MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGLISH

EXERCISE BOOKfor

FOCUS ON FIRST CERTIFICATE

ANKARA1 993

Revised Edition

CONTENTS

UNIT 1AUNIT 2 AUNIT 3 ACONSOLIDATION

UMT 4AUMT 5AUN]T 6 ACONSOLIDATION

UNIT 1 BUNIT 2 BUMT 38CONSOLIDATION

1A-3A

4A - 6A

1B-3B

UNIT 4BUNIT 5 BUNIT 6 BCONSOLIDATION 4B-68

GENERAL REVISION

I9

L723

28354350

il&7583

8998

109r23

138

FOREWORD and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The material in this book, which comprises 16 units, isintended to serye as review and/or supplementary material forthe structures covered in Focus on First Certiflcate. Inaddition to the 12 units that correspond to the units in thebook, there are 4 consolidation units and a final GeneralRevision unit geared to provide exam practice material.

We would like to thank our testers Gulsima BAYI(AL, QrnarEVCAN and Figen CUISBN, whose previous exams have beenincluded in the book, and Gaye TOLUNGUQ, who producedand compiled most of the material.

We woutd like to fonvard our special thanks to Naz OIIUO forinitiating and coordinating the project and for revising theexercises and organizing them according to the units in thebook. Guler MENGUQ was responsible for entering thematerial in the computer.

We are grateful to Mebrure iUaN and Anita AIffiA$ for theiruseful suggestions which \Mere incorporated in this revisededition and for their meticulous proofreading of the finalversion.

Banu BARUTLU

Chairperson

Department of Basic English

T'NIT I AI RELIITTVE CLI\T'SES

A Note how relative clauses can be reduced:1. Omit the relaUve pronoun and the 'be' form of the verb.

The man who is talking to the students is from China.The man talking to the students is from China

Last night he gave a lecture which was on the technologicaldevelopments in his country.Last nlght he gave a lecture on the technological developmentsin his country.

The essays that are wrttten in his book are very interestin$.The essays written tn his book are very interestin$.

2. In relative clauses that do not contain a form of 'be' it is oftenpossible to omlt the relative pronoun and change the verb toits -ing! form.Thts llbrary does not contain any books which deal with thepsycholoStcal effects of war.

This library does not contain any books dealing with thepsychological effects of war.

3. It is also possible to reduce relative clauses containing a nounwith modifiers (pronouns, adjectives , etc.)History, which is my favorite subject, has always fascinatedme.

History, my favorite subject, has always fascinated me.

4. Relative clauses with who/whom/which/that as the objectcan also be reduced. However, only the relative pronoun itselfis omitted; the subject and verb remain.

5. Only relative clauses having WHO, WHICH, or THAT as thesubject can be reduced. That is, relative clauses beginningwith whose/where/when/why are never reduced in any way.

Exercises:

Which parts of the following could be omitted?Ex: Dr. Smith is the professor who is teaching Chemistry 1O1 this

semester.

Dr. Smith is the professor teaching Chemistry lOl this semester.1. Chemistry, which is a difficult subject, can be enjoyable.

2. The students who are taking Dr. Smith's class this semesterare enjoying it.

3. Dr. Smith, who has written several chemistry books, is one ofthe most popular professors at the university.

4. Dr. Smith, whose chemistry books are used in manyuniversities, is also a well-known science fiction writer.

5. Bill Smith, who was the top graduate student in Dr. Smith'sadvanced chemistry course last semester, helped with theresearch for this report.

6. The students that have been in his classes consider it aprivilege to study with him.

7. He has also written several articles which comment on theeffects of chemicals in our food.

2

8. These articles, which were written several years ago, havebeen published in several popular magazines.

9. Last year he also wrote a government report which was onthe disadvantages of using preservatives.

10. The report which he wrote is on reserve in the library.

11. He believes that we should avoid all foods which containchemical preservatives.

L2. That's the reason why he encourages people to eat'fresh foodsrather than packaged ones.

13. I heard that his wife, who is a very nice person, is writing abook which is on cooking with only natural ingredients.

14. By the way, the girl who is behind you, is his daughter.

15. You are fortunate to be in a class which is taught by such arespected scholar.

(Refer to G.S.M.E. p. 161 for further exercises.)

B. Note the use of prepositions in relaUve clauses.1. a) The composer who(m) I'm listening to is Brahms

The composer to whom I'm listening is Brahms.

b) The country which he was born in is Germany.The country in which he was born is Germany.The country where he was born is Germany.

c) He managed to lift thekilos.He managed to lift the

2. Words like all, each, none, some , etc. also come before therelative pronoun. Life is full of mysteries, many of which willnever be explained.

3. The relative pronouns WHO and TFIAT cannot be used after apreposition.

4. Prepositions are placed before the relative pronoun:a) h formal style of writingb) if the relatirie clause is i-ong

Exercises:

Combine the follo\Ming using relative pronouns.1. The roads were crowded with refugees.

wounded.Many

suitcase, the weight of which was 7O

suitcase, whose weight was 70 kilos.

of them were

man fwhwounded.

2. They gave me four tyres. One of them burst before I had drivenfour miles.

3. The bar was soother end of the

noisy that I couldn't hear the person at theline. I was telephoning from this bar.

4. Selfridges is the best department store in London. I boughtthis dress there.

5. When you go toYou can see the

Dallas, don't forget to visit the Wax Museum.wax figures of famous people there.

4

6. Red Indians inhabited North America long before the arrival ofEuropeans. Many Red Indians are living on specialreservations.

7. The Australian pop group Men at Work ne'eded a lot ofpromotion to achieve success. Their record Down Underbecame a hit a year after its original release.

8. Tim Haskins has now retired from politics and has beenreplaced by John Underside as the local candidate. Fewpeople voted for Haskins in the recent election.

9. Tom Wood knows a considerable amount about pyffmies. Helived among them for a year.

10. The students found their classes highly entertaining. Theywere from Thailand.

11. The Mayor stood up to deliver his speech. After his speechthere was a cocktail par$.

12. This vast lake is in a remote part of the country. Its depth hasnot yet been measured.

13. The inscriptions are to be found at the base of the monument.None of them can now be deciphered.

14. Catalans are very fond of something called "botifarra". This isa large sausage.

15. That politician, made some very important statements. Anumber of them are recorded in his autobiography.

I PRESENT: SIMPLE & CONTIITOUSUse each verb twice, once in Present Simple and once inContinuous, to complete the sentences.rX: have

He has four cars, all of them Rolls-Royces.am having lunch with my mother tomorrow.

L thinkWhat of StephenyouSpielberg's latest film?You're day-dreaming. What you

-

about?

Z expectan important phone call from America.

Could you tell me when it comes?you're bored sitting here. Shall we go to the

cinema?

e appearHe to understand what you say to him, butwhen you ask him a question, he isn't so sure.Roy Pond at Her Majesty's Theatre in therole of King lear.

+ smell

Somethingcooking?

good in the kitchen. What's

why you the meat? Do youthink it's gone ofI?

5. weighI need to know how much the meat to decidehow long to cook it for.Why you yourself?

6

Do you think you've put on weight.

6 seeIShe

what you mean, but I don't agree.a solicitor about her aunt's will.

7. haveI usually pick up languages quickly, but Idifficulty leaming Chinese.He more clothes than a department store.

as if it's going to rain.What are you doing on your hands and knees?you for something?

9. guessThat isn't the answer! You lThink before youspeak!I you're wondering what I'm doing here.

IIt PREPOSITIONSFill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. I was delighted the present you sent me.2. The people next door are annoyed little things .3. I was surprised the way he behaved. It was quite

out ofcharacter.

4. Jill starts her new job today. She's quite excited it.5. Bill has been doing this Job for too long. He's bored it.6. Are you stfll upset what I said to you yesterdap7. I'd rather not go to an Indian restaurant. I'm not very keen

Indian food.

& lookIt

8. Ann is very fond her younger brother.

9. They looked bored. I don't think they were very interested.what I was saying.

1O. The man we intewiewed for the job was quite intelligent but weweren't very happy his appearance.

IV. PHRASAL VERBST (Catch, Ltve)Fill in each blank \Mith the correct form of one of the phrasal verbsfrom the list below.

catch on

catch up withlive on

live throughlive up to

1. When the authorities finally her, she hadspent all the money.

2. A: How much do the Johnsons get each month from welfare?B: They four hundred dollars per month.

3. A IVe heard that Spielberg's latest film is very good.B: Oh, I've seen it and it didn't my expectations.

4. X. Does John understand the assignment ?B: Yes, he finally

5. A large percentage of the population had great difficulty inthe period of economic depression.

6. I had first thought the play would become very popular amongteenagers, but it seems that it hasn't very well.

7. N Did you run to catch the bus?B: Yes, of course I did! I ran fast but I couldn't it.

8. She has stopped eating meat and started tovegetables.

8

T'NIT 2 A

I SPECIAL I'SES OT AI'VERBS

A Adverbs are used:1. to modiff verbs:

She sang beautifully.I did badly in the exam.

2. to modi$r adjectives:I'm tg@-tired.The exam was surprisingllr easy.

3. to modi.$ other adverbs:He spoke incredibly quicklY.She speaks English perfectll'z well.

4. to modify a whole sentence:Actually, I can't come.Strangellz enough, I won first prize.

5. before past participles:The meeting was badly organized.The driver was seriously injured in the accident.

B. Some adverbs have two forms. Here are a few examples:

hard and hardly (= almost not)

He works hard.

Your handwriting is terrible. I can hardly read it.

Jill was unfriendly at the party last night. She hardly spoke to me.

I

late and lately (= recently)He came late.

Have you seen Jane lately?

wide and widely (- in many different places)

He opened the door wide.

He has travelled widely.

high and highly (= very much)

He can jump really high.I highly recommend his new book.She is highly paid.

just and justly (= in accordance with justice or the law)

He has j6t arrived.He was justly punished for his crimes.

close and closely (= carefully)

Come close. I want to tell you something.She's closely related to us.

Study this closely . It's very important.

IO

kercises:

a) Adjective or adverb? Circle the corect form:1. There is a (slight/slightly) difference between the original and the

reproduction of that painting but only an expert can tell.

2. Most wild animals fight (hard/hardly) when they are attacked.3. My brother is a (high/highly) paid engineer.4. After choosing which college to attend, she felt (good/well) about her

decision.

5. The area before the explorers was (vast/vastly) and covered withflowers.

6. Real (good/well) ice-cream is now available in over fifty flavours andat (reasonable/reasonably) cost.

7. Teams that work (close/closely) are usually very successful.8. Every applicant performed (good/well) on the exam.9. George's mother is (serious/seriously) ill in hospital.

10. Bill's such a (friend/friendly) young man that everybody likes him.11. The play we saw last night was very (professional /professionally)

acted.

12. Everything had (complete/completely) changed when I returned homeafter twenty years.

13. The economists found it was not (possible/possibly) for themto predict interest rates.

L4. The doctor performed the operation in (careful/carefully) plannedsteps.

15. The accident we had last night wasn't very (serious/seriously). Thecar was only (slight/slight$ damaged.

16. The children are (normal/normally) very lively but today they are(unusual/ unusually) quiet.

11

t7. Dawson works (real/really) slowly, so you need to be patient to workwith him.

When I spoke to him on the phone, Tom sounded(furious/furiously).I don't read newspapers any more because there's(hard/hardly) anycheerful news in them.(Late/lately) arrivals will not be allowed to enter the buflding.Journalists should be (certain/certainly) of the facts before they havethem printed.

EVerybody at the party was very (colorful/colorfully) dressed.He sat (close/closely) to the door so he could leave early.A lot of things went (wrong/wrongly) during our holiday because itwas (bad/badly) planned.The (new/newly) opened shopping centre will (eventual/ eventually)provide emplo5rment for 16.000 people.

b) Circle the corect form.I could hear the guard blowing his whistle (impatient/impatiently),so I ran onto the platform and up to the train. (Luctcy/Luckily)someone saw me, a door opened and I jumped on while the trainwas (slow/slowly) moving out of the station. "Phew!" I thought."That was (hard/hardly) work". I was (pretty/prettily) sure theother passengers could hear my heartbeat, it was so (loud/loudly)and I was in a (cold/coldly) sweat.After a while, I recovered (slight/slightly) and had a (quick/quickly)look at the other passengers. The compartment was (complete /completely) (full/fully) and I was the only one standing. Thepeople in the compartment turned their eyes away(immediate/immediately) as they noticed me looking; all exceptone, a beautiful woman sitting in the corner. She was watchingme (close /closely) in the mirror. (Automatic/Automatically), Iadjusted my tie. Maybe, this was my (luclry/luckily) day after all.I prepared to say hello.

18.

19.

20.

2r.

22.

23.

24.

25.

L2

She spoke (first/firstly), however, "'Would you like my seat?" sheasked (sweet/sweetly). "You look rather (faint/faintly)". That wasthe day on which I realised (sudden/suddenly) that I was gettingmiddle-aged!

c) Circle the comect word.(Late/Latety) yesterday afternoon, when I was getting (tense/tensely) and feeling quite (bad/badM, I went (straight/straightly)to a (lone/lonely) spot in the park (near/nearly) my apartment. AsI became (calm/calmly), I (sudden/suddenly) heard a (timid/timidly) voice (gentte/gently) speaking to me. I (quick/quickly)turned and said (harsh/harshly), "IS there anything (wrongl/wrongly) \Mith being lonesome?"I stopped (abrupt/abruptly) when I realized that I was speaking toa tiny girl with curly black hair. I stared at her (blank/blankly) fora moment.

"Please sir," she said (sweet/sweetly), handing me a pencil and apiece of paper, " draw a picture of a sheep."

"But I can't draw very Eood/well)," I replied.

The child seemed unconvinced, for she (1oud/loudly) repeated herrequest. (Real/Really) amused by then, I decided to humour her. Imade a sketch for her very fast. But she didn't like it and shookher head, "Do it again" she commanded. I (slow/slowly) drew apicture of a box. 'Your sheep is (deep/deeply) inside," I explained,intending to be (humorous/humorously). To my surprise, the girllooked (high/highly) satisfied. She thanked me (warm/warmly)and said I had done (exact/exactly) what she had wanted. Afterthe child's departure, I discovered that I was feeling quite (good/well) again, the world no longer appeared (horrible/horribly).

13

I PAST: SIMPLE & CONTINruOUSa) Underline the corect verb form.

Ex The flight (bted/was lasting ) three hours.1. It was 8:OO in the morning. A lot of students (stood/were

standing) at the bus stop, waiting to go to school.2. A magnificent oak tree (stood/was standin$ in the middle of

the garden.

3. I (studied/was studyrn$ politics at universrty.4. He (studied/was studying) the effects of radiation when he

suddenly died.

5. When I woke up this morning it (rained/was raining.)6. It (rained/was rainin$ every single day of the holidays.7. I asked him what he (thought/was thinking) about.8. I (thought/was thinking) the play was extremely good.9. A: What (did you do/were you doing) \Mith that electric drill?

B: I was putting up some book shelves in my bedroom.

10. A: What (did you do/were you doing) with that electric drill?B: I put it back in its box in the tool cupboard.

11. The poor chap (died/was dying): all we could do was comforthim.

12. The poor chap (died/was dyin) early next morning.

L4

b) Put the verb in brackets in the correct past tense: Simple orContinuous.

Last year I (go) to Greece for my holidays. I(decide) to fly because it is much quicker than

going overland. On the morning I left London, it(rain), but when I (step) off the plane in Greece, itwas a beautiful day. The sun (shine), and a coolwind (blow) from the sea. I (take) ataxi to my hotel. As I (sign; the register,someone (tap; me on the shoulder. I(turn) round. It was a friend I hadn't seen for ten years. He

(stay) at the.same hotel.

That evening we (go) for a walk. The town was stillvery busy. Street traders (sell) souvenirs, and theforeign tourists (try) to bring down the price \Miththe aid of a Greek phrase book. We (listen) to theirchatter for a while, then returned to our hotel.

lt PHRASAL VERBS (Put)a) Replace the verbs in these sentences with phrasal verbs made up

of the verb 'put' and one of the following:away through aside up off on out up with

b) Then replace the underlined words with a pronoun.Ex: He placed the monelz on the table.

a) He put the money down on the table.b) He put it down on the table.

1. It is difficult to extinguish electrical fires.a)

b)

15

2. I don't lorow how you can tolerate so much noise.a)

3. I'm saving 5O pounds every month so I can buy some newfurniture.

a)

4. We have postponed the meeting until next week.

5. Could you please tidy all your clothes?

b)

b)

a)

b)

a)

b)

6. It's cold outside. Why don't you wear )rour coat?

7. The latecomerswere given rooms in a small hotel, about 25 ki-lometers outside the city.

8. The general director's secretary would not connect me when Icalled.

a)

b)

16

TJNIT 3 A

L PRESEIIIT PERFBCT: SIMPI,E & @NTINUOUSu) fut the verb in brackets in the corect tense. Present Perfect Simple

or Present Perfect ConUnuous.1. I'm exhausted. I

(not finish) yet.(visit) many countries in the last five years.

3. Someone (take) my books. Ithem , but I can't find them anywhere.

(look) for

(shop) all morning but I

2. I

4. I(not bry) anything yet because I

(not see) anything I liked.5. The best book I ever

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Marquez.6. A: You're filthy! What

(do)?B: I

(work) all day, and I

you

(read) is

(work) in the garden. I(plant) all the vegetables for next year.(wait) for two hours, but nobody

(arive) yet.

b) Put the giving verb in the corect tense. Choose from the PresentPerfect Simple/Continuous, or Present Simple/Continuous.

Ex: I have been learning (learn) Italian for the past three years, butthere's still a lot I don't understand (not understand)

1. A Oh dear! Look out of the window. It (rain).B: Oh, no. I (not bring) my umbrella.

2. My uncleHe

(know) everything about roses.Girow) them for 35 years. Now he

(try) to produce a blue one.3.r (listen) to you for the past half an

hour, but I'm afraid Iword.

(not understand) a '

7. I

t7

c) Put the verbs in this dialogue in the correct tense. Use PresentPerfect simple/continuous or Present Simple/continuous.

Ex I've been learning (learn) Italian for three years, but I still don'tunderstand (not understand) very much.What are you doing?

(write) a letter.You (sit) at the desk for hours. Is it a

(decide) to resign from my job.You onlydo you know you don't like it?

B: I do like it. But Ibetter one, and I'm going to accept it. It's iir Brazil, andalways (want) to go to Brazil. I(not like) living in cold climates.But how youthere? You

(know) if you'll like it(never be) out of England

before.

That doesn't matter. Some friends o[ mine (live)there at the moment. They'll look after me.You're very luclry, really. Ifor months. I

(try) to find a job(be) to endless interrriews, and

(turn down; passive) each time, but you gottwo jobs in a week.Well, obviously you

wrong kind ofjob.(apply) for the

4. A: What's the matter, Jane?B: I

very good, so Ireally hurting.

difiicult letter?Yes. I

(read) in my room and the light isn't(have) a headache. It's

(do) it for a week, so how

(offer; passive) a

AB:

A

B

A

,Don't woryr.(hope ) so.

18

A: IYou'll find one soon.

I MODAISPut the correct form of can ,@-, or to be able to in the blanks.The forms may be positive or negative.

1. In my country you get married when you are 16.

2. Women vote in England until L922.3. Last night I get into my house because I had

forgotten my key.

4. I phoned the Gas Board because I thought Igas, which is very dangerous.

5. Hello. Is that the dentist? I make an appointment tosee you , please?

6. I'm learning car mechanics because I wantmy own car. It costs a fortune if you send it to the garage.

7. Many night animals see very well, but they have ahighly A9y=e-!9n sense of smell.

8. If you do this exercise, you're very clever!

smell

to service

19

IIt COMPOUND ADJECTTVES WITH NI'MBERSPlural expressions with numbers are found in the singular when theyare used as adjectives.

Rewrite the following as in the example:

Ex: A lecture that lasts two hours.A two-hour lecture.

1. a walk that lasts for three hours

2. a house that would cost fifty thousand pounds

3. a programme that lasts for twenty-five minutes

4. a delay which means a wait of five hours

5. a hotel with five stars

6. a cassette that lasts sixty minutes

7. a bulb of sixty watts

\I

20

TY. PREFOSTIIONISa) Complete the sentences using one of the following words with the

correct preposition

retypay

dependlisten

concentratedisapprove

apolog?ecomplain

Ex: When she realized that she had taken the wrong umbrella,she immediately apologized for her mistake.

1. Don't try to do too much at once.at a time.

one thing

2. A: Are you playing termis tomorroul?B: I hope so, but it

3. You mustthe weather.

this record. You'll love it.

4. He's always his j ob.5. When you went to the theater with Paul, who it?6. It's not a very good bus service. You can't it.7. Most parents their children smoking.

b) Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriatepreposition.

Ex: A football team consists of l1 players.1. She was described the best player on the team.2. Our neighbours complained

_

us thenoise we made last night.

3. She hasn't got a job. She depends her parents formoney.

4. You were very rude to Tom. Don't you think you shouldapologize

_ him what you've said?

2r

5. I don't approve the way he dresses, so I'll try topersuade him get some new clothes.

6. He decided to give up sport in order to concentratehis studies.

7. Don't listen what he says. He's stupid.

8. The accident was my fault, so I had to paydamage.

the

9. You can always rely me if you need any help.

10. He always does the opposite _

what I tell him to do.

11. Do you see that girl over there? Does she remind youanyone you knoul?

L2. Remind me the meeting tomorrow night. I'm sure toforget otherwise.

13. Before he came to Britain, many O.oOr. had warned himthe weather. So he was prepared for plenty of rain.

22

coNsoLrDATroN (rA - 3A)

I RI:VIEW OF PITRASAL VERBS : TJNITS 1A.3AMatch the most suitable endings (a-J) with the beginnings (1-10)

1. The forest fire was put

2. You go now, and I'I1 catch

3. One moment please. I'm trying to put you

4. He always puts his tools

5. Your behavior is unacceptable! I w.itl never put

6. I don't know how you can live

7. I'm putting some money

8. His bad luck put me

9. The match was put ?10. If you need somewhere to stay, we can put you

a) away when he's finished using them.b) up for a night or two.c) aside each week for my holiday.d) off from Saturday to the following Monday.e) off starting my own business.0 up with you later.d out before too much damage was done.h) through to the General Director.i) on such a small salary.j) up with it.

23

MISCEIJANDOUS E,I(ERCISES

a) Write the correct form of the verbs following the blanks.Martin (1) (speak) five languages very well. Heowes this mainly to his parents. His mother is Hungarian and hisfather is English. Martin, however, was born in Spain. At thetime, his parents were working as engineers for a Spanishcompany. They sent Martin to a French School, for which thecompany paid. Martin (3) (live) in Spain for manyyears until he moved to Rome, where(4) (stay )with his girlfriend, Angela. He then (5) (start ) tolearn Italian. TWo years ago, they decided to move to Sicily, andthey did.

Martin and Angela (6) (live) there happily sincethen. They (7) (think) it's a lovely place. Martin'sparents (8) (visit) them twice so far. They likehearing their son speaking Italian. They (9)fiust/apply) to work for an Italian company, in Sicily. They(10) (be able) to do that if they can get permissionfrom the Italian government.

a) Sheila to marr5rD to marryr Sheilac) if Sheila had marriedd) to Sheila if she would marrya) more beautiful houses I've everb) most beautiful houses I've neverc) more beautiful houses I've neverd) most beautiful houses I've ever

1.

2.

a) suchb) soc) a suchd) aso

4. a) good workb) well workc) goodjobd) well job

24

5. a) enough richb) rich enoughc) too richd) so rich

a) areedb) arguedc) admittedd) promised

a) IVe been offeredb) They've been olfered mec) I have offeredd It's been offered me

Mark the best choice

1. He was furious

4. He went to India toAnglo-Indian literature.

6. a) who he ownsb) who ownsc) owns itd) who owns it

8. a) for buyingb) for to buyc) that you buyd) to buy

1O.a) thereb) themc) thesed) it

himself for not

7.

9.

realizing hismistake sooner.

a) about b) at c) with2. Elizabeth has been complaining

headaches, but she won't Eo to the doctor.

a) about b) of c) fromHe is extremely

a) upset

3.

d) to

of Bernard Shaw's plays.

b) keen c) attracted d) fond

d)\fhaving bad

some research on

a) make b) do c) ignore d) resist

5OO pounds ayeafl5. How do you expect me to

a) live on b)catch on c) live through d) catch up with

25

Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets .1. Please don't turn the radio off. I (listen) to it.

(normally, go) to see a film on Monday2. Sheevenings but this Monday she won't because she

(study) for her English exam.3. A knife is an object that is used for4. As soon as I

know about

Mark the best choice.

I come from Oldfield,ago. All the houses,

(cut) things.(receive) the letter, I'11 let you

a very dirty tovrn a few yearsnext to the factories in the

it.

5. I can't answer your question now.about it:

(think)

Mark the best choice.

Three weeks ago I asked I me and she said she would. A fewdays later, she saw her dream house. It's one of the 2 seen,Sheila said. It was in the middle of 3 lovely countryside that Ihad to admit I liked it, too. "Sheila", I said, " I've got quite a 4but I'm not 5 to buy a house like that". "'Well, we can askthe man 6 how much he wants for it," she said. Themore we 7 , the more determined she became. So wewent to see the owner. "I'm afraid you've come too latethe house," he said I 3O,OOO pounds for it and I've alreadyaccepted it.' Sheila was a bit disappointed but she said, "Never mind,Gary. There must be a lot of nice houses round here." That's right," Isaid, "and we'll go and look at 10 But first we'll go to abuilding society and ask for advice."

nineteenth century, were black because of the smoke from the factorychimneys. The only green space in the town was Nelson Park, 3

I used to play when I was a child. But now everything haschanged. My boy-friend Roger, owns one of the biggestfactories, said that they paid a million pounds to put in clean-airequipment. His father, 5 rather old-fashioned, didn'twant to do it and neither did the other factory owners. But theCouncil insisted and now even Roger's father agrees it was a goodthing.

26

I. a) where it was 2. a) where they buildb) which wasc) which it wasd) where was

3. a) whichb) wherec) whend) that

5. a) that he isb) isc) who isd) whose is

b) which they buildc) which were builtd) where they were built

4. a) whose fatherb) that his fatherc) where his fatherd) who is his father

27

TINIT 4 At MODAI.S

Put an appropriate modal of obligation IES!, have to, had to, shouldneed to, should .in its corect form into each gap. The forms used maybe positive, negaUve, simple or gerund (in$ forms.1. I really do think you get your hair cut.

play with matches. They're too2. Careful, darling. Youdangerous.

3. My wife suddenly became ill in the middle of the night andI call the doctor.

4. I'm overwelght. The doctor said Isweets or potatoes.

eat a lot of

5. I like Saturdays because I get up early.6. A W.hy have you got so much money on you?

You keep it in the bank.

B: I l,oeow. But today's the day I pay my employees.7. It's my mother's birthday next week. I

buy her a present and a card.

8. No one likes9. You

remember to

work at weekends.

come with me if you don't want to. I don't mindgoing on my owrr. You stay here if you like.

10. I have a really bad memory for phone numbers. I alwayslook them up in the book.

11. When I was at school, we wear unlforms. Everyonehated them.

L2. You touch electrical appliances if you've got wethands. You could kill yourself.

13. She has a private income. She has never do a day'swork in her whole life.

28

IL PARTICIPT.ESa) Join the following using the structure I-IAVING DONE.Ex First they found a hotel. Then, they looked for somewhere to

have dinner.

Having found a hotel. thelr looked for somewhere to havedinner.

1. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall.

2. He found no one at home. He left the house in a badtemper.

3. The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left thebuilding.

4. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home andask his father for a job.

5. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where hecould get food.

6. She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard itall before.

7. They found the money. They began quarreling about howto divide it.

8. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in thepark.

29

9. He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing thedoor.

10. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.

b) Study the examples and rewrite the other sentences replacing theunderlined part \Mith a suitable participle.

1. As/Since/Because he is an engineer, he ought to know howthe machine works.

Being an engineer, he ought to know how the machine works.

2. After/When she had done all her shopping, she went home.Having done all her shopping, she went home.

3. While he was writing the novel, he remembered his ownchildhood.Writing the novel, he remembered his own childhood.

4. I shouted and ran out of the house.I ran out of the house shouting.

5. She was sitting on an armchair and she was reading.She was sitting on an armchair reading.

6. They changed the end of the film, which turned it into acomedlr.

They changed the end of the film, turning it into a comedy.7. I didn't know his address so I couldn't contact him.

Not knowing his address I couldn't contact him.8. When he had paid back the money he owed. he felt much

better.

30

9. She fell asleep while she was watching TV.

fO. I was feeling very tired so I went home.

11. He took a key out of his pocket and opened the door.

12. He finally arrived home. He had spent the whole night out.

13. She needs a visa to stay in this country because she is aforeigner.

14. Jill was lying on the bed and she was crying.

15. John got high grades on his exams, which made his parentshappy.

c) Write the correct form of the words.1. (use) a sharp knife, he cut the flowers.

2. (be) an only child, she was spoilt by herparents.

3. The (steal) car was found the next day.4. (push) the door open, he saw her studying.5. I've got a brother (study) in London.6. A few days after the interview I received a letter

(offer) me the job.7. The child woke up (terrify) and ("ry)

because he had a very (frighten) dream.8. The man slipped (get) off the bus.9. He is a well (know) designer. His clothes are not

only well _

(cut) but also long (last).

31

badly timedpoorly paidwell-written

bitterly disappointedofficially authorisedcolorfully illustrate drecenfly engaged

freshty made

happily marriedwidely known

d) Use each of the following phrases once only to complete thesentences below :

1. It's a account of his life, much betterthan the

2. I'm abiography.

man. I don't want to get involved

apple pie. Let's go in4. They're advertisingand have some.

5. Everyone wanted to take photographs of thecouple.

6. It's a

3. Thein anything that could upset my maria$e.

program caused a lot of confusion.

fact that workers willnot increase production without some kind of reward to workharder.

7. Although it's a book, the quality of someof the pictures is not very good.

8. Thousands of holidaymakers complainedwhen they heard their flights had been cancelled.

e) Underline the correct participle.Ex: He told us a (fascinating / fascinated ) story.

1. That was a really (disgusting/disgusted )meal.2. I've always been (interesting/interested ) in wild life, especially

birds.

3. My husband has the (annoying/annoyed ) habit of eatingtoast in bed.

32

I was (horri$ringlhorrified ) to learn that my jewels were gone.It was a very (embarrassing/embarrassed ) situation. I wishedthe floor could have swallowed me up.

He said he was quite (satisSing/satisfied ) with my progress.You look (confusing/confused). Haven't you understood whatI'm talking about?

Your behaviour was (shocking/shocked). You should beashamed of yourself.My exam results were rather (disappointin8/disappointed). I'vegot to retake the exams in September.

10. I've just seen a wonderful film about life in space. The specialeffects were (amazed/ arrrazur$l

PHRASAL VERBS (Break, Gct)Fill in each blank with an appropriate phrasal verb from the listbelow.

1. A: How will you survive when youB: We'II have to

are unemployed?

on my unemployment chec^,.

2. That political partylosing the elections.

3. The news

into four rival parties after

, and there were always plenty of

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

IIt

break downbreak inbreak outbreak throughbreak up

get backget at.get away withget byget acrossget downget awayget (a)round

visitors at the exhibition.

33

5. The telephone communication systemheavy rainfall and floods.

4. Why don't the baby's parents scold her when she plays with herfood? They let her it. They don't care.

6. Some of the crowd attempted tocordons during the demonstration.

due to the

the police

7. A fire on the third floor, and in no time spreadthroughout the building.

8. The audience were aware of what the speaker was , sothey started to leave the conference hall.

9. The police and arrested everyone in the building.

10. I'11 probably never the money I loaned him.

11. He is an inexperienced manager and has troublethe difficulties of the job.

L2. I was under enorrnous pressure for about 2 years before Iand was put under medical treatment.

13. After my father died, loneliness really started tomy mother and she came to live with me.

14. I hope I'll be able to early tonight so we can go to thetheatre.

15. He was able to his message . Everyoneunderstood him clearly.

v

TINIT 5 A

L COI\IDITIONNSA" PROVTDED /PROVTDING (TrrAT), AS/SO rpNG AS

a) Rewrite using the given expression.1. The game will begin at 3 o'clock, unless it rains. (provided)

2. If you don't dr'lnk too much, you won't get a headache.(as long as)

3. You won't get cold if you don't throw the blankets off.(as long as)

4. The police will leave you alone unless you cause trouble.(providing)

5. We'll end the meeting now unless you have any questions.(provided)

B. UNLESSa) Answer using UNLESS:

1. A How can I lose 20 pounds?B: Well. ]rou can't lose rveight unless you go on a diet an{

exercise everv dav.2. A: How can I get a driver's licence?

B:

3. A How can I open a bank account?B:

4. A How can I learn a new langua$e?B:

5. A How can I get into a good university?B:

35

b) Rewrite using UNLESS:l. Joe can hear only if you shout.

Joe can't hear unless you shout.2. You can't go abroad if you don't have a passport.

3. You are allowed into the club only if you are a member.

4. You must speak slowly or he won't be able to understandyou.

5. I may have to work tomorrow. I won't be able to come inthat case.

6. Don't tell Ann what I said if she doesn't ask you.

7. I'm going to the party only if you go too.

8. She must apologise to me or I won't forgive her.

c) Underline the correct word or expression.l. You can use my car unless/as Long as you drive carefully.2. I'm playing tennis tomorrow unLess/proutding it gets cold.3. We're having a picnic tomorrow unless/prouided it's not

raining.4. You can smoke in here unless / as long as you leave a

window open to let the smoke out.5. George doesn't trust anyone. He won't lend you any money

unless / as Long as you promise in writing to pay him back.6. The children can stay here unless / prouidtng they don't

make any noise.7. I'm going now unless / proutded you really want me to

stay.

36

IL corrcEssroNA. Although / In spite of, I Despite / EYen thougha) Study the examples and rewrite the following using the given

words.

It rained a lot but in spite of this, we enjoyed our holiday.

In spite ofDespite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

A.lthoughIn spite of the fact thatDespite the fact that

'it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.

1. Although he's got an English name, he is in fact German.Despite

2. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to thevillage. Although

3. I decidedIn spite of

to accept the job although the salary was low.

4. We lostDespite

the match although we were the better team.

5. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn't feelhungry.Even though

37

b) Rewrite the following using ALTHOUGH or IN SPITE OF1. He looked very scruf[r, but he still got the job.

2. Compact discs are expensive, but lots of people are buyingthem.

3. Her parents objected, but she still insisted on gettingma:ried.

4. Beethoven was deaf, but he continued composing until hisdeath.

5. The acoustics in the hall are poor, but it is still used forconcerts.

6. 'We've known each other for a long time, but we still calleach other by our surnames.

7. Hammerfest is a long way north of the Arctic Circle, but thesea never freezes there.

8. He was very popular, but he didn't win the election.

9. It rained heavily, but the crops weren't destroyed.

10. She was 85 years old, but she still lived a very active life.

38

B. In Splte of / Because ofa) Match the beginning of sentences 1-9 with an appropriate

ending (a-i)b) Rewrite the sentences using 'because of or 'in spite of &

making all necessary changes.

1. The weather was cold .2. He was ill ...3. There's a meat shortage4. His book was successful5. There was ice on the roads6. The cost of living in Britain is high7. There were large crowds8. He has a foreign accent9. The house was in bad condition

a. couldn't see what was going onb. there are fewer tourists here this yearc. he was asked to appear on TVd. we have no problem understanding hime. we kept the fire on all dayf. he managed to come to workg. there were a lot of accidentsh. they enjoyed living therei) we have become vegetarians

39

C. IN CASE

I don't want to go out tonight IN CASE Jane phones.(= because it is possible that she will phone)

I gave him my address IN CASE he came to london.(- because it was possible that he would come to London one dry)a) Write sentences using IN CASE.

1. I'm going for a walk. Perhaps I'11want to take photographsso I'll take my camera with me.

2. Perhaps you won't be able to find our house so I'll draw amap for you.

3. It was possible that they hadn't received my first letter, so Iwrote them a second one.

4. I'll take your letter with me. I'm not sure but I might seeAnn.

5. Please write down the name of the street. I might forget it.6. My parents might be worried so I'd better give them a

phone call.

7. It was possible that they hadn't heard the bell so I rang thebell again.

8. You might have an accident so you should wear a crashhelmet when you ride a motorbike.

b) Complete these sentences1. Go to the dentist regularly in case

2. Buy some candles in case

N

3. Have lunch early in case

4. Take a pullover with you in case

5. Take an extra roll of film on holiday with you in case

6. Take a book with you to the doctor's in case

7. Tell your parents where you are going in case

8. Put the car keys on the table in case

9. Set the alarm clock in case

10. Book seats for the theatre in advance in case

c) Study the examples and fill in the blanks with IN CASE or IF.We'll buy some more food if Tom comes.(= Perhaps Tom will come. We'll buy more food lf he comes. If he

doesn't come, we won't buy any.)

We'll buy some more food IN CASE Tom comes.(= Perhaps Tom will come but we'llbuy some more food no\M whether

he comes or not. Then we'll already have the food if he comes.)

1. Could you give this book to Tom you see him?3*

2. I hope you'll come to London sometime. you corne,you must visit us.

3. I've just painted the door. I'11 put a Wet Paint notice next to itsomeone doesn't realise the paint is still wet.

4. We have fitted the house with a burglar alarmsomebody tries to break in.

5. The alarm will ring somebody tries to break intothe house.

4l

6. Write your name and address on your bag you lose it.7. Go to the lost property office you lose your bag.8. I was advised to arrange insurance I needed

medical treatment while I was on holiday abroad.9. Dry your hands before you do electrical repairs you

get an electric shock.

m PHRASAL VERBS (Set, Wear)Fill in each blank with an appropriate item from the list below. Oneof them will be used twice.

set up wear out out of sightset out wear off out of controlset down on foot out of reachset inset off

1. After the revolution, everything in the country went _

andthere was chaos.

2. The old man prefers going almost ever5rwherebecause he thinks it will be good exercise for him.

3. Two bombs were by someone in the crowd.4. As soon as the effect of the aspirin she started to

suffer great pain.5. As soon as his father was he lit a cigarette.6,Soonerorlater,thesolesofyourexpensiveshoes\Mi11-.7. After resigning from the company, he to establish

his own business.8. when the famous surgeon retired, he he story of his

career.

9. Before they on the round-the-world tour, they madesure a1l the bookings had been confirmed.

10. Keep all medicine of children.11. He has to find a place to live before the cold weather12. A monument was in memory of the soldiers who died

during the war.42

T'NIT 6 A

t FI,JTURE TEI\ISEa) Complete the following sentences using 'will 'or 'going to'.

Sometimes both are possible.

1. A Did you hear the weather forecast?B: Yes. It be cold at first, then it get a

little warrner this afternoon, and this evening therebe some light showers.

2. A: Why did you buy a house in such terrible condition?B: It was cheap. We modernize it from top

to bottom, and we make it into a restaurant.What do you think of our plans?

3. A If you are elected, what your partydo about unemployment?

B: We have carefully considered this issue. When we areelected, as we most certainly be. we

create half a million new jobs.

4. A What are you doing here? Annie's expecting you forlunch.

B: I completely forgot! Iher I

5. A: How will the proposed tax increase on petrol affect yourbusiness?

B: To be perfectly honest, we haven't thought about it yet. We

give her a ring, and tellbe late. Thanks for reminding me.

cross that bridge when we ge

43

6. A When is your baby due?B: Next month.A What call it if it's a bofl2B: Thomas.

b) Corecting mistakes in future formsIn the following dialogues approximately half of the future formsare wrong. Find the mistakes and correct them. Sometimes morethan one form is possible.

Ex: A What are you doing this weekend?B: Nothing. I stay at home. Nothing. I'm stalring at home.1. A I'm terribly sorr5r! I've spilt coffee on your carpet. It'll

stain.

B: Don't worry. I'm getting a cloth to wipe it off.2. A: What do you do when you've finished this course?

B: I'm going back to Spain.

A Have you got a job in Spain?B: No. I'll go back to university. I have to finish my

final year.

3. A: Am I disturbing you if I ring tonight?

B: Not at all. I won't be doing anything important.

4. A: What time does your train get in?

B: At 1 1.OO. If it's late, I'm going to miss my appointment.

5. A: Have you decided what you'Il do if you don't get thejob?

M

B: I look for another one.

Recognizing correct future formsUnderline the future form which is most appropriate.A Hello, Henry. How are you?B: Fine. And you?A Not so bad, thanks. Listen I'm ringing to try to arrange a

meeting with you. (I'11 be coming/I'm coming/I come) toLondon next Wednesday to see some customers. ( I'm going tosee /I'll see/I'm seeing ) them in the morning. twill you belareyou/are you going to be ) free any time in the afternoon?

B: (I won't be/I'm not/I' m not going to be) in Iondon, I'm afraid.( I'm/I'm going/ I'11 be going ) abroad for a few days on

business.A Oh, where (do you golwill you go/are you going?)B: To Germany. I have a meeting in Bonn. My company (witl

open/is opening ) a new office there next year.A Mmm. Sounds exciting. When (do you go/are you going/will

you go)?B: On Monday evening, and (I'm not/I won't be/I'm not going

to be) back until Thursday morning.A Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then. What time

(is your plane getting/does your plane getlwill your plane get)in?1O:40, so if I get a taxi, (I'll be/I arn/I could be ) in my office by12:OO.

On second thoughts don't do that. (I'11 see/I'll be seeing/I'mgoing to see) you at the airport. We can talk there. (We finish/we're finishing/we'll have finished) by 2:OO, probably, so thenwe can have something to eat and I can get the 3:OO shuttleback to Manchester. How does that sound?Fine. We'll sort it all out then. Thanks for ringing. Bye.Cheerio. ( see you/I'll be seeing you/I'll see you ) on Thursday.Have a good trip.

B:

A

d) Degrees of certainty about the futurePut the verb in brackets in the correct tense. Choose from thefollowing forms.

willmightmaycouldwon't

dobe doing

1. There's no point in phoning him this afternoon. He(work) in his garden, and he

(not hear) the phone.2. Don't forget your umbrella. you never know, it

(rain).

3. A Ihopewe (not disturb) Pat when wedrop in tonight.

B: Don't wornr she (not work). She toldme yesterday she never works in the evening.

4. It's a craztjr idea but it (work).5. A: I've invited Jane to the party on Saturday.

B: She (not come). She hates parties.6. A I've bought ten kilos of cheese for the party.

B: That's rather a lot, isn't it? They (notlike) cheese.

7. A why haven't you gone to the airport? I thought you wereflyrng to Rome today.

B: I'm sure the plane (delay-passive). Theweather's quite bad.

8. Be careful with the dog. she turns a bit nasty sometimes, and

M

(bite) you.

9. I don't know why I bother with my girlfriend. I knowexactly what (happen) tonight. I

(go) round to her house to pick her up, she(have) a bath or (do) her hair

as always, and I (have to) wait three hoursfor her to get ready.

10. I have nothing to wear for this party. All I've got is this oldblack dress, and Suzy (wear) somethingspectacular, as usual.

e) Future continuous and future perfect.The leaders of two countries (a president and a prime minister) aregoing to meet next week. Look at the following schedule of thepresident 's activities for Monday, and answer the questions thatfollow in complete sentences.

Ex: On Monday morning at 8:OO what will the president be doing?At this time. he'll be talking / conferring with his advisors. By9:OO what will already have happened?By 9:OO. he will already have met with his advisors.

MONDAY8:OO-8:5 Conference with presidential advisors9:OO-9:5O Breakfast meeting with the prime minister, the

president and their interpreters1O:OO-1O:5O Television speech by the president on peace relations

between the two countries11:OO-11:5O President and prime minister and their wives will

visit automobile factory12:OO-1:OO Private lunch with presidential advisors

1:OO-3:OO

Discussion of import-export needs of the two countries: president, primeminister, and ministers of trade

3:OO-3:3O Signing ceremonies for new trade treaty3:35-4:OO Meeting with television and newspaper reporters:

president and prime minister4:O0-6:0O Rest period in hotel6:0O:7:0O Get ready for formal dinner at 7:3O

47

1. What will the president be doing at 9:OO?

2. With whom will he be meeting at 9:OO?3. By 1O:OO what will the president and prime minister already

have done? (give two actions).

4. At what time will the president be making his speech ontelevision?

5. What will be happening at 11:OO?

6. What will the president already have done by 1:OO? (give fouror five actions).

7. Why will these officials be meeting from 1:OO to 3:OO?

8. By 4:OO what important document will they have signed?

9. When will the president and prime minister be meeting withreporters?

10. Will the president be touring the city from 4:OO to 5:OO?

11. By what time (approximately) will the president have gottenready to go to dinnet'?

12. Before the day is over, how many meetings will the presidenthave had?

48

I PHRASI\L VERBS (Lt, Cut)Put a suitable phrasal verb from the list below in each blank.

let downlet inlet offlet out

cut incut offcut up

cut acrosscut down oncut down

1. He will have toof hts clothes.

2. Tbejudge the thiefhad never stolen before.

3. The consequellces of the rain forests beingbe noUceable immediately.

eating because he can't fit into any

easy because

will not

4. That patient has a broken arrn so all his food isfor him.

5. I'm sure my friends wouldn't me _

in such a badsituation because they know I rely on them.

6. Economic aid to that country has been because ofits aggressive attitude towards other nations.

7. I can't stand the way the secretary constantlyour administrative meetings.

during

8. We are planning to the park to save time.

9. My boots have holes in the soles so they water. Ineed to buy a new pair.

10. He was of prison early because he saved a guard'slife during the riots.

49

CoNSoLTDATTON (4A - 6A)

I REYIEW OF PHRASAL VERBS

a) Match the most suitable ending (a-m) with the beginning (1-13)

1. The injured climber was slowly let2. Pat was able to buy a new car by cutting3. All of her money was invested in setting4. The electricity was suddenly cut5. Mrs. Jones carefully cut6. The explorers set7. Teachers do not always let8. After she loaded her car, she set9. The factory fire set

10. After a change in management, new rules were set11. In late October cold, rainy weather usually set12. After Billy said he was sorry, his mother let him go13. The screaming man cu

a) out to play with his friends.b) off an explosion which destroyed everything in the warehouse.c) in late students who come after the door is closed.d) down the mountain by rope.e) in the line while we were all waiting for our tickets.0 in for the next two to three months.g) down in a new employer's handbook.h) off during the bad wind storm.i) down on his entertainment expenses.j) up a new business to produce farming equipment.k) up the pie into equal pieces.1) o{f on her holiday.rrr) out to find the hidden city.

5(,,

2.

3.

4.

b) Complete the following sentences choosing the correct expressionfrom the following list. Do not forget to use them in the correctform.

get downget by

get away withget back

get awayget across

1. If you lend him your book, he'll lend it to someone else and you'llnever itAfter the robbery last night the thieves through thegarden. They my grandmother's silver tea set andall my Beatles records.It isn't just the work thathas got lots of other problems.The miners can't on such low wages. They will goon strike to their message

Complete the following sentences choosing the correct expressionfrom the following list.

let out cut off set outlet off cut down set up

When we for the pub, it was rainingheavily so we had to rLln.Since his article was too long, the teacher asked John to

itHe opened the door and_ the dogA programme has been to train newly-hiredemployees. If it's unsuccessful, funds for it will be nextyear.

She apologized for shouting at the policeman, so the judge

her . She

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

5t

her _

with just a $ fO fine.

I MIS@,III\NEOUS E)@RCISESa) Rewrite the following sentences using the given words and

without changing the meaning:1. The recent changes both excited and worried me.

(not only ... but also)2. There is a decrease in sales these days as a result of the high

rate of inflation.The reason for

3. Although the weather was terrible, they travelled 53O Isn. tohave a ski-holiday.

(in spite ofl4. They will never meet again so he won't be able to learn her

name.

If

5. Jack may get the job. If he does, he'Il get married.Unless

6. There are twenty litres of water in that tank.

(contain)7. May I borrow your pen?

(wonder)8. Being ocposed to loud noise constantly may cause deafness.

(due to)9. Cardboard cartons are being used instead of the old milk

bottles.

52

(replace)

1O. My leather handbag has became useless; I must get a new one.; I must get a new one.

(wear out)11. It is not necessary for you to visit her in hospital.

You12. She lived in London for five years, so she misses it a lot now.

Having

b) Mark the best choice.1. The little boy watched the plane till it passed out of

and then asked his mother if it was a bird.a) control b) sight c) reach d) doors

2. If she were of all the facts, she would immediatelychange her mind.a) awake b) accused c) aware d) confessed

3. John is so he needs to wear glasses.a) left-handedb) kind-heartedc) short-sightedd) well-behaved

4. This perfume is really I put it on this morning andit still smells good.a) well-behavedb) long-lastingc) middle-agedd) short-sleeved

53

TTNIT I B

t GERI,'NDS (STTTOY GTIIDE)A Gerunds [V-ING) are used after many verbs.

1. These verbs take gerunds.

admit excuse * miss* appreciate explain pardonavoid *fancy * postpone

* celebrate finish practise* consider forgive put off* delay give up * preventdeny can't help * resent

* detest *imagine resist* dislike involve risk* endure keep suggest* enj oy mention * understandescape *mind * can't stand / bear

VERB + V.ING

I really appreciate having time to relax.Have you considered getting a job?She kept talking all night.Would you mind opening the window?

VERB+ OBIDCT+V-ING

* The asterisked verbs often take objects as in the following:Fancy you/your noticing the mistake!I can't understand John/John's making such a fuss.Do you mind me /my making a suggestion?Can you imagine your mother's approving what you've done?

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B. Gerunds are used after all prepositions.

PREPOSITION + V-ING

He left without saying goodbye.He finished the job brworking 16 hours a day.Before going out, I phoned Ann.This lorife is only for cutting bread.What are the advantages of living in the city?She went to work in spite of feeling ill.I bought a new house instead of going away on holiday.How What about sending them a card?As well as getting on everybody's nen/es, he's got a habit or[borowing money and forgetting to pay it back.The model was so detailed that it was just like being in a realspaceship.I enjoy riding more than walking.

AI\IDCTIVE + PREFOSITION + V.ING

afraid of fond of responsible forangry with good at soryr forbored \Mith happy about sure ofcapable of interested in tired ofexcited about keen on (be) used to

I'm interested in actingHe's good at skiing.I'm quite fond of living in a big city.I'm used to working hard.

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VERB + PREPOSITION+ V-ING

apologise for insist onapprove of look forward todream of object todecide on / against think of / aboutfeel like succeed in

I don't feel like studyingShe doesn't approve of gamblingHe insisted on buying me a drink.Bill has finally succeeded in finding a job.

VERB + OBIECT + PREPTOSITION + V-ING

accuse ......... of stop ..... (from)congratulate . ... on suspect ..... offorgive .... for thank ....... forprevent

.. (from)

They accused me of telling lies.I congratulate ]rou on passing the exam.Please forgive me for not writing to youWhat orevented him from coming to the wedding?The police stopped everyone (from) leaving the building.Did they susoect hirn of being a spy?Thank you for being so nice.

The follouring expressions are also followed by Gerunds.It's no use/good worrying about it.Do you think this book is worth reading?You'll have no difficulty (in) passing the exam.It's a waste of time /monelz going there.She soends/wastes a lot of time day-dreaming.How often do you gB shopping?

C.

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I[ RETIIEW OF PASIT PERTECTa) Past Perfect Slmple & Continuous

Underline the corect verb form.Ex: Everybody lcrew he (had stolen / had been stealing )from his

employer for years.I. I knew the facts of the case because I (had read/had been

readin$ the report.2. My eyes ached because I (had read/had been reading )for

three hours.3. The children were filthy. They (had played/had been

playng) in the garden, and they were covered in mud.4. I was very nervous at the beginning of the match. I (had

never played / h,ad never been plairng ) with her before, andI dldn't know how good she was.

5. Donald excelled himself as a cook. He (had cooked / hadbeen cooking ) a wonderful Spanish dish.

6. Donald was very cross. (He had worked / had been working )ln the kitchen all morning, and no-one (had offered /hadbeen offering) to help.

b) Past Slmple and Past Perfect

started (already start) when we arriued (arrive).1. I (not recognl.z,e) my old teacher because we

(not see) each other for filteen years.2. After they (finish) their work, they

(go) for a drink.3. When I (arrive) at her house, her mother

told me that she (EIo) out.4. My brother (eat) all the cake before we

(get) home.5. I was surprised to hear that she (award) an

honors degree when she (be) only sixteen.6. When Elizabeth I

_(die) in 1603, she(reign) for over forty years.

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After the burglary, nothing (touch) until thepolice (look) for fingerprints.I (write) to the shop to ask why my books

(not arrive) yet.9. Henry (come) home from holiday to tind that

his house

10. He

hreak) into.(refuse) to admit that the accident

(be) his fault.

Past, Past Perfect, and Present Perfect: Simple & ContinuousPut the verbs in brackets in the correct past form.

"W'ell, you see, Officer, I (drive) down the du alcarriageway, when this huge lorr5r (overtake) me. I

(travel) at 70 miles an hour, so I've no idea what speedthe lorry Go). I (never see) a lorry travellingso fast. TWo miles further down the road I (see) flamesand smoke rising. That crazy driver (crash) into the

(swerve) to avoid a boy on his bicycle.(speak) to the boy yet? I think

he's all right. When you (arrive), I (try) tofree the lorry driver. I could smell alcohol on his breath. I think he

(drink). He _

(break) one of his legs, butapart from that he's not too bad.

7.

roundabout. Heyou

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10.

VERBS OF PERCEPTIONWrite the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Say if you think bothforms are possible.1. Can you smell something burning? (burn)2. I've never seen him dance/dancing (dance)3. Nobody saw the two cars collide. (collide)4. I could see a man (sit) on the balcony

(read) a newspaper. Then I saw him (get) up and(go) indoors.

5. I turned round and saw a snake slowly (slither)towards me.

6. I could hear a car (come) fast along the main road.I heard the driver (brake) hard.

7. I thought I heard someone (break) a window in thenext room.

B. I heard the bomb (explode), and felt the wholebuilding_ (shake).I heard them (talk) in a low voice, and then suddenly Iheard someone (shout) 'Help!'There was a fire in our street yesterday morning. I woke up early.I pulled the curtains and suddenly saw smoke (pour)out of the house opposite. Then I heard the fireengines (ring) their bells and saw the first one

(turn) the corner and (stop) outside theburning house. I saw a woman (stand) at theupstairs window. I watched her (open) the windowand could see her (wave) at the fireman. As soon as Iopened my bedroom window, I could hear more fire engines

(arrive) and smell the smoke (come) from theburning house. Then I saw the firemen (carry) a largeblanket into the front garden and (get) ready to catchthe woman. Then I heard the chief fireman (shout)'Jump'. For a long time I watched the woman(hesitate) before she decided to"jump. When she landed safely, Iheard the firemen and the neighbours (shout) 'Hurray'.

59

TY. ARTICI.ESA The indefinite article (a/ari is used:

a) when the noun is mentioned for the first time.You can llet an applicaUon form from the Post Office.

b) with nouns (including professions) after the verbs be andbecome when the'noun has indefinite reference.I'd like to be a doctor.It's an interesting book.

c) in emphatic expressions after what and such(before signular count hours).What an incredible story!She's such a kind person.

d) in expressions of ratio (price, speed, frequency, etc.)ten pence a box, fifty miles an hour, twice a day.

e) with certain numbers and expressions of quantity.a dozen, a hundred, a thousand.a lot of, a few, a little.

NOTE: a few apples = a small amount (neutral meaning)a little water

BUT: few apples = hardly any (negative meaning)little water

(The indefinite article can norrnally only be used with singularcountable nouns. Indefinite reference with plural or uncountablenouns is indicated by zero article .)

B. The definite article (the) is used:a) before a noun which has become definite because it has

already been mentioned, or when the reference is obvious.Then fill in the form, and send it off at once.He turned on the lights.Pass the sugar.

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b) before nouns which are defined by a phrase or clause.The men with guns were police officers.Where's the milk I bought?It led to the invention of photography.

c) before singular nouns to represent a class of things.The typewriter was invented in 1829.

d) before superlatives, and ordinal numbers.the oldest man, the first president, the third of June

BUT: First, let me welcome you.

e) before names of rivers, seas, and plural names of countries. theNile, the Mediterranean, the United States, the USSR, theBritish Isles.

0 before musical instruments.He plays the trumpet.

d in the following phrases:I'm going to the cinema /theatre / opera/b allet / office.

C. kro article. No article is used:a) before plural, uncountable and abstract nouns when they are

used in a general sense. (Compare definite article b.)Women live longer than men.Milk contains lots of vitamins.Necessity is the mother of invention.

b) before the names of most countries, towns and streets.I bought it in New York, near Fifth Avenue.

BUT: the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague.c) in emphatic expressions with what/such before mass nouns &

plural count nounsWhat beautiful shoes!She has such pretty hair.

d) before the names of languages and subjects.I'm taking Spanish and History.

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e) in certain idiomatic phrases, e.g.prison (prisoner)hospital (patient)He went to school (pupil)University (student)bed (tired Person)

BUT: He visited the hospital.They couldn't find the school.She put her suitcase on the bed.

I came by

kt's have

Exercises:

FiIl in the1.

buscartubeboattrainplane

breakfastlunchteasupperdinner

It happened at

dawnnoonmiddaysunsetnightmidnight

blanks with the definite or indefinite article, if necessary.neighbours have j ust bought themselves

new car.

2. What lovely weather!3. Could you turn on television?4. In my opinion, Penicillin is

most useful medicine ever invented by man.5. We had to wear uniforms at school

I went to.6. I've been learning English for six years now.7. Shall we open bottle of wine you bought?

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8. At school he was always interested indrama and now he's actor.

9. It's lovely house but did you see how smallkitchen was? How can anyone cook in suchsmall kitchen.

1O. John is student who sits in front of the door.

V. PHRASAL VERBS (Brtng)Fill in each blank with the correct preposition.1. Bringing children is not as easy as some people think it

is.2. Going to the circus brings

-

the child in me.3. The smog brought

-

by car exhaust fumes is one ofmain contributors to pollution.

4. Although the team were playing their third game that day, theymanaged to bring it

5. The firm has just brought a three-shift system in orderto increase production.

6. After the operation, it took the doctors a long time to bring thepatient

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TINIT 28

rNFrNrTrvEs (sTIrDY GITTDE)A An infinitive \Mith 'to' is used after many verbs.

1. These verbs take infinitive with 'to'

proposerefuseregretrememberseem

startswear

troubletry

*wantwish

*would like

VERB + II\IFINTTIVE

I want to leave now.We can't afford to buy a new car.Hope to see you soon.He decided to go away this weekend.Tom offered to lend me some money.I wouldn't dare to speak to him now.*The asterisked verbs can be used with or without an object before

the infinitive.

VERB + (OBIBCT) + II\IFIMTWE

I don't want you to leave.She asked me to pay for the meal.He would like us to come.We expected him to be late.

affordagreeappear

* askattemptbear

* bqgbegincare

* choose* dare

decidedetermine

* expectfailforgethappenhatehelphesitatehopeintend

learnlikelovemanagemean

neglectofferprefer

* preparepretend

* promise

M

2. With some verbs it is necessary to use an object before theinfinitive.

VERB + OBIDCI + INFII\IITIVE

advise encourage order requestallow forbid permit teachcause force persuade tellenable invite remind warn

Remind me to phone Jane tomorrow!Who taught you to drive?He warned us not to touch anything.JO

3. After certain verbs it's possible to use a question word with the

forgetknowremember understand

I don't know who to invite.Can you tell me how to get to the station?Show us what to do.Ask him where to park the car.Did you find out when to pay?I don't lorow whether to answer his letter (or not).

5. A flew verbs like FIAPPEN, APPEAR and SEEM can take all forms ofthe infinitive.

Juan happens to own a castle in Toledo. (Simple)He appears to be studying. (Continuous)They seem to have finished. (Perfect)The chairs appear to have been painted. (Past Passive)The work seems to be finished. (Present Passive)

infinitive.askdecideexplain

tellshow

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B. Many adjectives can be followed by an infinitive with 'to'

ADT. + II\FIMTIVE

I am pleased to meet you.She was upset to hear that her sister was ill.He is difficult to understand.It is_rmpossible to invite everybody to the party.It was kind of her to help us.My mother's getting too old to travel.Would you be kind enough to open a window?

C. We can use TO, IN ORDER TO or SO AS TO to refer to purpose.He got a job to earn money for his holiday.I got up early in order to have time to pack.She went to France so as to learn French.

D. 1. LET and MAKE are followed by an object+infinitive without'to'I won't let you ride my bike.The teacher made the boys stay in after school.

2. HELP is followed by an infinitive with or without 'to'.Mother helned me (to) do my homework.

I E)@RCISES ON GERIJNDS AND INFIMTIIIESa) Gerund or Infinitive? Underline the correct form.

1. I'm planning (to flylflying) to Chicago next week.2. The Porters' house is too small. They're considering (to buy /

buyrng) a bigger house.3. We discussed (to golgoin$ to Colorado for our vacation.4. He happens (to belbein$ the best student in the class.5. The Millers can't afford (to buy/buying) a car.6. Tommy doesn't like green vegetables . He refuses (to eat/eating)

them.

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7. Keep (to talk/talking). I'm listening.8. Bob doesn't like his job. He's talking about (to getlgetting) a

new one.

9. You seem (to be/being) in a good mood today.10. When you finish (to clean/cleaningl), can you help me in the

kitchen.11. George intends (to belbeing) a doctor when he grows up.12. Ann offered (to look/loohrg) after our children while we

were out.13. He pretended not (to hear/hearin$ me but I'm sure he did.14. We managed (to getlgetting) to the airport on time in spite of

the traffic.15. The boss was very strict. Nobody dared (to contradict/

contradictin$ him.16. It was cold and rainy yesterday, so we postponed (to visit/

visiting) the zoo.17. Jack promised (to come/comin$ to my party.18. Our neighbour threatened (to call / calling) the police if we

didn't stop the noise.19. She can't stand (to sleep/sleeping) in a room with no window

open.20. I can't imagine George (to ride/riding) a motorbike.21. He denied (to give/giving) away the secret.22. Hisjob involves (to work/working) all sorts of hours.23. Mary admitted (to be/being) rude to the new girl.24.When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not (to have/having) to get up

earty.

25. Soon after (to take/takin$ off, the plane crashed.26. I'm quite excited about (to start/startin$ the new project.27. He left the room without anyone (to see/seein$ him.28.I was really delighted (to getlgetting) your letter last week.29. rt was careless of Jack (to leave /leaving) his apartment door

unlocked when he went on holiday.3O. You must practise (to answer/answerin$ this sort of questions

for the exam.

b) Rewrite the following1. Having good friends is important.

It is2. It's not a good idea to travel at night.

It's better to avoid3. He's sorry that he didn't lock his car.

He regrets4. Please don't tell anyone that I'm leaving my job.

I don't want5. My father said I could use his car.

My father allowed6. Don't work if you don't need the money.

There's no point7. Would you like to have dinner with me?'

Bill invited8. The driver of the car said it was true that he was drunk.

The driver of the car admitted9. I think you've made a mistake.

You seem1O. Could you turn down the radio, please?

Would you mind11. I was surprised that it rained.

I didn't expect12. "I think it would be best if I told the police about the

accident".She advised

13. The night guard told the police that he hadn't taken the files.The night guard denied

14. Don't smoke. It's a waste of money.It's a waste of money

15. Learning a second language takes a long time.It takes

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16. It is quite easy to answer those questions.Those questions

17. I think they are argui4g.They appear

18. If you have got a car, you're able to travel around more easily.Having a car enables

19. I told you that you shouldn't tell him anything.I warned

20. 'I'll drive you to the station, Ann' Tom said.Tom insisted

21. You aren't payrng attention to me' the teacher said to the boy.The teacher accused

22. l'd visit the museum if I were you.The museum is worth

23. George took more exercise and so lost weight.By

24. Tom finds it difficult to talk about his problems.Tom has

25. He translated the article. He didn't use a dictionary.He translated the article without

26. At first I didn'tBill persuaded

want to go out but Bill persuaded me.

27. Sally wanted to get my attention so she touched my shoulder.Sally touched my shoulder so as

28. A good restaurant is hard to find in this town.It is

29. Jane is a very good cook.Jane is good at

3O. He was seriously hurt in the accident but he managed torecover.

In spite of

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IIt INF'IMITTIESWTTTIOIJT'TO'A) MAKE / LET

Rewrite each sentence using either IVIAKE or LET without changingthe meaning.1. This rainy weather causes me to feel depressed.

2. Tom wasn't allowed to take the exam.

3. We couldn't smoke in Mr. Osborne's office.

4. Their mother forced the children to drink milk every night butthey didn't have to finish their meals.

For further exercises refer to 'Grammar Supplementary Materialand Exercises'p. 265, exercise I.

b) WOULD RATHER1. WOULD RATHER DO

Shall we go by train? Well, I'd rather go by car. (- I'd prefer to)Do you want to go out this evening? I'd rather not.I'd rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.

2. WOULD RATHER SOMEONE DID SOMETHING.I'd rather you cboked the dinner now. (= I want you to)I'd rather he didn't tell anyone what I said. (= I dont want him to )a) Answer using WOULD RATHER.

1. Shall we play tennis? Well. I'd rather go for a swim.2. Will you phone Tom? Well. I'd rather )zou phoned him.3. Shall we watch TV?4. Shall we leave now?5. Will you do the washing-up?6. Will you go to the bank?

70

7. Do you mind if I smoke?

8. Do you want to eat now?9. Can I use the phone?10. Will you tell him what happened?

b) Answer using tfre correct form of the verbs in brackets.1. A Do you mind if I leave this job till tomomor/'?

B: I'd rather gslicl (do) it today.2. A Can we open our presents nou?

B: I'd rather_ (not open) them until your fathergets home.

3. A Do you mind if I go home earffiB: Well, there's a lot of work to be done. I'd rather

(stay) until 4 o'clock.4. A Is he getting better?

B: I'm not sure. In any case, I'd rather (notmention) it when you see him.

5. A Why don't you want me to go out with him?B: I don't think he's the right kind of boy foryou. I'd rather

(not go out) with him. That's all.6. A Didn't you like her perforrnance in the play?

B: Yes, but I'd rather (concentrate) herenergies on serious work.

7. A Don't you think you're being a bit old-fashioned?B: I'd rather_(not call) me that.

c) I{AD BETTERRead each situation and write a sentence with FIAD BETTER1. You're going out for a walk with Tom. You think it might rain

so you should take an umbrella. What do you say to Tom?

2. Tom doesn't look very well. You don't think he should go towork today. What do you say to him?

7l

3. Ann suddenly begins to feel ill. You think she should sit down.What do you say to het?

4. You and Tom are going to the theatre. You've just missed thebus. You think you should take taxi. What do you say toTom?

5. Ann wants to play the piano late at night. You know thatshe'll wake up the people next door. What do you say to her?

6. You and Ann are going to a restaurant for a meal. You thinkyou should reserve a table in case the restaurant is crowded.What do you say to her?

7. Tom has just cut himself. You think he should put a plasteron the cut. What do you say to him?

8. You are going to drive your car on holiday. You think youshould have it serviced before you go. What do you say (toyourselfl?

9. You are by a river. It's a very warrn day and your friend suggestsgoing for a swim. You don't think you should do this becausethe river looks very dirty. What do you say?

IIY. DOI'BI,E COMPARATIVESRewrite the following sentences in the same way as in the examplegiven. Use the given words.Ex As I get older, I become more irritable. (older)

The older I get. the more irritable I become.1. As the game went on, the players became more exhausted (longer)

72

2. When I ttrink about the situation, I feel less happy. (more)

3. If you go on eating so much, you wifl get fatter. (more)

4. If you continue to drive so fast , you are likely to have an accident.(faster)

5. If we get there early, we will have a good chance of getting seats.(earlier)

V. PHRASAL VERBS (Look, C.et)a) Fill in each blank with an appropriate phrasal verb from the list

below. Put them in the correct tense.

look afterlook forlook inlook intolook outlook throughlook uplook up to

get offget onget on withget out ofget overget round to$et through

1. The students did everything possible to work.They certainly didn't want to do it.

2. The administration will the applications and pickout the applicants that seem promising.

3. The newly engaged couple realized that they wouldn't be able toeach other and decided to split up.

4. My mother is very old and can't live alone. She needs someone toher.

5. I'm Tom. Have you seen him?6. I fell asleep on the bus, so I had to a stop later than I

had intended to.7. -Ihe students you and admire you. you are an idol

for them.8. The children are very well in school.

73

9. He needs his dictionary toword 'apotheosis'.

the meaning of the

10. " ! There's a dog standing in the road!"11. It took us a long time to the shock.L2. My mother is ill. I think I'l toni$ht on my way

home and see if she needs anything.13. I've been trying to to you for over an hour. Where

have you been?L4.It took her two years to

though she needed one.buying a car, even

15. They wanted an independent financial controller tothe city's accounts.

b) Complete these sentences with the verb 'look' in an appropriateform, and choose the correct preposition or adverb.after for out forward to uP1. Baby-sitters are people who2. I wonder what 'scratch' means. I'll

dictionary.3. A : What are you doing on your hands and knees?

B: I my glasses. Have you seen themanywhere?

! That box is going to fall on your head!

in the

4.

5. It's a great pleasure to meet you. I've heard a lot about you andmeeting you for a long time.

74

T'NIT 3 B

t ExPRESSTNG gUANTTTY & NUMBERa) Rewrite the sentences usinS one of the following forms :

a few / few / a little / littleMake the necessary changes.

Ex Not many people know the answer to that question.Few people lorow the answer to that question.

1. Help yourself to a biscuit. There are one or two left in the tin.

2. My days are so busy that I don't have much time for reluration.

3. She's exceptionally generous. Hardly anyone gives more moneyto charity than she does.

4. There's a tiny bit of butter left, but not much.

5. He keeps trying, although he doesn't have much chance ofSUCCCSS

6. "I'm afraid you need three or four fillings," said the dentist.

7. He must have made a hundred clocks in his life, but only oneor two of them have ever worked properly.

8. She wasn't very hungry. She just had some soup.

75

b) Compare the following sentences. There are different ways ofsaying 'Uohn doesn't know the answer to the question, and Marydoesn't, either."John doesn't know the answer to the question, and neither/nordoes Mary.Neither John nor Mary knows the answer to the question.Neither John nor the girls know the answer to the question.Note that the verb is determined by the noun closest to it.

Now change each of the sentences below twice, using twoalternative forms, as in the examples above.1. Neither Jones nor Smith stole the money.

2. Sally didn't win the race, nor did Anne.

3. Paul doesn't want to play and Susan doesn't either.

4. The Democratic Nationalists won't win the election andneither wfll the Nationalist Democrats.

5. Neither Bob nor his fathelr has ever done a day's work in hiswhole life.

6. James didn't arrive on time, nor did Gerald.

7. Robin hasn't got any money and Angela hasn't either.Neither Robtn

8. Neither she nor I care what you say. (Note the verb form.)She doesn't care what you say

76

Complete each sentence \ rlth a word/ phrase from the list below.

muchmanya lot (o0

plenty (o0Itttlea llttle

fewa few

E:

England) has that right.In Wales, although some people speak only Welsh, and others onlyEnglish, many speak (9)- English (1o)- welsh.(l l)_ languages are taught in schools.(12)_ Northern Ireland (13)_ the southern part ofIreland (a republic known as Eire) are included in what is calledGreat Britain. Northern Ireland, however, is considered to be partof the United Kingdom. The traditional language of Ireland isGaelic; another form of Gaelic is(14)_ spoken in parts ofScotland.

I NOI,'N CLI\USFSA The use of noun clauses.

1. Noun clauses are used in the same way as single-word nouns,as the subject or the object of a sentence.His house is beautiful.Where he lives is beautifulI don't know the answer.I don't know what the answer is.

2. Subordinators like what, who, how, etc., whether / if, thatintroduce noun clauses.Why she's angry hasn't worried me.What she said was excellent.I was worried about how sick he was.I'm sure (tha!) he'Il succeed.I don't know whether he'll be here on time(or not)

Exercises:Rewrite the following with noun clauses as the subj ect orthe object.1. We're doing something. It's not very easy.

What we're doing is not very easlr.2. You said something to Mary at the party. It made her angry.

3. You wrote something to me in a letter a week ago. I'veforgotten it.

78

4. I'm saSringi something. Can you understand it?

5. She's holding something in her hand. Can you see it?

6. You want to go somewhere. Does everybody loeow it?

7. They are going somewhere tonight. I'm not interested in it.

8. She dresses in an unusual way. It doesn't concern me.

9. She refused the present. The reason is a mystery.

10. She spends ail her money on clothes. The reason is not ourbusiness.

[t E)PRESSIONS \trITH TISED TO 'A. Used to + Infinitive

1. This form (used to do/used to smoke etc.) is used to say thatsomething regularly happened in the past but no longerhappens.

2. There is no present form of 'used to'. It is always past. Youcannot say 'I use to do'. For the present, use the present simple(I do). Compare the present and past.PAST PRESENT

he used to smokewe used to livethere used to be

he smokeswe livethere is

3. The normal question form is did ..... use to .....?:- Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?The negative form is didn't use to ..... (or 'used not to')- Jack didn't use to go out very often until he met Jill.

B. BelGet Used to + Noun/Gerund1. I'm used to something = it is not new or strange for me:

- Frank lives alone. He doesn't mind this because he has livedalone for 15 years. So he is used to it. He is used to living

79

alone. - My new shoes felt a bit strange at first because Iwasn't used to them.- Our new flat is on a very busy street. I e:rpect we'll get used tolhg noise but at the moment we find it very disturbing.- Fred has a newjob. He has to get up much earlier -at 6.30.He finds this difficult at present because he isn't used togettjng up so early.

2. Notice that we say'She is used to driving on the left.' (not'sheis used to drive'). In the expression the 'to' is a preposition'be/get used to', not a part of the infinitive . So we say:- Frank is used to living alone. (not 'is used to live')- Jane had to get used to driving on the left. (not 'get used todrive')

3. Do not confuse I am used to doing (belget used to) with Iused to do. They are different in structure and in meaninS.I am used to (doing) something = Something isn't strange for me:- I am used to the weather in this country.- I am used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain along time.

C. Exercise with 1Jsed to' expressions:Write the corect form: USED TO DO or BEIGET USED TO DOING1. These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had

ajob, I (get) up early.2. It took me a long time to3. Bill

(wear) glasses.(be) very f