Extra Credit: What is the relevance of archaeology to today’s issues? - Worth up to 8 points added...
-
Upload
keven-thistlethwaite -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of Extra Credit: What is the relevance of archaeology to today’s issues? - Worth up to 8 points added...
Extra Credit: What is the relevance of archaeology to today’s issues?- Worth up to 8 points added to high grade of test 1 & 2;
- 500 words maximum-Open by a statement of how many classes you have missed and why
you deserve extra-credit-Due: Tuesday (4/27)
Some possible themes:
- Long-term change of human groups, including dynamics of humans-environment (ecological/climate change and disaster);
-Culture & Civilization as adaptations to environment, demography and other factors, rather than simply achievements of only some people;-Archaeology defines what constitutes civilization and provides novel
instances of human achievements;-Understanding and valorizing cultural diversity
ANDEAN CIVILIZATION
Cultural and biological adaptations to highland Andean Environments: more blood that is more
viscous and richer in red cells, a heart that is proportionately larger, and specially adapted,
larger lungs, with an enhanced capacity to take in oxygen from the thin atmosphere.
Terraced and irrigation agriculture, specialized crops, drought resistance, coca chewing to
reduce fatigue and metabolize carbohydrates, providing greater energy
• Late Preceramic: 3000 to 1800 BC• Initial (ceramic) Period: 1800 to 400 BCThree Horizon and Two Intermediate Periods• Early Horizon (Integration): 400 to 200 BC • Early Intermediate (Regionalism): 200 BC to AD
650 • Middle Horizon (Integration): AD 650-1000• Late Intermediate (Regionalism): AD 1000-1476• Late Horizon (Inka; integration): AD 1476-1533
Chronology of Central Andes
Late Preceramic• “The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization”
(Moseley 1975): “Maritime Hypothesis”- Rich marine resources provided basis for early settled communities and complex societies, such asCaral, Aspero, and El Paraiso, On Peru’s desert coast- Ample evidence of Industrial crops (cotton,Gourds, reeds) but less Evidence of food crops
- Also, El Nino (naturaldisaster) and drought
Caral
The first urban center in the Americas, covers 66 ha (163 acres); by 2400 BC it was the capital of a regional polity in the Supe River, with
various temple structures facing a central plaza, the largest of which, the “Piramide Mayor” was 160x150 m (525x492 ft) and 18 m (59 ft) high.
Caral’s Amphitheater
El Paraiso
Aspero, with six substantial platformsup to 8 m (18ft) high, surrounded by
15 ha (37 acres) of deep refuse.Uppermost levels of two platforms
date to ca. 3000-2500 BC
Late Preceramic U-shaped
Initial Period ceremonial complex at Sechin Alto, includes the largest monument in the
Americas for this time (1800 BC)
After a millennium of agricultural expansion, several centuries of drought was an important factor in the
abandonment of these centers, after 800 BC
U-shaped temple
Sunken circularCourts/plazas
Cerro Sechin Temple shows
ample evidence of warfare
Chankillo, ca, 400 BC
Chavín de Huantar
Early Horizon
The main complex of masonry buildings, called the Castillo, composed of (a) New Temple and (c) Old Temple
U-shaped plaza and sunken circular courtyard
The “Lanzon” in the subterranean
Gallery (b)
U-shaped plaza withsunken circular courtyard
The “StaffGod”
Chavin art and iconography, the
Chavin “cult,” spread throughout much of Central
Andes in the Early Horizon, although uncertain degree of political and
economicintegration
Paracas, South-Central Coast
• Necropolis of elite burials in subterranean vaults with elaborate mummy bundles and exquisite fabrics in dazzling colors
Gallinazo Group, vast sprawl of collapsed adobe brickbuildings, estimated to contain some 30,000 rooms and compartments
Early Intermediate Period:Gallinazo Culture in northern Peru, notable for
platform mounds and extensive irrigation in coastal river valleys
The Moche of northern coastal
Peru
Extremely elaborate art and iconography that provides
details on diverse aspects ofMoche culture
Painted murals
from the Huaca del
Luna
Moche rulers lived in opulent residencesatop the Huaca del Sol, which measured 340 x 160 m
(1115 x 525 ft) and over 40 m (130 ft), one of the largest mounds ever constructed in South America
Adobe bricks used in construction of the Huaca del Sol had “makers marks” that identified
communities of corvée laborers
Marching prisoners
Painted murals at El Brujo
'blackened residue' in a Moche goblet was human blood
(Bourget and Newman, 1998)
The “Presentation Theme”
Moche ideological themes expressed in iconography include battle between supernatural beings, death and burial of a king, and teams of kuraka (elite) warriors
Moche elite (kuraka) burial at Sipán
Moche semi-divine warrior king
Throughout Andean civilization, kuraka class ruled as divine
intermediaries between heaven and earth
A massive El Nino flood and drought betweenAD 562-594 diminished the power and integration of the Moche state, which
disappeared ca. AD 700-800
The Nazca polity (south coast) was relatively small in population, but produced ‘geoglyphs,’ which have caused wild
speculation, and include >1000 km of straight lines, >300 geometric figures, and dozens of animal figures
MIDDLE HORIZON: WARI & TIWANAKU
Tiwanaku
The Gateway of the Sun at Tiwanaku; with
staff-god (similar to Early HorizonChavin deity), cut from a single block of stone
Ruling kuraka at Tiwanaku stressed imposing temple mounds, gateways, and stelae, which were eschewed by their northern Wari neighbors, although Wari came to adopt Tiwanaku pantheon
Faith in both religion and government was
undermined after ca. AD 1050, after several centuries of drier climate (drought)
Contact and interaction between upland Wari center of Cerro Baul andmid-valley Tiwanaku center of Omo
in the Moquequa valley
Reed boat in Lake Titicaca
Rectangular compounds, or ciudadelas, at Chan Chan, capital city of the Chimor empire, the second largest empire in pre-Columbian Americas,
which was subjugated by Inca ca. 1470
LATE INTERMEDIATE: CHIMOR
Taycanamu: semi-mythical ancestral founder of Chan Chan who arrived by sea
Chimor's paramount rulers, who probably ruled as god-kings, lived in enormous enclosures called ciudadelas and held court
in rooms called audiencias
At the time of European contact, the wholeAndean area was under the control
of the Inca empire
The Inca empire or “Land of the FourQuarters” (Tawantinsuyu) had four
major geographical territories, known as suyu, composed of 80 political provinces.
It was linguistically diverse, but used a lingua franca called Runa Simi (Quechua).
The Inca traced their foundation to a venerated ancestor named Manco Capac, but the expansion of the Inca empire was initiated
by Pachacuti, the seventh potentate, and his son and grandson
LATE HORIZON: INCA
The capital city of Cuzco, the navel of the universe, was constructed in the shape of a Puma. It was dominated by the temple-fortress of Sacsahuaman and the residences
of royal lineages (kanchas), the most opulent of which was the Coricancha, with a gold-bedecked “House of the Sun” and silver adorned temple of the moon
Sacsahuaman
Sacsahuaman, fort-like temple crowning the heights of the imperial capital; made by a rotating force of 20,000 corvée laborers over several decades
The ceque system
Inca writing: the khipu
30,000 to 40,000 km (18,600-24,800 miles)of thoroughfares and trunk lines
Machu Picchu
Inca road
Inca bridges
Inca tunnel
Inca political economy depended on agricultural taxation, textile tribute, work draft (corvée labor) and required tribute from both men and women
Andean peoples, like the Inca,developed both cultural and biological adaptations to the
high elevations of the Andes, such as terraced agriculture, irrigation,
heightened lung capacity, greater amounts of
red-blood cells, and chewing cocawith quinoa, to deal with fatique
Machu Picchu, the Versailles-like rural palace and estatemade by the emperor Pachacuti, was rediscovered by
American archaeologist Hiram Bingham in 1911
The Inca emperor was decimated by a smallpox pandemic in the 1520s,
which triggered a seven-year civil war between rival claimants to the throne.
As Atahualpa marched south to claim Cuzco, he was intercepted, kidnapped,
ransomed, and killed by Francisco Pizarro’s forces.