Exam Syllabuses for Manual Stack-emission Monitoring-GEHO0802BKAI-E-e

Examination Syllabusesfor Manual Stack-Emission Monitoring

Environment AgencyApril 2006

Version 4

ForewordThe Environment Agency has established its Monitoring Certification Scheme (MCERTS) todeliver high quality environmental measurements. The scheme provides for the productcertification of instruments, the competency certification of personnel and the accreditation oforganisations based on international standards.

MCERTS for manual stack-emissions monitoring has been developed in collaboration withthe Source Testing Association (STA, - the UK trade association representing manual stack-emission monitoring companies), the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) andthe Environment and Heritage Service, Department of Environment, Northern Ireland.

The scheme is split into two components – the certification of personnel and the accreditationof organisations. This document provides the competency standard for the certification ofpersonnel.

The MCERTS personnel competency standard enables stack-emission monitoring personnelto be formally certified as competent based on experience, training and examination. Siraoperates the personnel competency scheme on behalf of the Environment Agency and isaccredited by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) to EN ISO/IEC17024:2003: Conformity Assessment – General Requirements for Bodies OperatingCertification of Persons.

MCERTS also requires stack emission monitoring organisations to be accredited by UKAS toISO/IEC17025 for the MCERTS performance standard for organisations. The standard fororganisations is published as a separate but related MCERTS document. It provides anapplication of ISO/IEC 17025 in the specific field of measurement of air emissions fromstacks and covers the following:

• ethical requirements for independence and environmental awareness;• use of MCERTS certified personnel;• selection of appropriate methods following international standards;• method implementation;• estimation of measurement uncertainty;• use of appropriate equipment;• planning of a sampling measurement campaign;

- site review- risk assessment- site specific protocol

• reporting of results;• participation in proficiency testing schemes.

The benefits of MCERTS for stack emission monitoring are that it:

• provides formal certification of personnel and accreditation of organisations in accordancewith European and international standards;

• provides assurance to all stakeholders including industrial process operators, stackemissions monitoring personnel and organisations, regulators and the public of thereliability of stack emission monitoring data;

• establishes a ‘level playing’ field in the competitive stack emission monitoring marketbased on the Environment Agency’s requirements;

• sends a message that manual stack emission monitoring is a critical component inproducing defensible data for regulatory purposes;

• promotes and raises the professional standing of stack emission monitoring personnel andorganisations by establishing 'quality standards' to which all should aspire and be judged.

Further information on MCERTS including copies of the performance standards and guidancecan be obtained from our web-site at www.mcerts.net

If you have any comments regarding this document, please contact Rupert Standring [email protected].

http://www.mcerts.net/

Record of amendmentsVersionnumber

Date Amendment

4 April 06 Added limited technical endorsement 3 syllabus4 April 06 Added limited technical endorsement 4 syllabus

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Level 1 syllabus 2

3. Level 2 syllabus 5

4. TE1: Particulate monitoring by isokinetic sampling techniques 10

5. TE2: Multi-phase sampling techniques 12

6. TE3: Gases/vapours by manual techniques 14

7. Limited TE3: Gases/vapours by manual techniques 16

8. TE4: Gases/vapours by instrumental techniques 17

9. Limited TE4: Gases/vapours by instrumental techniques 20

10. TE5: Particle size fractionation by isokinetic sampling techniques 22

11. Status of this document 23

12. References 23

Examination syllabuses for manual stack-emission monitoring, Version 4, April 2006 Page 1 of 23

MCERTS examination syllabuses for manual stack-emission monitoring

1. Introduction

1.1 Manual stack-emission monitoring for regulatory purposes includes measurements for:

• determining compliance with numerical limits in authorisations and permits;• the calibration of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMs); • acceptance trials on new pollution-abatement plant or alternative fuel

applications.

Note – stack-emission monitoring is a general term used to describe the preparation work before ameasurement campaign, undertaking the site work, calculating the monitoring results and producing thefinal report for the client.

1.2 MCERTS for manual stack-emission monitoring is built on proven internationalstandards to ensure good quality monitoring data. The scheme is split into twocomponents – the certification of personnel to the MCERTS personnel competencystandard and the accreditation of stack-emission monitoring organisations to theMCERTS performance standard for organisations.

1.3 The MCERTS personnel standard specifies three levels of competency: an entry level(trainee), Level 1 (technician) and Level 2 (team leader). Level 2 is the most seniorlevel. Level 2 personnel must achieve at least one technical endorsement (coveringmonitoring of specific groups of substances) in addition to the general Level 2requirements. Level 2 personnel with technical endorsements relevant to thesubstances being measured are required to supervise measurement planning, samplingand reporting.

1.4 This document defines the examination syllabuses for Level 1, Level 2 and the fivetechnical endorsements. Examinations are by a combination of multiple choice andstructured written papers, plus an oral examination for Level 2.

1.5 This document should be used in conjunction with the MCERTS personnelcompetency standard and the MCERTS performance standard for organisations. Theseare available on our website at:

www.mcerts.net

http://www.mcerts.net/


2. Level 1 syllabus

2.1 Examination objectives

The candidate should be able to demonstrate:

• an understanding of the nature of the common gaseous and particulate matterpollutants that they may encounter, their properties and effects;

• an appreciation of the legislative context within which process operators arerequired to control their stack-emissions; the nature of emission limits,reference conditions and the units of measurement;

• an appreciation of the importance of strict adherence to protocols and standardmethods;

• knowledge of the principles of operation of standard equipment and besufficiently well informed about the practicalities operating of the equipmentto be able to undertake on-site tests as part of a team led by a MCERTS Level2 person;

• an understanding of the principles of stack emission monitoring, such asrepresentative sampling;

• an awareness of the various hazards associated with manual stack-emissionmonitoring and be able to implement relevant safety procedures on-site;

• detailed knowledge of the content of STA publication Risk assessment guide:Industrial emission monitoring.

• awareness of Environment Agency Technical Guidance Notes M1: Samplingrequirements for stack emissions monitoring and M2: Monitoring of stackemissions to air.

2.2 Examination structure

The candidate has to take two papers at Level 1: a multiple-choice paper and astructured written paper. Each paper will normally last between 40 minutes to onehour.


2.3 Level 1 syllabus content

L1.1 Introduction to major pollutants

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the principal pollutants prescribed formonitoring and their properties. The following pollutants are included: CO, CO2, O2,SOX, NOX, HCl, TOC, particulate matter, dioxins, PCBs and PAHs.

For principal pollutants the following knowledge is required:

• typical sources;• typical emission concentrations;• environmental and health effects of air pollution.

L1.2 Overview of legislation and monitoring guidance

The candidate must demonstrate an understanding of legislation and guidanceapplicable to stack emissions monitoring. This includes:

• purpose of monitoring; • an overview of legislation on emissions to air, IPC, PPC, European directives

and the MCERTS scheme;• the nature and use of emissions limits;• monitoring requirements

- standard reference methods- MCERTS method implementation documents (MIDs)

• role of Environment Agency guidance notes M1 and M2;

L1.3 Health and safety requirements

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the safety procedures to be followed onsite when carrying out stack-emission monitoring. This includes detailed knowledgeof the content of STA publication Risk assessment guide: Industrial emissionmonitoring, which includes:

• hazards to sampling personnel;• hazards to other personnel;• hazards to plant;• sampling facilities;• working platforms;• safety control measures;• site requirements and inductions;• the need for COSHH assessments.


L1.4 Units and reference conditions

The candidate must demonstrate understanding of:

• temperature, pressure, velocity, mass and volume;• concentration and mass-based units;• ppm and mg/m3;• reference conditions and normalisation

- wet gas and dry gas- standard temperature and pressure- reference levels of O2.

L1.5 Operation of equipment

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the general requirements for correctoperation of measurement equipment and have an understanding of common faultsand their effects. This includes:

• instrument theory- flow measurement theory of pitots, dry gas meters, rotameters,

differential pressure devices- temperature measurement using thermocouple and other devices- operation of pressure measurement devices

• knowledge of equipment- handling of equipment- handling of instruments

L1.6 Introduction to extractive manual sampling

The candidate should demonstrate general knowledge of the equipment used forsampling particulates and/or gases/vapours. This includes:

• principle of operation• arrangement of the sample train• preparation of sampling equipment including leak test

L1.7 Principles of manual stack-emission monitoring

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of:

• the importance of representative sampling; • characteristics of particulates;• principle of isokinetic sampling;• sampling plane and sampling points;• measurement of stack gas velocity and pressure;• calibration of instrumental equipment;


3. Level 2 syllabus



• a good knowledge of legislation relating to stack-emission monitoring and therelationship to applicable standards (for example, CEN, MCERTS MethodImplementation Documents);

• familiarity with, but not necessarily detailed knowledge of, the main types ofpollution-abatement equipment likely to be encountered in industrial plant andthe ability to assess their relevance for emission monitoring;

• an appreciation of the importance of good sampling location for emissionmonitoring and the competence to recommend appropriate locations;

• an awareness of the main techniques used for the laboratory analysis ofcollected samples and the relevant requirements for sample amounts, samplingtimes, sample storage and transfer (detailed knowledge of analytical techniquesis not required);

• competence to manage all stages of a measurement programme from initiationand defining objectives, selection of appropriate methods and development ofsite-specific protocols through to production of the final report;

• the ability to undertake and check all calculation procedures involved inestimating the required parameters; familiarity with the principles ofcalculating uncertainty in these estimates and the capability to apply theprinciples to specific cases;

• familiarity with the national context for activities relating to quality assurancein stack-emission monitoring (quality standards, UKAS, the roles ofMCERTS); understanding and being able to apply quality assurancetechniques as an essential part of managing the monitoring programme;

• a detailed knowledge of safety management in the relevant areas includingvarious types of risk assessment;

• detailed knowledge of Environment Agency Technical Guidance Notes M1:Sampling requirements for stack emissions monitoring and M2: Monitoring ofstack-emissions to air.


The candidate has to sit a multiple-choice paper and an oral assessment at Level 2.The multiple-choice paper will normally last between 40 minutes to one hour. The oralexamination will be normally last between 45-60 minutes.


3.3 Level 2 syllabus content

L2.1 Monitoring standards and methods

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the use of applicable standards relevantto monitoring. This includes:

• hierarchy of methods - CEN

- ISO- National methods such as ASTM, USEPA and VDI

• knowledge of appropriate methods for stack emission monitoring;• what to do if no standard method is available;• deviation/modification of methods;

L2.2 Calculations

The candidate must be able to calculate the following:

• concentrations, using sampling and analytical data;• mass emission rates;• inter-conversion of ppm and mg/m3;• reference conditions and normalisation

- conversion of wet gas composition to dry gas- conversion to standard temperature and pressure- conversion to reference levels of O2

L2.2 Analytical techniques and limits of detection

The candidate is required to demonstrate awareness of analytical techniques used tosupport pollutant measurements in the field. This includes:

• implications of analytical sensitivity for sample amounts and sampling times;• limits of detection;• sample handling;• liaison with analysis laboratories;

L2.3 Abatement systems and their effects on monitoring

The candidate is required to demonstrate general knowledge of abatement systemsused for the control of the principal pollutants from industrial processes and theirimpact on emission levels. Systems include:

• centrifugal separators (cyclones);• electrical gas cleaning (for example, electrostatic precipitation);• fabric filters;• scrubbers;• flue gas desulphurisation.


L2.4 Choice of sampling location

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of potential plant configurations, theirimpact on monitoring results, and where to carry out sampling. This includes:

• achieving representative sampling;• positional requirements for particulate matter and gaseous species;• criteria for locating sample plane;• surveying the sample plane;• number of sampling points.

L2.5 Undertaking a measurement campaign

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the factors to be addressed whenundertaking a measurement campaign. These include: • determining the objectives of the sampling exercise;• assessing the parameters to be measured;• reviewing process conditions;• liaison with plant operators;

L2.6 Health and safety requirements

The candidate must demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the risk-managementapproach to minimising hazards at work. This includes the use of:

• risk-assessment and risk-management principles;• COSHH assessments• permanent platforms and scaffolding;• lifting and slinging;• personnel protective equipment assessments;• permits to work.

L2.7 Choice of sampling method, technique and equipment

The candidate is required to understand the different monitoring approaches,techniques, equipment and which factors influence their applicability. This includes:

• manual and instrumental techniques• selecting monitoring equipment.


L2.8 Types of process operation and process details

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the types of process operation andrelevant process details. These include:

• types of operation- continuous (steady state, variable or cyclic)- batch process;

• process details- timescale of operation- awareness of inputs, outputs and mass flows- fuel composition- stack gas conditions.

L2.9 Developing site-specific protocols

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the requirements to be consideredwhen undertaking a measurement campaign at a specific site. These include:

• site review;• process knowledge;• sampling-site details;• risk assessments;• regulatory requirements;• site-specific issues;• quality management.

L2.10 Principles of calculating uncertainty

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of the principles of calculatinguncertainty. This includes:

• basic terminology including accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility,systematic and random errors

• rules for combining uncertainties;• confidence limits and statistically defined uncertainties;• tests using certified reference materials;• repeat measurements using paired instruments and comparison with certified

reference method;• building an uncertainty budget from estimates of component uncertainties;• assessing deviations from a standard reference method;• effect of number and duration of samples on accuracy.


L2.11 Quality assurance

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the systems for quality assurance andquality control in stack-emission monitoring. These include:

• role of ISO/IEC 17025 "General requirements for the competence of testing andcalibration laboratories";

• MCERTS performance standard for organisations;• role of auditing;• MCERTS personnel competency standard and use of appropriate personnel;• accommodation and environmental conditions;• methods and method validation;• equipment certification;• measurement traceability;• site review and site-specific protocol;• work file and monitoring record sheets;• use of blanks;• handling of test items;• assuring the quality of test results;• reporting results.


4. Technical endorsement 1 - Particulate monitoring by isokineticsampling techniques



• competency to undertake particulate monitoring;• familiarity with the requirements of periodic manual stack emission

monitoring standards for particulates specified in M2;• familiarity with the requirements of relevant MIDs;• the ability to calculate sampling flow rate and isokinetic ratio;• be aware of the specific problems caused by high temperature and moisture

content, and the practical methods for dealing with these conditions.


The candidate has to sit two papers: a multiple-choice paper and a written paper. Eachpaper will normally last between 40 minutes to one hour.

4.3 Technical endorsement 1 (TE1) syllabus content

TE1.1 Principles of extractive monitoring for particulates

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of the principles and standardmethodologies applied to the extractive sampling of particulates. This includes:

• obtaining a representative sample;• particle properties;• gas velocity profiles in ducts;• variation of mass flow across ducts;• isokinetic sampling;• positional requirements for sampling;• criteria for locating the sampling plane;• surveying the proposed sampling plane;• preliminary survey of duct;• unacceptable characteristics;• number and location of sampling points;• position of sampling points along the sample lines;• access and facilities for sampling;• sampling points - minimum distances from flow disturbing features;• recommended number of sampling points according to different standards;• errors due to non-isokinetic sampling;• duration of sampling;• cumulative sampling;• incremental sampling;• measurement of water vapour concentration.


TE1.2 Particulate monitoring

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the facilities required and the range ofavailable equipment for sampling particulates. This includes:

• sample platform facilities;• gas velocity measuring equipment;• isokinetic sampling equipment;

TE1.3 Particulate monitoring - special considerations (high temperature, high moisturecontent)

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the use of out of stack filters underspecific process operating conditions.


5. Technical endorsement 2: Multi-phase sampling techniques



• an understanding of the principles of the measurement of trace species and themain challenges involved;

• familiarity with the requirements of the multiphase periodic manual standardsspecified in M2;

• familiarity with the requirements of relevant MIDs;• an understanding of the importance of sample handling, recovery and analysis

techniques.




TE2.1 Principles of measurement for trace species

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the chemical nature of trace speciesand understand the approach to their sampling and analysis. This includes:

• an introduction to PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, PAHs and trace metals;• a review of the basic principles of representative sampling of particulate and

gas phases;

TE2.2 Sampling equipment for trace species

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the equipment used for themeasurement of trace species. This includes:

• principles of operation;• arrangement of sampling equipment;• methodology for sampling and analysis;• preparation of sampling equipment including filters, resin trap, glassware and

probe liner;


TE2.3 Sample recovery and analysis

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of the methods of analysis. Thisincludes:

• sample recovery;• sample containers;• analysis technique;• sorbent quality check;• extraction procedure;• post extraction procedure;• method validation criteria;• addition of standards (spikes);• reporting requirements.


6. Technical endorsement 3 – Gases/vapours by manual techniques



• an understanding of the importance of representative sampling and how this isachieved in practice;

• familiarity with the common types of gas sampling train and their use;• an understanding of the principles and practice of the available standard

manual techniques specified in M2 for common pollutants such as SO2, HCland specific VOCs;

• the ability to calculate results using sampling and analytical data;




TE3.1 Sampling gases/vapours by manual techniques

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the standard reference methods appliedto the manual extractive sampling of gases. This includes:

• representative sampling;• positional requirements;• gas composition profiles in stacks;• criteria for locating the sampling plane;• number and position of sampling points;• appropriate materials for different applications;• sampling trains;• access and facilities required• analytical approaches - a brief review of the most common methods for

analysing samples• calculation of results using sampling and analytical data.

TE3.2 Wet-chemical methods of gas analysis

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of available manual methods forpollutant sampling and their relevance for compliance assessment. This includes:

• sulphur dioxide;• hydrogen chloride;• hydrogen fluoride;


TE3.3 Measurement of VOCs

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of VOCs and the standard methodologiesapplied to their measurement in process emissions. This includes:

• approach to sampling for VOCs;• charcoal tube with solvent extraction;• thermal desorption;• mass emission of VOCs;• suites of VOCs;• sample lifetimes• calculations used to report specific VOCs.


7 Limited technical endorsement 3 – Gases/vapours by manualtechniques



• an understanding of the importance of representative sampling and how this isachieved in practice;

• familiarity with the gas sampling train they use;• an understanding of the method they use;• the ability to calculate results using sampling and analytical data;


The candidate has to sit a written paper, which will normally last between 40 minutesto one hour.

LTE3.1 Sampling gases/vapours by manual techniques

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the general principles applied tomanual extractive sampling of gases. This includes:

• representative sampling;• positional requirements;• gas composition profiles in stacks;• criteria for locating the sampling plane;• number and position of sampling points;• access and facilities required;• calculation of results using sampling and analytical data.

LE3.2 Understanding of method used

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the manual method they use, andexplain how they employ it on a process/site specific basis to obtain representativesamples. This includes:

• use of appropriate materials;• sampling train configuration;• understanding of analysis method;


8. Technical endorsement 4 – Gases/vapours by instrumental techniques



• an understanding of the importance of representative sampling and how this isachieved in practice during manual instrumental sampling;

• familiarity with the main components of gas sampling and conditioningsystems, including probes, filters, gas transfer lines, methods for dealing withmoisture, pumps and the like, and be capable of specifying appropriatesampling systems for different applications;

• familiarity with the main instrumental methods of gas analysis together withtheir advantages and disadvantages;

• an understanding of the importance of calibration, maintenance and themethods by which this can be achieved;

• an awareness of the parameters included in the MCERTS instrumentperformance standard.

• knowledge of performance standards/methods for instrumental gas samplingspecified in M2.





TE4.1 Sampling gases using instrumental techniques

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of the impact of processparameters on representative sampling of pollutants and the importance of sampleconditioning prior to analysis. This includes:

• stack gas conditions in relation to the process;• representative sampling• positional requirements;• gas composition profiles in stacks;• criteria for locating the sampling plane;• sampling probes, filters and transfer lines;• sample conditioning;• heated systems;• dilution probe;• permeation drier;• chiller units;• design of overall sampling systems;• response time;• provision for calibration;• configurations involving several analysers;• gas composition calculations standardised to reference conditions

TE4.2 Optical methods of gas analysis

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the principles of operation andapplicability of optical analysers. This includes:

• methods employing infra-red radiation;• infrared analysers

- NDIR- FTIR- heated- insertion- dispersive;

• components and configurations;• UV/visible radiation;• chemiluminescence;• fluorescence;• UV/visible;• DOAS;


TE4.3 Non-optical instrumental techniques

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the main non-optical techniquesincluding FID, electrochemical and mass spectrometric methods for measuringpollutants. This includes:

• solid state zirconia sensors;• electrochemical cells;• paramagnetic analyser;• flame ionisation detection;• mass spectrometry;

TE4.4 Calibration and maintenance

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the importance of calibration andmaintenance. This includes:

• calibration;• zero and span standard gases;• local production of standard gases – permeation tube systems, gas blenders;• single and multipoint calibrations;• linearity;• repeatability under laboratory and field conditions;• detection limit;• zero and span drift (laboratory and field);• cross-sensitivity;• zero and span shift due to ambient temperature change;

TE4.5 Data handling and manipulation

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of the methods of electronic datacollection, types of data manipulation and data storage.


9 Limited technical endorsement 4 – Gases/vapours by instrumentaltechniques



• an understanding of the importance of representative sampling and how this isachieved in practice during instrumental sampling;

• familiarity with the main components of gas sampling and conditioningsystems, including probes, filters, gas transfer lines, methods for dealing withmoisture;

• familiarity with an instrumental method of gas analysis together with anunderstanding of its advantages and disadvantages;

• an understanding of calibration and maintenance; • an awareness of the parameters included in the MCERTS instrument

performance standard• knowledge of an instrumental gas sampling performance standard/method

specified in M2.


The candidate has to sit a written paper, which will normally last between 40 minutesto one hour.

9.3 Limited technical endorsement 4 (LTE4) syllabus content

LTE4.1 Sampling gases using instrumental techniques

The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge of the principles of instrumentalsampling techniques. This includes:

• representative sampling• positional requirements;• gas composition profiles in stacks;• criteria for locating the sampling plane;• sample conditioning;• gas composition calculations standardised to reference conditions.

LTE4.2 Understanding of performance standard/method used

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the instrumental performancestandard/method they use and explain how they employ it on a process/site specificbasis to ensure representative sampling. This includes:

• stack gas conditions in relation to the process;• design of overall sampling system;• sampling probes, filters and transfer lines;• response time;


LTE4.3 Calibration and maintenance

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the importance of calibration andmaintenance. This includes:

• calibration;• zero and span standard gases;• single and multipoint calibrations;• linearity;• repeatability under laboratory and field conditions;• detection limit;• zero and span drift (laboratory and field);• cross-sensitivity;• zero and span shift due to ambient temperature change;


10 Technical endorsement 5 – Particle size fractionation by isokineticsampling techniques



• familiarity with the requirements of relevant methods specified in M2;• an understanding of the limitations to particle size fractionation measurements.


To be decided - awaiting publication of International Standards.


TE5.1 Particle size fractionation sampling methodologies

The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of fine particulate matter and theequipment and methodologies available for its measurement. This includes:

• reasons for measuring particle size fractions;• air quality standards and legislation;• limitations to particle size fractionation measurements;• sampling methodology;• use of cyclone and cascade impactor systems.


11 Status of this document

This document may be subject to review and amendment following publication. Thelatest version of the syllabuses, together with the performance standard and guidance onthe scheme, are available on our web-site at www.MCERTS.net

12 References

1. MCERTS competency standard for personnel, Environment Agency.

2. Technical Guidance Note M1 Sampling requirements for stack emissions monitoring,Environment Agency.

3. Technical Guidance Note M2, Monitoring of stack emissions to air, EnvironmentAgency.

4. Risk assessment guide: industrial emission monitoring, Source Testing Associationdocument HS1069-00.

Exam Syllabuses for Manual Stack-emission Monitoring-GEHO0802BKAI-E-e

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