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Transcript of Expectations Show respect for others by listening when they are talking Always try your best and...
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Expectations
Show respect for others by listening when they are talking
Always try your best and attempt everything Ask questions Respect your learning environmentEnjoy!!!
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AS Economics
“Production Possibility Curves”
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Starter
Make a table with two columns – “WANTS” and “NEEDS”
In each column write down ten things that you, right now in your life, want or need and write a price (estimate) for each
Total the price at the bottom of your table Then below this total, write down your
monthly income
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The Economic Problem
Most of us want better food, clothing, housing, schooling, holidays, hospital care, and entertainment – Unlimited wants and needs
But there is not enough to go around – Limited resources
This gives rise to the basic economic problem of choice under conditions of scarcity.
If we cannot have everything we want, we must choose what we will and will not have.
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Economy’s Resources
An economy’s resources fall into four main categories:
Land – Land, forests, minerals Labour – Human resources Capital – Tools, machinery, factories Entrepreneurs – People who take risks by
introducing new products and new ways of making old products
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Production Possibility Curve
We are now going to illustrate on a diagram some of the issues surrounding economic choices.
Production Possibility Curve – Shows the maximum amount of two products that can be made in this time period with current resources and technology
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Drawing a Production Possibility Curve
Let us construct a simple Production Possibility Curve to assess the options open to a farmer who can use land to grow either wheat or maize:
Q Maize
0
Each axis shows quantity of goods made
L
M
LM is a production possibility curve (PPC)
Q Wheat
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One Possible Resource Allocation
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat0
L
Resource Allocation – a given use of land, labour and capital
For instance, the farmer can opt to use all resources to produce combination A:
AR
S
•OR maize and•OS wheat
R
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An Alternative Resource Allocation
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat0
L Alternatively the farmer can use all current resources and be at point B on PPC and produce:
•OT maize and
BT
V
•OV wheat
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Resource Reallocation
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat0
L
BT
V
A
S
R
Switching factors of production to alternative uses is called reallocation of resources
For instance, reallocating land, labour and capital from sugar production into wheat means moving from A to B
How much wheat is gained and how much maize is lost?
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Opportunity Cost
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat
L
B
AR
0 VS
T
The economic decision to move from A to B and product more wheat involves a sacrifice –LOST MAIZE
Opportunity Cost – Measurement of cost by reference to the alternatives forgone
The opportunity cost of SV extra wheat is RT maize
forgone
GAIN
LOS
S
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Continued…
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat
L
AR
0 S
The farmer is at point A
What is the opportunity cost of producing OR maize?
At A - OS wheat is being produced
SM extra wheat could be produced if all resources are put into wheat
The opportunity cost of OR maize
is SM wheat
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PPC and Economic Growth
The PPC is drawn assuming: A fixed amount of resources Constant state of technology
What happens to the PPC if there is an increase in the quantity or quality of resources available?
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Shifts in the PPC
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat
L
0
LM is the initial position of the PPCMore resources are acquired e.g. another field
PPC shifts outwards to the right to UV
U
V
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Continued…
Q Maize
Q Wheat
L
0M
LM is the initial position of the PPCThe productivity of staff and machinery producing wheat increases but productivity of resources producing maize is unchanged
PPC pivots around L and becomes LZ
Z
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PPC and Efficiency
Q Maize
M
Q Wheat
L
0
E
I
U
Point E is efficient: all resources are fully employed
Point I is inefficient: some resources are unemployed
Point U is unattainable given current resources and technology
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Can You Use the PPC to show:
Resource Allocation Resource Reallocation Opportunity Cost Economic Growth Changes in Productivity Changes in Efficiency