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Executive Publications
Professor Lisa Smith-ButlerAdvanced Legal Research
Fall 2014
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Presidential Power Source
• The President’s power is derived from Art. 2, Sec. 2, U.S. Const. (1789.)
• According to this, the President is empowered to:– act as the commander in chief of the army, navy and militias of the
states;– require written opinions from officers in Executive departments and
oversee the activities of federal agencies;– grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States;– make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate;– nominate and appoint ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and
justices of the Supreme Court and lower courts;– enforce existing law; and– sign Congressional legislation into law or veto it.
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Presidential Documents
• To carry out these responsibilities, the President:– issues orders to administrative agencies;– signs legislation;– signs treaties; and – creates other documents of legal significance.
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• Consequently the “President issues executive orders, proclamations, and other documents of legal effect.”
• See Robert C. Berring and Elizabeth A. Edinger, Administrative and Executive Publications in Finding the Law (12th ed.; Eagan, MN: Thomson-West 2005.)
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Types of Presidential Documents
• Presidents issue:– Proclamations– Executive Orders– Reorganization Plans– Messages to Congress– Executive Agreements
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Presidential Proclamations
• Proclamations are initially published in the Federal Register and become effective as soon as published.
• Proclamations are published annually in Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
• Proclamations from 1846 onwards are also published in the Statutes at Large.
• Presidential Proclamations are also commercially published in West’s United States Code Congressional & Administrative News and in Lexis’ USCS Advance.
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The White House
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The Federal Register
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The Code of Federal Regulations
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Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents on FDsys
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Public Papers of the President
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Bloomberg BNA
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Casemaker
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Lexis Advance
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WestlawNext
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Executive Orders
• As a general rule, Executive Orders are issued to government agencies and officials. They are published:– initially in the Federal Register, and they are effective when they
appear in this publication;– in Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations on an annual basis;– in the United States Code Congressional Administrative News;– in the United States Code Service Advance;– in Public Papers of the President; and– in the Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents which
recently became available only in electronic format. The new format is now known as the Compilation of Presidential Documents.
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Executive Orders
• Executive Orders are issued by Presidents to “direct and govern the activities of government officials and agencies.”
• See Steve Barkan, Presidential Documents, in Fundamentals of Legal Research (9th ed.; New York: Foundation Press 2009) p. 248.
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Where Can I Find an Executive Order?
• Federal Register in FDsys• Code of Federal Regulations in FDsys• Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents
in Fdsys• Bloomberg BNA for the FR & CFR• Casemaker for the FR & CFR• Lexis Advance• WestlawNext
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Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, Compilation & Public Papers on FDsys
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Code of Federal Regulations & Executive Orders Published in Title 3
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Executive Orders in the Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents
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Executive Orders in Public Papers of the President
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An Index to Documents Rather than Full Text Access?
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Bloomberg BNA
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Casemaker
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Lexis Advance
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WestlawNext
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Re-Organization Plans
• If the President decides to reorganize, abolish or transfer responsibilities of an administrative agency, s/he issues a reorganization plan that must be approved by Congress to take effect.
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Re-Organization Plans
• After approval by Congress, reorganization plans are published:– initially in the Federal Register which is when they
take effect;– annually in Title 3 of the Code of Federal
Regulations;– in the Statutes at Large;– in the United States Code Congressional
Administrative News; & – in Title 5 of the United States Code.
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Messages to Congress
• The President communicates with Congress in both formal and informal settings. Formal settings include the veto of a particular piece of legislation, the State of the Union, nominations for posts, or the Budget.
• Presidential messages to Congress are often published and indexed in the Congressional Record as well as House and Senate Journals.
• Today, these messages are generally available at the White House site at http://www.whitehouse.gov/
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Executive Agreements
• While the President makes treaties with foreign nations, treaties require the Advice and Consent of the Senate.
• Unlike treaties, Executive Agreements can be made by the President with foreign countries without the advice and consent of the Senate.
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Where Else Can I Find Presidential Documents?
• Besides the White House site, is there a compilation of presidential documents, such as proclamations, executive orders, executive agreements, or reorganizations?
• If so, where can this be found?
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Public Papers of the Presidents (Print)
• This print series starts in the late 1920s with President Hoover’s administration and ceases publication in the late 1980s with President Reagan’s administration.
• It contains the news conferences, public letters, public speeches as well as addresses to Congress.
• It is indexed by year; however, each president’s administration receives a cumulative index.
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Public Papers of the Presidents (Electronic)
• The Office of the Federal Register and the Presidential Libraries have worked together to archive, in electronic format, the public papers of the Presidents Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush, and Obama.
• This site also hyperlinks to the Public Papers of the President on the FDsys site.
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Compilation of Presidential Documents
• The Office of the Federal Register began publishing the Compilation of Presidential Documents in 1965. The electronic version began with President Clinton and is archived at the GPO Access site.
• It includes:– Nominations;– Announcements;– Proclamations & Executive Orders;– Speeches;– Press Releases; &– Other legally significant documents.
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Archived Presidential Web Sites
• The White House web sites of President George H.W. Bush & President William J. Clinton are now archived at their presidential library sites, maintained by the National Archives of Records & Administration site.
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Governors?
• In addition to locating legal documents of the U.S. President, governors of the 50 states also issue proclamations, orders, and draft other documents that have legal significance.
• Where can these documents be found?
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Check Out the National Governors Association or Washlaw
National Governors Association
Washlaw
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National Governors Association
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Washlaw
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South Carolina: Governor
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