Exploring Humanitarian Law

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    Exploring Humanitarian LawAre there Rules of War? An Overview of International

    Humanitarian Law (IHL) and How It Functions in the Real World

    4th International Summit on Conflict Resolution EducationCuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, Ohio June 11, 2011

    Laurie Fisher (American Red Cross)Paul Frankmann (Harmon Middle School)James Lane (Educational Consultant)

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    A World of Conflict

    Image Source: Population Action International

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    Introductions Red Cross IHL Survey Questions- March

    2011 Defining Human Dignity What is Exploring Humanitarian Law? The Explorations EHL Curriculum and Resources Bringing EHL into the Classroom

    AGENDA

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    Channel Setting Instructions forResponseCard RF

    1. Press and release the "GO" button.

    2. While the light is flashing red and green, enter the 2 digit

    channel code (i.e. channel 1 = 01, channel 21 = 21).

    Channel is 04

    3. After the second digit is entered, Press and release the

    "GO" button.

    4. Press and release the "1/A" button. The light shouldflash yellow to confirm.

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    Who are you?

    1. Teacher-Elementary or

    Secondary2. College or

    University

    Professor

    3. Social AgencyWorker / NGO

    4. GovernmentOfficial

    5. Student/

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    Where are you from?

    1. United States2. Caribbean3. Latin America4. Africa5. Europe6. Asia-Pacific7. Other

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    What issue is most important to the

    people you work with?1. Torture2. Bullying3. Gangs / Youth

    Violence

    4. Domestic Abuse5. Discrimination6. Civil Unrest7. Other

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    Survey on

    International Humanitarian Law

    Report Date: March 2011Research conducted by ORC International

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    How Familiar are you with the Geneva

    Conventions and International Humanitarian

    Law (IHL)?

    1. Very Familiar2. SomewhatFamiliar3. Just Know Name4. Never Heard of

    Them

    5. Not Sure / DontKnow

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    More than half of adults (55 percent) feel they are familiar with theGeneva Conventions and IHL. For youth 12-17 years old, one in five feel

    familiar with these rules and laws.

    There is a body of law about how wars should be conducted, including the Geneva Conventionsand International Humanitarian Law. These laws have been adopted by every country in the

    world. How familiar are you with these rules and laws? Would you say you are. . .

    Familiarity with Geneva Conventions and IHL

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    Variations in Familiarity: Military vs. Non-

    Military

    There is a body of law about how wars should be conducted, including the Geneva Conventionsand International Humanitarian Law. These laws have been adopted by every country in the

    world. How familiar are you with these rules and laws? Would you say you are. . .

    Note: Very/Somewhat Familiar (Adults Only)

    Familiarity with Geneva Conventions and IHL

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    Rules and Laws governing actions in war are

    a good way to reduce human suffering.

    What is your opinion?

    1. Strongly Agree2.

    Agree

    3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree

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    Adults (55 percent) are more likely than youth (44 percent) to

    believe that rules and laws governing actions in war are a good wayto reduce human suffering.

    Using a 5 point scale with 5 being completely agree and 1 being completely disagree, to whatextent do you agree or disagree that adopting rules and laws to govern what actions are

    acceptable in war is a good way to reduce the human suffering caused by war?

    Attitudes on adopting rules and laws

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    To what exent is it acceptable to deliberately attack

    religious and historical monuments when there are

    no enemy combatants present?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    To what exent is it acceptable to take civilian

    hostages to be used in bargaining with the

    enemy?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    To what exent is it acceptable to deprive civilians in

    combat areas of food, medicine, or water in order to

    weaken the enemy?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    To what exent is it acceptable to kill enemy

    prisoners in retaliation for the enemy killing its

    prisoners?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    To what exent is it acceptable to torture captured

    enemy soldiers or fighters in order to get important

    military information?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    To what exent is it acceptable to refuse to allow

    prisoners to be visited from a neutral organization to

    confirm that they are being treated well?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    Youth are more likely than adults to believe that these actionsare always or sometimes acceptable.

    To what extent is it acceptable for soldiers and fighters to take the following actions in war? Foreach action, please tell me if it is always acceptable, is acceptable in some circumstances, or if it

    is never acceptable.

    Acceptability of actions during war

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    Variation in acceptability of torture of enemy soldiers

    Youth are more likely than adults to believe that torturing captured enemy soldiers

    is either always acceptable or acceptable in some circumstances.

    To what extent is it acceptable for soldiers and fighters to take the following actions in war? Foreach action, please tell me if it is always acceptable, is acceptable in some circumstances, or if it

    is never acceptable. Torturing captured enemy soldiers or fighters in order to get important military information

    Acceptability of actions during war

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    To what exent is it acceptable for an American

    soldier who has been captured with important

    military information to be tortured by the enemy for

    that information?

    1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes

    Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.

    Unsure/ DontKnow

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    Variation in acceptability of torture of American soldiers

    Youth are more likely than adults to believe that the torture of a captured American

    soldier is either always acceptable or acceptable in some circumstances.

    From what you know, if an American soldier who has important military information is captured, is itacceptable for enemy soldiers to torture the soldier to get that information? Would you say it is. ..

    Acceptability of actions during war

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    When did the U.S. Government first adopt rules

    imposing limits on how wars should be

    conducted?

    1. Revolutionary War2. Civil War3. World War I4. World War II5. Not Sure / Dont

    Know.

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    About 1 in 5 youth (18 percent) and 7 percent of adults knew that

    the U.S. first adopted rules limiting how wars should be conductedduring the American Civil War.

    From what you know, when did the U.S. government first adopt rules imposing limits

    on how wars should be conducted? Was it during

    Knowledge of origins of Geneva Conventions/IHL

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    Should government leaders ban the use of land

    mines because of their potential for harming

    civilians and preventing land use after conflict?

    1. Yes2. No3. Not Sure / DontKnow

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    The majority of both youth and adults believe that land minesshould be banned, though nearly 2 in 5 youth oppose a ban.

    In your opinion, should government leaders ban the use of land mines because they have greatpotential for hurting civilians and for preventing use of the land long after the war is over?

    Attitudes on use of land mines

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    In your opinion what should be done to those

    who broke the rules of war once the war is

    over?

    1. Put on Trial andPunish

    2.Expose to thepublic, but no trial

    3. Get amnesty withno public exposure

    4. Not Sure / DontKnow

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    When a war is over, how should those people who broke the rules of war be

    treated? Should they be. .

    Attitudes on punishment for violators of rules

    Attitudes on punishment for violators

    Adults are more likely than youth to believe that those who break the rules of war shouldbe put on trial and punished.

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    To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should educate

    young people on the laws and rules of war before

    they are old enough to vote or enlist in the military.What is your opinion?

    1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree

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    To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should work on

    increasing the accuracy of weapons to reduce

    unintended civilian casualties. What is your

    opinion?

    1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree

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    To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should strengthen

    the enforcement of the laws and rules that limit what

    combants can do in war. What is your opinion?

    1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree

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    To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should put more

    restrictions on the trading of weapons around the

    world. What is your opinion?

    1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree

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    Youth: Nearly 8 in 10 believe that the U.S. should educate

    youth on the laws and rules of war.

    Using a 5 point scale with 5 being completely agree and 1 being completely disagree, to whatextent do you agree or disagree that the U.S. government should take the following actions to

    reduce the number of civilians who are hurt in war?

    Note: Top 2 Box

    Attitudes on role of U.S. government in reducing war casualties

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    Adults: 8 in 10 believe that the U.S. should increase theaccuracy of weapons to reduce unintended casualties.

    Using a 5 point scale with 5 being completely agree and 1 being completely disagree, to whatextent do you agree or disagree that the U.S. government should take the following actions to

    reduce the number of civilians who are hurt in war?

    Note: Top 2 Box

    Attitudes on role of U.S. government in reducing war casualties

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    What is your connection to the

    military?1. I am currently on active

    duty or serving in thereserves.

    2. I am a veteran of thearmed forces.

    3. I have a close friend orrelative on active duty or

    serving in the reserves.

    4. I have a close friend orrelative who is a veteran.

    5. None of the above.

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    Adults: More than 3 in 4 have a close friend or relative

    who is a veteran of the armed forces.

    Which of the following statements, if any, applies to you?

    Military affiliation

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    Youth: Nearly 7 in 10 have a close friend or relativewho is a veteran of the armed forces.

    Which of the following statements, if any, applies to you?

    9% of youth indicate that

    they are likely to enlist in

    the military.

    Military affiliation

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    In your opinion, how would you

    describe the United States?1. At War2. Post Conflict3. At Peace4. Not Sure / Dont

    Know

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    Whats Inside EHL?

    Introductory Exploration: Images and

    PerceptionsThe Modules:

    Module 1: The Humanitarian Perspective

    Module 2: Limits in Armed Conflict

    Module 3: The Law In Action

    Module 4: Dealing With Violations

    Module 5: Responding to the Consequences of Armed Conflict

    Closing Exploration: Where Do We Go From Here?

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    WHAT IS HUMAN DIGNITY?

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    Explorations

    1A:What can bystanders do?1B: Looking at humanitarian acts

    1C: A bystanders dilemma

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    There is always a

    moment when the moralchoice is made.

    Often because of onestory or one book or one

    person, we are able to

    make a different choice,

    a choice for humanity,for life.

    -Elie Wiesel

    A lack of protest canconfirm theperpetrators faith in

    what they are doing.- Ervin Staub

    Use of Quotes

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    1B: Humanitarian Acts

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    1B: Humanitarian acts

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    Media Page

    In the News this year Human and Natural Disasters

    BP Gulf Oil SpillWar in AfghanistanEgypt RevolutionJapan Tsunami and Nuclear DisasterLibya InterventionTornadoes in American SouthOsama Bin Laden

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    Explorations

    2A : Limiting the devastation of war

    2B: Codes and traditions over time2C: Focus on child soldiers2D: Focus on weapons

    2E: Widespread availability of weapons

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    2A The Blindfolded Captive

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    2A Photo Collage

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    Basic Rules of IHL

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    2B: Codes and Traditions

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    2C Photo Collage

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    What should the minimum age be

    for a combatant?1. Under 152. 15 to 173. 18 to 214. 21 or older.

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    What should be the minimum age?

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    Explorations

    3A: Identifying violations of IHL3B: From the perspective of combatants

    3C: Who is responsible for respecting IHL?

    3D: A case study: My Lai - What went wrong?What went right?

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    3A: Identifying violations

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    3A: Identifying violations

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    Dilemmas

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    Dilemma Worksheet

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    Explorations

    4A: Rationales and options for dealing

    with IHL violations4B: Judicial options4C: Non-judicial options

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    4A: Dealing with violations

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    Explorations5A: Needs that arise from the devastation of war5B: Planning a camp for people displaced by war

    5C: Focus on protecting prisoners5D: Focus on restoring family links5E: Ethics of humanitarian action

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    What are the basichuman needs?

    Needs that arise from the devastation of war

    What are the resources that have beenlost or destroyed?

    What are the resulting needs of peopleimpacted by war or disaster?

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    5B Photo Collage

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    Want to Learn More?

    Visit www.redcross.org/ehl

    Sign up for alerts

    Attend an EHL Workshop

    Exploring Humanitarian Law Program

    International Services DepartmentAmerican Red Cross, NHQ

    2025 E Street, NW

    Washington, DC 20006

    [email protected]

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    EHL Virtual Campus- http://www.ehl.icrc.org

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    American Red Cross EHL Site- http://ehl.redcross.org

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    Professional Development

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    Connecting EHL: Subject Areas

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    NEW! American Civil War Lessons

    ExploreHumanitarian acts on both sides

    of the battlefield

    Discover

    How todays basic rules of

    humanitarian law emerged

    Engage

    Students in exciting hands-on

    activities to meet humanitarian

    needs

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    And Remember

    Exploring Humanitarian Law ProgramInternational Services Department

    American Red Cross, NHQ2025 E Street, NW

    Washington, DC [email protected]/ehl