Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation...
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation Marina Ntika 1 Ilias Sakellariou 2 Petros Kefalas 3 Ioanna Stamatopoulou 3 1 South-East European Research Centre (SEERC) International Faculty, University of Sheffield 2 University of Macedonia 3 The University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College 4th International Workshop on Applications of Software Agents, June 3, 2014 M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014 Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 1
Transcript of Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation...
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in
Emergency Evacuation Simulation
Marina Ntika 1 Ilias Sakellariou 2 Petros Kefalas 3
Ioanna Stamatopoulou 3
1South-East European Research Centre (SEERC)International Faculty, University of Sheffield
2University of Macedonia
3The University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College
4th International Workshop on Applications of SoftwareAgents, June 3, 2014
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 1
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
1 Emotional Contagion
2 Emotional Agents
3 Emotional Contagion Models
4 Simulation and Results
5 Discussion and Future Work
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 2
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotions in Emergency Evacuations
During emergencies, emotions greatly affect humanbehaviour
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotions in Emergency Evacuations
During emergencies, emotions greatly affect humanbehaviour
Fear, escalating to panic, may lead to non-rational behaviour,disorientation etc.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 3
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotions in Emergency Evacuations
During emergencies, emotions greatly affect humanbehaviour
Fear, escalating to panic, may lead to non-rational behaviour,disorientation etc.
Emotions levels, expressions and their effect on behaviourdiffer among individuals, depending on their personality
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 3
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotions in Emergency Evacuations
During emergencies, emotions greatly affect humanbehaviour
Fear, escalating to panic, may lead to non-rational behaviour,disorientation etc.
Emotions levels, expressions and their effect on behaviourdiffer among individuals, depending on their personality
For more realistic MAS simulations of emergency evacuations,it is important to incorporate emotions and their effects onthe agents
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 3
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotional Contagion
“A process in which a person or group influences the emotions orbehaviour of another person or group through the conscious orunconscious induction of emotion states and behaviouralattitudes”1
1Gerald Schoenewolf. “Emotional contagion: Behavioral induction in individuals and groups.” In: ModernPsychoanalysis (1990).
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 4
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotional Contagion
“A process in which a person or group influences the emotions orbehaviour of another person or group through the conscious orunconscious induction of emotion states and behaviouralattitudes”1
In crowds, emotions may be propagatedbecause of Emotional Contagion
1Gerald Schoenewolf. “Emotional contagion: Behavioral induction in individuals and groups.” In: ModernPsychoanalysis (1990).
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 4
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotional Contagion
“A process in which a person or group influences the emotions orbehaviour of another person or group through the conscious orunconscious induction of emotion states and behaviouralattitudes”1
In crowds, emotions may be propagatedbecause of Emotional Contagion
In emergency evacuations, an individual’semotion might be either intensified orpacified
1Gerald Schoenewolf. “Emotional contagion: Behavioral induction in individuals and groups.” In: ModernPsychoanalysis (1990).
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 4
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotional Contagion
“A process in which a person or group influences the emotions orbehaviour of another person or group through the conscious orunconscious induction of emotion states and behaviouralattitudes”1
In crowds, emotions may be propagatedbecause of Emotional Contagion
In emergency evacuations, an individual’semotion might be either intensified orpacified
One way of incorporating EC in MASsimulations is by using Formal Modelling
1Gerald Schoenewolf. “Emotional contagion: Behavioral induction in individuals and groups.” In: ModernPsychoanalysis (1990).
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Formal Modelling of Agent-based Systems
Formal state based modelling can rigorously define complexagent behaviour influenced by emotions
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Formal Modelling of Agent-based Systems
Formal state based modelling can rigorously define complexagent behaviour influenced by emotions
Emotional Contagion can be incorporated in the formalmodels
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 5
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Formal Modelling of Agent-based Systems
Formal state based modelling can rigorously define complexagent behaviour influenced by emotions
Emotional Contagion can be incorporated in the formalmodels
The produced models can be refined to executable code
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 5
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Formal Modelling of Agent-based Systems
Formal state based modelling can rigorously define complexagent behaviour influenced by emotions
Emotional Contagion can be incorporated in the formalmodels
The produced models can be refined to executable code
Realistic simulations of evacuation scenarios are produced
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 5
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Emotional X-Machines
An emotional X-machine is defined2 as:
eX = (Σ, Γ, Q, M, Φ, F , q0, m0, E)
where:
Σ and Γ are the input and output alphabets, respectively.
Q is the finite set of states.
M is the (possibly) infinite set called memory.
Φ is a set of partial functions, ϕ : Σ×M × E → Γ×M.
F is the next state partial function, F : Q ×Φ → Q
q0 and m0 are the initial state and initial memory respectively.
E is an emotional structure formalisation.
2Petros Kefalas, Ioanna Stamatopoulou, and Dionysios Basakos. “Formal Modelling of Agents Acting UnderArtificial Emotions”. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Balkan Conference in Informatics. BCI ’12. Novi Sad, Serbia:ACM, 2012, pp. 40–45.
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Emotional X-Machines cont’d
E is defined as:E = (Ev , P , C , eΦ, e0)
where:
Ev = (ǫ1, . . . , ǫn) is a vector containing emotion identifiers.
P is a personality trait type.
C is a contagion model type.eΦ : E × P × C ×M ×Σ → Ev is the set of emotions revisionfunctions eϕ.
e0 is the initial vector of emotion identifiers representing theinitial emotional state.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Evacuating Agents
No Emergency Evaluate Situation
EvacuatingAt Exit
perceiveDanger getAlarmed
wander
highlyStressed
calmingDown
findExitmoveToExit
getAlarmedhighlyStressed
wander
findExit
State Transition Diagram for Evacuating Agents
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Our Contribution
Formal Definition of Emotional Contagion models
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Our Contribution
Formal Definition of Emotional Contagion models
Integration of EC models in a state-based Agent ModelSpecification
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Our Contribution
Formal Definition of Emotional Contagion models
Integration of EC models in a state-based Agent ModelSpecification
EC models’ implementation in NetLogo
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 9
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Our Contribution
Formal Definition of Emotional Contagion models
Integration of EC models in a state-based Agent ModelSpecification
EC models’ implementation in NetLogo
Conduction of experiments based on the different EC models
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C1
An agent’s personality is defined by openness andexpressiveness
3Mark Hoogendoorn et al. “Modelling the Interplay of Emotions, Beliefs and Intentions within CollectiveDecision Making Based on Insights from Social Neuroscience”. In: Neural Information Processing. Theory andAlgorithms. Vol. 6443. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2010, pp. 196–206.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C1
An agent’s personality is defined by openness andexpressiveness
The emotion update depends on interacting agents’personalities and the distance between them
3Mark Hoogendoorn et al. “Modelling the Interplay of Emotions, Beliefs and Intentions within CollectiveDecision Making Based on Insights from Social Neuroscience”. In: Neural Information Processing. Theory andAlgorithms. Vol. 6443. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2010, pp. 196–206.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C1
An agent’s personality is defined by openness andexpressiveness
The emotion update depends on interacting agents’personalities and the distance between them
Emotion revision function:
δEi = si ∗
(
∑
j∈AG
((wij/wi ) ∗ Ej)− Ei
)
emotion strength si depends on openness of agent i
wij depends on expressiveness of agent j and distanceInspired by ASCRIBE3
3Mark Hoogendoorn et al. “Modelling the Interplay of Emotions, Beliefs and Intentions within CollectiveDecision Making Based on Insights from Social Neuroscience”. In: Neural Information Processing. Theory andAlgorithms. Vol. 6443. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2010, pp. 196–206.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C1 cont’d
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C2
An agent can be either susceptible or infected
4Jr. Costa P.T. and R.R. McCrae. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-FactorInventory (NEO-FFI) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.
5Funda Durupinar. “From Audiences to Mobs: Crowd Simulation with Psychological Factors”. PhD thesis.Ankara: Bilkent University, Department of Computer Engineering, 2010.
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C2
An agent can be either susceptible or infected
Agent’s personality is defined by OCEAN4 personality factors
4Jr. Costa P.T. and R.R. McCrae. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-FactorInventory (NEO-FFI) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.
5Funda Durupinar. “From Audiences to Mobs: Crowd Simulation with Psychological Factors”. PhD thesis.Ankara: Bilkent University, Department of Computer Engineering, 2010.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C2
An agent can be either susceptible or infected
Agent’s personality is defined by OCEAN4 personality factors
Emotion strength update:
E ′
i = Ei + f (θ,D +N∑
j
dj)
d , D: emotion dosage and cumulative emotion dosage received
θ: empathy value, depends on personality
Inspired by Durupinar5
4Jr. Costa P.T. and R.R. McCrae. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-FactorInventory (NEO-FFI) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.
5Funda Durupinar. “From Audiences to Mobs: Crowd Simulation with Psychological Factors”. PhD thesis.Ankara: Bilkent University, Department of Computer Engineering, 2010.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C2 cont’d
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C3
Agent with lower emotion strength inherits the highestemotion strength value of neighbors that are not authorityfigures
6Jason Tsai et al. “ESCAPES: Evacuation Simulation with Children, Authorities, Parents, Emotions, and Socialcomparison.” In: AAMAS. ed. by Liz Sonenberg et al. IFAAMAS, 2011, pp. 457–464.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C3
Agent with lower emotion strength inherits the highestemotion strength value of neighbors that are not authorityfigures
Agents that are authority figures pass their emotion strengthto all neighbours
6Jason Tsai et al. “ESCAPES: Evacuation Simulation with Children, Authorities, Parents, Emotions, and Socialcomparison.” In: AAMAS. ed. by Liz Sonenberg et al. IFAAMAS, 2011, pp. 457–464.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C3
Agent with lower emotion strength inherits the highestemotion strength value of neighbors that are not authorityfigures
Agents that are authority figures pass their emotion strengthto all neighbours
Emotion strength update:
E ′
i =
{
Ej , if agent j is an authority figure,
Ej , if Ei < Ej and j not an authority figure.
Inspired by ESCAPES6
6Jason Tsai et al. “ESCAPES: Evacuation Simulation with Children, Authorities, Parents, Emotions, and Socialcomparison.” In: AAMAS. ed. by Liz Sonenberg et al. IFAAMAS, 2011, pp. 457–464.
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Model C3 cont’d
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Case Study
Open square area with four exits
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Case Study
Open square area with four exits
Source of alarm might be instantaneous or continuous
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Case Study
Open square area with four exits
Source of alarm might be instantaneous or continuous
Families with children might be present
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Case Study
Open square area with four exits
Source of alarm might be instantaneous or continuous
Families with children might be present
Security personnel might be present
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Case Study
Open square area with four exits
Source of alarm might be instantaneous or continuous
Families with children might be present
Security personnel might be present
Emotion strength decreases with time with a rate thatdepends on personality
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
Experiments with Emotion Contagion in Emergency Evacuation Simulation 16
Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Case Study
Open square area with four exits
Source of alarm might be instantaneous or continuous
Families with children might be present
Security personnel might be present
Emotion strength decreases with time with a rate thatdepends on personality
The levels of emotion: Calm → Alarm → Fear → Terror →Panic → Hysteria
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Simulation Interface
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
C1 Simulation
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
C2 Simulation
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C3 Simulation
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Results
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Results cont’d
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Discussion and Future Work
Different Emotional Contagion models yield substantiallydifferent results
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Discussion and Future Work
Different Emotional Contagion models yield substantiallydifferent results
More experiments are needed to determine similar effects ofvarious parameters
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Discussion and Future Work
Different Emotional Contagion models yield substantiallydifferent results
More experiments are needed to determine similar effects ofvarious parameters
Validation of such models is extremely difficult due to lack ofreal data
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Emotional Contagion Emotional Agents Emotional Contagion Models Simulation and Results Discussion and Future Work
Discussion and Future Work
Different Emotional Contagion models yield substantiallydifferent results
More experiments are needed to determine similar effects ofvarious parameters
Validation of such models is extremely difficult due to lack ofreal data
Comparison against video footage of real evacuations wouldoffer insight into determining model usefulness and furtherrefining
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas, I. Stamatopoulou WASA 2014
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Thank you for your attention.
Any Questions?
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Experiments with Emotion Contagion in
Emergency Evacuation Simulation
M. Ntika, I. Sakellariou, P. Kefalas and I. Stamatopoulou
