Expl WAN Chapter 1 Intro WANs

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CCNA4-1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to WANs Introduction to WANs

Transcript of Expl WAN Chapter 1 Intro WANs

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CCNA4-1 Chapter 1

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction to WANsIntroduction to WANs

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CCNA4-2 Chapter 1

Introduction to WANsIntroduction to WANs

Introducing Wide Area NetworksIntroducing Wide Area Networks

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CCNA4-3 Chapter 1

What is a WAN?What is a WAN?

• A WAN is a data communications network that operates A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LANbeyond the geographic scope of a LAN. .

• Connect devices that are separated by a broader Connect devices that are separated by a broader geographical area than a LAN.geographical area than a LAN.

• Use Use carrierscarriers (phone companies, cable companies, (phone companies, cable companies, network providers).network providers).

• Use Use serial connectionsserial connections of various types. of various types.

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What is a WAN?What is a WAN?

• A WAN is a data communications network that operates A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LANbeyond the geographic scope of a LAN. .

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Why Are WANs Necessary?Why Are WANs Necessary?

• People in the regional or branch offices of an organization People in the regional or branch offices of an organization need to be able to communicate and share data with the need to be able to communicate and share data with the central site.central site.

• Organizations often want to share information with other Organizations often want to share information with other organizations across large distances. For example, software organizations across large distances. For example, software manufacturers routinely communicate product and promotion manufacturers routinely communicate product and promotion information to distributors that sell their products to end information to distributors that sell their products to end users.users.

• Employees who travel on company business frequently need Employees who travel on company business frequently need to access information that resides on their corporate to access information that resides on their corporate networks.networks.

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The Evolving EnterpriseThe Evolving Enterprise

• As companies grow, they hire more employees, open branch As companies grow, they hire more employees, open branch offices, and expand into global markets.offices, and expand into global markets.

• These changes alsoThese changes also influence their requirements for influence their requirements for integrated servicesintegrated services and drive their network requirements. and drive their network requirements.

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The Evolving Network ModelThe Evolving Network Model

• As networks grow, the hierarchical design model must grow As networks grow, the hierarchical design model must grow with it.with it.

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The Evolving Network ModelThe Evolving Network Model

• As networks grow, the hierarchical design model must grow As networks grow, the hierarchical design model must grow with it.with it.

User Access User Access to network to network devices.devices.

Policies to aggregate Policies to aggregate WAN traffic.WAN traffic.

Fast switching, Fast switching, availability, scalability.availability, scalability.

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The Evolving Network ModelThe Evolving Network Model

• Cisco Enterprise Architecture: Cisco Enterprise Architecture: • Different businesses need different types of networks, Different businesses need different types of networks,

depending on how the business is organized and its depending on how the business is organized and its business goals. business goals.

• All too often networks grow in aAll too often networks grow in a haphazard haphazard way as new way as new components are added in response to immediate needs. components are added in response to immediate needs.

• Because the network is a Because the network is a mixture of newer and older mixture of newer and older technologies, it can be difficult to support and maintaintechnologies, it can be difficult to support and maintain. .

• The Cisco architecture is designed to provide network The Cisco architecture is designed to provide network planners with a planners with a roadmaproadmap for network growth as the for network growth as the business moves through different stages. business moves through different stages.

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The Evolving Network ModelThe Evolving Network Model

• Cisco Enterprise Architecture: Cisco Enterprise Architecture: By following the suggested By following the suggested roadmap, IT managers can plan for future network upgrades roadmap, IT managers can plan for future network upgrades that will integrate seamlessly into the existing network and that will integrate seamlessly into the existing network and support the ever-growing need for services.support the ever-growing need for services.

• Consists of modules.Consists of modules.• Each module has a distinct network infrastructure with Each module has a distinct network infrastructure with

services and network applications that extend across the services and network applications that extend across the modules. modules. • Enterprise Enterprise Campus Campus ArchitectureArchitecture• Enterprise Enterprise EdgeEdge Architecture Architecture• EnterpriseEnterprise Branch Branch Architecture Architecture• Enterprise Enterprise Data CenterData Center Architecture Architecture• Enterprise Enterprise TeleworkerTeleworker Architecture Architecture

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Enterprise Campus ArchitectureEnterprise Campus Architecture

• A campus network is a building or group of buildings A campus network is a building or group of buildings connected into one enterprise network that consists of many connected into one enterprise network that consists of many LANs. A campus is generally limited to a fixed geographic LANs. A campus is generally limited to a fixed geographic area, but it can span several neighboring buildings.area, but it can span several neighboring buildings.

• The The Enterprise Campus ArchitectureEnterprise Campus Architecture describes the describes the recommended methods to create a scalable network, while recommended methods to create a scalable network, while addressing the needs of campus-style business operations. addressing the needs of campus-style business operations. The architecture is modular and can easily expand to include The architecture is modular and can easily expand to include additional campus buildings or floors as the enterprise grows.additional campus buildings or floors as the enterprise grows.

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Enterprise Edge ArchitectureEnterprise Edge Architecture

• This module offers connectivity to voice, video, and data This module offers connectivity to voice, video, and data services outside the enterprise. This module enables the services outside the enterprise. This module enables the enterprise to use Internet and partner resources, and provide enterprise to use Internet and partner resources, and provide resources for its customers. resources for its customers.

• This module often functions as a liaison between the campus This module often functions as a liaison between the campus module and the other modules in the Enterprise Architecture. module and the other modules in the Enterprise Architecture.

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Enterprise Branch ArchitectureEnterprise Branch Architecture

• This module allows businesses to extend the applications This module allows businesses to extend the applications and services found at the campus to thousands of remote and services found at the campus to thousands of remote locations and users or to a small group of branches.locations and users or to a small group of branches.

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Enterprise Data Center ArchitectureEnterprise Data Center Architecture

• Data centers Data centers are responsible for processes, and accelerating are responsible for processes, and accelerating change. managing and maintaining the many data systems change. managing and maintaining the many data systems that are vital to modern business operations. Employees, that are vital to modern business operations. Employees, partners, and customers rely on data and resources in the partners, and customers rely on data and resources in the data center to effectively create, collaborate, and interact. data center to effectively create, collaborate, and interact.

• Over the last decade, the rise of Internet and web-based Over the last decade, the rise of Internet and web-based technologies has made the data center more important than technologies has made the data center more important than ever, improving productivity, enhancing business ever, improving productivity, enhancing business

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Enterprise Teleworker ArchitectureEnterprise Teleworker Architecture

• Many businesses today offer a flexible work environment to Many businesses today offer a flexible work environment to their employees, allowing them to telecommute from home their employees, allowing them to telecommute from home offices. offices.

• To telecommute is to leverage the network resources of the To telecommute is to leverage the network resources of the enterprise from home. The enterprise from home. The teleworker module teleworker module recommends recommends that connections from home using broadband services such that connections from home using broadband services such as cable modem or DSL connect to the Internet and from as cable modem or DSL connect to the Internet and from there to the corporate network. there to the corporate network.

• Because the Internet introduces significant security risks to Because the Internet introduces significant security risks to businesses, special measures need to be taken to ensure businesses, special measures need to be taken to ensure that teleworker communications are secure and private.that teleworker communications are secure and private.

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The Evolving Network ModelThe Evolving Network Model

• Cisco Enterprise Architecture: Cisco Enterprise Architecture:

More information in the text More information in the text and online curriculum.and online curriculum.

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Introduction to WANsIntroduction to WANs

WAN Technology ConceptsWAN Technology Concepts

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WAN Technology OverviewWAN Technology Overview

• WAN and the OSI Model: WAN and the OSI Model: • In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations

focus onfocus on Layer 1 and Layer 2 Layer 1 and Layer 2..

WAN access standards typically describe WAN access standards typically describe both Physical layer delivery methods and both Physical layer delivery methods and Data Link layer requirements.Data Link layer requirements.

Physical AddressingPhysical Addressing

Flow ControlFlow ControlEncapsulationEncapsulation

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WAN Technology OverviewWAN Technology Overview

• WAN and the OSI Model: WAN and the OSI Model: • In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations

focus onfocus on Layer 1 and Layer 2 Layer 1 and Layer 2..

WAN access standards are defined and WAN access standards are defined and managed by a number of recognized managed by a number of recognized authorities, including the authorities, including the International International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Organization for Standardization (ISO), , the the Telecommunication Industry Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA)Association (TIA), and , and the Electronic the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)Industries Alliance (EIA)..

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WAN Technology OverviewWAN Technology Overview

• WAN and the OSI Model: WAN and the OSI Model: • In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations

focus onfocus on Layer 1 and Layer 2 Layer 1 and Layer 2..

Standards describe how Standards describe how to provide…to provide…

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WAN Technology OverviewWAN Technology Overview

• WAN and the OSI Model: WAN and the OSI Model: • In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations In relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations

focus onfocus on Layer 1 and Layer 2 Layer 1 and Layer 2..

Standards describe how data is Standards describe how data is encapsulated for transmission to encapsulated for transmission to

a remote location.a remote location.

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WAN Physical Layer ConceptsWAN Physical Layer Concepts

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WAN Physical Layer TerminologyWAN Physical Layer Terminology

• Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)-Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)-The devices and The devices and inside wiring located at the premises of the subscriber and inside wiring located at the premises of the subscriber and connected with a telecommunication channel of a carrier.connected with a telecommunication channel of a carrier.

• Data Communications Equipment (DCE)-Data Communications Equipment (DCE)-Also called data Also called data circuit-terminating equipment, the DCE consists of devices circuit-terminating equipment, the DCE consists of devices that put data on the local loop. that put data on the local loop.

• Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)-The customer devices that -The customer devices that pass the data from a customer network or host computer for pass the data from a customer network or host computer for transmission over the WAN. The DTE connects to the local transmission over the WAN. The DTE connects to the local loop through the DCE. loop through the DCE.

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WAN Physical Layer TerminologyWAN Physical Layer Terminology

• Demarcation Point-Demarcation Point-AA point established in a building or point established in a building or complex to separate customer equipment from service complex to separate customer equipment from service provider equipment. Physically, the demarcation point is the provider equipment. Physically, the demarcation point is the cabling junction box, located on the customer premises, that cabling junction box, located on the customer premises, that connects the CPE wiring to the local loop.connects the CPE wiring to the local loop.

• Local LoopLocal Loop-The copper or fiber telephone cable that connects -The copper or fiber telephone cable that connects the CPE at the subscriber site to the CO of the service the CPE at the subscriber site to the CO of the service provider. The local loop is also sometimes called the "last-provider. The local loop is also sometimes called the "last-mile.“mile.“

• Central Office (CO)-Central Office (CO)-A local service provider facility or building A local service provider facility or building where local telephone cables link to long-haul, all-digital, where local telephone cables link to long-haul, all-digital, fiber-optic communications lines through a system of fiber-optic communications lines through a system of switches and other equipment.switches and other equipment.

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WAN DevicesWAN Devices

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WAN DevicesWAN Devices

• ModemModem -Modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital -Modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates the carrier signal to information, and also demodulates the carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. decode the transmitted information.

• CSU/DSUCSU/DSU-Digital lines, such as T1 or T3 carrier lines, require -Digital lines, such as T1 or T3 carrier lines, require a channel service unit (CSU) and a data service unit (DSU). a channel service unit (CSU) and a data service unit (DSU). The two are often combined into a single piece of equipment, The two are often combined into a single piece of equipment, called the CSU/DSU. The CSU provides termination for the called the CSU/DSU. The CSU provides termination for the digital signal and ensures connection integrity through error digital signal and ensures connection integrity through error correction and line monitoring. The DSU converts the T-correction and line monitoring. The DSU converts the T-carrier line frames into frames that the LAN can interpret and carrier line frames into frames that the LAN can interpret and vice versa.vice versa.

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WAN DevicesWAN Devices

• AccessAccess serverserver - Concentrates dial-in and dial-out user - Concentrates dial-in and dial-out user communications. An access server may have a mixture of communications. An access server may have a mixture of analog and digital interfaces and support hundreds of analog and digital interfaces and support hundreds of simultaneous users.simultaneous users.

• WAN switchWAN switch-A multiport internetworking device used in -A multiport internetworking device used in carrier networks. These devices typically switch traffic such carrier networks. These devices typically switch traffic such as Frame Relay, ATM, or X.25, and operate at the Data Link as Frame Relay, ATM, or X.25, and operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI reference model. layer of the OSI reference model.

• RouterRouter - Provides internetworking and WAN access interface - Provides internetworking and WAN access interface ports that are used to connect to the service provider ports that are used to connect to the service provider network. These interfaces may be serial connections or other network. These interfaces may be serial connections or other WAN interfaces.WAN interfaces.

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WAN DevicesWAN Devices

• Core router Core router - A router that resides within the middle or - A router that resides within the middle or backbone of the WAN rather than at its periphery. To fulfill backbone of the WAN rather than at its periphery. To fulfill this role, a router must be able to support multiple this role, a router must be able to support multiple telecommunications interfaces of the highest speed in use in telecommunications interfaces of the highest speed in use in the WAN core, and it must be able to forward IP packets at the WAN core, and it must be able to forward IP packets at full speed on all of those interfaces. full speed on all of those interfaces.

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WAN Physical Layer StandardsWAN Physical Layer Standards

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WAN Physical Layer StandardsWAN Physical Layer Standards

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WAN Data Link Layer ConceptsWAN Data Link Layer Concepts

• Data Link layer protocols defineData Link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated how data is encapsulated for for transmission to remote sites and the mechanisms for transmission to remote sites and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames.transferring the resulting frames.

• A variety of different A variety of different technologiestechnologies, such as ISDN, Frame , such as ISDN, Frame Relay, or ATM, are used Relay, or ATM, are used to move the datato move the data across the WAN across the WAN connection.connection.

• Many of these protocols use the same basic framing Many of these protocols use the same basic framing mechanism, High-Level Data Link Control mechanism, High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC).(HDLC).• An ISO standard.An ISO standard.• Many subsets or variants as we will see.Many subsets or variants as we will see.

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WAN Data Link Layer ConceptsWAN Data Link Layer Concepts

• The most common WAN data-link protocols are:The most common WAN data-link protocols are:• HDLCHDLC• PPPPPP• Frame RelayFrame Relay• ATMATM

• ATM is different from the others, because it uses small fixed-ATM is different from the others, because it uses small fixed-size cells of 53 bytes (48 bytes for data), unlike the other size cells of 53 bytes (48 bytes for data), unlike the other packet-switched technologies, which use variable-sized packet-switched technologies, which use variable-sized packets.packets.

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WAN Data Link Layer ConceptsWAN Data Link Layer Concepts

• FYI:FYI:• Another Data Link layer protocol is the Another Data Link layer protocol is the Multiprotocol Label Multiprotocol Label

SwitchingSwitching (MPLS) protocol. (MPLS) protocol.• MPLS is increasingly being deployed by service providers MPLS is increasingly being deployed by service providers

to provide an economical solution to carry to provide an economical solution to carry circuit-switched circuit-switched as well as packet-switchedas well as packet-switched network traffic. network traffic.

• It can operate over any existing infrastructure, such as IP, It can operate over any existing infrastructure, such as IP, Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet.Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet.

• It sits between Layer 2 and Layer 3 and is sometimes It sits between Layer 2 and Layer 3 and is sometimes referred to as a Layer 2.5 protocol.referred to as a Layer 2.5 protocol.

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WAN Data Link Layer ConceptsWAN Data Link Layer Concepts

A number of technologies for the transport of data exist.A number of technologies for the transport of data exist.While the While the encapsulation will vary with the technologyencapsulation will vary with the technology, most use , most use

the ISO HDLC standard or a modification of it.the ISO HDLC standard or a modification of it.

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WAN EncapsulationWAN Encapsulation

• Data Link layer protocols: Data Link layer protocols: How the data is encapsulated.How the data is encapsulated.

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WAN EncapsulationWAN Encapsulation

• The choice of encapsulation protocols depends on the WAN The choice of encapsulation protocols depends on the WAN technology and the equipment. technology and the equipment.

• Most framing is based on the HDLC standard.Most framing is based on the HDLC standard.• The data is encapsulated with The data is encapsulated with some form of headersome form of header

information and an information and an FCSFCS field. field.• The entire frame is then encapsulated withThe entire frame is then encapsulated with Flag fields Flag fields to to

indicate the beginning and end of the frame.indicate the beginning and end of the frame.

HEADERHEADER DATADATA FCSFCSFLAGFLAG FLAGFLAG

It is important to note that most vendors (Cisco It is important to note that most vendors (Cisco included) use their own proprietary version of HDLC on included) use their own proprietary version of HDLC on

HDLC links between their own products.HDLC links between their own products.

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WAN EncapsulationWAN Encapsulation

• Examining the Frame:Examining the Frame:

The frame always starts and ends with The frame always starts and ends with anan 8-bit flag 8-bit flag field to indicate the field to indicate the beginning and end of the frame.beginning and end of the frame.

The bit pattern is The bit pattern is 0111111001111110. (0x7E) . (0x7E)

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WAN EncapsulationWAN Encapsulation

• Examining the Frame:Examining the Frame:

The address field The address field maymay not needed for not needed for WAN links, depending upon the WAN links, depending upon the

technology.technology. The address may be 1 or 2 bytes long. The address may be 1 or 2 bytes long.

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WAN EncapsulationWAN Encapsulation

• Examining the Frame:Examining the Frame:

The control field isThe control field is protocol dependent protocol dependent..It usually indicates whether the content of It usually indicates whether the content of the data is control information or Network the data is control information or Network

layer data (1 Byte). layer data (1 Byte).

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WAN EncapsulationWAN Encapsulation

• Examining the Frame:Examining the Frame:• The address and control fields form the header The address and control fields form the header

information in the information in the standardstandard HDLC frame. HDLC frame.• Both PPP and Cisco HDLC add the Protocol fieldBoth PPP and Cisco HDLC add the Protocol field to to

the header to identify the Layer 3 protocol of the the header to identify the Layer 3 protocol of the encapsulated data.encapsulated data.

• Cisco HDLC only communicates with Cisco HDLC…..Cisco HDLC only communicates with Cisco HDLC…..

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WAN Switching ConceptsWAN Switching Concepts

• WAN switched networks fall into two categories:WAN switched networks fall into two categories:• CircuitCircuit switched. switched.

• POTS, ISDNPOTS, ISDN• Packet Packet switched.switched.

• Frame Relay, ATM, X.25Frame Relay, ATM, X.25

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WAN Switching Concepts – Circuit SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Circuit Switched

• When a subscriberWhen a subscribermakes a telephonemakes a telephonecall, the dialedcall, the dialednumber is used to setnumber is used to setswitches in theswitches in theexchanges along theexchanges along theroute of the call soroute of the call sothat there is athat there is acontinuous circuit from the originating caller to that of the continuous circuit from the originating caller to that of the called party.called party.

• Because of the switching operation used to establish the Because of the switching operation used to establish the circuit, the telephone system is called a circuit, the telephone system is called a circuit-switched circuit-switched network. network.

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• If the telephones areIf the telephones arereplaced withreplaced withmodems, then themodems, then theswitched circuit isswitched circuit isable to carry data.able to carry data.

• Suppose it is usedSuppose it is usedto access a web page.to access a web page.

• There will be a burstThere will be a burstof activity that uses the entire bandwidth while the page is of activity that uses the entire bandwidth while the page is being downloaded.being downloaded.

• That will be followed by no activity while the user reads the That will be followed by no activity while the user reads the page and followed again by another burst while another page page and followed again by another burst while another page is accessed.is accessed.

WAN Switching Concepts – Circuit SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Circuit Switched

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• If the circuit carriesIf the circuit carriesdata, it may not bedata, it may not bevery efficient.very efficient.

• The internal path isThe internal path isshared shared by severalby severalconversations.conversations.

• Time Division MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing (TDM)(TDM) is used to give each is used to give each conversation a share of the connection in turn.conversation a share of the connection in turn.

• TDM assures that a fixed capacity connection is made TDM assures that a fixed capacity connection is made available to the subscriber. available to the subscriber.

WAN Switching Concepts – Circuit SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Circuit Switched

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WAN Switching ConceptsWAN Switching Concepts

• Circuit Switching and TDM:Circuit Switching and TDM:• Each device to be multiplexed is assigned a specific Each device to be multiplexed is assigned a specific “time “time

slot”slot” in the frame. in the frame.• At each time slot, 8 bits is read from each device and a At each time slot, 8 bits is read from each device and a

fixed length frame is built using that data.fixed length frame is built using that data.• If there is nothing to send for that time slot, 8 null bits are If there is nothing to send for that time slot, 8 null bits are

placed in the frame for that device.placed in the frame for that device.

FYIFYI

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• An alternative isAn alternative isto to allocate theallocate thecapacity to thecapacity to thetraffic only whentraffic only whenit is neededit is needed and andshare capacityshare capacityamong manyamong manyusers.users.

• If the circuit is to be shared, there must be some mechanism If the circuit is to be shared, there must be some mechanism to label the bits so that the system knows where to deliver to label the bits so that the system knows where to deliver them.them.

• The bits are gathered into groups called The bits are gathered into groups called cells, frames, or cells, frames, or packets.packets.

WAN Switching Concepts – Packet SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Packet Switched

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• Each packetEach packetmust contain themust contain thenetworknetworkinformationinformationin order to bein order to bedelivered to thedelivered to thecorrectcorrectdestination. destination.

• The packet passes from exchange to exchange for delivery The packet passes from exchange to exchange for delivery through the provider network.through the provider network.

• Packet SwitchedPacket Switched describes the type of network in which describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet.contained within each packet.

WAN Switching Concepts – Packet SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Packet Switched

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• The circuits onlyThe circuits onlyexist while dataexist while datatravels throughtravels throughthem.them.

• They are termedThey are termedvirtual circuitsvirtual circuitsand areand arecategorized ascategorized asswitched switched or or permanentpermanent..

• Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC):Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC): Is constructed at the time Is constructed at the time of the connection and disappears when the user is done.of the connection and disappears when the user is done.

• Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC): Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC): Is a pre-configured Is a pre-configured pathway through the provider’s network. This path is pathway through the provider’s network. This path is always available to the user for data transmission.always available to the user for data transmission.

WAN Switching Concepts – Packet SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Packet Switched

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• These networksThese networks can also be can also beconnectionlessconnectionlessororconnection-orientedconnection-oriented..

• The The Internet Internet is ais agood example of agood example of aconnectionless, packet switched networkconnectionless, packet switched network. Each packet . Each packet contains all of the addressing information required for contains all of the addressing information required for successful packet delivery.successful packet delivery.

• Frame RelayFrame Relay is an example of a is an example of a connection-oriented packet connection-oriented packet switchedswitched network. Each packet does not require addressing network. Each packet does not require addressing information and travels a pre-configured path between the information and travels a pre-configured path between the source and the destination.source and the destination.

WAN Switching Concepts – Packet SwitchedWAN Switching Concepts – Packet Switched

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Introduction to WANsIntroduction to WANs

WAN Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options

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• Dedicated or leased-Dedicated or leased-lineline networks are the networks are thesimplest of thesimplest of theimplementations.implementations.

• A dedicated point-to-A dedicated point-to-point link is providedpoint link is providedby the vendor.by the vendor.

• Bandwidth is guaranteed between the end points.Bandwidth is guaranteed between the end points.

• Leased lines are also used to connect the subscriber to the Leased lines are also used to connect the subscriber to the vendor to make use of other technologies. Once that vendor to make use of other technologies. Once that connection is made, the other options come into play.connection is made, the other options come into play.

WAN Link Connection OptionsWAN Link Connection Options

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• SwitchedSwitchedcommunication linkscommunication linkscan be either circuitcan be either circuitswitched or packetswitched or packetswitched.switched.

• Circuit SwitchedCircuit Switched::• PSTNPSTN• ISDNISDN

• Packet Switched:Packet Switched:• Frame RelayFrame Relay• X.25X.25• ATMATM

WAN Link Connection OptionsWAN Link Connection Options

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• Public:Public:Public connectionsPublic connectionsuse the globaluse the globalInternet infrastructure. Internet infrastructure.

• Until the developmentUntil the developmentof VPN technology,of VPN technology,the Internet was notthe Internet was nota viable connectiona viable connectionoption. Securityoption. Securityissues prevented its use.issues prevented its use.

• The Internet is now an inexpensive and secure option for The Internet is now an inexpensive and secure option for connecting to teleworkers and remote offices where connecting to teleworkers and remote offices where performance guarantees are not critical.performance guarantees are not critical.

• DSL, Cable Broadband WirelessDSL, Cable Broadband Wireless

WAN Link Connection OptionsWAN Link Connection Options

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• A A point-to-point linkpoint-to-point link is used to provide a is used to provide a pre-established WAN pre-established WAN communications pathcommunications path from the customer premises from the customer premises through through the provider networkthe provider network to a remote destination. to a remote destination.

• Point-to-point links are Point-to-point links are usually more expensiveusually more expensive than shared than shared services such as Frame Relay. services such as Frame Relay.

Dedicated Connection Link OptionsDedicated Connection Link Options

Dedicated or Leased Line Dedicated or Leased Line ConnectionConnection

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• Types of Leased Lines and Capacities:Types of Leased Lines and Capacities:

Dedicated Connection Link OptionsDedicated Connection Link Options

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Dedicated Connection Link Options - Dedicated Connection Link Options - FYIFYI

NameName Abbr.Abbr. SizeSize

Kilo K 210 = 1,024

Mega M 220 = 1,048,576

Giga G 230 = 1,073,741,824

Tera T 240 = 1,099,511,627,776

Peta P 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624

Exa E 260 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976

Zetta Z 270 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424

Yotta Y 280 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

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• Intermittent, low-volume data transfers.Intermittent, low-volume data transfers.• Uses the local loop, to connect to the CO.Uses the local loop, to connect to the CO.• Limited to less than 56 kb/s.Limited to less than 56 kb/s.• Advantages:Advantages: simplicity, availability, low implementation cost.simplicity, availability, low implementation cost.• Disadvantages:Disadvantages: low data rates, long connection time. low data rates, long connection time.

Circuit-Switched Link OptionsCircuit-Switched Link Options

Analog Dial-UpAnalog Dial-Up

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• Enables the local loop to carry Enables the local loop to carry end-to-end digital signalsend-to-end digital signals..• Higher capacity connections.Higher capacity connections.• ISDN changes the internal connections of the PSTN from ISDN changes the internal connections of the PSTN from

carrying analog signals to time-division multiplexed (TDM) carrying analog signals to time-division multiplexed (TDM) digital signals.digital signals.

Circuit-Switched Link OptionsCircuit-Switched Link Options

Integrated Services Digital Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Network (ISDN)

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• Basic Rate Interface (BRI):Basic Rate Interface (BRI):• Two 64 kb/s B (bearer) and a 16 kb/s D (delta) channel. Two 64 kb/s B (bearer) and a 16 kb/s D (delta) channel.

• Bearer channels (B) for carry voice or data.Bearer channels (B) for carry voice or data.• Delta channel (D) for call setup and signaling. Delta channel (D) for call setup and signaling.

• Home, small business, leased line backup.Home, small business, leased line backup.

Circuit-Switched Link OptionsCircuit-Switched Link Options

Integrated Services Digital Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Network (ISDN)

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• Primary Rate Interface (PRI):Primary Rate Interface (PRI):• 23 - 64 kb/s B (bearer) and 1 - 64 kb/s D (delta) channel. 23 - 64 kb/s B (bearer) and 1 - 64 kb/s D (delta) channel.

• Bearer channels (B) for carry voice or data.Bearer channels (B) for carry voice or data.• Delta channel (D) for call setup and signaling. Delta channel (D) for call setup and signaling.

• Large enterprise, dial-in accessLarge enterprise, dial-in access

Circuit-Switched Link OptionsCircuit-Switched Link Options

Integrated Services Digital Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Network (ISDN)

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• X.25:X.25:• Legacy Legacy networknetwork

layerlayer protocol. protocol. • Typical applicationsTypical applications

are point-of-saleare point-of-salecard readers.card readers.

• Speeds vary fromSpeeds vary from2400 b/s up to2400 b/s up to2 Mb/s. However, public networks are usually low capacity 2 Mb/s. However, public networks are usually low capacity and rarely exceeding 64 kb/s. and rarely exceeding 64 kb/s.

• Now in dramatic decline. Now in dramatic decline. • They are still in use in many portions of the developing world.They are still in use in many portions of the developing world.

Packet-Switched Connection OptionsPacket-Switched Connection Options

X.25X.25

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• Frame Relay:Frame Relay:• Much simpler protocolMuch simpler protocol

at the at the data link layerdata link layer. . • Implements no error orImplements no error or

flow control. flow control. • Data rates up to 4 Mb/s.Data rates up to 4 Mb/s.• Virtual Circuits areVirtual Circuits are

permanent and uniquely identified by a Data Link Connection permanent and uniquely identified by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI). Identifier (DLCI).

• The router on the LAN needs only a single interface.The router on the LAN needs only a single interface.• The short-leased line to the Frame Relay network edge The short-leased line to the Frame Relay network edge

allows cost-effective connections between widely scattered allows cost-effective connections between widely scattered LANs.LANs.

Packet-Switched Connection OptionsPacket-Switched Connection Options

Frame Frame RelayRelay

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• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):• ATM technology is capable of transferring voice, video, and ATM technology is capable of transferring voice, video, and

data data simultaneouslysimultaneously through private and public networks. through private and public networks. • It is built on a It is built on a cell-basedcell-based architecture. architecture.

Packet-Switched Connection OptionsPacket-Switched Connection Options

ATMATM

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• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):• ATM cells are always a ATM cells are always a fixed length of 53 bytesfixed length of 53 bytes. .

• 5 byte ATM header.5 byte ATM header.• 48 bytes of ATM payload. 48 bytes of ATM payload.

Packet-Switched Connection OptionsPacket-Switched Connection Options

ATMATM

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• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):• The ATM cell is less efficient than the bigger frames and The ATM cell is less efficient than the bigger frames and

packets of Frame Relay and X.25. packets of Frame Relay and X.25. • Needs almost 20 percent greater bandwidth than Frame Relay Needs almost 20 percent greater bandwidth than Frame Relay

to carry the same amount of data.to carry the same amount of data.

Packet-Switched Connection OptionsPacket-Switched Connection Options

ATMATM

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• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):• ATM was designed to be ATM was designed to be extremely scalableextremely scalable and can support and can support

link speeds of T1/E1 to OC-12 (622 Mb/s) and higher. link speeds of T1/E1 to OC-12 (622 Mb/s) and higher. • PVCs are most common.PVCs are most common.

Packet-Switched Connection OptionsPacket-Switched Connection Options

ATMATM

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• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):• DSL technology is an always-on connection that uses DSL technology is an always-on connection that uses

existing telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, existing telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, and provides IP services to subscribers. and provides IP services to subscribers.

• Modem converts an Ethernet signal to a DSL signal.Modem converts an Ethernet signal to a DSL signal.

Internet Connection Options - DSLInternet Connection Options - DSL

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Internet Connection Options - DSLInternet Connection Options - DSL

• Multiple DSL subscriber lines are multiplexed into a single, Multiple DSL subscriber lines are multiplexed into a single, high capacity link by the use of a high capacity link by the use of a DSL Access Multiplexer DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)(DSLAM) at the provider location. at the provider location.

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Internet Connection Options - DSLInternet Connection Options - DSL

• DSLAMs incorporate TDM technology to aggregate many DSLAMs incorporate TDM technology to aggregate many subscriber lines into a less cumbersome single medium, subscriber lines into a less cumbersome single medium, generally a T3/DS3.generally a T3/DS3.

• Connection techniques achieve data rates up to 8.192 Mbps.Connection techniques achieve data rates up to 8.192 Mbps.

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Internet Connection Options - CableInternet Connection Options - Cable

• Coaxial cable is widely used in urban areas to distribute Coaxial cable is widely used in urban areas to distribute television signals. television signals.

• This allows for This allows for greater bandwidth than the conventional greater bandwidth than the conventional telephone local loop. telephone local loop.

• Enhanced cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data Enhanced cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television. cable television.

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Internet Connection Options - CableInternet Connection Options - Cable

• Cable modems provide an Cable modems provide an always-on connectionalways-on connection and a and a simple installationsimple installation. .

• While delivering up to While delivering up to 30 to 40 Mbps of data on one 6 MHz 30 to 40 Mbps of data on one 6 MHz cable channelcable channel, a subscriber can continue to receive cable , a subscriber can continue to receive cable television service while simultaneously receiving data to a television service while simultaneously receiving data to a personal computer. personal computer.

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Internet Connection Options - CableInternet Connection Options - Cable

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Internet Connection Options - WirelessInternet Connection Options - Wireless

• Wireless technology uses the unlicensed radio spectrum to Wireless technology uses the unlicensed radio spectrum to send and receive data.send and receive data.

• The limitation of the local transmission range (< 30.5m) is The limitation of the local transmission range (< 30.5m) is changing due to new developments.changing due to new developments.

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Internet Connection Options - WirelessInternet Connection Options - Wireless

• Municipal Wi-Fi:Municipal Wi-Fi:• Many cities have begunMany cities have begun

setting up municipalsetting up municipalwireless networks.wireless networks.

• Some of these networksSome of these networksprovide high-speedprovide high-speedInternet access for free or for substantially less than the Internet access for free or for substantially less than the price of other broadband services.price of other broadband services.

• Others are for city use only, allowing police and fire Others are for city use only, allowing police and fire departments and other city employees to do certain departments and other city employees to do certain aspects of their jobs remotely.aspects of their jobs remotely.

• A subscriber typically needs a wireless modem. A subscriber typically needs a wireless modem.

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Internet Connection Options - WirelessInternet Connection Options - Wireless

• WiMAX:WiMAX:• Worldwide InteroperabilityWorldwide Interoperability

for Microwave Access.for Microwave Access.• It is described in theIt is described in the

IEEE standard 802.16. IEEE standard 802.16. • WiMAX provides high-speed wireless access with WiMAX provides high-speed wireless access with

coverage like a cell phone network rather than through coverage like a cell phone network rather than through WiFi hotspots. WiFi hotspots.

• To access a WiMAX network, subscribers must subscribe To access a WiMAX network, subscribers must subscribe to an ISP with a WiMAX tower within 10 miles of their to an ISP with a WiMAX tower within 10 miles of their location. location.

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Internet Connection Options - WirelessInternet Connection Options - Wireless

• Satellite Internet:Satellite Internet:• A satellite dish providesA satellite dish provides

two-way (upload andtwo-way (upload anddownload) datadownload) datacommunications. communications.

• The upload speed is aboutThe upload speed is aboutone-tenth of the download speed. one-tenth of the download speed.

• To access satellite Internet services, subscribers need a To access satellite Internet services, subscribers need a satellite dish, two modems (uplink and downlink), and satellite dish, two modems (uplink and downlink), and coaxial cables between the dish and the modem.coaxial cables between the dish and the modem.

MUCH MORE IN CHAPTER 6!MUCH MORE IN CHAPTER 6!

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Internet Connection Options - VPNInternet Connection Options - VPN

• Virtual Private Network:Virtual Private Network:• A VPN is an A VPN is an encrypted connectionencrypted connection between private between private

networks networks over a public networkover a public network such as the Internet. such as the Internet.• Benefits:Benefits:

• Cost Savings.Cost Savings.• Security: encryption and authentication protocols that Security: encryption and authentication protocols that

protect data. protect data. • Scalability. Scalability. • Compatibility with broadband technology.Compatibility with broadband technology.

• Two Types:Two Types:• Site-to-Site.Site-to-Site.• Remote Access.Remote Access.

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Internet Connection Options - VPNInternet Connection Options - VPN

• Virtual Private Network: Virtual Private Network: Site-to-SiteSite-to-Site

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Internet Connection Options - VPNInternet Connection Options - VPN

• Virtual Private Network: Virtual Private Network: Remote AccessRemote Access

Verified by the Verified by the Head Office Head Office

Server.Server.

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Internet Connection Options – Metro EthernetInternet Connection Options – Metro Ethernet

• Metro Ethernet is a rapidly maturing networking technology Metro Ethernet is a rapidly maturing networking technology that that broadens Ethernet to the public networksbroadens Ethernet to the public networks run by run by telecommunications companies. telecommunications companies.

• By extending Ethernet to the metropolitan area, companies By extending Ethernet to the metropolitan area, companies can provide their remote offices with reliable access to can provide their remote offices with reliable access to applications and data on the corporate headquarters LAN.applications and data on the corporate headquarters LAN.

• IP-aware Ethernet switches enable service providers to offer IP-aware Ethernet switches enable service providers to offer enterprises enterprises converged voice, data, and video servicesconverged voice, data, and video services..

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Internet Connection Options – Metro EthernetInternet Connection Options – Metro Ethernet

Reduced Reduced expenses and expenses and administration.administration.

Easy integrationEasy integrationwith existing networks.with existing networks.

Enhanced productivity.Enhanced productivity.

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Choosing a WAN Link ConnectionChoosing a WAN Link Connection

• What is the purpose of the WAN? What is the purpose of the WAN? • What is the geographic scope? What is the geographic scope? • What are the traffic requirements? What are the traffic requirements? • Should the WAN use a private or public infrastructure?Should the WAN use a private or public infrastructure?• For a private WAN, should it be dedicated or switched?For a private WAN, should it be dedicated or switched?• For a public WAN, what type of VPN access do you need? For a public WAN, what type of VPN access do you need? • Which connection options are available locally?Which connection options are available locally?• What is the cost of the available connection options?What is the cost of the available connection options?

Chart – Page 45 in the text or 1.3.5 in the Online curriculumChart – Page 45 in the text or 1.3.5 in the Online curriculum