EXPENSES TRACKER SYSTEM USING LEAST SQUARE METHOD …

EXPENSES TRACKER SYSTEM USING LEAST

SQUARE METHOD

SITI ZULAIKHA BINTI MAHIZAN

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

(SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT) WITH HONOURS

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2020

EXPENSES TRACKER SYSTEM USING LEAST SQUARE METHOD

SITI ZULAIKHA BINTI MAHIZAN

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (SOFTWARE

DEVELOPMENT) WITH HONOURS

FACULTY OF INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

JULY 2020

i

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for

quotations and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it

has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti

Sultan Zainal Abidin or other institutions.

Name : Siti Zulaikha Binti Mahizan

Date : ………………………………..

ii

CONFIRMATION

This is to confirm that this project entitled Expenses Tracker System was

prepared and submitted by Siti Zulaikha Binti Mahizan (Matric Number:

BTAL17046376) and has been satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and presentation

as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Computer Science

(Software Development) with honors in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. The research

conducted and the writing of this report was under my supervisor.

Supervisor : Mdm. Fauziah Binti Ab Wahab

Date : ………………………………….……..

iii

DEDICATION

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah

all praise to Allah s.w.t, I have completely finished writing this research project. I

would like to thanks my family and friends the most for giving me strength and

courage to finish this project. Here I would to give my gratitude to my supervisor,

Mdm. Fauziah Binti Ab Wahab, for her guidance and support throughout the process

of completing this project. Last but not the least, thank you to everyone that either

directly or indirectly involved in the process of establishing the system and

documentation.

Thank you.

iv

ABSTRACT

These days, with a fast-paced of lifestyle, people tend to overlook their budget

planning. Some would spend more than necessary and some might be under-budgeted

to buy their necessities because they have spent too much on other stuff. Making sure

having a concrete budget planning is crucial so that people would not face any

financial issues in the future.

The Expenses Tracker System is developed to keep track of users’ spending and

make a prediction for their budget monthly. The system should be able to generate

reports of their spending and notify users if they have exceeded their budget. The

system is designed to be dynamic as it used least square method to produce the

prediction. The system also provides users’ personal information, their income as well

as their expenses. Expenses Tracker System will be an approach for people to control

their spending better in more efficient ways.

v

ABSTRAK

Hari ini, dengan gaya hidup yang pantas, orang ramai cenderung untuk

mengabaikan perancangan bajet mereka. Sesetengah akan menghabiskan lebih

daripada yang perlu dan sesetengah mungkin mempunyai bajet di bawah dari apa

diperuntukkan bagi keperluan mereka kerana telah menghabiskan terlalu banyak duit

ke atas barangan lain. Memastikan seseorang mempunyai perancangan bajet yang

kukuh adalah penting supaya mereka tidak akan menghadapi kesulitan kewangan

pada masa akan datang.

Expenses Tracker System dibangunkan untuk mengawal perbelanjaan pengguna dan

membuat ramalan untuk bajet setiap bulan. Sistem ini sepatutnya dapat menjana

laporan perbelanjaan mereka dan memaklumkan kepada pengguna jika mereka telah

melebihi belanjawan mereka. Sistem ini direka untuk menjadi dinamik kerana ia

menggunakan kaedah least square method untuk menghasilkan ramalan. Sistem ini

juga menyediakan maklumat peribadi pengguna, pendapatan serta perbelanjaan

mereka. Expenses Tracker System akan menjadi satu pendekatan kepada orang ramai

untuk mengawal perbelanjaan mereka dengan lebih baik dengan cara yang lebih

cekap.

vi

CONTENTS

DECLARATION i

CONFIRMATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRAK v

CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xii

CHAPTER I 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope 3

1.5 Limitations 4

1.6 Implementation And Planning 4

1.7 Expected Result 5

1.8 Summary 5

vii

CHAPTER II 6

LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Related Research And Technique 7

2.3 Related Software 9

2.5 Summary 9

CHAPTER III 10

METHODOLOGY 10

3.1 Introduction 10

3.2 Waterfall Methodology 11

3.2.1 Phase 1: Requirement Gathering 12

3.2.2 Phase 2: System Design 12

3.2.3 Phase 3: Implementation 12

3.2.4 Phase 4: Testing 13

3.2.5 Phase 5: Deployment 13

3.2.6 Phase 6: Maintenance 13

3.3 System Requirement 14

3.3.1 Software Requirement 14

3.3.2 Hardware Requirement 15

3.4 System Design And Modelling 16

3.4.1 Framework Design 17

3.4.2 Context Diagram 18

3.4.3 Data Flow Diagram 19

viii

3.5 Entities Relationship Diagram(ERD) 25

3.5.1 Data Dictionary 27

CHAPTER IV 31

IMPLEMENTATION 31

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 Implementation and Output 31

4.3 Design Interface 32

4.3.1 Login page 32

4.3.2 Register/Sign up page 33

4.3.3 Dashboard 34

4.3.4 User profile 35

4.3.6 Budget page 36

4.3.6 Income page 37

4.3.7 Expense Page 38

4.3.8 Report page 39

4.4 Testing Analysis 40

4.5 Test Cases 40

4.6 Summary 48

CHAPTER V 49

RESULT AND CONCLUSION 49

5.1 Introduction 49

5.2 Project Contribution 49

5.3 Discussion 50

ix

5.4 Project Constraint and Limitation 51

5.5 Future Work 52

5.6 Conclusion 52

REFERENCES 53

APPENDIX 55

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.1

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

Gantt Chart

List of software requirements

List of hardware requirements

Users Table

Income Table

Expenses Table

Category Table

Budget Table

Login page

Sign up page

Dashboard page

User profile page

Budget page

Income page

Expense page

Report page

4-5

14

15

28

28

29

29

30

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

Waterfall Methodology

Framework design for the system

Context Diagram of the system

DFD Level 1 for Admin

Level 1 for User

DFD Level 1

DFD Level 2 Manage Income

DFD Level 2 Manage Expenses

DFD Level 2 Report Generation

Entities Relationship Diagram(ERD)

Database Design

Test Case for Successful Login

Test Case for Unsuccessful Login

Test Case for Add Expenses Details

Test Case for Delete Expenses Record

11

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

41

42

43

44

xiii

4.5

4.6

4.7

Test Case for Update User Profile

Test Case for Success Generate Report

Test Case for Failed Generate Report

45

46

47

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Management of finance and accounts has been an actual issue for a long time.

People are less likely to keep track of their spending, be it, in checkbook or even

spreadsheets. Despite that, for the recent decades, it has got a new perspective with

the advent of modern technologies and the internet which is becoming more and more

accessible.

Expenses Tracker is a way that can help us to keep up with our spending. Not

only that, it can help us pinpoint areas that we have been spending and track

upcoming bill payments.

It is a web-based system that can keep track of their expenses and determine

whether they are spending as per their set budget. Potential users need to input the

required data such as the expense amount, merchant, category, and date when the

expense was made. This mobile system is a full detailed expense tracker tool that will

not only help users keep a check on their expenses, but also cut down the unrequired

expenses, and thus will help provide a responsible lifestyle.

2

1.2 Problem Statement

As for the time being, there a lot of budget planner software that are available

online but some of these software fall short in helping users to actually create and

stick to a budget.

One of the drawbacks is the on-going maintenance, a lot of budget software offer

the simplicity of integrating with all users financial accounts and consolidating their

activity into one dashboard. However though, some of this existing software mostly

have complicated features that are not user friendly.

Also, due to the busy and hectic lifestyle people tend to overlook their budget and

end up spending an excessive amount of money since they usually didn’t plan their

budget wisely. Last but not least, user cannot predict future expenses. While they can

write down their expenses in a piece of paper or manage them in excel spreadsheet,

their lack of knowledge in managing finances will be a problem.

3

1.3 Objectives

1. To design a user friendly and an attractive interface so that users can easily access

the system.

2. To develop a systematic system that will help to improve users’ financial

management and forecast future budget planning.

3. To test and evaluate the reliability of the system to generate monthly report and

forecast budget for the users.

1.4 Scope

The scope of this study are divided into:

Admin

l The role of an admin is to login the system to make changes or update.

l Admin can control user data and do the system maintenance.

User

l User needs to input their monthly income and expenses to manage their financial.

l Able to log in to system.

l Can view the generated report.

l Can view previous spending

4

1.5 Limitations

This system can only be used by individuals as it includes only personal expenses.

And only admin is allowed to manage the maintenance of the system. The system

cannot be performed offline.

1.6 Implementation And Planning

Using a Gantt Chart that describes key of activities and timescales involves in

implementing this project as shown in Table 1.1

No. Tasks Month

10 11 12 1 2 3 4

1 Requirement

1.1 Understanding Problem

1.2 Brainstorming

1.3 Information Gathering

2 System Design

2.1 Software & Hardware requirement

2.2 Interface Design

2.3 Process Design

2.4 Database Design

3 Implementation

3.1 Coding

4 Testing

4.1 System Testing

4.2 User Testing

4.3 Reevaluate

5

Table 1.1 Gantt Chart

1.7 Expected Result

The expected outcomes from this project is that the system can precisely keeping

track of user’s expenses as well as their budgeting. A report will be automatically

generated by at the end of the month for user to review their spending. This report is

retrieved from the database that they have entered.

The goals that are achieved by the system are:

l User friendly and flexible interface.

l Efficient calculation and forecasting.

l Improved productivity

l Instant access.

1.8 Summary

The details of Expenses Tracker System has been discussed in this chapter which

include the project’s problem statements, objectives, scope, expected result and

project planning.

5 Delivery/deployment

5.1 Installation

6 Maintenance

6.1 Modifications

6

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will be focusing on the work or research that are related either

directly or indirectly to this project. This part is very important for the development of

the project as it works as a guideline. It is an evaluative report of studies found in the

literature that related to the selected area. Besides, by studying and understanding the

researches, it will help in determining the best approach for the system development.

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2.2 Related Research And Technique

Some research and journals have been reviewed throughout this project to make

out a distinct image of it. These journals in short, works as a guide for this project to

implement Least Square Method.

Based on article [4], it discusses about regression models. Basically, it holds a

concept where we forecast the time series of interest at y-axis assuming that it has a

linear relationship with other time series at x-axis. The author [4] also stated that, the

least squares principle provides a way of determining the coefficients effectively by

minimizing the sum of the squared errors.

A study carried out by author [9], it introduces tools and methods for both finance

and accounting that help with asset pricing, corporate finance, options and futures,

and conducting financial accounting research. How least square method works and

implied in financial forecasting is discussed.

The author [2] applied several of statistical time series models to observe forecast

errors in the demand of juice production are within the expected limit and to choose a

forecasting technique which has a less relative error. The author [2] proved that Least

Square Method is more accurate than the others. Article [3] also did the study in order

to forecast milk production in India using statistical time series modeling- Double

Exponential Smoothing and Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average and

concluded that Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average performed better.

8

In a paper studied by [7] explains that Batch-mode Least Squares SVM (LSSVM)

is often associated with unbounded number of support vectors (SVs). This, makes it

unsuitable for applications if it involves large-scale streaming data.

In this paper [7], it explains how to train the limited-scale LSSVM dynamically.

By applying a budget online LSSVM (BOLSSVM) algorithm, methodologically, by

setting a fixed budget for SVs, LSSVM model is updated according to the current SVs

set dynamically without re-training from scratch. This way, the proposed BOLSSVM

algorithm is especially useful for online prediction tasks. Thus, batch-mode learning

methods were compared, the computational complexity of the proposed BOLSSVM

method is significantly reduced. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed

BOLSSVM algorithm is shown by the experimental results of classification and

regression on benchmark data-sets and real-world applications.

The paper [10] aims to describe a computerized system that is able to predict the

budget for the new year based on past budgets by using time series analysis. It will

then show results with most minimum errors and controls the budget during the year.

Through the ability to control exchange, compared to the scheme with the investigator

and calculating the deviation, measurement of performance ratio and the growth of a

number of indicators relating to budgets, it is possible to achieve the objective. For

example, this article [10] uses the rate of condensation of capital, the growth rate and

profitability ratio and gives a clear indication whether these ratios are good or not.

9

2.3 Related Software

One of the most common existing software that is related to this project is MINT.

Mint was formally introduced in September 2007. it is a server-based web, but this

software also can be used using PC or smart-phone.

Based on a research from author [1], MINT is aware of users’ daily expense and

if they have a future goal of buying something, user can reduce your current spending

according to it. Most importantly, it keeps a track on users’ credit bills, home bills and

savings. This budgeting software also will notify users whenever user are due to pay a

bill or payment. This will lower the chance for users to forget to make payment.

Despite having some great advantages, MINT also comes with a plenty of

drawbacks such as there no guarantee of the security in this online software. The

chances of getting their account hacked is worrisome as this software stores users’

financial account. The rivalry from other potential software also becomes one of the

big factor. Website has too many ads while browsing through finances.

2.5 Summary

In conclusion, the selection of accurate technique is very important to make sure

that the system successfully implemented and achieved the objective. The selected

technique is artificial neural networks that can be able to predict the financial forecast

correctly. Based on the research study, it can be conclude that the artificial neural

networks is suitable for Expenses Tracker System.

10

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, it will be discussing about the methodology chosen in order to

develop Expenses Tracker System. A few methodologies have been taken into

consideration such as Agile Methodology and Rapid Application Development(RAD)

Methodology. Agile is a conceptual framework for undertaking software engineering

projects. It is adaptive which means that it responds to changes well. While, RAD is

created to take the maximum advantage of the development software. It makes the

entire development process uncomplicated as it also aid client in taking quick reviews

and uses them to make improvement.

But, at the end of the day, we decided to choose Waterfall Methodology to be

implemented in this project. There are few reasons why we choose the method and

more will be discussed as we get further into this chapter.

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3.2 Waterfall Methodology

Waterfall Methodology is also one of Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC)

approach. It is chosen to be implemented in Expenses Tracker System because it is

very simple to understand and use. In waterfall model, there will be no overlapping in

the phases as each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. The

phases consist of requirement gathering, system design, implementation, testing and

maintenance.

Figure 3.1 Waterfall Methodology

12

3.2.1 Phase 1: Requirement Gathering

The first phase is done by brainstorming the solution for the problem occurred.

Hence, this project, Expenses Tracker System was decided. At this stage, all possible

requirements are collected in order to develop the system by doing questionnaire. The

requirements then are analyzed and documented.

3.2.2 Phase 2: System Design

During this phase, the requirements captured from the first phase are studied and

the system design for Expenses Tracker is prepared which specifies hardware and

system requirements. This is to ensure that every requirement and any related things

need to be done are suitable with the system. This stage will help in defining the

overall system architecture for Expenses Tracker System.

Designing the Context Diagram(CD), Data Flow Diagram(DFD), and Entity

Relationship Diagram(ERD) are also being done here in order to translate the process

flow of Expenses Tracker System.

3.2.3 Phase 3: Implementation

As the name implies, in this phase the source code is written as per

requirements. The information from the previous stage is taken and a working code is

written to create a functional product. Small pieces of code will be implemented and

then are integrated at the end of this phase or the beginning of the next. For Expenses

Tracker System is developed using XAMPP, MySQL and Notepad++ .

13

3.2.4 Phase 4: Testing

Once the implementation is completed, the final product of Expenses Tracker will

be tested and evaluated to find any problem that might occur on its performance. Bugs

is fixed in this phase. This is also where the system will be determine whether it meets

the requirements or not.

3.2.5 Phase 5: Deployment

In this phase, the complete product of Expenses Tracker will be released and

tested to the end-users. They will use the system and give their feedback on whether it

needs to be improved or modify. Any modifications or changes are being made based

on the feedback from the user to make sure the system is completely fulfilling the

requirements.

3.2.6 Phase 6: Maintenance

After the deployment phase, the next step is to provide support and maintenance

for the system, making sure it works perfectly as it should. If users come across any

errors, defects or bugs during the process, fixing them is the main aim of this stage.

To fix those issues, patches are released. Also some better versions are released to

enhance the product.

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3.3 System Requirement

System requirement contains of software requirement and hardware requirement.

These are needed to ensure the accomplishment of all processes are well covered. So,

every aspect required during implementation phase needs to be determined.

3.3.1 Software Requirement

List of software required:

No. Software Purpose

1. LARAVEL Framework to develop the system.

2. Notepad++ Used for coding and as connection to

database.

3. XAMPP Used as local server.

4. MYSQL Database Acts as the database for the system.

5. WPS Office Writer Used to do the documentation for the project.

6. Flutter Framework to develop the system

7. Google Chrome A browser to run localhost and search for

information.

Table 3.1 List of software requirements

15

3.3.2 Hardware Requirement

Some of the requirements for hardware(PC):

No. Aspect Details

1. CPU intel CORE i5

2. RAM 4 GB

3. ROM 256 GB

4. Operating System(OS) Windows 10

5. System type 64-bit operating system

Table 3.2 List of hardware requirements

16

3.4 System Design And Modelling

Constructing a few work flow diagrams will be taken into account moving into

the next stage in the Waterfall methodology. This will help developers to define a

clearer idea based on the specified requirements. As for Expenses Tracker System, it

will include the Context Diagram and Data Flow Diagram shows the physical design

of the system while the Entities Relationship Diagram act as the logical design of the

system.

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3.4.1 Framework Design

Figure 3.2 Framework design for the system

The framework for Expenses Tracker System includes Admin, User, Database

and the system itself. Based on Figure 3.2 above, it shows the flow of how the system

works in general where users can input their income, expense and budget to the

system and all the data will be stored in the database. From the database, the data will

be analyzed and new report and budget will be generated.

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3.4.2 Context Diagram

LEVEL 0

Figure 3.3 Context Diagram of the system

Figure 3.2 shows the main process flow of how Expenses Tracker works. There

two entities involved, Admin and User. The role of Admin is that they can manage the

data of the user and do the maintenance. Meanwhile, user is required to register their

profile in order to use the system. User is allowed to input their income and expenses.

19

3.4.3 Data Flow Diagram

LEVEL 1

Figure 3.4 DFD Level 1 for Admin

Based on Figure 3.4 above, there are six processes involve in Admin module.

Admin can be login to the system as a first step to get into the system. After login,

process that involve admin is Manage Income, Manage Expenses, Forecast Budget

and Generate Report from the system. At the end on the process, admin can logout

from the system.

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LEVEL 1

Figure 3.5 DFD Level 1 for User

Figure 3.5 above shows that there are four processes involve in User module. User

can be login to the system as a first step to get into the system. Then, other processes

carried in this module are Manage Income, Manage Expenses and Generate Report

from the system.

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LEVEL 2

Figure 3.6 DFD Level 1

Figure 3.6 shows the login process of the system in details. User is required to

enter the details needed in order to use the system.

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LEVEL 2

Figure 3.7 DFD Level 2 Manage Income

Based on Figure 3.7, the process above means that user can enter their income,

edit and delete if needed.

23

LEVEL 2

Figure 3.8 DFD Level 2 Manage Expenses

Based on Figure 3.8, the process above shows that user can enter their expenses, edit

and delete if needed.

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LEVEL 2

Figure 3.9 DFD Level 2 Report Generation

From Figure 3.9, it shows the process to generate a report based on data has been

entered in income and expenses. The data from these data store will be retrieve to

display a report and forecast next month budget.

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3.5 Entities Relationship Diagram(ERD)

ERD is a data modelling technique that creates a graphical representation of

the entities and the relationships within a system. Figure 3.10 below shows the

entities involved in Expenses Tracker System and its relationships. There are

several entities which are user, admin, expenses, income, budget and category.

Figure 3.10 Entities Relationship Diagram(ERD)

Figure 3.10 visualizes the entities, their attributes and the relationships between

the entities.

26

Figure 3.11 Database Design

Figure above shows the database design of Expenses Tracker System. It

visualized the connection and relationship between the tables involved in the

database.

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3.5.1 Data Dictionary

A data dictionary is a file or a set of files that contains a database's meta data.

It has records about other objects in the database, such

as data ownership, data relationships to other objects, and other data. The following

tables below are showing the specification of each table involves in the database:

1. TABLE Users

2. TABLE Income

3. TABLE Expenses

4. TABLE Category

5. TABLE Budget

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Column Type Null Length Key Description

username varchar no 10 PK

firstName varchar yes 20

lastName varchar yes 20

email varchar yes 50

password varchar yes 12

Table 3.3 Users Table


income_id varchar no 10 PK

username varchar no 10 FK

inc_amount decimal yes 7

inc_date datetime yes

inc_source varchar yes 20

Table 3.4 Income Table

29


expense_id varchar no 10 PK


exp_amount decimal yes 7,0

exp_date datetime yes

category varchar yes 20

exp_status varchar yes 20

Table 3.5 Expenses Table


username varchar no 10 PK

groceries varchar yes 7

entertainment varchar yes 7

automobile varchar yes 7

household varchar yes 7

loans varchar yes 7

insurance varchar yes 7

rent varchar yes 7

bill varchar yes 7

others varchar yes 7

Table 3.6 Category Table

30


budget_id varchar no 10 PK


income_id varchar no 10 FK

budgetName varchar yes 20

budget_amount decimal yes 7,0

firstDate datetime yes

secondDate datetime yes

category varchar yes 20

period varchar yes 10

Table 3.7 Budget Table

31

CHAPTER IV

IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will cover the implementation and the result of Expenses Tracker

System using least square method to ensure that the system is develop according to

the main objectives and achieve user requirement also to make sure the system is

running smoothly with error-free.

4.2 Implementation and Output

Expenses Tracker System is develop using several language. For the interface,

HTML website template. For the programming language, this system used PHP

(Hypertext Pre-processor) language. PHP is widely used because it is an open source

for general-purpose scripting language, can be embedded into HTML and it suits for

Web development. This system used HTML5, PHP and JavaScript for the validation.

Validation is important to make sure user have a minimum chance to make mistake

when inserting data. Open Source database also used in this system and the database

is MySQL version 5.6.26 - MySQL Community Server (GPL). Apache use to run

local host server and the Apache version is 2.4.16. Notepad++ used for writing and

edit the code.

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The main focus of the project in solely on users’ side. So, the users are allowed to

login and insert their desired budget of the month. Then, they need to enter their

income. Hence, the budget amount will be deducted every time they expense. A report

will be generated and the end of the month and a new budget will be forecast.

4.3 Design Interface

4.3.1 Login page

Figure 4.1 Login page

The figure above shows that the user needs to insert their registered email and

password. If these two are correct then user can successfully login to the system.

Otherwise, user needs to re-enter the required information or sign up to a new

account.

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4.3.2 Register/Sign up page

Figure 4.2 Sign up page

User should insert all information needed as shown in the Figure 4.2 so that

the system will save a record for the user in the database. After all is done, then

user can perform the login function.

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4.3.3 Dashboard

Figure 4.3 Dashboard page

Once the user successfully login, a dashboard will be displayed. It will show

a summary of the user’s spending.

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4.3.4 User profile

Figure 4.4 User profile page

Based on Figure 4.4, the page will will display the user’s information. In this

page, user can edit or update their information they want to.

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4.3.6 Budget page

Figure 4.5 Budget page

Based on Figure 4.5, it shows the budget page which allows users to insert their

monthly budget according to their preference.

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4.3.6 Income page

Figure 4.6 Income page

In this page, user needs to enter the details of their income such as the amount,

description and the date. Everything will be saved in the database. Then the income

entered just now will be shown in a list form. User can delete the record if they wish

to do so.

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4.3.7 Expense Page

Figure 4.7 Expense page

As shown in Figure 4.7, user needs to enter the details of their expense such as

the item, the cost of each item and the date. Everything will be saved in the database.

Then the expense entered just now will be shown in a list form. User can delete the

record if they wish to do so.

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4.3.8 Report page

Figure 4.8 Report page

As shown in the figure above, this page will display the amount of expenses made

by the user. It will calculate and make a grand total of all months.

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4.4 Testing Analysis

After the development of the system are already complete. This system will be

test using two techniques of software testing which are black box testing and white

box testing in order to examine the functionality of the system. Black box testing

module involve login, manage user, manage budget, manage income, and manage

report. In white box testing it involve generate the report of diseases detection.

4.5 Test Cases

A test case is a set of condition or variables under which a tester will determine

whether a system works correctly or under test satisfies requirement. Process of

developing test case may help to find problem in the requirement or design of an

application. Below shows the cases for several process in the Expenses Tracker

System.

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Test Case for Successful Login

Step Test Procedure Expected Result Pass/Fail

1 Go to login page Login page loaded Pass

2 Enter the user email and

password

Email: [email protected]

Password: 123

Pass

3 Click ‘Login’ button. Login successful.

Redirecting to

dashboard page.

Pass

Table 4.1 Test Case for Successful Login

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Test Case for Unsuccessful Login


1 Go to login page Login page loaded Pass

2 Enter the user email and

password

Email: [email protected]

Password: 9876

Pass

3 Click ‘Login’ button. Message “Invalid

Details.”

User needs to

reenter the correct

email and

password.

Pass

Table 4.2 Test Case for Unsuccessful Login

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Test Case for Add Expenses Details


1 Click ‘Add Expenses’ option. Form page loaded. Pass

2 Enter the new expense record. Pass

3 Click ‘Add’ button. New record is

added into the

database. A pop-up

message says

“Expense has been

added.”

Redirecting to

‘Manage Expense’

page.

Pass

Table 4.3 Test Case for Add Expenses Details

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Test Case for Delete Expenses Record


1 Click ‘Manage Expense’ option. List of expenses

made before

displayed.

Pass

2 Click ‘Delete’. Delete a record of

expense successful.

Redirect to

‘Manage expense’

page.

Pass

Table 4.4 Test Case for Delete Expenses Record

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Test Case for Update User Profile


1 Click ‘Profile’ button. Form page loaded. Pass

2 Enter the new data of the user. Pass

3 Click ‘Update’ button. Update successful.

Redirecting to

‘User Profile’ page.

Pass

Table 4.5 Test Case for Update User Profile

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Test Case for Success Generate Report


1 Click ‘Expense Report’ button. Form page loaded. Pass

2 User needs to choose dates.

From date: 01/01/2020

To date: 01/02/2020

Pass

3 Click ‘Submit’ button Report page

display the amount

of expense.

Pass

Table 4.6 Test Case for Success Generate Report

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Test Case for Failed Generate Report


1 Click ‘Expense Report’ button. Form page loaded. Pass

2 User leaves the dates empty. Pass

3 Click ‘Submit’ button Report page loaded

with message

‘Please fill out this

field”. User has to

reenter a valid date.

Pass

Table 4.7 Test Case for Failed Generate Report

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4.6 Summary

In a nutshell, this chapter covers the implementation of code into the system,

interface design and testing of the system. All the test case is test carefully to make

sure the results come out as intended. The developer can identify errors and

immediately fixes the errors in order for the system to run smoothly.

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CHAPTER V

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss a conclusion of this project and the content on this

chapter are summary for the whole of this project, project contribution, project

limitation and some suggestion for the future.

5.2 Project Contribution

Expenses Tracker System have been developed for user to plan and control their

money spending properly. It has achieved the objectives and scope that were stated in

this project. This project have achieved some of the below. �

l Users can manage their budget related to their income.

l Users also can view and study their spending by viewing the reports for budget,

income, and expense that have been generated.

l Users may spend their money according to the budget.

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5.3 Discussion

By the end of this project, the Expenses Tracker System is successfully achieving

its objectives which are to design a user friendly and an attractive interface so that

users can easily access the system., to develop a systematic system that will help to

improve users’ financial management and forecast future budget planning and is

reliable to generate monthly report and forecast budget for the users using least square

method.

This project provide the report for diseases detection using the ruled-based

algorithm. The percentage of the diseases is calculated with the number symptoms

that have been chosen by the patient and is compared to the diseases symptoms

documentation. The result of the calculation provide the best possible diseases for the

patient. When the patient select the symptoms, the result of possible diseases is

generated and give the patient report for their diseases detection. Thus, this system

will give benefits to the patient which that can diagnose their diseases in efficient and

quick way besides can keep better and good health.

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5.4 Project Constraint and Limitation

Every system needs some limitation to ensure it performs as it supposed. There

are also a few problems and limitations that occur throughout the development of

these project which are:

l The system cannot retrieve username and password if a user happens to forget

them.

l The report only shows separated reports for budget, income and expense, thus the

chart do not show or evaluate income versus expenses made.

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5.5 Future Work

The system is well operated and function as planned, however, there are a few

suggestion to make it even more better and usable in the future. Here are some

enchantment for the system to work more efficient in future.

l For current report, it is only limited to a few options. Hence, maybe it will be

better if the report can generate a bar graph or line graph that shows all reports

together instead being separated. It would a lot easier for user to evaluate their

spending too.

l It would be great if the system can perform any online payment instead of only

able to generate reports and forecast budget.

5.6 Conclusion

Expenses Tracker System is a system that being developed to assist users in

budget planning. It provides end users to records their income and expenses within the

budget that have been planned beforehand. Furthermore, users are able to keep track

on their spending so they are not wasting their money without doubt. Last but

certainly not the least, they are able to access the system anytime and anywhere that is

accessible.

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REFERENCES

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[2] Kumar, R and Mahto, D 2013, ‘A case study : Application of Proper Forecasting

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[3] Pal, S, Ramasubramanian, V and Mehta, SC 2007, ‘Statistical Models for

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[4] Hyndman, R. J., & Athanasopoulos, G. (2018). Forecasting: Principles and

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[5] Thanapal, P., Patel, M., Lokesh Raj, T., & Satheesh Kumar, J. (2015). Income

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[7] Jian, L., Shen, S., Li, J., Liang, X., & Li, L. (2016). Budget online learning

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[8] Gaither, G. H., Dukes, F. O., & Swanson, J. R. (1981). ENROLLMENT

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[9] Lee, C. F., Chen, H. Y., & Lee, J. (2019). Econometric Approach to Financial

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APPENDIX

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APPENDIX A (GANTT CHART 1)

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APPENDIX B (GANTT CHART 2)

EXPENSES TRACKER SYSTEM USING LEAST SQUARE METHOD …

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