EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE DEVELOPED BY USING BRICK...

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 © IAEME

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DURABILITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE DEVELOPED BY

USING BRICK POWDER (BP) AND QUARRY DUST (QD)

A.H.L.Swaroop1, K.Venkateswara Rao

2, Dr P.Kodanada Rama Rao

3

1Assistant Professor, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India

2Associate Professor, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India

3Professor, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India

ABSTRACT

To meet the requirements of globalization, in the construction of buildings and other

structures concrete plays the major rightful role and a large quantum of concrete is being utilized.

The constituent materials of concrete include cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. For better

performance and to meet the requirements additives or sometimes super plasticizers are used.

Portland cement clinker production consumes large amounts of energy (850 kcal per kg of

clinker) and has a considerable environmental impact. This involves massive quarrying for raw

materials (limestone, clay, etc.), as it takes 1.7 tones to produce 1 ton of clinker, as well as the

emission of greenhouse and other gases (NOx, SO2, CO2) into the atmosphere. Around 850 kg of

CO2 are emitted per ton of clinker produced.

River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete poses the

problem of acute shortage in many areas. Whose continued use has started posing serious problems

with respect to its availability, cost and environmental impact.

In the backdrop of such a bleak atmosphere, there is large demand for alternative materials

from waste. Secondary cementing materials like Brick Powder can be used to partially replace

cement because of pozzolonic nature. Materials like quarry dust best suites to sand due to its physical

and chemical properties, fineness etc. Also these materials are known to increase durability,

resistance to sulphate attack and Alkali-Silica reaction(ASR).

Our main aim is study the materials Brick powder and quarry dust are best suitable for

preparing high strength and durable concrete

Keywords: Durability, Seawater, Sulphuric Acid, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength,

Weight Loss.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)

Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96

© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/Ijciet.asp

Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI)

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87

INTRODUCTION

Concrete durability has been defined by the American Concrete Institute as its resistance to

weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion and other degradation processes.

Durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. A durable

material helps the environment by conserving resources and reducing wastes and the environmental

impacts of repair and replacement

Fig. 1: Durability effect

Construction and demolition waste contribute to solid waste going to landfills. The

production of new building materials depletes natural resources and can produce air and water

pollution.

The design service life of most buildings is often 30 years, although buildings often last 50 to

100 years or longer. Most concrete and masonry buildings are demolished due to obsolescence rather

than deterioration. A concrete shell can be left in place if a building use or function changes or when

a building interior is renovated. Concrete, as a structural material and as the building exterior skin,

has the ability to withstand nature’s normal deteriorating mechanisms as well as natural disasters.

Different concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure

environment and properties desired. For example, concrete exposed to tidal seawater will have

different requirements than an indoor concrete floor. Concrete ingredients, their proportioning,

interactions between them, placing and curing practices, and the service environment determine the

ultimate durability and life of concrete.

The deterioration of concrete mainly due to various chemical and physical attacks such as

1. Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

2. Chloride Resistance and Steel Corrosion

3. Seawater Exposure

4. Abrasion Resistance

5. Sulphate attack

6. Resistance to Freezing and Thawing

7. Chemical Resistance

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

This experimental program consists of the following steps:

� Collection of Materials

� Casting

� Curing

� Testing



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Collection of Materials:

The materials required for our experimental program are collected according to requirements.

� Cement

� Brick Powder

� Sand

� Quarry Dust

Cubes casted are immersed in water, sulphuric acid and seawater for 7 days, 28 days &120

days for determination of compressive strength, split tensile strength and weight loss.

Different Mixes of Concrete Considered are: 1. Conventional aggregate concrete (CCA)

2. Concrete made by replacing 10% cement BP…..(CBP10)

3. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 10% QD…..(CB10Q10)



6. Concrete made by replacing 15% cement with BP..…(CBP15)




Materials: The constituent materials used in this investigation were procured from local sources. These

materials are required by conducting various tests. From the test results obtained we selected the type

of materials we are using which include cement, brick powder, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,

quarry dust, water, sulphuric acid.

Cement:

Ordinary Portland cement of C53 grade conforming to both the requirements of IS: 12269 and

ASTM C 642-82 type-I was used. We are conducting different types of tests on cement, those are

Normal Consistency, Initial and Final setting times, Compressive strength of cement, Specific

Gravity and Fineness of cement. From the test results obtained the conventional concrete can be

designed according to IS10262-82(MIX DESIGN CODE). Finally M25 Grade concrete is designed.

Coarse Aggregate: Normal aggregate that is crushed blue granite of maximum size 20 mm was used as coarse

aggregate. We are conducting tests on coarse aggregate are Water Absorption Capacity, Specific

Gravity and Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregate.

Fine Aggregate: Well graded river sand passing through 4.75 mm was used as fine aggregate. The sand was

air-dried and sieved to remove any foreign particles prior to mixing. We are conducting tests on fine

aggregate are Water Absorption Capacity, Specific Gravity and Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate.

Brick Powder: Brick Powder is the waste obtained from burning of clay bricks in the form of brick kilns. It

possess good pozzolanic property



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Quarry Dust: Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after

the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine particles less than 4.75mm

Mixing and Casting: Initially the constituent materials were weighed and dry mixing was carried out for cement,

sand and coarse aggregate and admixtures. This was thoroughly mixed manually to get uniform

colour of mix. The mixing duration was 2-5 minutes and then the water was added as per the mix

proportion. The mixing was carried out for 3-5 minutes duration. Then the mix poured in to the cube

moulds of size 150 x 150x 150 mm and then compacted manually using tamping rods.

Fig 2: Mixing of concrete

Fig 3: Casting of Cubes



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Curing: The cubes are demoulded after 1 day of casting and then kept in respective solutions for

curing at room temperature with a relative humidity of 85% the cubes are taken out from curing after

7, 28 & 120 days for testing.

Curing is a procedure that is adopted to promote the hardening of concrete under conditions

of humidity and temperature which are conducive to the progressive and proper setting of the

constituent cement. Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as

durability, strength, water-tightness, wear resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and

thawing.

Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and finished can still be a failure if

improperly or inadequately cured. Curing is usually the last step in a concrete project and,

unfortunately, is often neglected even by professionals.

Fig 4: Curing of Cubes in H2SO4 solution & normal Water

We have considered 9 mixes and casted cubes per mix to cure 4 sets of cubes for

compression (7 , 28 &120 days) test and Split tensile test ( 28 & 120 days).

Testing:

Compression Testing: Cubes are tested after completion of curing and for 7days these are tested by UTM with rate

of loading 14mpa/min and for 7, 28& 120 days these are tested by CTM with a rate of loading of

14mpa/min.



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Fig.5: Compression test arrangement

Fig.6: Cracks developed at the time of Compression failure

Split Tensile Test: The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a nominal rate within

the range1.2 N/(mm2/min) to 2.4 N/ (mm

2/min).

Fig 7: Split tensile test arrangement



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Fig 8: Cracks developed during Split tensile failure

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDIES:

Compression Test for 7 Days Curing

Table 1: Compression Test For7 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

23.6

23.7

23.8

24

24.1

24.3

24.4

24.5

24.7

ACID

24

24.2

24.3

24.4

24.6

24.7

24.8

25

25.1

SEA

WATER 23.8 24 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.6 24.8 24.9 25

Fig 9: Compression Test For 7 Days Curing



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Table 2: Compression Test or 28 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

35.16

35.29

35.42

35.56

35.59

35.82

35.96

36.09

36.22

ACID

37.82

37.96

38.1

38.2

38.36

38.49

38.62

38.76

38.89

SEA

WATER 36.21 36.4 36.71 37.12 37.89 38.21 38.34 38.56 38.81

Fig 10: Compression Test for 28 Days Curing


Table 3: Compression Test or 120 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

35.36

34.29

35.42

35.56

36.59

35.82

35.96

36.09

35.22

ACID

37.20

37.96

38.14

38.45

38.36

38.49

38.62

38.76

38.89

SEA

WATER 36.41 38.42 36.71 37.12 37.89 38.24 38.34 39.54 39.81

Fig 11: Compression Test for 28 Days Curing



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Split Tensile Test Results for 28 Days Curing

Table 4: Split Tensile Test Results For 28 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

3.26

3.3

3.6

3.9

3.7

2.9

3.1

3.1

3.4

ACID

4.5

3.8

3.7

3.2

3.5

3.3

3.8

3.5

3.7

SEA

WATER 4.39 3.68 3.69 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.8

Fig12: Split Tensile Test Results For 28 Days Curing

Split Tensile Test Results for 120 Days Curing

Table 5: Split Tensile Test Results For 120 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

3.27

3.3

3.61

3.92

3.76

2.95

3.14

3.12

3.41

ACID

4.57

3.84

3.76

3.28

3.52

3.34

3.83

3.52

3.78

SEA

WATER 4.42 3.73 3.75 3.53 3.65 3.15 3.7 3.5 3.81

Fig 13: Split Tensile Test Results For 120 Days Curing



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WEIGHT LOSS:

% Weight Loss For 7 Days Curing:

Table 6: % Weight Loss for 7 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

INITIAL

WEIGHT

8.25

8.15

8.35

8.18

8.3

8.28

8.32

8.18

8.26

FINAL

WEIGHT

8.06

7.9

8.2

8.04

8.17

8.17

8.22

8.10

8.2

%

WEIGHT

LOSS

2.3

1.92

1.78

1.65

1.5

1.25

1.2

0.9

0.72

Weight Loss for 28 Days Curing

Table 7: % Weight Loss for 28 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

INITIAL

WEIGHT

8.25

8.15

8.35

8.18

8.3

8.28

8.32

8.18

8.26

FINAL

WEIGHT

7.99

7.91

8.11

7.96

8.10

8.09

8.13

8.01

8.1

%

WEIGHT

LOSS

3.06

2.92

2.76

2.64

2.38

2.26

2.18

2.05

1.84

Weight Loss for 120 Days Curing

Table 8: % Weight Loss for120 Days Curing

MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

INITIAL

WEIGHT

8.25

8.15

8.35

8.18

8.3

8.28

8.32

8.18

8.26

FINAL

WEIGHT

7.98

7.89

8.08

7.92

8.25

7.91

8.02

7.64

8.11

%

WEIGHT

LOSS

3.06

2.92

2.76

2.64

2.38

2.26

2.18

2.05

1.84

CONCLUSIONS

In the case of compressive strength test,

• For all types of mixes considered always an increase in strength is seen for both 7, 28 &

120days curing

• Also, acid and seawater curing gained more strength than normal water curing

In the case of split tensile test,

• For water curing, the strength has improved uptoCB10Q15 and then it has fallen down



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• For acid curing , Conventional concrete exhibited high strength and then better strength is

seen at CB15Q10

• The chosen materials are good in resisting the sulphate attack

• Also they reduce the cost of construction when compared to conventional aggregate

In the case of weight loss There is a significant decrease in the % weight lost for both 7 days and 28 days curing. This

indicates gradual increase in strength.

REFERENCES

[1] A.Heidari and B.Hasanpour “Effects Of Waste Bricks Powder Of Gachsaran Company

As A Pozzolanic Material In Concrete” • Asian Journal Of Civil Engineering (Bhrc)

Vol. 14, No. 5 (2013).

[2] R.IiangovanaN.Mahindrana “Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing

Quarry Rock Dust as Fine Aggregate”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied

Sciences VOL. 3, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2008.

[3] ChandanaSukesh “Partial Replacement of Sand with Quarry Dust in Concrete” by,

International Journal of innovative Technology and Exploration and Engineering

(IJITEE), VOL.2, MAY 2013.

[4] FatihBektas “Use of ground clay brick as a supplementary cementitious material in

concrete-hydration characteristics, mechanical properties, and ASR durability”, Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa, 2007.

[5] Concrete Technology by A.M.naville and J.J.Brooks.

[6] Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty.

[7] Dr. V. Bhaskar Desai, A. Sathyam and S. Rameshreddy, “Some Studies on Mode-II

Fracture of Artificial Light Weight Silica Fume Pelletized Aggregate Concrete”,

International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 2,

2014, pp. 33 - 51, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

[8] Madan Mohan Reddy. K, Sivaramulu Naidu. D and Sanjeeva Rayudu. E, “Studies on

Recycled Aggregate Concrete by using Local Quarry Dust and Recycled Aggregates”,

International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2,

2012, pp. 322 - 326, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE DEVELOPED BY USING BRICK...

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