Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2)
Transcript of Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2)
EE 368
Electronics Lab
Experiment 10
Operational Amplifier Applications (2)
The Operational Amplifier (shown in Figure 1) has different applications, some of them is studied
in the last experiment, here we will test other applications such as the inverting integration, the
inverting differentiation, the precision half wave rectifier, square wave generator and sine wave
oscillator (Wien bridge oscillator).
Figure 1: Opamp IC chips pinout configurations
LM 324
To gain experience with Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp).
To study the Operational Amplifier applications as inverting integrator, inverting
differentiator, precision half wave rectifier, square wave oscillator and sine wave
oscillator.
Objectives
Theory
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Experiment 10
Operational Amplifier Applications (2)
The Inverting Integrator circuit, shown in Figure 2, is used to perform the mathematical
operation of inverting and integrating the input signal over time. The output voltage is given by:
๐๐(๐ก) = โ1
๐ ๐ถโซ ๐๐๐(๐ก)๐๐ก
๐ก1
๐ก0
The Inverting Differentiator circuit, shown in Figure 3, is used to perform the mathematical operation
of differentiation for the input signal. The output voltage is given by:
๐๐(๐ก) = โ1
๐ ๐ถโ
๐
๐๐ก๐๐๐(๐ก)
For the Half wave rectifier studied in Experiment 2, we saw that the output voltage has an offset about
0.7 volt due to the cut-in voltage (๐๐พ). This offset voltage (๐๐พ) is unacceptable in many practical
applications, so the Precision half wave rectifier circuit, shown in Figure 4, is used to form an ideal
diode where the offset voltage can be eliminated from the output signal. The other advantage from this
circuit is the possibility to rectify very small input signal without caring that the input voltage must
exceed the cut-in voltage of the diode.
The Square wave generator circuit, shown in Figure 5, is used to generate a square wave. It's the
reference voltage for the comparator depends on the output voltage. The period of the output signal (๐)
is given by the following equation:
๐ = 2๐ ๐ถ โ ln (2๐ 2
๐ 1+ 1 )
The Sine wave oscillator circuit (Wien Bridge Oscillator), shown in Figure 6, is used to produce a
sinusoidal output waveform. It uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit connected with
a parallel RC of the same component values (๐ 1 = ๐ 2 and ๐ถ1 = ๐ถ2) producing a phase delay or phase
advance circuit depending upon the frequency. The frequency of the output signal is given by:
๐ =1
2๐๐ 1๐ถ1
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Part A: The Inverting Integrator circuit
1) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2 by using ๐น = ๐๐ฒ๐ด and ๐ช = ๐๐๐ญ.
2) Switch On the function generator:
a) Set the shape to square-wave.
b) Set the frequency to ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐. c) Set the amplitude to ๐ ๐ฝ๐โ๐.
3) Switch ON the oscilloscope:
a) Connect CH1 to the input signal.
b) Connect CH2 to the output signal.
c) Set the Channel coupling for CH1 to DC and CH2 to AC.
4) Sketch the output signal ๐๐(๐ก) Signal on the respective Oscilloscope screen in the sheet answer.
5) Comment on the output signal and its relation to the input signal.
Figure 2: The Inverting Integrator circuit.
๐ถ
๐
๐๐
๐๐๐
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Procedure
Oscilloscope. DC power supplies.
Function Generator (FG). Project Breadboard.
Two Digital Multi-Meters (DMM). Connection wires and coaxial cables
Resistors of values (3x10, 1, 2x15) kฮฉ. Op-Amp 741 or LM324.
Capacitor values (1, 0.1 )ยตF.
Equipment & Part List
Part B: The Inverting Differentiator circuit
1) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 by using ๐น = ๐๐๐๐ด and ๐ช = ๐๐๐ญ.
2) Switch On the function generator:
a) Set the shape to sine wave.
b) Set the frequency to ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐.
c) Set the amplitude to ๐๐ฝ๐โ๐
3) Switch ON the oscilloscope:
a) Connect CH1 to the input signal
b) Connect CH2 to the output signal
c) Set the coupling for both channels to AC coupling.
4) Sketch the output signal ๐๐(๐ก) signal on the respective Oscilloscope screen in the sheet answer.
5) Change the input signal shape to triangle wave and repeat step 4.
6) Change the input signal shape to square wave and repeat step 4.
7) Comment on the output signal and its relation to the input signal.
Figure 3: The Inverting Differentiator circuit.
๐ถ
๐
๐๐
๐๐๐
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Part C: The Half wave Precision Rectifier circuit
1) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 4 using ๐น๐ณ = ๐๐๐ด.
2) Switch On the function generator:
a) Set the shape to sine wave.
b) Set the frequency to ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐.
c) Set the amplitude to ๐๐๐๐๐ฝ๐โ๐.
3) Switch ON the oscilloscope:
a) Connect CH1 to the input signal.
b) Connect CH2 to the output signal.
c) Set the coupling for CH1 to AC coupling and CH2 DC coupling.
Figure 4: The Half wave Precision Rectifier circuit.
4) Draw the output signal on the respective oscilloscope screen in the sheet answer.
5) Measure the output peak voltage from the oscilloscope screen.
6) What is the main difference between the rectified signals if we use Op-amp instead of using diode
only as in Experiment 2?
7) What is the effect on the output signal if the amplitude stay fixed but the frequency of the source is
increased to ๐๐๐ฏ๐? Explain why?
๐ ๐ฟ
๐๐
๐๐๐
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Part D: The Square Wave generator circuit
1) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 5 by using ๐น = ๐๐๐ฒ๐ด, ๐น๐ = ๐น๐ = ๐๐๐ฒ๐ด and ๐ช = ๐. ๐๐๐ญ.
2) Switch ON the oscilloscope:
a) Connect CH1 to the output signal.
b) Set the coupling for CH1 to AC coupling.
c) Draw the output signal on the respective Oscilloscope screen in the sheet answer.
3) Measure the output signal frequency from the oscilloscope screen.
4) Calculate the output signal frequency using the formula in the theory and compare it with the
measured value from step 3.
5) Explain how can we change the output signal frequency?
Figure 5: The Square Wave generator circuit.
๐ 2
๐๐
๐
๐ถ
๐ 1
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Part E: The Sine Wave Oscillator circuit
1) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 6 by using ๐ช๐ = ๐ช๐ = ๐. ๐๐๐ญ, ๐น๐ = ๐น๐ = ๐๐ฮฉ, ๐น๐ = ๐๐๐ฮฉ
and ๐น๐ = ๐๐ ๐ฮฉ.
2) Switch ON the oscilloscope:
a) Connect CH1 to the output signal.
b) Set the coupling for CH1 to AC coupling.
c) Draw the output signal on the respective Oscilloscope screen in the sheet answer.
Figure 6: The Sine Wave Oscillator circuit.
3) Measure the output signal frequency from the oscilloscope screen.
4) Calculate the output signal frequency using the formula in the theory and compare it with the
measured value from step 3.
5) Explain how can we change the output signal frequency?
๐ 2
๐๐
๐ 3 ๐ถ1
๐ 1
๐ถ2
๐ 4
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School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
Experiment No.: ______ Student Group: ______
Experiment Name: _______________________________________
Students Name:
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Electronics Lab Report
0903368
Part A: The Inverting Integrator circuit
5- Comment on the output signal and its relation to the input signal.
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Part B: The Inverting Differentiator circuit
Sine wave input signal Triangle wave input signal
Report of Experiment 10
Operational Amplifier Applications (2)
Square wave input signal
5- Comment on the output signal and its relation to the input signal.
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Part C: The Half wave Precision Rectifier circuit
5- What is the main difference between the rectified signals if we use Op-amp instead of using diode
only as in Exp2?
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7- What is the effect on the output signal if the amplitude stay fixed but the frequency of the source is
increased to ๐๐๐ฏ๐? Explain why?
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Part D: The Square Wave generator circuit
3- Measure the frequency of the output signal from the scope screen and compare it with the calculated
frequency.
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4- Explain how can we change the frequency of the output signal?
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Part E: The Sine Wave Oscillator circuit
3- Measure the frequency of the output signal from the scope screen and compare it with the calculated
frequency.
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4- Explain how can we change the frequency of the output signal?
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