Tec)noo!y 9&&e&&ment 1,++

Mear Name ocation O/ner

Ore!rade

%in

actie 9ri on a Cypru& &ufide&acti 9ri on a 8o 0.70J0&ufide& O

. . .

. . .

#an%anue

San %anue

9ri on a Si er

%a!ma Copper Co. 0.6*0.70J. &ufide&&ufide&

OP


12/49

11,

igure 6-'.Copper Production reas o, the7orthern and Central 4oc"y Mountains

Montana

6dahoyoing

Colorado

SOACED Off 4ce of Tec)noo!y 9&&e&&ment 1,++.

igure 6.6.Copper Production reaso, the #outh/est

riGona 4

8 o u ! a & —

SOACE. of Tec)noo!y 9&&e&&ment 1,++.

fe/ on&ite en!ineerin! &>i&; it )ad improed fue

economy important in t)e i!)ty fore&ted moun*

tain& of &out)ea&tern 9riona; and it reuired no

fire -ric> in it& con&truction /)ic) &aed on &)ip*pin! co&t&.

5urt)er deeopment& in minin! and proce&&*in! tec)noo!y foo/ed t)e !radua decine in

!rade in t)e 8i&trict of 9riona

)ad decined to ony $ to ' percent copper:tooean to -e &meted directy at a profit.

dei&ed a mean& of concentratin! t)e ore

-a&ed on tec)niue& u&ed to proce&& Coorado!od ore&. 5or &ome eaner oide ore& t)at coud

not -e proce&&ed t)i& /ay /or>ed

out a proce&& for di&&oin! t)e copper in &ufuricacid and precipitatin! it on iron. T)i& fir&t .S.eac)in! pant /a& -uit in 1+,2.13

T)e adaptation of tec)niue& to

depo&it& of o/*!rade porp)yry ore& /a& pi*

oneered at Canyon in ta) /)ere !od

and &ier miner& )ad found an unu&uay ar!e

ma&& of copper porp)yry ore. But t)e ore !radet)en e&timated to aera!e 2.22 percent copper/a& too o/ to -e epoited economicay /it)

traditiona minin! and &metin! T)e

ta) Copper Company& en!ineer 8anie

determined t)at economie& of &cae

/ere t)e >ey to ma>in!

concentration tec)niue& economica /it) &uc)o/*!rade ore. T)e ta) Copper Company&

mi at Canyon

-e!an commercia pro* duction in 1,07. ta)Copper made it een more profita-e -yintroducin! open*pit minin! /it) &team &)oe& .1'

Economie& of &cae in &metin! a&o /ere rea*

ied in t)e eary 1,00&. 8od!e )ad -een

)ain! pro-em& /it) t)e Copper ueen &meter

in a& t)e mine /ent deeper and t)e cop*

per car-onate and oide !raded into &ufide ore. 9n entirey ne/ &meter /a& -uit 2' mie& &out)

of at a &ite named after 8ou!a&

)ead of 8od!e& operation&. T)e

mo&t modern &meter of it& time it )ad fie fur*

nace& /it) a capacity of 5000 ton&Jday.

8od!e co&ed t)e 8ou!a& &meter in 1987 -e*cau&e -rin!in! it into compiance /it) air ua*

ity re!uation& /oud )ae -een too co&ty.

9& &oon a& &)o/ed t)at t)e o/*!rade

porp)yrin& coud -e mined profita-y t)ey -e*

came t)e focu& of eporation and deeopment.

ore By t)e ate 1+00& t)e copper ore

I cy+ ."een the /T"cson0

note 3.

i n ore !rade oer time and t)eir effect& on t)e

AZ: Pre&& 1,+3=.ore !rade& for mine economic& and com*

pet it iene&& di&cu&&ed in

e&timated re&ource& in an ore -ody are di&cu&&ed in ' -o '*9.note

note


13/49

113

T)e Neada Con&oidated Company -e!an pro*

duction in Neada in 1,0+. T)e

Brot)er& partner&)ip /)ic) o/ned t)e Od8ominion %ine at o-e 9riona opened a por*p)yry mine at near-y %iami 9riona in 1,11.

T)e ta) Copper Company opened Aay %ine&in 9riona and C)ino %ine& in Ne/ %eico in

8od!e acuired caim& and &tarteddeeopment /or> at Tyrone Ne/ %eico

i t)e &ame period. %o&t of t)e&e porp)yrin&

are &ti amon! t)e maor producin! ore -odie&in t)e nited State& today.

Not a of t)e porp)yry ore& /ere amena-e to

met)od& ho/e 2er. 5or in&tance

aai* a-e miin! tec)niue& coud not

recoer enou!) of t)e 2.' percent ore at t)e4n&piration Com* pany& caim& near %iami

9riona. 9na* conda purc)a&ed t)e&e

caim& t)eir con&utin! en!ineer

epanded on and

/or> p lus d e 2e lop e nts in Britainand -uit t)e fir&t fotation pant for cop* per in t)e

nited Simiary profita-e

eopment of t)e 30 miion ton& of 1.' percent

car-onate ore at 9riona /a& ue&tiona-e

unti deeoped a proce&& of eac)in!

/it) &ufuric acid t)at /oud produce copper

from ore for +.' cent&J- e a deci&ion

a-out t)e &ie initia operatin! c)aracteri&tic&

and annua output of a potentia mine. Epora*

tion ependiture& are )i!)y &en&itie to meta

mar>et& a& eidenced -y t)e trend& durin! t)e

1,+0& /)en !od eporation )a& -oomed /)ie-a&e meta eporation reac)ed ne/ o/&. :.#.companie& )ae dra&ticay cut t)eir -a&e metaeporation &taff& and )odin!& and mo&t form&of pro&pectin!.20 Companie& /i continueepo*

ment en)ance forei!n ec)an!e and finance

ec onoic de2elopent. Een after di&coery of

a depo&it and t)e &tart of minin! eporation con*tinue& in an effort to find additiona ore t)at /i>eep t)e mine !oin! for a on!er time.

%odern eporation incorporate& -ot) directand indirect tec)niue&. 8irect met)od& incude

!eoo!ic and mappin! type& !eoo!ic &tructure&and ot)er indicator& of an ore -ody


14/49

114

igure 6-(.#aple ;eologic Map>Bighorn Basin+ yoing@

Structure &ym-o&

u

85aut

S t r i > e

o 1.0 >mSOAED 5oyd 5. Aemote /2e

Mor> NMD 5reeman Co. 1,+7=.

Bot) direct and indirect met)od& are

fo* o/ed -y a-oratory. anay&e& of ore&ampe& incudin! ore treatment concentrationand re* coery te&t&; and eauation of a-or

tran&por* tation /ater ener!y and enironmenta

reuire* ment&. 9 of t)e&e &tudie& mu&t &)o/faora-e economic and tec)nica re&ut& -eforea copper depo&it can -e con&idered a candidatefor dee* opment. T)e co&t of a tota eporation

from initia iterature &earc) t)rou!)

fea&i-iity &tudyfor a ar!e porp)yry copper depo&it today ran!e& from ' miion to ten& of

miion& of doar&.

Eporation pro!ram& are diided into t/o main

p)a&e&D reconnai&&ance and tar!et ine&ti!ation

in! caim&on 5edera and& or -y ea&in! 5edera or Stateand Some and& are unaaia-e for eporationand deeopment due to /it)dra/a for ot)er u&e& enfrom dri )oe& are a&&ayed to &)o/ t)e dept) at/)ic) t)e ore or ot)er roc> /a& fou ndr t)e type

and t)ic>ne&& of t)e materia and ot)er data.T)en metaur!ica te&t& are run to determineamena-iity of t)e ore to fotation or ot)er tec)*niue& for &eparatin! t)e minera& from t)e )o&troc>.

to t)e &earc) for minera depo&it&. T)e !eop)y&ica propertie& and

effect& of &u-&urface roc>& and minera& t)at can -e mea&ured at

a di&tance /it) &op)i&ticated eectronic euipment incude den*

&ity eectrica conductiity t)erma conductiity ma!neti&m radio*

actiity ea&ticity &pecific !raity and &ei&mic eocity. T)e tec)*

niue& commony u&ed eit)er &in!y or in com-ination in eporin!

for metaic minera& are ma!netic eectrica and eectroma!netic

-ecau&e t)e&e minera& u&uay )ae ma!netic and eectrica prop*

ertie& t)at contra&t /it) t)o&e of t)e &urroundin! roc>&.


15/49

11'

igure 6 -).-Model o, Hydrothera l lteration


16/49

11%

igure 6-*.-#tages o, Mineral Exploration

4econnaissance Target in2estigation

>#trategic #tages@ Sta!e&=

Sta!e U 2 #tage U 3 #tage U $

n reconnaissance n sur,ace6 Econoic

n diensionalo, and deposit

areas o, target preliinary area e2acuation

4egion not rea reains Target :neconoic attract i 2e 5ut area not

at tie N not attracti2e N attract i2e deposit at this tie

6 6 G

at th is tie

F 1a,ter teporary re$ection

4e$ectOregion

u n ,

expiration se=uenc e

9ey expiration decisions

4e$ectOnot a deposit

SOACED %inera Sy&tem& 4nc Copper


17/49

11(

E

m c

F


18/49

11*

Ta5le 6.'.Considerations in Choice o, Mining Method

P$y#ical&

:nderground ining ethods usually are u&ed

for deep ore -odie& /)ere an open pit /oud -e

impractica -ecau&e of ece&&ie /a&te remoa.

eometry. . . . . . . . . . . . .

eoo!y . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

eo!rap)y. . . . . . . . . . . .

Tec$!ological&Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .#uman re&ource&. . . . . .5ei-iity . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eperimenta a&pect& . .Time a&pect& . . . . . . . . .

Ener!y . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(ater reuirement& . . . .Surface reuirement& . .Enironment . . . . . . . . . .

'co!omic&Co&t imit& . . . . . . . . . . .Optimum ife of mine . .en!t) of tenure . . . . . .

Sie &)ape continuity anddept) of t)e ore-ody or

!roup of ore-odie& to -e mined to!et)er

Aan!e and pattern of ore!rade

P)y&ica c)aracteri&tic& of ore roc> and &oi

Structura condition& eot)erma condition&#ydroo!ic condition& Topo!rap)yCimate

4dentification of )aard& 9aia-iity of &>ied a-or Seectiity in product and

tonna!eEi&tin! or ne/ tec)noo!y

Aeuirement& for >eepin!ariou& /or>in!& opendurin! minin!

9aia-iity of po/er 9mount and aaia-i ity 9rea needed%ean& of protectin! t)e

&urface /ater re&ource& and ot)er minera re&ource&

Pro&pect& of on!*term ri!)t&to mine

5i!ure 6*10 iu&trate& t)e -a&ic term& appica-e

in under!round minin!; fi!ure 6*11 &)o/& t/o

type& of under!round copper mine& nder*!round deeopment and maintenance incud*in! tunnein! roc> &upport entiation eectri*ca &y&tem& /ater contro and tran&portation of peope and materia& add &i!nificanty to min*in! co&t&.

8pen pit ining is used to extract assi2e

de- posits t)at are reatiey near t)e &urface. 9nopen pit -enc) mine )a& t)e appearance of a-o/ /it) &ide& formed -y a &erie& of -enc)e&or ter* race& arran!ed in a &pira or in ee&/it) con* nectin! ramp& no/n a& pre!nant eac)*ate i& coected and treated to recoer t)e au*a-e minera&. Ta-e 6*6 &ummarie& t)e four type& of &oution minin!.

?at )eap and dump eac)in! are met)od& of )ydrometaur!ica proce&&in! of mined ore


19/49

11,

igure 6-10.-:nderground Mining Ters

I 1

l

C)ute&

SOACE (iiam C Peter& E4p$oration and M$ning %eo$ogy /2e3 Mor> NMD Go)n (iey Son& 1,7+=

mined copper in &itu at 2$ >no/n &ite& en oer an increa&in!

percenta!e of dome&tic mine production


20/49

igure 6-11.-T/o :nderground

Aoo> -ot&

Mining Methods

8rain

* *

● lso

. . ------

Wet ,ill

5i

Cut-and-,ill

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+

stoping

D.. ..D.. .. .;D..D.....

DD .. .. ..

#au a!o ee

Bloc" cain!

SOACED (iam C Peter& E4p$oration and Mining %eo$ogy /2e3 Mor> NM Go)n (iey Son& 1,7+=


21/49

1,1

igure 6-1%.-8pen Pit Mining Ters

8 2 e r - u r d e n

8re

SOACE (iiam C Peter&. E4p$oration and Mining %eo$ogy /2e3 Mor> NMD Go)n (iey Son& 1,7+=

Portion of an open*pit mine &)o/in! -enc)e&. #oe& for t)e epo&ie& are dried &


22/49

Ta5le 6-6.Characteristics o, #olution Mining Techni=ues

?at eac)in! #eap eac)in! 8ump eac)in! In situ leaching

Ore grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %oderate to )i!) %oderate to high

Type of ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oide& &i icate& &ome Oide& &i icate& &ome

&uf ide& &ufide&

Ore preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . %ay -e cru&)ed to optimie %ay -e cru&)ed to optimie

copper recoery copper recoery

Container or pad . . . . . . . . . . ar!e imperiou& at Speciay -uit imperiou&draina!e pad

O (

Sufide&

NoneD /a&te roc> u&ed

None for ei&tin! dump&;ne/ dump& intended to -eeac)ed /oud -e !raded and coered /it) an impermea-e poyet)yenemem-rane protected -y a ayer of &eect fi

o/

oide& &iicate& &ome&ufide&

None -oc> cain! -a&tin!

None

Soution

en!t)

o<

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sufuric acid for oide&; acid Sufuric acid for oide&; acid cure and acid*ferric cure cure and acid*ferric cure proide oidant needed for proide oidant needed for mied oideJ&uf ide ore& mied oideJ&uf ide ore&

eac) cyce . . . . . . 8ay& to mont)& 8ay& to mont)&

9cid ferric*&ufa te &oution&/it) !ood air circuation and -acteria actiity for &ufide&

%ont)& to year&

Sufuric acid acid cure acid*ferric cure or acid ferric*&ufate dependin!on ore type

%ont)&

Soution appicationmet)od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sprayin! Sprayin! or &prin>in!

Pondin!Jfoodin! &prayin! &prin>in! tric>e &y&tem&

4nection )oe& &prayin! &prin>in! tric>e &y&tem&

%eta recoery met)od . . . . . Soent et ract ion for Soent et ract ion for

oide&; iron precipitation oide&; iron precipitationfor mied ore& for mied ore&

Soent etraction for

oide&; iron precipitationfor mied ore&

Soent etraction for

oide&; iron precipitationfor mied ore&

SOACE Office of Tec)noo!y 9&&e&&ment1,++; -a&ed on G. Brent #i&>ey T)e Aenai&&ance of Copper Soution %inin! 9riona Bureau of eoo!yFie$dnotes0 fa 1,+6


23/49

123 .

igure 6-13.-Heap and up !eaching

Oy!en depleted air

.

Tep.

i n acti2e

reshair

!eachsolution

!each

lperea5leQ area

iner orQ.up I!RRRRR

5 e d r o c " +

!each solution

percolating

do/n/ard

resh air

Pregnanthate

solutionperea5l e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . leaching pad. . . . .

0

I J

0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C o l l e c t i o n c h a n n e l J

.**V *. ;.V. .V*. *.V. .V. * ;*. V*V. ... . ; L

L

C o p p e r I +

L Pregnant reco2er y J 4ecyc led

eachate Jplan t J spent eachate

SOACE G Brent #i&>ey T)e Aenai&&ance of Copper Soution %inin! Fie$dnotes 5a 1,+6


24/49

1,-

igure 6-1&.-Types o, n #itu !eaching #ystes

Copper

Copperreco2ery Copper

reco2eryplant

Copper

8xygen

n$ection

/els

1

soution

1

,lo/

J

I

I#olution ,lo/

Gone

idence

n$ection

/e 6 6

4

well

@

8re

SOACED G. Brent #i&>ey T)e Aenai&&ance of Copper Soution %inin! 5iednote&


25/49

Ta5le 6-(.#uary o, in #itu Copper Mining cti2ities

Cu produced 9era!e Principa Cu Ore SoutionJ Soution Cu in Cu recoery 9ctie%ine e *caedarea

(ater; foodeddrift&

8iute #2SO$;

pipe&pray and inection )oe&

8rift&

8rift&

0.2*0.6

0.+3'

Precipitation on

&crap ironPrecipitation on

&crap iron t)enSR*E(

1,06*0,

1,$2*pre&ent

%ountain City*caedarea

8iute #2SO$; inection/e&

(ater &prin>er&

8iute #2SO$

8riff

8rift&

nder!round/or>in!&

0.'*0.6

,.23

N9

Precipitation on

&crap ironPrecipitation on

&crap ironSR*E(

1,7$

1,$1*$,

1,+6*pre&ent

?an 8y>e no/n.Precipitation 1,73*7'

&crap iron


26/49

and -ottom &prin>er& -ottom

SOACED Gon @. 9)ne&& and %ic)ae . Poar 4n Sit" Copper Leaching in the 6nite d State&D Ca&e 7istories of 8perations


27/49

1,+

Box 6-.The !a"eshore Mine n #itu Pro$ect

T)e a>e&)ore %ine near Ca&a rande 9riona ori!inay /a& a com-ination under!roundJeac)in!

operation. Be!innin! in t)e mid*1,70& #eca %inin! Co. deeoped an under!round operation in /)ic)

&ufide ore /a& mined cru&)ed and concentrated; copper &ufate& /ere at eac)ed and eectro/on; andoide ore& /ere at eac)ed and precipitated. nder!round minin! /a& ery epen&ie -ecau&e t)e &ur*roundin! roc> /a& /ea> and t)e tunne& needed etraordinary &upport. T)erefore t)e mine &)ut do/nafter around t/o year& of operation.

Noranda purc)a&ed t)e property in 1,7,. Becau&e of t)e pro-em& /it) t)e !round t)ey focu&ed

on t)e ar!er oide ore -ody u&in! -oc> cain! tec)niue&. 9& t)e price of copper dropped )o/eerdeeopment of t)e deeper portion& of t)e ore -ody -ecame pro)i-itiey epen&ie and t)ey -e!an eac)*in! t)e -oc> caed area& Noranda dried inection )oe& t)rou!) t)e caed area& ran t)e &oution into-oc>ed off under!round )aua!e drift& and t)en pumped it to t)e &urface.

9& t)e remainin! ore in t)e&e area& -ecame depeted Noranda deeoped a pan for in &itu eac)in!

of t)e deeper ir!in ore -odie&. T)i& pan inoed inectin! eac) &oution into t)e &oid ore under.

pre&&ure /it) t)e a&&umption t)at t)e &oution /oud ri&e to t)e one of ea&t pre&&ure:t)e dammed drift&*t)rou!) t)e recoery /e&. (it) an oide ore -ody aera!in! 1..' to 3 percent copper t)i& &c)eme

if it /or>ed /oud proide 30 year& of eac) production. T)e .S. Bureau of %ine& a/arded a contractfor &tudy of in &itu tec)niue& at a>e&)ore


28/49

127

C8MM7:T87 7 #EP4T8730

T)e fir&t &tep in &eparatin! copper from ot)er minera& in ore mined -y under!round or open

pit met)od& i& comminution &e&&entiay from -ouder& to !rain&of &and. er )ammer= i& u&ed to -rea> up roc>& tooar!e for t)e primary cru&)er.

T)e cru&)ed ore i& tran&ported u&uay on con*eyer -et& to t)e !rindin! mi&. rindin! mi&can -e operated /et or dry. 4 n !enera /)en&u-&euent proce&&in! i& to -e carried out /et -y tum-in! t)e ore /it)

steel rod& or -a& or partice& of t)e ore it&ef en out of


29/49

128

:hoto credit 1enifer =o>ison

Ore i& tum-ed in ar!e cyindrica mi& /it) &tee -a& or rod& or c)un>& of )ard ore


30/49

1,&

igure 6-16.Hydrocyclone

?orte finder

Cyindrica &ection

Cycone diameter

Aepacea-e inin!&

Conica &ection*D

FSpira /it)in a &pira

ii

9ir core

4ncuded an!e

/)ic) ma>e finer feed for -a4 mi44&. T)i& )a& re*duced t)e amount of !rindin! media con&umedand in &ome ca&e& eiminated t)e need to u&e-ot) rod and -a mi&.37 9uto!enou& and &emi*auto!enou& !rindin! can eiminate t)e need for &econdary and tertiary cru&)in! ao/ ar!er midiameter& and reduce t)e amount of !rindin!media con&umed. 9uto!enou& mi& aready )aeo/er maintenance and capita co&t& t)an con*entiona mi&. #o/eer t)ey ony operate effi*cienty /it)in narro/ ran!e& of ore !rade and)ardne&& of feed materia. Before auto!enou&!rindin! can -e u&ed more /idey additiona/or> i& needed to deeop an improed under*&tandin! of ore propertie& &uc) a& )ardne&& moi&*

ture content and &)atterin! c)aracteri&tic&; andto deeop more dura-e mec)anicaJeectricacomponent& .3+

reas that could especially 5ene,it ,ro 4S

includeO 1@ 5etter classi,ication in closed circuit

grinding+ to a2oid o2er- and undergrinding %@

the use o, pe55le illing instead o,

autogenous or steel grinding edia 3@

e2aluation o, optial ener!y con&umption in&ie reduction -y trade* off& amon! -a&tin!cru&)in! !rindin! and re* !rindin!; $= eauationof aternatie !rindin! de* ice&


31/49

130

BE7ECT87

T)e &econd &tep in &eparatin! copper fromot)er minera& in mined ore i& -eneficiation or

concentration. T)e purpo&e of concentration i&to eiminate a& muc) of t)e auee&& materia a&po&&i-e to aoid furt)er epen&e in materia&)andin! tran&portation and &metin!. 5rot) fo*tation i& t)e preaent concentration met)od int)e copper indu&try; it &eparate& t)e pueriedore


32/49

131

P)oto creditD S. Bureau of %ine&

4n f 4o ta t ion t)e copper a t tac)e& to -u--e& and f oat&

to t)e top /)ere it form& a frot) t)at oerfo/& intoa trou!) for coection

minera& in t)e ore foat &imiar to t)e rou!)er i n /)ic) muc)

of t)e /a&te and &ome of t)e -yproduct meta&

are eiminated concen*

trate t)en !oe& to rou!)er& /)ic) foat t)e cop*

per and eiminate t)e remainin! meta& and t)en

to ceaner&. 9!ain t)ere may -e a re!rind and&econd rou!)er cyce.$6

T)e product of frot) fotation contain& 60 to

+0 percent /ater mo&t of /)ic) mu&t -e re*

moed -efore t)e concentrate can -e tran&portedor &meted 8e/aterin! i& accompi&)ed fir&t -y&ettin! in ar!e at& >no/n a& t)ic>ener&. T)e&oid& &ette -y !raity to t)e -ottom of t)e at/)ere t)ey are &craped to a di&c)ar!e outet -ya &o/y rotatin! ra>e.$7 5iter& are u&ed for fina de/aterin!.

82er the last 10 to 20 years+ ad2ances ha2e5een ade in ,lotation cheicals+ ,lotation cell

design+ and autoated circuits. 9utomated fo*tation monitorin! and contro &y&tem& improemeta recoery and reduce rea!ent con&umption.%o&t .S. operation& )ae no/ in&taed t)e&e&y&tem&. Continued improement& in &en&itiity/ou4d en)ance t)e potentia &ain!& )o/eer.

4n fotation c)emi&try a maor deeopment

/a& t)e reco!nition t)at ad&orption of &ufideminera& on air -u--e& i& an eectroc)emica

proce&&. C)an!in! t)e eectroc)emica potentia

in! t)em foator not foat and t)u& improe& fotation effi*

ciency. T)i& offer& &i!nificant &ain!&per)ap& "1

miion annuayin rea!ent co&t&. Ot)er poten*

tia -enefit& of eectroc)emica contro incude)i!)er recoerie& and o/er operatin! co&t& Een

and 8aenport &upra note 3$.

-id.iuid from t)e t)ic>ener& u&ua4y i& recyced to t)e !rind*

din! and fotation circuit&. T)i& preent& ader&e

enironmentaim* pact& from t)e trace meta& in t)e iuid


33/49

132

igure 6-1).-lo/sheets ,or Copper lotation

6-1) a. --4epresentati2e ,lo/sheet ,or ,lotation o, copper sul,ides ,ro iron sul,ides

4 NMD Per!amon Pre&& 1,+0=

a 1 percent improement in copper recoery


34/49

133

5i!ure 6*1,. * Coum n Ce Coumn ce lls a lre a dy a re used for moy-denum

concentration and are -ein! te&ted in copper

ash /ater

i a e t e r -

>throughput @

Cleaning

Gone

>grade @

Col ec t io n

Gone

miin!. Eperience /it) a coumn ce at San

%anue 9riona &)o/ed a concentrate !rade of

29.83 percent copper /ith a sul,ide copper re-co2ery o, *0.36 percent+ copared to the con-

2entional #an Manuel ,lotation circuit /ith %*.**

percent copper in the concentrate and a reco2-

ery o, *0.1% percent .'1

Taiing s13. ?. Cin!an and D. R. %cre!or FFCoumn 5otation Eperi*

SOACE G 8 %c@ay et a Coumn 5otation .S. Bureau of %ine& pamp)et ence at %a!ma Copper Company Minera $s and Meta $ $" r g ica $ undated :ro c essing 5o $( $ No. 3 9u!u&t 1,+7 p. 121.

P48MET!!:4;

Pyrometa ur!ica proce&&e& empoy )i!) * of euipment pyrometaur!ica recoery maytemperature c)emica reaction& to etract cop* ta>e a& many a& four &tep&D roa&tin! &metin!per from it& ore& and concentrate&.52 T)e&e proc* conertin! and fire refinin!.e&&e& !eneray are u&ed /it) copper &ufide& and

in &ome ca&e& )i!)*!rade oide&. T)e u&e of )i!) #elting is a relati2ely sall coponent inthe temperature& for metaur!ica proce&&in! )a& &e* total cost o, copper productiona5out 1( per-

eral ad2antagesO cheical reaction rates are cent o, gross :.#. production costs. n relati2erapid+ soe reactions that are ipossi5le at lo/ ters+ ho/e2er+ the :nited #tates is least co-temperature -ecome &pontaneou& at )i!)er tem* petiti2e in selting.. This is priarily attri5uta-perature+ and heating the ineral to a li=uid fa* 5le to high :.#. la5or and energy costs. T)u& im*ciitate& &eparation of t)e meta from t)e re&idue. proement& in &meter a-or productiity and8ependin! on t)e copper minera& and t)e type ener!y efficiency /oud en)ance dome&tic indu&*

52 Pyrometa ur!ica proce&&e& typtca y operate at temperature& try competitiene&& 8ome&tic &meter& a&o are

ran!in! from '00I C to 12'0I C. at a di&adanta!e compared to &ome ot)er coun*


35/49

13-

trie& due to t)e )i!) ee of enironmenta con*

tro reuired in t)e nited State&


36/49

13'

igure 6*20.*8eeopment of Smetin! Tec)noo!yCompared /it) (ord Copper Production

,melti!g

Aoa&t *

Ba&t furnace reduction W

Aeer -eratory furnace a&t no uni t

x I- - - - - - - -

-

ox y -,ue5urner

Sprin>e &metin! * . . . . . .

E4ectric furnace . . .

8uto"upu process :se o, 0 %

4NCO process

0 %

Noranda proce&& .

%itau-ia)i proce&&

Top*-o/n rotary . . . . .

conerter proce&&

Piere*Smit) con2ertor

#o-o>en con2ortor

E4 Tenento conerter

%itau-ia)i cont inuou& conertor

Mi$$ion t o nn e s

10

1J

:ro d "c tio n

0(1? 0 0 00 0

0

1,00 1,20 1,$0 1,60 1,+0 2000

SOACE nited Nat 4on& 4ndu&tria 8eeopment Or!aniation

tion. T)e earie&t ar!e*&cae met)od of produc*in! copper matte /a& in -a&t furnace& /)ic)coud )ande ore& containin! ' to 20 percent cop*

per. (it) t)e decine in ore !rade& direct &met*

in! -ecame too epen&ie and t)e indu&try

&)ifted to concentration foo/ed -y )eart) or

reer-eratory &metin! ,igure 6-%'@+ /hich separates

the atte into 5lister 55 copper >at least *).'

percent copper@ and slag. ,ter the olten

atte is poured into the con2erter+ air i&-o/n into t)e matte t)rou!) noe&


37/49

13+

Box 6-B.#elting urnaces

The re2er5eratory ,urnace


38/49

13)

e!end

igure 6-%%. Electric urnace ond t)e -i&ter copper from t)e Noranda reactor contain& more impurity meta& &

,. %a!ne&ite refractory -ric>&

SOACE 9 @ B&/a& and ( . 8aenport E4tract$5e Meta$$"rgy of Copper

NM Per!amon Pre&& 1,+0=

-i&ter copper production incude o/er capita

co&t reduced materia& )andin! o/ )eat o&&e&2ery 4O( ener!y reuirement& ec o n o ic a l SO2

!a& recoery and t)e a-iity to appy onine com*puter contro& to t)e entire copper*ma>in!proce&&.

T/o type& of continuou& reactor& are in imitedu&eD t)e Noranda proce&& and t)e %it&u-i&)iproce&&. T)e Noranda reactor


39/49

13*

igure 6-%3. 7C8 lash urnace

Concentrates and

10 c

30-c

SOACED 9.@. B&/a& and (.. 8aenport 'xtracti)e -e.allurgy o. *o++er /e1 Mor> NMD Per!amon Pre&& 1,+0=.

igure 6.%&.8uto"upu lash urnaceConcentrate

and &and

J Setter Sa!

%atte

SOACED %cra/ #i Encycopedia of Science and Tec)noo!y.

Ta5le 6.).-#elter Technology inthe :nited #tates

Smeter Type

#ayden :tah@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7oranda reactor

FNot operatin!

SOACE Office of Tec)noo!y 9&&e&&ment 1,++

/oud ma>e enironmenta contro more co&t*

effectie. #o/eer in&taation of an entirey ne/

&metin! &y&tem )a& a )i!) capita co&t. Becau&e

mo&t .S. &meter& aready in&taed ne/ furnace&

/it)in t)e a&t 1' year& it i& uni>ey t)at t)ey

J


40/49

13&

/oud underta>e anot)er &uc) ine&tment /it)* cimate. 4n&tead .S. companie& /i increa&e t)e

out a cear demon&tration of &u-&tantia co&t ad* proportion of copper t)ey produce /it) )ydro*

anta!e& and /it)out a ery faora-e -u&ine&& metaur!ica met)od&

igure 6-%'.Pierce #ith Con2erter

Exhaust gas

SOACED %cra/ #i44 Encycopedia of Science and Tec)noo!y

Concentrate& and fu

igure 6.%6. 7oranda 4eactor

SOACE. %cra/ #i44 Encycopedia of Science and Tec)noo!y


41/49

1&0

igure 6-%(. Mitsu5ishi Continuous #elting #yste

Sa! !ranuationand di&card

Concentrate& Si 02 air 02

Eit !a&

SOACED %cra/ #i44 Encycopedia of Science and Tec)noo!y.

H48MET!!:4;

ranuation

#ydrometaur!ica copper recoery i& t)e e*traction and recoery of copper from ore& u&in!aueou&


42/49

1$1

&u4fide& and compe ore& are -ein! deeoped. t)e &oution and t)e copper /)ic) precipitate&

T)e&e /i !reaty aid t)e nited State& in oer* out of t)e &oution. Cement copper detac)e& fromcomin! it& o/ ore !rade di&adanta!e. 4t &)oud t)e &tee &urface& a& fa>e& or po/der under t)e

-e made cear )o/eer t)at dump eac)in!:force of t)e fo/in! &oution. T)ere are numer*

epoitation of o/*!rade mine /a&te&i& primar* ou& precipitator de&i!n& and confi!uration& & t)rou!) aneectroc)emica reactionD t)ere i& a tran&fer of

eectron& -et/een t)e iron /)ic) di&&oe& into

T)e principa adanta!e of precipitation i& t)atirtuay a of t)e copper i& recoered from t)e4eac)ate. Cement copper i& &ti reatiey impure)o/eer and &u-&euent treatment i& reuiredu&uay t)rou!) norma &metin!Jrefinin!. Typi*cay cement copper contain& around 85 to ,0

percent copper 0.2 to 2 percent iron pu& traceamount& of &iica and auminum oide& and

oy!en.

:hoto credit Manley-Pri :hotography0 T"cson0 !& are &)o/n at center and t)e eectro/innin! pant at o/er ri!)t.


43/49

1$2

igure 6-%). 9ennecott Cone Precipitator

Barren &oution-

Copper &ettin! .and

c ollec tion Gone -

Copper di&c)ar!e

&oution SOACED 9 @. B&/a& and (.. 8aenport 'xtracti)e Meta$$"rgy of Copper

/2e3 Mor> NMD Per!amon Pre&& 1,+0=.

4n sol2ent extraction+ an organic cheical that

dissol2es copper 5ut not ipurity etals is ixed

/ith the pregnant eachate ,ro solution ining.

T)e copper*aden or!anic &oution i& &eparated

from t)e 4eac)ate in a &ettin! tan>. Sufuric acid


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1$3

5i! ure 6*2,.*5o/ &)ee t fo r So e nt Etra c tio n

P r e ! n a n t

B a r r e n e a c ) at et o eac )

S e t t e r

oad e d

&o4ent66

o a d e d

e4ectro4yte

4

SOACED 9. @. B&/a& and (.. 8aenport E4tracti5e Meta$$"rgy of Copper /2e Mor> NMD Per!amon Pre&& 1,+0=.

e nt e tra c tio n. T)e -a &ic d iffe re nc e - e

t/ee n e e c tro/ innin! a nd e e c tro re finin! i&

t) a t in t) e fo rme r t) e c o pp e r i& a re ad y int) e e e c tro yte . T)ere fo re ee c tro/ innin!

u&e& inert


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1$$

9node ca&tin! /)ee&.

:hoto credit Man$ey:rim :hotography0 T"cson0 !


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1$'

ME!T7; 7 C#T7;

C a t)o d e c o pp er i& me te d a nd c a &t into c o n* . oxygen-,ree copper+ / )ic ) c om - ine &

t) e tinuo u& ro d o r / ire -a r& fo r / ire m a nuf a c ture )i! ) e e c tric a c o nd uc tiity o f

e e c tro ytic int o &a- & o r - i4e t& fo r me c )a nic a u&e o r in!o t& to u! ) p itc ) c o pp e r a nd

t) e /e da- iity o f fo r a o yin! . T)e t)ree m a o r fo rm & o f c o pp er a re D p )o &p )o ru& deo id ie d c o pp e r fo r f ine y*

●electrolytic tough pitch copper in! ee c tro ytic c o pp er no/u&e c o nt inuo u& c a &tin! m a c )ine & t) a t int e !

ra te t) e

:hoto credit Man$ey :rim :hotography0 T"cson0 !


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1$6

c a &tin! a nd &u- &e ue nt fa- ric a tio n o f 'J

16*inc ) ro d in o ne c o nt inuo u& o p e ra tio n. 4 n

t) e c o nt in* uo u& c a &tin! / )ee pa te nte d - y

So ut) / ire Co rp . t) e i uid c o pp e r i& p o ure

d o nt o a / )ee / it) a -a r*&)ap e d /e in t)

e rim


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1-)

igure 6-31 .Continuous 4od 4olling Mill

9S9ACO&)aft

9utomatic oadin!

c o neyor E a &

furnace

i red

NOTE T)e num-er& refer to &en&or po&ition& for automatic contro

60 m


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SOACE 9 @ Bi&/a& and ( 8aenport E4tracti5e Meta$$"rgy of Copper /2e3 Mor> NMD Per!amon Pre&& 1,+0=

Extraction of Cooper

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