Extraction and Uses of Metals

7/28/2019 Extraction and Uses of Metals

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Paul Uncle 10R


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The reactivity series is a scaleof how reactive elements arecompared to others


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Transition metals are all ofthe elements from column 3to 12

The have various properties

in common: They form colouredCompounds

Good conductors ofheat/electricity

Malleable

Less reactive than alkalimetals (yellow)

High melting points

High densities


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Transition metals have many uses, theseinclude:

Building structures, vehicles, tools, weapons, andmore specifically a catalyst for manufacturingammonia


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Copper is used to make alloys such as brassand bronze

Copper is very commonly used as electricalwiring because it is very good at conducting

Its also used for pipes because its not veryreactive, thus it takes longer to rust


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Copper can be extracted using reduction Reduction is when the oxygen in an oxide

compound is substituted with anotherelement

Because copper is less reactive than Carbon,carbon can be reduced with carbon:

Copper oxide + Carbon Copper + CarbonDioxide

(2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2)


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Copper can also be extracted using Electrolysis Electrolysis is the process of passing electricity

through solutions containing copper, for

example, Copper Sulphate This is done using two electrodes (conductors

used to transfer electricity) The anode (the electrode with a positive charge)

is the impure copper, and the cathode (electrodewith a negative charge) is where the pure copperforms

This is a reaction that at the electrodes


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Iron is a good catalyst for theproduction of ammonia

Its commonly used in structures,and also in cutlery and tools due toits durability and small price

Its often used in alloys such as steelor stainless steel, which arestronger due to the composition of

more metals Stainless steel is very common

because it does not rust as fast asregular Iron or steel


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Iron is:

Malleable

Quite reactive, falling below Carbon and Zinc, butabove tin and lead in the reactivity series

Very dense; makes a durable metal for structures

or tools, however its inefficient for conduction of

heat or electricity


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Iron is usually extracted fromthe two ores haematite (Fe2O3)and magnetite (Fe3O4) using a

Blast Furnace The Blast furnace uses hot

gases as a heat source, thewaste of which is recycled

Iron extracted from the BlastFurnace contains about 96%Iron, the other 4% of impuritiesmake it brittle


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Titanium is used to make alloys These alloys are very strong, and thus are

used for military vehicles like tanks, and alsoaircrafts, spacecrafts and various other things

These alloys however, are very expensive, hence

theyre only used for these purposes


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Titanium has a very low density, but a veryhigh UTS (Ultimate tensile strength)

UTS is the maximum amount of stress amaterial can with stand fromstretching/pulling without breaking


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Titanium is extracted using Reduction, butnot with Carbon, because Carbon makes it

too brittle as a metal Titanium has two main stages of the

extraction:

Conversion from Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) into

Titanium(IV) Chloride (TiCl4)

Reduction of the Titanium(IV) Chloride using

Sodium or magnesium


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Rutile (impure Titanium(IV) oxide) is heated withchlorine and coke (impure coal) at around 900C

Various other metal chlorides are formed at thesame time because of other compounds in theore

Particularly pure titanium(IV) chloride can be

separated from other chlorides using fractionaldistillation in an argon or nitrogen atmosphere

TiO2 + 2Cl2 + 2C TiCl4 + 2CO


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Reduction with sodium: Used in the UK

Titanium(IV) Chloride added to a reactor containing

very pure sodium head to around 550C, under anargon atmosphere

Temperature reaches around 1000C in the reaction

The reaction takes a few days to take place (including

cooling), the mixture is crushed and washed with adilute hydrochloric acid solution to remove sodiumchloride

TiCl4 + 4Na Ti + 4NaCl


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Reduction with Magnesium

Used in all countries except the UK

Works similar to the sodium reaction The Magnesium Chloride is removed from the

Titanium using distillation under low pressure at a

high temperature

TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl4


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Aluminiums low density and high strengthmakes it ideal for aircrafts and lightweightvehicles

Duralumin, an alloy made from aluminium isused more commonly due to its improvedproperties

Its a good conductor, thus its used in boilers andcookers etc. And also its used for power cablesconnecting pylons

Its preferable for conducting electricity overcopper because of its low density


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Very strong Malleable

A very low density Its particularly resistant to corrosion A good conductor of heat and electricity


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Expensive due to high amounts of energy used Extracted using Electrolysis It as to be molten to pass electricity through it

Because it has a melting point over 2000Cm ithas to be dissolved in molten cryolite, analuminium compound with a lower melting point

than Aluminium Oxide (bauxite) The Cryolite reduces some of the energy costs


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Phytomining: Some plants can absorb impure copper

compounds through their roots

The plants then concentrate the compounds

When the plants are burned, the ash containsthose copper compounds

Bioleaching Some bacteria absorb copper compounds and

produce solutions containing those coppercompounds called Leachates


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Metals are non-renewable, thus they have tobe recycled so they dont run out so quickly

Recycling can cost a lot, because it involvesmelting down the metals from their previoususe

Recycling aluminium is particularly expensivedue to its high boiling point

Extraction and Uses of Metals

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