Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began...

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Exploration AND exploitation

Transcript of Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began...

Page 1: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

ExplorationAND

exploitation

Page 2: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Trailblazers

Page 3: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

The Silk Road• In the second century bce, caravans

began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia with the West.

• Silk carried along this route made its way to Rome

• In both directions, various political, social, religious, and artistic ideas flowed.

• Ghengis Khan and the Mongols gained control of the region by the 13th century

Page 4: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

The Silk Road

Page 5: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

In 1271 three Venetian merchants left in search of the

wealth of the East

Page 6: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

17 year-old Marco Polo and his father and his uncle were gone for

24 years

Page 7: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

They found great civilizations in the East -- far more advanced than those

in Europe

Page 8: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

with different ways of life

Page 9: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

based on different value systems

Page 10: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

and different

philosophies

Page 11: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

After travelling through India, Marco Polo returned to Venice in

1295

Page 12: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Marco Polo described

these cultures in

his Book of Marvels

Page 13: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Although his stories of

magnificent Eastern

civilizations were met with skepticism, the account of his travels would

be read all over Europe,

inspiring the curious and adventurous

Page 14: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Ibn Battuta1304-c.1368 or 1377

• Born in Morocco, Ibn Battuta went on hajj in 1325 and continued traveling, eventually covering about 75,000 miles over the length and breadth of the Muslim world, and beyond (about 44 modern countries).

• His journeys and observations are recorded in A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling but is often simply referred to as the Rihla or Journey

Page 15: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Map of Ibn Battuta’s Travels

Page 16: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.
Page 17: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

Page 18: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644• Founded by Chu Yuan-chang, a

peasant who had been a Buddhist monk, a bandit leader and a rebel general – Emperor Hong Wu

• Last native imperial dynasty in Chinese history

• Re-adopted civil-service examination system

• One of China’s most prosperous periods: agricultural revolution, reforestation, manufacturing and urbanization

CHU YUAN-CHANG (1328-1398). Ming Emperor. Chinese silk scroll painting

Page 19: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Age of Exploration• The Ming Dynasty, under the

naval leadership of Zheng He, was noted for its sea explorations and extensive trade from Africa to Southeast Asia

• Greatest naval power in world in 15th c.

• However, scholars convinced the Emperor in 1435 that taste for exotic wares would cause decline of dynasty

• Trade and maritime expansion was greatly contracted

Zheng He

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Zheng-He’s Expeditions

Zheng He sailed from China to many places throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan, Persian Gulf and distant Africa in

seven epic voyages from 1405 to 1433, some 80 years before Columbus's voyages.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html

Page 21: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

In the 15th century, Zheng He, seen here with one of his massive ships in a painting

at a temple shrine in Malaysia, led seven enormous seafaring expeditions.

Page 22: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Zheng-He and Columbus

Zheng He’s Treasure Ship

Compared to Columbus’sSanta Maria

Page 23: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

The pattern of East-West relations-- from the first discovery of a sea route

from Europe to Asia-- was largely one of Western

action and Eastern reaction

Page 24: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Ottoman Empire

Page 25: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

The West went to the East, but the East rarely saw a

need to come to the West

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Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a sea route to India in 1498 opened important commercial traffic, led to the expansion and consolidation of the

Portuguese Empire, and the spread of European culture and Christianity in the Orient.

Page 27: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Da Gama’s Voyage around the Cape of Good

Hope

16th c Portugese trading ship

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The Portuguese were quickly followed by the Spanish and

Dutch, and later the French and British sent their ships into

Eastern oceans

Page 29: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

The British, with their superior naval strength,

finally became the dominant colonial power in southern

Asia

The Armorial Bearings of the Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies Granted by Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms in 1600 and as Borne and Used until 1709

Page 30: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Japan, reacted to the Western challenge in a different fashion

Page 31: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Throughout the 14th-19th

centuries, Japan isolated itself from foreign trade and

contacts under the rule of the Shoguns

Page 32: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

In 1542 the first Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries arrived in Japan. They brought

firearms and Christianity with them.

Despite Buddhist opposition, many warlords welcomed Christianity because they wanted to trade with Western nations for armaments

Page 33: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Imposing order after a series of civil wars, Hideyoshi,

in 1587, issued an

edict expelling Christian

missionaries.

Page 34: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

European Conquest of the Americas

Page 35: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Viking Explorations

Page 36: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Vinland Sagas

• Saga of the Greenlanders and Saga of Erik the Red

• Most complete accounts of Norse explorations of North America in the 10th and 11th c.

Leif ErikssonIceland

Page 37: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

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Inception of the Scientific Method

• Hypothesis: It is possible to reach the Orient by sailing West

• Experimentation: Voyages of Discovery

• Analysis: There are two large land masses blocking access to the East

• Conclusion: Two new continents – North and South America

Page 39: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Engraving by Theodore DeBry

•The Age of Exploration presented enormous challenges and dilemmas to the world view of European civilization.• Even Columbus wavered between this fervent hope that he had discovered the Garden of Eden and his desire to exploit the riches and peoples of the New World.

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Page 41: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Hispanic Exploration and Conquest

1492 -- 1542 • In one generation Hispanics explored and

colonized over half the earth & waters • During the period of exploration, in one

generation, approximately 300,000 Spaniards had emigrated to the New World

• They established over 200 cities and towns throughout the Americas.

• In one generation Hispanics acquired more new territory than Rome conquered in five centuries .

Page 42: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1492- 1504: Columbus’s 4 voyages to New World• 1500: Pedro Cabral (Portugese) discovered Brazil• 1501-02: Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) after

accompanying Spanish conquistadors decided that what they had discovered was not Asia, but new continents

• 1508-21: Juan Ponce de Leon explored Cuba, Jamaican and Florida –Cuban conquest: 1508

• 1513: Vasco de Nuñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and named the Pacific ocean

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and conquests

Page 43: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1519- 22: Ferdinand Magellan's crew & ship, completed voyage of circumnavigation.

• 1519-21: Hernando Cortez’s conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico

• 1531: Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas in Peru

• 1540: Vasquéz de Coronado explores California, Kansas, Arizona, New México, Texas, Oklahoma.

• 1539-42: Hernando de Soto explores SE United States and discovers Mississippi River

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and conquests

Page 44: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

European Colonies in

the Americas

Page 45: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Major French Explorations and Settlements• 1525 : Giovanni da Verrazzano, a hired Italian

pilot, failed to find the Northwest Passage, but he did establish a French claim to portions of North America.

• 1534 -35: Jacques Cartier ventured up the St. Lawrence River as far as today’s Montréal.

• 1542: Sieur de Robervall tried to establish a permanent settlement in North America at the site of present-day Québec; the settlers remained one brutal winter before returning to France.

Page 46: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Major French Explorations and Settlements

• 1562 : Jean Ribault explored coastal Florida and the St. Johns River and founded a failed Huguenot settlement.

• Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal (1605) and Québec (1608).

• 1630s: Jean Nicolet (Nicollet) explored Lake Michigan and surrounding areas.

• 1673: Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explored the Mississippi Basin.

• 1679: La Salle explored the upper Mississippi River and Lake Michigan areas.

• 1698 : Sieur de Bienville founded New Orleans.

Page 47: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

European Colonies in

the Americas

Page 48: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Early English Explorations and Settlements

• 1497: John Cabot explored Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador : English fishing rights

• 1580s : Sir Francis Drake harrassed Spanish treasure ships and attacked Spanish settlements up and down the coast. The Spanish called the British sailors pirates and Sea Dogs.

• 1584-87: lost Roanoke settlement in Virginia• 1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada. • 1606: Jamestown settlement in Virginia• 1609-1611: Henrik Hudson explored Hudson Bay, Hudson

River, and Hudson Strait.• 1620: Plymouth colony settlement in New England

Page 49: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

European Colonies in

the Americas

Page 50: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

European Conquest of Africa

Page 51: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

AfricanCivilizationsBeforeEuropeanExplorations

Timeline ofAfrica1-16th c.

Page 52: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

African Slave Trade• The earliest external African slave trade

was trans-Saharan. • Slaves in North Africa were mainly

servants rather than laborers.• Colonization of the Americas by the

Europeans created a huge demand for agricultural labor.

• Slaves purchased in West African regions were often the captives of wars between rival African states.

• European traders also conducted independent slave raids.

Page 53: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

Slave Ship

Page 54: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

How Did Europe Conquer Africa?• During the Middle Ages, Muslim armies kept

Europe cut off from the rest of the world. • Beginning in the 14th century Portuguese ships

sailed southward along the African coast. • They traded for gold, and eventually sailed around

Africa to India • The gold that the Europeans obtained in Africa

financed their overseas expansion.

Page 55: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

How Did Europe Conquer Africa?

• The vast gold and silver deposits of the New World made African gold less desirable.

• As European powers established plantations, enslaved Africans became more desirable than gold.

• In exchange, the Africans received firearms.

• Africans used the firearms in their wars with each other.

Page 56: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

The World in 1800

Red: British Empire Yellow: Spanish EmpireGreen: Qing Dynasty Fuchsia: Ottoman EmpireDark Grey: Russian Empire

Page 57: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

How Did Europe Conquer Africa?• The wealth generated by the buying and selling of

enslaved Africans went to create the extensive technological innovations that led to the Industrial Revolution.

• The coastal trade with Africans strengthened European commercial capitalism and transformed it into all-powerful industrial capitalism. 

Page 58: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

How Did Europe Conquer Africa?• Europe started to take a

more direct hand in African affairs.

• While African states were weakened by their conflicts, the Europeans grew in strength.

• The same scenario took place in Asia and the Americas.

• Soon a full-fledged system of colonialism began to overspread the world.

• Thus did Europe not only conquer Africa, but America and Asia too....

Page 59: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.
Page 60: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

1914:European

Dominationof

AFRICA

only Ethiopia and Liberia remained

independent

Page 61: Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia.

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