2001 HSC Examination q 25 (a, b,c ). Calculate the gross profit ratio for 2001. (Show all working.)
EXAMINATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Gross Visual Examination
Transcript of EXAMINATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Gross Visual Examination
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EXAMINATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Gross Visual Examination
Plant material is typically sufficiently distinctive to enable identification.
• Cannabis • Mushrooms • Peyote (cactus) • Admixed with a powdered drug
Marijuana Hashish Hashish Oil
Psilocybe Cubensis
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Non-plant drugs are more difficult to visually distinguish and include:
• Powders (sometimes distinguishable by colour)Heroin Cocaine
• Tablets (sometimes distinguishable by pressing
marks/colour) and Capsules. Legitimate pharmaceutical products are easily identifiable through drug reference texts.
• Liquids Usually solvents or psychoactive substances - Hash Oil, PCP, or LSD, Cocaine in liquid form for either transport or reduction into Crack; Heroin may be found as a liquid prior to injection.
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Chemical Spot (Screening) Tests Colour-generating chemical spot tests will not identify a specific substance, but can be used to distinguish classes of drug which react in the same fashion.
Spot tests (reagents) include:
Reagent Principle Drug • Dille-Koppanyi • Duquenois-Levine • Ehrlich's • Froehde’s • KN • Mandelin • Marquis • Mayer’s • Mecke's • Nitric Acid • Scott’s • Simon’s • Ephedrine • Valium/Diazepam
Barbiturates Cannabinoids Hallucinogens Pentazocine Cannabinoids Amphetamines Opiates General Meth/Amphetamines Heroin/Morphine Cocaine Methamphetamines
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Dille-Koppanyi Reagent
A Spot Test for Barbiturates Barbital
N
NO
O
O
H
H
CH3
CH3
Pentobarbital
N
NO
O
O
H
H
CHCH2CH2CH3
CH3
CH2CH3
Secobarbital
N
NO
O
O
H
H
CHCH2CH2CH3
CH3
CH2CH=CH2
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Dille-Koppanyi Reagent A Spot Test for Barbiturates
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Solution 1 1% cobalt acetate in methanol
Co(C2H3O2)2
Solution 2 5% isopropylamine in methanol
CH3CH(CH3)NH2
Positive Barbiturates - lavender-blue
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Duquenois-Levine Reagent A Spot Test for Cannabis - Marijuana; Hashish; Hashish Oil and Cannabinoids. Cannabinol
O
OH
CH3CH3
CH2(CH2)3CH3
CH3
Cannabidiol
OH
CH2(CH2)3CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2 OH
∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
O
OH
CH3
CH3CH3
CH2(CH2)3CH3
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Duquenois-Levine Reagent
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Solution 1 2% vanillin & 1% ethanal Solution 2 concentrated HCl Solution 3 chloroform
O
HOH
OMe
CH3
H
OHCl CHCl3
Positive Marijuana – purple/black
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Ehrlich's Reagent (Van Urk’s Reagent) A Spot Test for LSD, psilocin and psilocybin LSD
N
NH
HCH3
HO
NCH2CH3
CH2CH3
Psilocin 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine Psilocybin 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine Baeocystin 4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine
NH
N CH3 (H)CH3
OR
d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a synthetic chemical derived from ergot alkaloids which are
produced by the ergot fungus which grows on rye.
The indoles psilocin, psilocybin and
baeocystin are obtained from magic mushrooms.
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Ehrlich's Reagent (Van Urk’s Reagent)
•
•
Solution 1 1% p-dimethylaminobenzaldehydein 10% HCl (aq) (H2SO4 (aq))
O
HN
CH3
CH3
Positive LSD - purple Psilocin - blue-grey Psilocybin - red-brown
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Froehde’s Reagent A Spot Test for Opioids Pentazocine (Talwin) 2-dimethylallyl-5,9-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan
OHCH3
CH3
N CH3
CH3
• Solution 1 0.5 g molybdic acid or sodium molybdate [Na2MoO4] in 100 ml conc. H2SO4.
• Positive Opioids - pink
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KN (Fast Blue B Salt) Reagent A Spot Test for Cannabis - Marijuana; Hashish; Hashish Oil and Cannabinoids.
• Solution 1 Fast Blue B salt
OCH3 O CH3
N+
NN+
N
[ZnCl4-]2
• Positive Cannabinoids - Reddish-purple
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Mandelin Reagent A Spot Test for Alkaloids and Amphetamines. Methadone
CH2O
CH3CHCH3
NCH3
CH3
Ephedrine
OH
CH3
NH
CH3
Mescaline
N
O
O
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
H
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Mandelin Reagent A Spot Test for Alkaloids and Amphetamines.
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Solution 1 1% ammonium vanadate [NH4VO3] in conc. H2SO4 (sg: 1.84)
Positive Ephedrine sulphate - brick-redMescaline hydrochloride - Orange turning to Yellow or Green
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Marquis Reagent A Spot Test for Narcotic analgesics and Meth/Amphetamines Opiates Opioids Morphine Oxycodone
OOH OH
NCH3
O
NCH3
MeO O
OH
Codeine Hydrocodone, Methadone
O OH
NCH3
MeO
Thebaine
O
NCH3
MeO OMe
Heroin diamorphine/diacetylmorphine
Papaverine, Narcotine, Porphyroxine
OO O
NCH3
O OCH3 CH3
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Marquis Reagent
SomMet
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Solution 1 40% formaldehyde (aq) in 100 ml.conc. H2SO4 (sg: 1.84)
Positive most opium derivatives - purple methamphetamines and amphetamines – dark purple to yellow
e colours obtained in the Marquis tests for h/Amphetamines
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Marquis Reagent - Other colours 2C-T-2 Orange to Red (usually a sort of
salmon colour) 2C-T-7 Orange to Red (salmon, again; also,
there is less tendency towards orange than 2C-T-2 shows)
4-Acetoxy-DiPT Dirty (blackish) olive 4-MTA No colour change 5-MeO-DiPT Fizzes then turns yellow quickly
changing to a slightly rusty orange Alpha-Methyl-DiPT
Fizzes then turns brown
AMT Dark brownish-yellow Benzylpiperazine No colour change, but it causes the
reagent to fizz. Looks like when you pour hydrogen peroxide on a cut.
DiPT Fizzes strongly then turns a neon yellow
DPT Dirty olive Opiates Pink to Purple Phenolphthalein Crimson PMA No colour change Harmine Fizzes slightly, much less so than BZP,
and turns a brown-orange rust colour. Yohimbine Fizzes slightly, much less so than BZP.
Slowly (up to a minute), it will turn an olive green colour.
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Mayer’s Reagent A General Spot Test for Alkaloids Narcotic Alkaloids Morphine; Heroin
Cocaine Methyl-benzoyl-ecgonine
ON
CH3
O O CH2CH3
O
Benzoyl-ecgonine
ON
CH3
O OH
O
Other Ergot Alkaloids Ergotamine Ergosine Ergovaline Ergostine Ergocornine Ergocristine
Ecgonine
OHN
CH3
O OH
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Mayer’s Reagent A General Spot Test for Alkaloids
• Solution 1 Potassium mercuric-iodide [KHgI](aq)
• Positive Cream-coloured precipitate
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Mecke’s Reagent A Spot Test for Meth/Amphetamines and all types of Heroin
Ecstacy tablets
• MDA • MDMA • MDEA
• MBDB • 2CB • Speed
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Mecke’s Reagent A Spot Test for Meth/Amphetamines and all types of Heroin
• MDA 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine • MDMA methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine • MDEA methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine • MBDB N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-
butanamine
OO
Me NH2
OO
Me NHMe
OO
Me NHEt
OO
Et NHMe
• 2CB 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine • Speed dl-α-methylphenethylamine
(amphetamine)
NH2
OMe
BrOMe
Me NH2
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Mecke’s Reagent A Spot Test for Meth/Amphetamines and all types of Heroin
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Solution 1 1 g. selenious acid in 100 ml. conc. H2SO4 (sg: 1.84)
Positive rapidly turns dark green/turquoiseand then dark blue (almost black)
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Scott’s Reagent A Spot Test for Cocaine and some Synthetic Anaesthetics
Cocaine Cocaine is a naturally derived CNS (central nervous system) stimulant extracted and refined from the Coca plant.
O
ONCH3
O OMe
Procaine
O
O
NH2
NCH3CH2
CH2CH3
Tetracain
O
O
N
NCH3
CH3
H
C4H9
Coca plant
Cocaine
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Scott’s Reagent A Spot Test for Cocaine and some Synthetic Anaesthetics
• Solution 1 2% cobalt thiocyanate [Co(SCN)2] in water and glycerine (1:1)
• Solution 2 Conc. HCl • Solution 3 Chloroform
• Positive o Powdered cocaine turns solution A blue o Colour turns pink on adding solution B o Blue colour appears in the chloroform layer
on adding C.
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Simon’s Reagent A Spot Test for Methamphetamines
• Solution 1 1 g sodium nitroprusside [Na2Fe(CN)5NO] and 2 ml acetaldehyde in 50 ml water.
• Solution 2 2% (w/v) sodium carbonate (aq). • Positive dark blue