Extension Approaches and Methodologies

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EXTENSION

METHODOLOGIES

AND APPROACHES

By DR. EVELYN ARO-ESQUEJO, MNSA

Assistant Director for Planning and Special Concerns

Agricultural Training Institute, Quezon City

Presented during the 1st Agriculturists’ Congress, held onNovember 18, 2004 at the Convention Plaza Hotel, Bacolod City.



INTRODUCTION

What is EDS?

The Need for a Strong EDS



What is EDS?

An organized service involving the

sharing of technical knowledge onbetter and improved methods and

practices in farming, home and

community activities and affairs for

farmers, homemakers and their children to increase their production

and improve their living conditions.



The Need fo r a Strong EDS?

TO REDUCE GAP BETWEEN

TECHNOLOGICAL KNOW HOW AND PRACTICE

Work closely with agricultural

research in accessing new

information and improved technology; Collaborate with farmers in testing

technologies in their fields and in

feedbacking results to researchers;



The Need fo r a Strong EDS? Reduce technically worded

research work to the farmers’

language;

TO MAKE FARMERS MORE

COMPETITIVE, SUSTAINABLY

PRODUCTIVE AND EMPOWERED Link farmers to agricultural

inputs, credit, markets, processors

and policy decision makers.



GLOBAL TRENDS IN EDS

External Pressures on

OrganizationsGlobal Shifts in Organizations

Implications on EDS

Trends in EDS

The Challenge



External Pressures onOrganizations

Economic Pressures Environmental Issues, Equity and

Social Justice

Technological Changes

Deregulation Improved Productivity and Quality

Assurance

Global Competitiveness



Global Shifts in Organizations

Old Paradigm New Paradigm Seniority an asset

Management

Human labor

Middle managers

8-5 work hours

Local

Gold as currency

Bigness

Stability

Predictability

Hierarchy

Mass production

Hiring

Production oriented

Seniority as a liability

Leadership

Automation

Computers

Teleworking/telecommuting

Worldwide competition for

labor

Information as currency

Smallness

Change

Flexibility

Empowerment

Specialty shops

Outsourcing/leasing

Customer/client oriented



Implications on EDS

Shift from a production-driven

approach to a market-drivenapproach, including consumers’

demands for:

Product consistency

Reliability of supply Food safety

Product choice

Sustainability of production



Implications on EDS

Concern for the environment,

especially issues of:

Water quality and quantity

Soil salinity

Acidification and degradation

Air quality Climate change

and equity.



Implications on EDS

Increased globalization resulting

in greater competition and

growing power of transnational

companies especially in the food

industry research, processing and

marketing

Reduced government involvementin agriculture and rural services

and increased privatization

including resourcing of research



Implications on EDS

New technologies involving a

trend to patented input systems,includingGenetic manipulation of

plants and animals

Precision farming

Information management

Increased recognition of the

clients’ knowledge and ingenuity



Implications on EDS

Development of an

industrialized system of agriculture, with

Increased vertical integration

A systems approach to agri

industries

Implementation of industry wide

quality assurance



The Challenge

Clients/

CustomersCompetition

Cost Crisis

Why Do We

Want To Be

Better?



Trends in EDS

Establishment of learning communities

Development of knowledge from

experiences and from linking actionresearch with other development

research activities

Sharing knowledge systematically

Establishment of vibrant partnership atall levels to enhance learning and

sharing processes

Marketing core competencies



Trends in EDS Replication:

Franchise approach

Mandated replicationStaged replication

Concept replication

Spontaneous/endogenous replication

Networking as a tool for dissemination

Wide range of professionaldevelopment initiatives

Emphasizing open learning and flexible

extension delivery



Trends in EDS

Extension Approaches

Participatory approachProject approach (integrated)

Commodity based approach

Training and visit approach

University-Based extension

Privatized or Commercial extension

Client-based and client-controlled

extension



PARADIGM SHIFT IN

PHILIPPINE EXTENSION

Today’s Philippine EDS Extension of TomorrowThe NEAPNetworking



Today’s Philippine EDS

Individual/Personal:

Personal Visits, etc.Group: Farmers’ classes, FFS,Meetings, Result/Method

Demo/Farm Models/Showcases, etc.

Mass Media: Print, Radio & TV



Extens ion o f Tomorrow

E-Extension

Contracted Extension

Services of the Private Sector SUCs as ESPs

Agro-Chemical Company

Extension Strategies Elementary Schools: Vehicles

for Techno Transfer



Extens ion o f Tomorrow

Youth/HS Students

Rural Based Organizations

ATI Alumni

Internship and OJT in BS

Agricultural extension courses

Para-Extensionists/ Farmer-Teachers



Networking

Process bringing diverse people,

groups, organizations or communities

working together to share each others’

resources in response to a common

need or problem;

Pursuing development action to

create patterns of progress larger than

those of individual members;



Uses o f Network ing

Exchange and/or dissemination of

information

Policy advocacy

Human resources development

Research and planning

Data storage and retrieval

Technology transfer/diffusion of innovations

Community Projects

Institution building



Character ist ics o f a

Funct ional Network

Open: accepts other membersInformal: bypasses bureaucracyCreative: tries out innovative approachesFlexible: accepts an issue, a problem or

need in whatever context Active: meets problems/needs within

desired immediacy, seriousnessCoordinative: synchronizes effortsTransactive: negotiates for needed

resources



App roaches in

Networking

Referral Approach

Relay Approach

A B N C D

AN B C D E



Approaches . . .

“Distribution Center” Approach

A B

N

C

D FE



Approaches . . .

Interest Group Approach

A

B

N

C

D

E



Desirable Cond it ions for

Networking

Commitment to give and take arrangement Close coordination

Assessment of internal and externalresources

Sharing of responsibility throughteamwork

Quality consciousness Existence of an effective M&E scheme Supportiveness of members Shared leadership Participative decision making



Types of Network ing

Lateral Networking

Heterogenous peoples, groups,organizations or communities thatbond together to establish peerrelations

Vertical NetworkingMembers cooperate with each otherupon a leader’s order or suggestion,

to obtain objectives they havecommitted themselves to



Enhanc ing Networks

Bonding

Access, common frame of reference, shared leadership,interdependence, coordination,complementation, cooperation,

negotiation

Extension Approaches and Methodologies

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