Exam Tickets 2

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ

РФ

ГБОУ ВПО ПЕРВЫЙ МОСКОВСКИЙ

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ

УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени И.М.СЕЧЕНОВА

Кафедра нормальной физиологии

EXAMINATION ON THE COURSE OF NORMAL

PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 1

The subject of physiology. Biological features of living organism. Systemic approach to investigation of living organism’s properties and functions: principles of correlation, regulation, selfregulation. The Functional system maintaining the optimal for metabolism level of Blood Gases in the organism. How is self-regulation of respiration performed?

Describe the structure of the pituitary gland. Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary lobe? Which hormones are accumulated in the posterior pituitary lobe?

Head of teaching program for General Medicine Faculty, provided bilingually, professor Glazachev O.S.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО

ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 2

Electrogenesis in excitable tissues. Methods for membrane potentials registration. Action potential: the phases and it’s ionic mechanisms. The "All or none" law. Types of stimulation for excitable tissues. Correlation between threshold and excitability. The excitability change and its origin during excitation process.

How does respiratory system function under hypobaric condition? Describe mechanisms of acclimatization

to altitude. What are effects of increased barometric pressure?

Name the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla. The physiologica1 roles of adrenaline and noradrenaline. How is the hormone production in the adrenal medulla controlled?



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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 3

Characteristics of excitability for nerves and muscles. Conduction mechanism of excitement in nervous fibers. The laws of

excitation propagation along nerve fibers and nerves. Experiment of Gasser-Erlanger. Classification of nervous fibers according to the conduction rate.

The definition of external respiration. Significance of negative intrapleural pressure. What is the composition of inhaled, exhaled and alveolar air? Why they are different?

The structure of the thyroid gland. What hormones does the thyroid gland produce? How is the production of iodine-containing thyroid hormones

controlled? The basic actions of thyroid hormones.



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PHYSIOLOGYTicket № 4

Mechanism of excitement conduction in synapses. Properties of synapse functioning. Lability and its characteristics. Types of

mediators. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses.

The nature of respiration. The mechanisms of external inspiration and expiration. Significance of negative intrapleural pressure. The Donders model illustration of respiration. The composition of inhaled, exhaled and alveolar air.

The pancreatic cells serving the endocrine function. What hormones are produced in the pancreas and their physiological effects. The functional system

maintaining the optimal for metabolism blood glucose level



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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 5

Types of muscular contraction. Components of a single muscular contraction. Conditions of stepwise and tetanic contraction. Correspondence between

lability, optimum and pessimum. Peculiarity of confluencing contraction in the human body.

The mechanisms of external respiration. List and describe the phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes. Describe methods for their determination. Spyrography.

Outline the structure of the adrenal glands. Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Physiological effects of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.



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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 6

Peculiarities of smooth muscles contraction: automaticity, plastic tone and others. Significance of these properties to functioning of internal organs. Why do excitable

tissues obey the "All or none" law?

What is the physical basis for gas diffusion throughout the whole process of respiration? Mechanisms of alveolar-capillary diffusion in the lungs.

System organization of emotional reactions. Biological role of emotions, mechanisms and theories. Emotional stress: sensitivity and resistance to it. Prophylaxis of emotional stress.

Head of teaching program for General Medicine Faculty,

provided bilingually, professor Glazachev O.S.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 45The structural and physiological peculiarities of the parasympathetic division of the ANS: nerve centres, efferent nerves, physiological effects.

The mechanism of gas transport by the blood. Oxygen transport by the blood in different forms. The curve of Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation. CO2 transport mechanisms.

The central arhitectonic of a behavioral act on the basis of the theory of functional systems of P.K. Anokhin and its main stages (useful adapting result, afferent synthesis, bringing solution, efferent synthesis, acceptor of the action result). Autonomic and endocrine arrangement of the behavioral act.



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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 8

Principles of somatic and visceral functions regulation. Differences and biological significance of neural and humoral regulation, their morphological and functional features. Hormonal regulation and its role in a whole organism.

Gas blood transport. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? What is the role оf carbonic anhydrase in СО2

transport?The functional structure and constituents of an analyzer. Pavlov's theory of analyzers. Define the concepts of а sensory organ, analyzer, sensory system, and sensation.



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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 9

Outline the functions of the autonomic nervous system. The principal differences (in structure and functions) in comparison with somatic nervous system. Methods of investigation.

Neuronal regulation of respiration. Which neurons is the respiratory centre composed of and where is it located? What are the levels of regulation of the respiratory centre activity?

Describe the receptor and its function. Receptor’s classifications. The physiological properties of receptors.

Head of the chair of normal physiology

Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 10

The structural and physiological peculiarities of the sympathetic division of the ANS: nerve centres, efferent nerves, physiological effects.

How can the humoral regulation of the respiratory centre be proved? What аrе the mechanisms of the СО2

influence on the activity of the respiratory centre neurons? Describe the Fredericq’s cross-circulation in dogs experiment.

The skin receptors: tactile, pressure, warm, cold, and pain.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 11

The structural and physiological peculiarities of the parasympathetic division of the ANS: nerve centres, efferent nerves, physiological effects.

Neural and humoral adjustments of respiration. The organization of respiratory center. Classify and describe physiologically normal and clinically important various respiratory patterns.

The taste and olfactory analyzers. Comparative analisys.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 12

Describe the peculiarities of the efferent part of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS reflex arc. Identify the nerves by which their axons leave the central nervous system. Describe the methods of calorimetry. Direct calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry with complete gas analysis. Respiratory quotient. The respiratory quotient during muscular work. Physiological functions of erythrocytes. Haemoglobin and its role. The physiological functions of leucocytes.

Leucocyte’s formula and it’s clinical significance.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ



УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени

И.М.СЕЧЕНОВАКафедра нормальной

физиологии


PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 13

The sympathetic nervous system. Characterise the sympathetic capacities for «preparation for flight or fight» Adapting and trophic functions of the sympathetic nervous system. Orbeli’s experiment.

The concepts of assimilation and dissimilation. Nitrogen balance. Positive and negative nitrogen balance. The basal metabolic rate and the conditions to estimate it. Factors that influence the basal metabolic rate.

The concept of haemostasis. Mechanisms of vascular platelet haemostasis, physiological functions of thrombocytes


Prof. Sudakov K.V.

‘


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Humoral regulation. How are all humoral factors can be classified? The functional significance of endocrine glands. The basic properties of hormones.

Define the concept of total metabolism. Define the concept of working surplus. Energy expenditure under various kinds of labour. Nutrition and its role

in replenishing the energy and substances losses. Assimilation of nutrients. The principles of compiling а diet.

The physiology of the mid-brain. What are the roles of the anterior and posterior quadrigeminal bodies? Position finding reflexes. Decerebrational rigidity: the origin and symptoms.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.








PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 15

Hormone’s classification. The mechanism of hormone’s action on the target-cells. What physiological role do the hormones play in the human body? How is the activity of the endocrine glands regulated? The fate of hormones in the body.

The constancy of internal milieu body temperature as а necessary condition of metabolism. The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature. Analysis of its

central and peripheral components.

Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optirnal organs and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive and antinociceptive systems.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 16

How are the endocrine glands of the human organism classified? Types of endocrine glands. Methods of functional evaluation of the endocrine glands.

The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature Heat production. Metabolism as а heat source. The role of internal

organs and tissues in heat production. Regulation of this process.

How is the nerve center defined and what is its role? The basic principles of nerve centers functioning. The principles of excitation‘s propagation in the CNS.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 17

The system and pulmonary circulation. The main and accessory mechanisms of the blood flow. External manifestations of the cardiac activity. Name the cardiac valves and describe their functions and mechanisms. Properties of cardiac muscle.

The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature Heat release. Forms and ways of heat release and regulation of this process. The role of sweat glands in thermoregulation processes.

The physiology and the structure of the diencephalon. What is the role of the thalamus? What structures belong to the basal nuclei and what are their roles?


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 18

What are the properties of the myocardium? Specificity of the myocardial refractory period and cardiac muscle contraction. The extrasystole, its types and causes.

Describe the methods of calorimetry. Direct calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry with complete gas analysis. Respiratory quotient. The respiratory quotient during muscular work.

Muscle’s tone regulatory mechanisms. Functions of cerebellum in posture and muscular tone regulation. What

motor disorders are observed in cerebellar lesions?


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 19

The conducting system of the heart, its composition and physiological significance. The test demonstrating cardiac automaticity. The origin and

gradient of the heart automaticity.

The temperature scheme of human body and its daily fluctuations. Thermometry. Thermoregulation under high and low environmental temperature. Нуро – and hyperthermia.

The physiology of CNS. The reflex arcs and their components. Classification. Name the types of unconditioned reflexes. Unconditioned reflexes in human, their classification and methods to evaluate.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 20

The phases of the cardiac cycle. What is the significance of cardiac diastole, systole and pause? Name the features of ventricular systole and diastole. The intracardiac pressure during

different phases of cardiac cycle.

Digestion. Functions of the digestive tract. Methods to study digestive processes: classification and clinical significance.

Classification and characteristic of methods to study CNS functions. The physiological origin of electroencephalogramme, EcoG. Name and describe major EEG rhythms. The role and clinical implementation of EEG. Evoked potentials.

Head of the chair of normal physiology Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 21

Name the laws of cardiac activity. Frank-Starling’s mechanism and it’s significance.

The functional system determining the optimal for metabolism nutrients' level in the body. What components has the alimentary centre and what is its function? The physiological mechanisms of hunger. What are the physiological mechanisms of appetite and satiety?

The origin and classification of inhibition in the CNS. Historical background, synaptic basis and mechanisms of inhibition in CNS. Experiment of Sechenov's inhibition. Inhibition mechanisms: hyperpolarization, long depolarization, postsynaptic, presynaptic and pessimal. Reciprocal, antidromal and reticular inhibition.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 22

Innervation of the heart. Intracardiac neuronal structures and their significance. How is the cardiac activity influenced by the vagus and sympathetic nerves?

The functional system determining the optimal for metabolism nutrients' level in

the body. Its external and internal regulatory mechanisms.

The functional structure of the visual analyzer. Draw the light waves passes through the optic eyeball system. Structure of the retina. Electroretinogramme. Accommodation and its mechanisms. Refraction abnormalities and their соrrection.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.



МОСКОВСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ

АКАДЕМИЯ имени И.М.СЕЧЕНОВА

Кафедра нормальной физиологии,

объединенная с Научно-исследовательским

институтом имени П.К. Анохина РАМН

EXAMINATION ON COURSE OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 23

What is afferent аnd efferent innervation of the heart? How is reflex control of the cardiac activity accomplished? Describe the influence of the cerebral cortex on the cardiac activity.

The physiological nature of absorption. Protein, carbohydrates and lipid absorption’ mechanisms in the digestive tract.

Inhibition of conditioned reflex: classification and biological role. What are the orientation

reflexes? What are their features? Instincts, examples of instincts. What is defined as the dynamic stereotype?


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 24

Humoral regulation of thе cardiac activity. Cardiostimulating and cardioinhibiting hormonal and nonhormonal factors.

Oral digestion. How the salivary glands are classified according to their size and function? What enzymes does the saliva contain? The mechanisms of salivation and its regulation.

The mechanisms of coagulation haemostasis. The anticoagulation mechanism. Anticoagulants. Regulation of blood clotting.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 25

Electrical events in the heart. The Electrocardiogramme and the meaning of its waves and intervals. Basic principles of the method. Clinical implementation of ECG. Vectorelectrocardioraphy.

Digestion in the stomach and its regulation. What glands are there in the gastric mucosa?

What are the methods to evaluate gastric secretion? Food evacuation from the stomach.

The physiology of the medulla oblongata. What reflex centres are present in the medulla oblongata? Name the features of the reticular formation neurons. What is it’s physiological role?


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 26

Acoustic manifestations of the cardiac activity. What are the mechanisms and location of the apex beat? The phonocardiogram and the meaning of its oscillations. Origine of the hearts tones. Clinical implementation of PhCG.

Enzymes of the gastric juice. How do nutrient components

affect gastric secretion? The phases of gastric secretion. What kind of motility occurs in the stomach?

The physiology of vision. The roles of rods and cones in vision. Describe the mechanism of light sensation. Binocular vision. The theory of colour vision.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 27

Stroke volume and cardiac output, their measurements and physiological norms. Basic principles of the echocardioraphy.

Small intestine and its role in digestion. Regulation of its secretory and motor activity.What enzymes does the intestinal juice contain? How аrе cavital and parietal digestion defined?

How is the higher nervous activity understood? The

definition of conditioned reflex. Classification of conditioned reflexes. Describe the major differences between, and mechanisms оf conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.








PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 28

What are the main and accessory mechanisms of the blood flow? List the types of blood vessels. Their classification and functions. Define the blood turnover time. What is the difference between the volume and linear blood flow rate?

Liver and its role in digestion, Regulation of bile production and bile ехcretion, What is the role of bile in digestion? How do vesical and hepatic bile differ? Methods for clinical investigation.

The functioning and structure of the acoustic analyzer. The vestibular analyzer.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 29

Laws of vascular blood flow. The relationship between flow rate, pressure, and resistance in the vascular system. The Poiseuille-Hagen formula for flow in blood vessels.

Pancreas and its role in digestion. Regulation of pancreas juice production and excretion. What are the phases of pancreatic secretion? How can pancreatic activity be tested?

System organization of emotional reactions. Biological role of emotions, mechanisms and theories. Emotional stress: sensitivity and resistance to it. Prophylaxis of emotional stress.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ




Кафедра нормальной



PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 30

The blood pressure and its main determining factors. Definitions of systolic, diastolic, pulse and mean arterial blood pressure, their meaning. Blood pressure’s waves of the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd orders. Outline the technique of measuring the human arterial pressure.

Large intestine and its role in digestion. Regulation of its secretory and motor activity. Act of defecation.

The basis of blood-grouping. The rhesus (Rh) factor and rhesus conflict. Blood-typing and transfusion of blood.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 31

The microcirculation. Name the constituent vessels of the

microcirculatory bed. The anatomy and function of capillaries. Physiological significance.

Kidneys аs the basic executive mechanism of the functional system determining the osmotic pressure of blood optimal for the body metabolism. Nephron and its function.

The physiology of spinal cord. What is the physiological role of the anterior and posterior spinal roots? Regulation of muscular tone at the level of spinal cord. What reflex centres are located in the spinal cord?

Role of - and -motoneurons. The origin of spinal shock.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ

ГБОУ ВПО ПЕРВЫЙ

МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени




PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 32

Describe the venous blood flow. Determinants of the venous return. What organs and vessels

serve as blood reservoirs? Their significance. The lymphatic system, the structure of lymphatic capillaries. The Composition and properties of the lymph.

The physiological mechanism of urine formation: ultrafiltration. Regulation of glomerular ultrafiltration. Examination of filtration’s intensity.

The central arhitectonic of a behavioral act on the basis of the theory of functional systems of P.K. Anokhin and its main stages (useful adapting result, afferent synthesis, bringing

solution, efferent synthesis, acceptor of the action result). Autonomic and endocrine arrangement of the behavioral act.



РФ




Кафедра нормальной



PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 33

The mechanisms of blood redistribution in the vascular system. What are the features of the pulmonary, muscles and cerebral circulation?

Non-excretory functions of kidneys: participation in determining the acid - base status of blood; maintaining of

the blood pressure; participation in haemopoiesis. The urine excretion (micturition) and its regulation.

Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optimal organs and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive and antinociceptive systems.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 34

Vascular tone adjustments. The peculiarities of blood vessels innervation. What are the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator nerves?

The reabsorptive process in а nephron: the obligatory and optional reabsorption in the convoluted tubules and collecting duct. Regulation of reabsorption.

Motivation (drive) and memory as components of afferent synthesis. Types of motivation. Mechanisms of long-term and short-term memory. Learning and memory.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ

МОСКОВСКАЯ

МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ имени


физиологии, объединенная с Научно-

исследовательским институтом имени П.К.

Анохина РАМН

EXAMINATION ON COURSE OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 35

The functional system maintaining the optimal for

metabolism arterial blood pressure level. The vasomotor center, its location, structure, and function. What factors influence the neurons of the vasomotor centre?

The physiological mechanism of urine formation: reabsorbtion and secretion process. Neural and humoral regulation of urine formation.

Types of the higher nervous activity. The Pavlovian types of the higher nervous activity in animals. Methods for HNA types determination. The types

of the higher nervous activity in humans.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 36

Humoral regulation of vascular tone. List the principal vasoregulatory factors secreted by endothelial cells, and

describe the function of each of them. The principal hormones that affect blood pressure.

Nephron as the functional unit of kidneys. Peculiarities of the renal blood The countercurrent multiplication mechanism of Henle's loop. Its physiological significance.

System organization of sex functions. Sex hormones and their functions. Regulatory mechanisms of sex functions. Interrelation of social and biological functions in sexual behavior.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 37

The functional system maintaining the optimal for metabolism arterial blood pressure level: principal characteristics and their dynamic while blood pressure rising or falling.

Clinical methods of examination of kidneys and urine analysis Methods to determine the

glomerular filtration rate, reabsorption, and secretion in humans.

Regulation of tone of skeletal muscles by spinal cord. Role of proprioreceptors: the intrafusal muscular fibers (spindles) and the Golgi's tendon organs. Role of - and -motoneurons.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 38

Outline the neural mechanisms of blood pressure and heart rate control, including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways, central integrating mechanisms, and effector mechanisms involved. Reflexogenic zones of the aortic arch and carotid sinus and specify their function.

The composition of blood. Physiological functions of the

blood. The functional system maintaining the constancy of circulating blood mass.The proteins of blood plasma and their functions.

Describe the receptor and its function. Receptors classifications. The physiological properties of receptors.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


Classification and possibilities of methods to examine the vascular tone. Reography, sphygmography.

The osmotic pressure of blооd. The functional system maintaining the constancy of the osmotic pressure of blood. Humoral adjustments of the osmotic pressure.

Rhythms of physiological processes. Work physiology. Basics of social physiology. Influence of ecological factors on human’s social and psycho - physiological activity.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ


ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени




PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 40

The functional system maintaining the level optimal for metabolism of arterial blood pressure. What are the mechanisms of cardiovascular

functional adjustment during physical activity?

The acid-base status (рН) of blood. Draw the functional system maintaining the constancy of blood pH value.

Physiology of sleep. Biological significance and structure of sleep. Modern theories concerning the sleep nature and sleep mechanisms. Sleep-therapy.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


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PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 41

The functional system maintaining the optimal for metabolism arterial blood pressure level: principal characteristics and their dynamic while blood pressure rising or falling. Non-excretory functions of kidneys: participation in determining the acid - base status of blood; maintaining of the blood pressure; participation in haemopoiesis. The urine

excretion (micturition) and its regulation. Types of the higher nervous activity. The Pavlovian types of the higher nervous activity in animals. Methods for HNA types determination. The types of the higher nervous activity in humans.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 42

Humoral regulation of vascular tone. List the principal vasoregulatory factors secreted by endothelial cells, and describe the function of each of them. The principal hormones that affect blood pressure.

The composition of blood. Physiological functions of the blood. The functional system maintaining the constancy of circulating blood mass.The proteins of blood plasma and their functions.

Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optimal organs and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive and antinociceptive systems.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 43

The microcirculation. Name the constituent vessels of the

microcirculatory bed. The anatomy and function of capillaries. Physiological significance. The basis of blood-grouping. The rhesus (Rh) factor and rhesus conflict. Blood-typing and transfusion of blood. System organization of emotional reactions. Biological role of emotions, mechanisms and theories. Emotional stress: sensitivity and resistance to it. Prophylaxis of emotional stress.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ







PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 44


The reabsorptive process in а nephron: the obligatory and optional reabsorption in the convoluted tubules and collecting duct. Regulation of reabsorption. The physiology of the medulla oblongata. What reflex centres are present in the medulla oblongata? Name the features of the reticular formation neurons. What is it’s physiological role?


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 46

Hormone’s classification. The mechanism of hormone’s action on the target-cells. What physiological role do the hormones play in the human body? How is the activity of the endocrine glands regulated? The fate of hormones in the body. Pancreas and its role in digestion. Regulation of pancreas juice production and excretion. What are the phases of pancreatic secretion? How can pancreatic activity be tested?

Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optirnal organs and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive and antinociceptive systems.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.








PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 47

How are the endocrine glands of the human organism classified? Types of endocrine glands. Methods of functional evaluation of the endocrine glands. The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature Heat production. Metabolism as а heat source. The role of internal organs and tissues in heat production. Regulation of this process.How is the nerve center defined and what is its role? The basic principles of nerve centers

functioning. The principles of excitation‘s propagation in the CNS.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ







PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 48The conducting system of the heart, its composition and physiological significance. The test demonstrating cardiac automaticity. The origin and gradient of the heart automaticity.

Liver and its role in digestion, Regulation of bile production and bile ехcretion, What is the role of bile in digestion? How do vesical and hepatic bile differ? Methods for clinical investigation. The physiology of CNS. The reflex arcs and their components. Classification. Name the types of unconditioned reflexes. Unconditioned reflexes in human, their classification and methods to evaluate.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 49

The phases of the cardiac cycle. What is the significance of cardiac diastole, systole and pause? Name the features of ventricular systole and diastole. The intracardiac pressure during different phases of cardiac cycle.

Kidneys аs the basic executive mechanism of the functional system determining the osmotic pressure of blood optimal for the body metabolism. Nephron and its function. Classification and characteristic of methods to study CNS functions. The physiological origin of electroencephalogramme, EcoG. Name and describe major EEG rhythms. The role and clinical implementation of EEG. Evoked potentials.



РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 50


Digestion in the stomach and its regulation. What glands are there in the gastric mucosa? What are the methods to evaluate gastric secretion? Food evacuation from the stomach.

The physiology of vision. The roles of rods and cones in vision.

Describe the mechanism of light sensation. Binocular vision. The theory of colour vision.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.


РФ






PHYSIOLOGY

Ticket № 51

The functional system maintaining the optimal for

metabolism arterial blood pressure level: principal characteristics and their dynamic while blood pressure rising or falling. Clinical methods of examination of kidneys and urine analysis Methods to determine the glomerular filtration rate, reabsorption, and secretion in humans. Regulation of tone of skeletal muscles by spinal cord. Role of proprioreceptors: the intrafusal muscular fibers (spindles) and the Golgi's tendon organs. Role of - and -motoneurons.


Prof. Sudakov K.V.

Exam Tickets 2

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Transcript of Exam Tickets 2