Exploring communication
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Transcript of Exploring communication
Exploring Communication
Part 2 Models & Properties
Defining Models
What is a model?
?
Modeling Communication • A model is simply an abstract representation
• Used for:
• 1 Explanation
• 2 Prediction
• 3 Control
Benefits of Models • Models allow scholars to:
– Describe the overall process of comm
– Explore a particular aspect of comm in detail
– Illustrate a concept or theoretical framework
– More effectively represent relationships
Limitations of Models – Can lack the big picture
– Often context specific may need to be reacessed outside of the original context
– May require supplemental info to understand
General Models of Communication
We’ll examine 3 general models:
Linear Model of Communication
• Many early perspectives were linear. Comm described as:
• One Way from sender to receiver
• Something you do ‘to’ someone
Sender Receiver Message
Channel
Transactional Model of Communication
– Simultaneous Exchange – Message/Feedback integrated into Communication
– Mutual Influence – integrated into Communication
– Environment added both positive and negative impact
Communication Communicator Communicator
Environment
Specific Models of Communication [ You don’t need to write this ]
As we review these models keep the following in mind:
– Each of the following models illustrates specific aspects of comm, but may not describe the whole process
– Ch. 3 “Comm & the Diffusion of Information” by Barnett discusses each model
– You don’t need to copy the diagrams—posted on UB learns in a separate power point, included in lecture outline, and can be found in Ch. 2 & 3
– Exam Qs will cover the concepts associated w/ each model, not the diagram
Lasswell’s Model (1948)
• One of the earliest models of comm. simple , organizational model
– Lacks several elements
Ø ØWho Who? ?
Ø ØSays Says what what? ?
Ø ØIn which In which channel channel? ?
Ø ØTo To whom whom? and ? and
Ø ØWith what With what effect effect? ?
ShannonWeaver Model (1949)
Message
Describes mediated comm — comm via device
– Distinction b/w message & signal
– Introduces physical noise & its impact
– Linear
Message Signal Received Source Noise
Source Transmitter Receiver Destination Signal
Received
Gerbner’s Model (1956) Person 1 M
E E 1
E Content
S Form
SE 1
Event as perceived
Channels, Media, C
ontrol
Reflection, Context, Availability
Perceptual Dimension
Means &
Control D
imension
Statement about event SE (Message)
Person 2 M 2
Statement as perceived
Event Message Destination
Message Source
Gerbner’s Model Two noteworthy foci:
1. Role of ______________ in comm. 2 instances of ______________ :
• ______________(SE) describing ______________ (E) based on ______________ (M) ______________ of it (E 1 )
• ______________ understanding of ______________ based on their ______________ (SE 1 ) of ______________
Gerbner’s Model
2. Influence of ______________ . Besides ______________ , message ______________ influenced by:
• ____________________________ available & the particular one ______________ .
• The specific ______________ of that ______________
• The ______________ using that ______________
Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960)
Explores how each ______________ in 4 basic comm ______________ (source, message, channel, & receiver) can affect ______________
Elements Structure
Treatment
Content Code
Seeing
Hearing
Touching
Smelling
Tasting
Comm. Skills
Attitude
Knowledge
Soc. System
Culture
Comm. Skills
Attitude
Knowledge
Soc. System
Culture
Source Message Channel Receiver
S M C R
Berlo’s SMCR Model
______________ & somewhat ______________ , but a serviceable:
– 3 important concepts:
1. ______________— Each element is represented as a :
Berlo’s SMCR Model
2. ______________— differences in ______________ & ______________ (e.g. ____________________________ ) can inhibit comm
– ______________, not directly ______________
3. Human comm as ______________ — via ______________ & ______________ of messages by ______________
WestleyMacLean Model (1957)
x 11 A B C x 2 x 2
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 4
f CA
f BA
f BC
x 4
A = a reporter (observer)
C = represents an editor (gatekeeper)
B = represents the public (audience)
f = feedback
x i = information
x 1 = message
x 11 = modified message
WestleyMacLean Model – Examines ______________
– Describes how ______________ can be ______________ by ______________ agents before reaching their ______________
– Introduced the concept of a ______________
WestleyMacLean Model
• ______________—an ______________ w/ control over ______________ . Affects message by ______________ and/or ______________
WestleyMacLean Model
Editor is a ______________ — modifies reporter’s ______________ before it ______________
– ______________ gatekeeping— ______________ process
– ______________ gatekeeping— influence of editor’s ______________
x 11 A B C x 2 x 2
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 4
f CA
f BA
f BC
x 4
A = reporter (observer)
C = editor (gatekeeper)
B = the public (audience)
WestleyMacLean Model Gatekeepers exist in any comm context where :
– Examples of gatekeepers:
– Personal ______________ (______________ gatekeeper)
– Leaving a message w/ a friend’s ______________ (______________ gatekeeper)
– Each of us
Convergence Model (1981)
“ “Communication is a process in which participants Communication is a process in which participants ______________ information with one another in order to reach information with one another in order to reach ______________ . .” ”
Convergence Model
• Focuses on:
– ______________ nature of comm
• Emphasizes comm as a ______________
– ______________— tendency to move towards a ______________ (shared ______________ , ______________ , ______________ , etc.)
Review Barnett’s discussion of the convergence model in Ch. 3
Convergence Model
– Comm viewed as a ______________ process of assigning ______________ to info ______________ between ______________ , who, ______________ , progress towards ______________ .
• Adopts a ______________ perspective
Properties of Communication • Collectively, our definitions & models suggest several properties of communication
Properties of Communication
• Communication is a ______________
– Involves :
– Elements are ______________
– Comm interactions are influenced by ______________ and affect ______________
Properties of Communication • Communication is ______________
– Difficult to ______________ into ______________ , ______________ elements/acts
• Communication is ______________
– Relies on ______________ to ______________
• ______________ as distinct from ______________ & ______________ to some degree
Properties of Communication • Communication is ______________
– Can’t ______________ a message. ______________ or ______________ is not the same.
• Ex:
• Communication is ______________
– Elements of comm are ______________ .
– ______________ influence ______________
Properties of Communication • Communication is ______________
– ______________ & ______________
• Communication ______________
– ______________, ______________ , ______________
• Communication is ______________
– Encompasses a :
Properties of Human Communication
• We can further specify 3 properties of communication involving humans
1. Human comm involves both ______________ & ______________ processes
• Consider ______________
Properties of Human Communication
• Messages in human comm have ______________
– Ex. in ______________ comm:
• ______________ dimension—what a message ______________
• ______________ dimension—what a message ______________ about the ______________ between ______________
Properties of Human Communication
• Human comm is a ______________
– Meaning in comm is ______________
– Perceptual differences :
– ______________ shapes ______________ & vice versa