Experiment 1 - Plot Wind Rose
-
Upload
azrol-azmir -
Category
Documents
-
view
605 -
download
8
description
Transcript of Experiment 1 - Plot Wind Rose
EXPERIMENT 1 :
PLOTTING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM
1.0 OBJECTIVES
- To observe meteorological data of wind speed and wind direction of a specific location.
- To plot the information about the distribution of wind speeds and the frequency of the
varying wind directions through wind rose diagram.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of
how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Historically,
wind roses were predecessors of the compass rose (found on maps), as there was no
differentiation between a cardinal and the wind which blew from such a direction. Using
a polar coordinate system of gridding, the frequency of winds over a long time period are
plotted by wind direction, with color bands showing wind ranges. The directions of the rose
with the longest spoke show the wind direction with the greatest frequency.
Presented in a circular format, the modern wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing
from particular directions over a thirty year period. The length of each "spoke" around the
circle is related to the frequency that the wind blows from a particular direction per unit time.
Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to
increasing frequencies at the outer circles. A wind rose plot may contain additional
information, in that each spoke is broken down into color-coded bands that show wind speed
ranges. Wind roses typically use 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc.,
although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions. In terms of angle
measurement in degrees, North corresponds to 0°/360°, East to 90°, South to 180° and West
to 270°.
Compiling a wind rose is one of the preliminary steps taken in constructing airport runways,
as aircraft perform their best take-offs and landings pointing into the wind. The wind rose is
the time honored method of graphically presenting the wind conditions, direction and speed,
over a period of time at a specific location. To create a wind rose, average wind direction and
wind speed values are logged at a site, at short intervals, over a period of time,1 week, 1
month, or longer. The collected wind data is then sorted by wind direction so that the
percentage of time that the wind was blowing from each direction can be determined.
Typically the wind direction data is sorted into twelve equal arc segments, 30° each segment,
in preparation for plotting a circular graph in which the radius of each of the twelve segments
represents the percentage of time that the wind blew from each of the twelve 30° direction
segments. Wind speed data can be superimposed on each direction segment to indicate, for
example, the average wind speed when the wind was blowing from that segment's direction
and the maximum wind speed during the logging period.
Normally, the wind rose is extremely useful for sitting wind turbines .The best way of
measuring wind speeds at a prospective wind turbine site is to fit an anemometer to the top
of a mast which has the same height as the expected hub height of the wind turbine to be
used . In this way , one can avoids the uncertainty involved in recalculating the wind speeds
to a different height .
Example wind rose diagram :
3.0 MATERIALS & APPARATUS
i. Watchdog 2000 Series Weather Station
The stations are completely weatherproof and feature 12-bit resolution for higher accuracy.
The stations can be accessed at different times by multiple users because the data is not
cleared from memory following a download. The 2000-Series Weather Stations can
communicate via direct-wire, radio or telephone connections. Current weather conditions,
historical data, and computed parameters are easily viewed on the station’s LCD screen.The
weather station should be located in an open, unobstructed, grassy area to ensure accurate
measurement of wind, rainfall, sunlight, and evapotranspiration. Mounting hardware is
provided to attach the weather station to a 4” X 4” treated wooden post or to a mast or pole
up to 1.25 inches in diameter. The mounting pole should be securely anchored perpendicular
to the ground. It also can be used with mounting tripod (as in Figure 1). The data on both
wind speeds and wind directions from the anemometer are collected on electronic chips and
can be modified with Spec Ware software.
Figure 1: Weather Station mounted on tripod
ii. Anemometer
The anemometer arm is attached to the enclosure back plate with two clamps. After
positioning the arm, the screws should be tightened to secure it in place. Push the wind cups
onto the bottom of the shaft flush with the bottom of the assembly and tighten the set screw.
When released, the cups should drop slightly. If the cups do not spin freely, loosen the set
screw and lower the cups slightly. The gap between cup hub and assembly should be about
1/16 inch. Push the wind vane onto the top of the shaft and calibrate (see Calibrating the
Anemometer p. 23 for calibration procedure).The weather station should be located in an
open, unobstructed, grassy area to ensure accurate measurement of wind, rainfall, sunlight,
and evapotranspiration.
4.0 PROCEDURE
1. The WatchDog 2900ET Weather Station should be allocated in an open, without
obstructed, grassy area to ensure accurate measurement of wind speed and direction.
2. Setting the Time and Date:
i. Press DISPLAY and press SET. With the arrow keys ◄► to scroll to the Time
and Date.
ii. Press SET for date setting with [Month/Date/Year]. Use the arrow keys ◄► to
scroll. Next, set the time with [Hour: Minutes am/pm].
3. Setting the Interval:
i. Press SET and arrow keys ◄► to scroll to the Interval.
ii. Set the interval to 5 minutes
4. Setting North
i. Press SET and arrow keys ◄► to scroll to the SET NORTH.
ii. Press SET and move the arrow to the North and press SET once again.
iii. Pressing the DISPLAY key for bring the LCD display to life. Pressing another time
DISPLAY key for deactivate the LCD display but the data still will be recorded
even the display is not active.
iv. Get the reading of the Wind Speed and Wind Direction for every 5 minutes.
Safety precaution
Normal operation of the equipment in not considered hazardous. However, the
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED to be sure that the
instruction is performed under safe conditions.
BE ALERT ALWAYS to the procedures which may be a hazard to the operator or be
injurious to the equipment. Every control device and switch has a specific operational
application.
5.0 RESULTS
TIME ( am )
(5 min logging interval)WIND DIRECTION WIND SPEED
1 10.00 0 0
2 10.05 1 0
3 10.10 12 2
4 10.15 100 8
5 10.20 125 2
6 10.25 70 7
7 10.30 80 6
8 10.35 240 2
9 10.40 240 3
10 10.45 240 4
11 10.50 170 8
12 10.55 300 8
13 11.00 280 8
14 11.05 180 9
15 11.10 360 7
16 11.15 156 12
17 11.20 286 10
18 11.25 272 6
19 11.30 16 4
20 11.35 30 3
21 11.40 120 11
22 11.45 360 4
23 11.50 220 12
24 11.55 360 7
Direction0°-
45°
46°-
90°
91°-
135°
136°-
180°
181°-
225°
226°-
270°
271°-
315°
316°-
360°Total
N NE E SE S SW W NW
0
1
12
16
30
70
80
100
125
120
170
180
156
220 240
240
240
300
280
286
272
360
360
360
Frequency 5 2 3 3 1 3 4 3 24
Percentage
of Wind
Frequency
20.8 8.3 12.5 12.5 4.2 12.5 16.7 12.5 100%
No. of sector
Wind frequency = × 100 %
total of sector
NW NE
W E
SW SE
S
N
6.0 DISCUSSION
Wind roses can be used to graphically depict the predominant transport direction of
an area's winds. Wind rose statistics may not always be representative of true transport for
an area due to local terrain influences, coastal effects, exposure of the instruments, and
temporal variability of the wind.
Based on the result, it shows that the wind direction and wind speed is changing
parallel with the change of time. To create the wind rose diagram, the wind frequency must to
be calculated. The wind frequency can be calculated by using formula which is by dividing
the no. of sector with total of sector and multiply with 100 (in percentage).
From the wind rose diagram, the most of the wind frequency is located in the highest
degrees of the sectors, starting from 46o to 316o. From that, the direction of the wind can be
determined, where its shows that the wind occasionally blows in the east, south, and west
compared to the north.
7.0 CONCLUSION
Air quality is often correlated with the dominant transport direction of the wind. Wind
roses provide the best information regarding the percentage of time the direction(s) and
speed(s) associated with a certain air quality can be expected over a long period of time. By
comparing wind roses to trajectories of an assessment of how frequently that particular
trajectory could be expected over a period of time. Wind roses typically use 16 cardinal
directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc., although they may be subdivided into as many
as 32 directions. In terms of angle measurement in degrees, North corresponds to 0°/360°,
East to 90°, South to 180° and West to 270°.
8.0 QUESTIONS
1. Define the prevailing wind direction
Prevailing wind direction is the wind direction that has been observed most frequently
during a given period, which is most often stated in day, month, season and year. It
should be the wind that blows predominantly from a single general direction.
2. Define the wind frequency
The wind frequency is the percentage of the time the wind is coming from a particular
direction, and should be obtained from the nearest weather station.
3. From your observation, what may govern the most common winds retrieved in
your experiment?
Elevation of place (obstacle of wind direction) and weather influences the most common
winds retrieved in our experiment.
4. From your observation, what may govern the most common winds retrieved in
your experiment?
From our observation, we found that, the result of our experiment, which are wind speed
and wind direction, govern dominantly by the availability of the wind. Since the place for
our experiment is surrounded by buildings, hence there is lacked of wind as the buildings
blocked off the wind that should be passed through the device and being taking down the
speed and direction. As a result, in our record, the wind speed and direction are not
changing much from time to time. Besides that, the weather of the day can govern the
wind too. As the day we having our experiment is not a windy day. Hence, the device can
hardly record any wind speed and direction from time to time.
Trade wind. The air at doldrums rises high over earth, recirculates poleward, and sinks
back toward the earth’s surface in the region of horse latitudes, and converge near
surface to the doldrums. Surface air from the horse latitudes that moves back toward the
equator and is deflected by the Coriolis Force, causing the winds to blow from the NE in
the Northern Hemisphere and from SE in the Southern Hemisphere is called trade winds.
It means that in both hemispheres, they tend to blow from the east to the west and
towards the equator. Sometimes the trade winds will just be called "easterly" to avoid
having to specify the hemisphere. These steady winds are called trade winds because
they provided trade ships with an ocean route to the New World.
9.0 REFERENCES
- http://www.novalynx.com/reference-wind-rose.html
- http://www.originlab.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=7623
- http://www.warensortiment.de/bedienung/ba-wetterstation-watchdog-eng.pdf
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevailing_winds